J 




Gass __E-EL \ g as 



^ 



/, 




BIRDS OF PARADISE 
1. Most beautiful type. — 2. Six-threaded or Golden. — 3. King. 



(d 



R^'^" 





: < CO 

- c^ 1 

:■ Ph O 
C 





tH^ 



o 



\-z^: 







i I 

3 .-; 



5 ^ 



-Si 

6 TO 
c 

<: < 




1. Purple-cap Lary.— 2. Tri-colored Crested Cockatoo.— 3. Green-winged Macaw.— 4. Alexa 
Love-bird.— 8. Common Gray Parrot.— 9. Tabuan or Australian Parrot.— 10. Warbling Grass or 




Blue-crowned Parrot. — 7. Rose-colored 




CHERRIES 
1. Large Gobet.— 2. Hedelfinger Giant.— 3. Spanish Sour.— 4. Royal Amarelle.— 5. Coburg May- 
heart. — 6. Buttner's Late Red, hard. — 7. Winkler's White Heart. — 8. Ostheimer Common. — 9. Rod 
May.— 10. Kruger's Heart.— 11. Lucien.— 12. Sweet Early Common.— 13. Duchess of Angouleme. 
— 14. Queen Hortense. — 15. Late Amarelle. — 16. Red Muscatel. — 17. Large Long Dark Red. — 
18. Large Princess. — 19. Donissen's Golden, hard. — 20. Large Black, hard. 




1. Aganisia tricolor. — 2. Coryanthes macrantha. — 3. Miltonia Blunti. — 4. Nanodes Medusae. 
— 5. Dendrobium Brymerianum. — 6. Brassiacaudata var. hieroglyphica. — 7. Cattleya Trianae 
var.purpurata. — 8. Masdevallia spectrum. — 9. Laelia elegans var. Houtteana. — 10. Coelogyne 
pandurata.— 11. Taphinia Randi. 




PLUMAGE 

1 7^ h Horned Bell —2 a b. Red Starred Blue-Throated Warbler.— 3 a, b. Dominican Widow. 
-i a b Tpal -5 a b Running Game Cock.-6. Golden Snipe Hen.-7 a, Praine Hen - 
8a,b: Crested Auk -9 a. b. Crested Grebe.-lO a. Temminck Tragopan (Asiatic game bird), 
with inflated throat-sac and erect horns, (a, female; b, male.) 



r.iiS^^ 



THIS DICTIONARY IS NOT PUBLISHED BY 

THE ORIGINAL PUBLISHERS OF WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY 

OR BY THEIR SUCCESSORS 

THE NEM^ SUPREME 

WEBSTER 

DIOTIONAHY 

SELF-PRONOUNCING 



Based upon the broad foundation 
i,AiD BY Noah Webster, LL. D., and 

OTHER RECOGNISED LEXICOGRAPHERS. 

V Enlarged, revised and modernized by 
The American Board of Lexicography 



Editor-in- Chief 

GEORGE J. HAGAR / 

Editor oj Harper'' s Encyclopedia of United States History* 
one of the renjisers of the Columbian, Johnson' s, PeopWs^ 
Americana, Netu International, Neiv Standard, 
Standard American, and E^oery body's Encyclo- 
pedias, and the compiler of the chronology oj 
the 'world in the Nenjj Standard Dictionary 



WORLD SYNDICATE COMPANY 
(Incorporated) 

NEAV YORK 



ISLADE IN USA. 



i'V 



WaU3 



copyright, 1922 

by 

"WORLD SYNDICATE CO., INC. 



C1A683543 



HOW OUR LANGUAGE GREW 

by 
Leading American Authorities 



STANDARD ENGLISH 

By Prof. Percy W. Long, J*h.D., Department of English, 
Harvard University; Secretary of the American Dialect Society; 
member of the Editorial Staff of Webster's "New International 
V Dictionary." 

PRACTICAL SYNTAX 

By Prof. Forrest S. Lunt, M.A., Instructor of English, 
Horace ^lann School, Teachers College, Columbia University. 

ETYMOLOGY 

By Prof. Clark S. Northup, Ph.D., Department of Eng- 
lish, Cornell University. 

PUNCTUATION 

By Prof. Morris W. Croll, Ph.D., Department cf English, 
Princeton University. 

THE EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES 

By Prof. John C. Rolfe, Ph.D., Department of Latin, 
University of Pennsylvania. 



\ 



A GUIDE TO CORRECT USE OF 
TO-DAY'S ENGLISH 



THE New Universities Dictionary is designed to meet the 
demand among the masses of the people for a dictionary 
that shall be complete in its vocabulary, accurate in its 
definitions, and contain the latest a,nd newest words whose general 
usage warrants their incorporation into a dictionary designed 
primarily for the people. 

The orthography and pronunciations in this work are in 
accordance with the leading authorities in America and England 
and have been prepared with painstaking care. 

The words in the vocabulary have been so arranged in alpha- 
betical order that reference to any one of them is a matter of the 
greatest ease and convenience. The type has been chosen with 
much care and deliberation, and its size is the largest and clearest 
permissible in a single volume of the scope of the New Universities 
Dictionary. 

The pronunciation of each word is plainly and accurately indi- 
cated by phonetic spelling and the proper diacritical marks. 

The definitions, while necessarily in concise form, have been 
prepared by experts in lexicography so as to include the most 
recent distinctions and shades of meaning. 

The entire work is printed from new type, on good, strong 
paper, handsomely and durably bound, and with ordinary care 
will last many years. 

It is believed that the New Universities Dictionary embraces 
all the words that will ever be needed by the ordinary reader, 
student or investigator. At the same time the scientific student 
or scholar will find words in this Dictionary that are not to be 
found in any other dictionary in the English language. 

The recent and numerous discoveries in science, the European 
War, the vast strides being made in sociology, political economy 



A Guide to Correct Use of To-day's English ( Continued) 

and metaphysics, as well as the marvelous advance in every direc- 
tion by the peoples of the world today^ and the consequent 
coinage of new words in every sphere of knowledge, render a work 
of this kind absolutely necessary. 

The editors of the New Universities Dictionary, after careful 
deliberation, have concluded to leave out many current words of 
coarseness and vulgarity, believing their present vogue to be 
merely ephemeral. Those words of slang, however, that have 
become, by long usage, a part of our literature and speech, have 
been included. 

The twenty-two Supplementary Dictionaries that are encom- 
passed in the New Universities Dictionary have been prepared 
with the utmost care from the leading authorities on the various 
subjects by experts in their respective fields. The information 
contained in these supplementary divisions will be found of 
unusual practical value and in many instances not to be obtained 
elsewhere. The division entitled *Tacts Worth Knowing'' will 
be found a miniature encyclopedia in the scope of variety, value 
and completeness of its contents. 

All in all, the New Universities Dictionaiy is the latest, and 
best work of its kind that has ever been published in the English 
language and is so conceded by the authorities in lexicography 
to whom it has been submitted. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

COLOR PLATES 

Birds of Paradise. Cherries. 

Pheasants. Orchids. 

Parrots. Plumage. 

Gorgeous Fishes of the Southern Seas, 



INDEX 



Abbreviations, Classical, Dic- 
tionary of 1013 

Abbreviations, Most Common, 

Dictionary of 1069 

Address, Forms of, Dictionary 

of 1052 

Adjectives 981 

Adverbs ^ 983 

Americanisms, Dictionary of. . 995 

Anniversaries, Wedding 1154 

Apostrophe, The ^ ■ 991 

Atomic Weights, Dictionary of 999 
Automobile, Dictionary of the 1000 

Aviation, Dictionary of 1004 

Baseball, Dictionary of 1008 

Bell Time on Shipboard 1153 

Birth Days 1154 

Birth Stones 1154 

Bracket, The 992 

Capital Letters, Use of 993 

Census, principal cities, Canada 1168 
Census, principal cities, U. S. . . 1161 
Changes in Form and Meaning 

of Words 986 

Colon, The 991 

Color Plates, List of 6 

Comma, The 990 

Commerce and Law, Dictionarv 

of '. 1017 

Conjunctions 983 

Dash, The 992 

Derivation, Principles of 988 

Dictionaries, Evolution of Eng- 
lish 970 

Dictionaries, Supplementary: 

Abbreviations Classical 1013 

Abbreviations, Most Common 1069 

Address, Forms of 1052 

Americanisms 995 

Atomic Weights 999 

Automobile, The 1000 

Aviation 1004 

Baseball 1008 

Commerce and Law 1017 

Football 1035 

Foreign Words and Phrases. . 1039 
Golf 1056 



Lacrosse 1059 

Lawn Tennis . 1062 

Military and Naval Terms . . 1065 

Music 1096 

Mjrthological and Classical 

Names 1155 

Photography 1100 

Polo 1104 

State Names and Meanings. . 1107 

Wireless Telegraphy 1108 

Words of Like and Opposite 

Meaning 1112 

Yachting 1141 

Digestibility of Foods 1153 

Earth, Facts About the 1148 

Elements of Words, The 985 

English, Standard 975 

Etymology 984 

Everyone His Own Weather 

Prophet 1147 

Evolution of English Diction- 
aries 970 

Exclamation Point, The 991 

Facts About the Earth 1148 

Facts Worth Knowing 1144 

Flowers, Language of 1146 

Flowers, State 1151 

Football, Dictionary of 1035 

Foreign Coins, Value of 1145 

Foreign W^ords and Phrases, 

Dictionary of 1039 

Form and Meaning of Words, 

Changes in 986 

Forms of Address, Dictionary of 1052 

Golf, Dictionary of 1056 

Guide to Correct Use of Today's 

English 4 

How Our Language Grew 3 

Hyphen, The 992 

Illustrations, List of 6 

Lacrosse, Dictionary of 1059 

Language of the Flowers 1145 

Language of Gems . 1154 

Lawn Tennis, Dictionary of . . . . 1062 
Meaning of Words, Changes in 
Form and 986 



INDEX (Continued) 



Metric System of Weights and 

Measures 1149 

Military and Naval Terms, Dic- 
tionary of 1065 

Music, Dictionary of 1096 

Mythological and Classical 

Names 1155 

National Parks in the U. S 1152 

Nouns, Uses of 980 

Nutritive Value of Foods 1153 

Parenthesis, The 992 

Period, The 989 

Photography, Dictionary of . . . . 1100 

Polo, Dictionary of 1104 

Population, Principal Cities, 

Canada 1168 

Population, Principal Cities, 

U. S 1161 

Practical Syntax 979 

Prepositions 983 

Principles of Derivation, The . . 988 

Pronouns 981 

Punctuation 989 



Question Mark, The 991 

Quotation Marks, The 992 

Semi-colon, The 990 

Sources of Our Vocabulary 984 

Standard English 975 

State Names and Meanings, 

Dictionary of 1107 

Syntax, Practical 979 

Time and Its Variation 1150 

Value of Foreign Coins 1145 

Verbs 982 

Vocabulary 968 

Vocabulary, Sources of Our. . . . 984 

Wedding Anniversaries 1154 

Wireless Telegraphy, Dictionary 

of 1108 

Words, Changes in Form and 

Meaning of 986 

Words, Elements of 985 

Words of Like and Opposite 

Meaning, Dictionary of 1112 

Yachting, Dictionary of 1141 



A 



A (5. or k), usually the first letter in the 
alphabets of the world. 

a (a or ^), indef, art. (contraction of 
an), one; any; used before words be- 
ginning with a consonant or the 
sound of h. 

aback (a-bak') , adv. backward ; pressed 
back against the mast: said of sails; 
by surprise. 

abacus (ab'^-kus), n. sl contrivance 
of beads or balls strung upon rods or 
wires: used for arithmetical compu- 
tation; the slab crowning a column 
or pillar. 

abaft (a-bMf), adv. & prep, at, toward, 
or in the direction of the stern of a 
ship; astern. 

abaiser (^-ba'ser), n. bone black. 

abalone (ab-a-lo'ne), n. an ear-shaped 
gastropod. 

abandon (^-ban'dun), v.t. to give up; 
desert or forsake utterly; give up 
all claim to; yield one's self. 

abandoned (^-ban'dund), adj. given 
up entirely; shamelessly profligate. 

abandonment (i-ban'dun-ment), ?i. 
the act of abandoning; the state of 
being abandoned. 

a-bas (^-ba'), [French] down with. 

abase (§,-bas'), v.t. to humble or de- 
grade; debase morally; dishonor. 

abasement (^-bas'ment), n. the act of 
abasing or humihating. 

abash (^-bash'), v.t. to put to con- 
fusion; confound or make ashamed 
by consciousness of guilt or error. 

abasia (^-ba'si-a), n. incapacity to 
walk because of muscular defects. 

abatable (§,-ba't^-bl), adj. that may 
be abated. 

abate (§,-bat'), v.t. to lessen; suppress: ' 
v.i. to decrease; moderate; subside. 



abatement (S,-bat'ment), n. the act of 
abating; the state of being abated; 
diminution; the amount by which a 
sum or quantity is reduced. 

abatis, abattis (English ab'§,-tis; 
French ^-ba-te'), n. sl barricade 
composed of felled trees with the 
branches pointing outward. 

abattoir (§,-b^t-twar'), n. a public 
slaughter-house. 

abb (ab), n. the yam of the warp in 
weaving: 

abbacy (ab'^-si), n. the office and 
jurisdiction of an abbot. 

abbe (a-ba/), n. an ecclesiastic devoted 
to literature. 

abbess (ab'es), n. the lady-superior 
of a convent or nunnery. 

abbey (ab'i), n. [pi. abbeys (-iz)], an 
establishment for religious devotees 
of either sex, renounced to cehbacy 
and seclusion from the world. 

abbot (ab'ut), n. the superior or 
head of an abbey. 

abbreviate (ab-bre'vi-at), v.t. to * 
shorten, as by contraction of a word, 
or the omission of words in a sen- 
tence; reduce a quantity to its lowest 
terms. 

abbreviation (ab-bre'vi-a'shun), n. 
the act of shortening or abbreviat- 
ing; the state of being abbreviated; 
the word, phrase, or title so con- 
tracted, as M.D. for Doctor of Medi- 
cine. 

abbreviator (ab-bre'vi-a-ter), n. one 
who shortens or abbreviates. 

abbreviature (ab-bre'vi-a-tur), n. 
the sign, letter, or character used 
for contraction; a compendium or 
abridgment. 

abdicate (ab'di-kat), v.t. renounce 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booa^ 

book; hue, hut; think, then, 

(9) 



ABDICATION 



10 



ABJECTION 



give up, or withdraw from; to re- 
linquish the crown in favor of a 
successor. 

abdication (ab-di-ka'shun), n. the 
act of rehnquishment or resignation. 

abdicator (ab'di-ka-ter), n. one who 
abdicates or resigns. 

abdomen (ab'do-men), n. the belly; 
the cavity containing the digestive 
apparatus or viscera; the posterior 
segment or third division of the body 
of an insect. 

abdominal (ab-dom'i-n§,l), adj, per- 
taining to the abdomen. 

abduce (ab-dus'), v.t. to draw away 
by persuasion or argument; draw 
aside by an abductor muscle. 

abduct (ab-dukf), v.t. to carry off by 
stealth or force; kidnap. 

abduction (ab-duk'shun), n. the act 
of abducting or kidnapping. 

abductor (ab-duk'ter), n, one who, 
or that which, abducts; a muscle 
moving certain parts from the axis 
of a limb. 

abeam (&-bemO, ddv, at right angles 
to the keel of a ship. 

abecedarian (a-be-se-da'ri-§,n), or 
abecedary, adj, belonging to the 
alphabet: n. one teaching or learn- 
ing the alphabet. 

abed (§.-bed'), adv. in bed; to bed. 

aberrant (ab-er'§,nt), adj, departing 
from the usual path, type, or stand- 
ard. 

aberration (ab-er-ra'shun) , n, the 
act of departing from the usual 
path, type, or standard; mental de- 
rangement; the unequal refraction 
of rays of light from a lens so that 
they do not converge to a single 
point. 

abet (§.-betO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. abetted, 
p.pr. abetting], to encourage; to aid 
or assist in the performance of an 
act, usually to a criminal nature; 
to incite, or instigate. 

abetment (^-bet'ment), n. the act of 
abetting or instigating to action or 
crime. 

abetter or abettor (§;-bet'er), n. one 
who aids or abets in' the commission 



of a crime; one who protects a 
criminal or assists him to escape 
from justice. 

abeyance (a-ba'&ns), n, held or kept 
back; held over; a state of suspen- 
sion. 

abhor (ab-hor'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ab- 
horred, p.pr. abhorring], to hate, 
loathe, execrate, abominate; be 
strongly averse to; shrink or recoil 
from with horror, dread, or disgust. 

abhorrence (ab-hor 'reus), n. detes- 
tation; extreme hatred; that which 
excites a feeling of strong repug- 
nance. 

abhorrent (ab-hor 'rent), adj. detest- 
able, hateful, repulsive. 

abhorrer (ab-hor'rer), n. one who 
abhors or detests. 

abide (^-bid'), [p-t. & p.p. abode, 
p.pr. abiding], v.t. to await, endure, 
withstand, tolerate: v.i. to dwell, re- 
side, continue, stand firm. 

abiding (^-bi'ding), p. adj. remain- 
ing; staying; steadfast, in faith or 
in purpose. 

abigail (ab'i-gal), n. a waiting-maid, 
so called from Abigail, ^ 'thine hand- 
maid'' (I Sam. XXV. 2-41). 

ability (a-bil'i-ti), n. power to per- 
form; skill to achieve; capability 
for carrying out; capacity to devise, 
receive, retain, or make use of; 
physical or moral strength; talents 
or gifts, in a special or general de- 
gree; wealth; means. 

abintestate (ab-in-tes'tat), adj. suc- 
ceeding to the estate of a person 
dying without a will. 

abiogenesis (ab-i-o-jen'e-sis), n. spon- 
taneous generation. 

abiology (ab-i-oro-ji), n. the study 
of non-living things; in contra- 
distinction to biology or the study 
of living things. 

abion (ab'i-on), n. non-living things 
in the aggregate, as contrasted with 
living. 

abject (ab'jekt), adj. worthless; 
mean; low; despicable; in a sunken 
or degraded condition. 

abjection (ab-jek'shun), n. the act 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ABJURATION 



11 



ABORIGINES 



of being cast down; cast away; deg- 
radation. 

abjuration (ab-ju-ra'shun), n. an 
oath of renunciation, as of allegi- 
ance; the act of renouncing. 

abjure (ab-jurO, »i. to renounce 
upon oath; forswear allegiance to; 
repudiate or recant. 

ablactation (ab-lak-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of weaning a child from the 
breast. 

ablation (ab-la'shun), n. the act of 
removal or carrying away. 

ablative (ab'l^-tiv), n. one of the 
cases of Latin nouns, expressing 
chiefly separation and instrumental- 
ity. 

ablaut (ab'lout), n. the changing of 
a vowel in the root of a word, 
indicating modification of meaning 
or use, as get, got, 

ablaze (^-blaz'), adv, or adj, on fire; 
well alight; in a blaze; eager; in- 
flamed with desire; resplendent. 

able (a'bl) • adj. possessed of power, 
means or ability; quahfied, compe- 
tent; bodily or mentally strong; 
legally authorized or entitled. 

able-bodied (bod'id), adj. possessed 
of physical strength; capable or effi- 
cient for duty. 

ablegate (ab'le-gat), n. the envoy 
sent by the Pope with insignia, <fec., 
to ne^ ly-appointed carchnals. 

abloom (^-bloom'), adv. & adj. in 
bloom. 

abluent (ab'lu-ent), adj. cleansing: 
n. that which cleanses; a substance 
which purifies the blood. 

ablution (ab-lu'shun), n. a washing 
or cleansing of the body by water; 
moral purification. 

ablutionary (ab-lu'shun-a-ri), adj. 
pertaining to cleansing. 

abnegate (ab'ne-gat), v.t. to refuse 
or deny to one's self. 

abneural (ab-nu'ral), a. relating to 
the side of the body farthest from 
the neural or nervous axis; this 
being, in higher organisms, the 
abdominal surface. 

abnormal (ab-nor'mal), adj. irregu- 



lar; deformed; unnatural; depart- 
ing from a tj^pe, standard, or rule, 
exceptional; out of the common. 

abnormality (ab-nor-mari-ti), n. [pi. 
abnormalities (-tiz) ], the state or 
condition of being abnormal or 
irregular; difference or departure 
from a regular type or rule. 

abnormally (-li), adv. in an abnor- 
mal manner. 

abnormity (ab-nor'mi-ti), n. [pi. 
abnormities (-tiz) ], deformity; ir- 
regularity. 

aboard (i-bord'), adv, on or within 
a vessel: prep, into a ship. 

abode (^-bocl'), n. a place of contin- 
ued residence; a dweUing; a hab- 
itation; residence generally. 

abolish (^-boi'ish), v.t. to efface; do 
away with; put an end to. 

abolition (ab-o-Ush'un), n. the act 
of aboHshing; the state of being 
abohshed; the annulment or abro- 
gation of decrees, rites, customs, &c. 

abolitionism (ab-o-lish'un-izm), n. 
the doctrine or principles of those 
advocating the abohtion of certain 
laws or customs, as the traffic in 
drink, slaves, &c. 

abolitionist (ab-o-lish'un-ist), n. one 
who is in favor of the repeal or 
abolition of some existing law or 
custom, as the slave trade or drink 
traffic. 

aboma (&-bo'mli), n. the name of a 
large species of boa or anaconda of 
tropical America. 

abominable (^-bom'i-n&-bl), adj. 
hateful; odious; offensive; unclean. 

abominate (i-bom'i-nat), v.t. to ab- 
hor; regard with feelings of disgust 
or hatred. 

abomination (^-bom-i-na'shun), n. 
excessive hatred; the act of abomi- 
nating; the thing abominated; de- 
filement; pollution. 

aboriginal (ab-o-rij'i-n§.l), adj. orig- 
inal; primitive; existing frona the 
beginning: n. the species of animals 
. or plants presumed to have orig- 
inated within a.given area. 

aborigines (ab-o-rij'i-nez), n.pl. the 



ate, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ABORT 



12 



ABSENTEEISM 



first or primitive inhabitants of a 
country; the native or indigenous 
animals or plants of any geograph- 
ical area. 

abort (i,-b6rt0, v.i. to miscarry in 
birth; to remain undeveloped. 

aborted (d-bor'ted), p. adj. prema- 
turely born; checked or arrested in 
development; functionally imper- 
fect. 

abortion (^.-bor'shun) , n. untimely 
birth; miscarriage; that which falls 
short of maturity by arrest of de- 
velopment. 

abortionist ^ (^-bor'shun-ist), n. one 
who is guilty of the crime of pro- 
curing a criminal abortion, or who 
induces abortion. 

abortive (^-bor'tiv), adj. born im- 
perfect; ^ arrested in development; 
without issue or result. 

abound (a-bound'), v.i. to have in 
plenty or abundance; to exist in 
great numbers or quantity (followed 
by in or with). 

abottt (i,-bout'), o^v- around; on 
every side; circuit ously ; near to; 
intending; prep, concerned in; re- 
lating to. 

above (§,-buvO, adv. in a higher 
place; overhead; in heaven; before; 
besides: prep, superior; beyond; in 
excess of. 

aboveboard (§,-buv'bord), adj. & adv. 
in open sight; without trickery. 

abradant (ab-ra'dant), adj. having 
the property of rubbing away: n. 
substance employed for abrading or 
scouring. 

abrade (ab-rad'), v.t. to wear or rub 
away; to remove as by friction or 
abrasion; to corrode, as by acids. 

abrasion (ab-ra'zhun), n. the act of 
wearing or rubbing away; a chafe. 

abreast (§,-brest')> adv. side by side; 
in line with; opposite to; at the 
same level. 

abridge (^-brij'), v.t. to curtail, 
shorten, condense, epitomize. 

abridgment ^ (^-brij'ment), n. the 
state of being contracted or cur- 
tailed; an epitome. 



abroach (a-broch'), adv. & adj. letting 
out; placed in position for yielding 
the contents. 

abroad (a-brawd'), adv. widely; ex- 
pansively; beyond the limits of 
house or country; wide of the mark. 

abrogate (ab'ro-gat), v.t. to abolish, 
annul, or repeal by authority. 

abrogation (ab-ro-ga'shun), n. the 
act of abrogating; the repeal or an- 
nulHng of a law. 

abrogator (ab'ro-ga-ter), n. one who 
repeals by authority. 

abrupt ^ (ab-rupf), adj. broken; ter- 
minating suddenly; steep; precip- 
itous; rough; unceremonious. 

abrupt ed (ab-rupt'ed), p. adj. broken 
off with suddenness; torn off or 
asunder. 

abruption ^ (ab-rup'shun), n. a sep- 
aration with violence; a sudden or 
abrupt termination. 

absampere (abs'ani'-par), n. the 
electromagnetic unit of current in 
the centimeter-gram-second system. 

absohm (abs'om), n. the unit of 
electromagnetic resistance in the 
centimeter-gram-second system: a 
definite minute fraction of an ohm. 

abscess (ab'ses), n. [pi. abscesses 
(-ez) ], a collection of morbid mat- 
ter or pus in the tissues of the body. 

abscission (ab-sizh'un), n. the act of 
severance; the breaking off in a 
sentence, leaving the rest to be im- 
plied. 

abscond^ (ab-skond'), v.i. to flee or 
retire in haste from the place of 
one's residence or post of duty; quit 
the country in secret. 

absence (ab'sens), n. the state of 
being absent; the period of being 
absent. 

absent (ab'sent), adj. not present; 
away; wanting; regardless; ab- 
stracted. 

absent (ab-senf), v.t. to retire or 
keep away from. 

absentee (ab-sen-te'), n. one who is 
absent or absents himself purposely 
from home or duty. , ^ 

absenteeism (ab-sen-te'izm), n. the || 



ate, arm, i,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,; 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ABSENTLY 



13 



ABSTRACT 



state or custom of living away from 
one's country or estate. 

absently (ab'sent-li), adv, in an ab- 
stracted manner. 

absinthe (English ab'sinth; French 
ab-sangt'), n. wormwood; a bitter 
aromatic liqueur compounded of 
brandy and wormwood, formerly 
largely drunk in France. 

absinth in (ab-sin'thin), n. the bitter 
principle of wormwood. 

absolute (ab'so-lut), adj, free as to 
condition; perfect in itself; unlim- 
ited in power; fixed; irrevocable; 
despotic; positive: n. the will or 
power of the Almighty. 

absolution (ab-so-lu'shun), n. the 
act of absolving from the conse- 
quences of sin. 

absolutism^ (ab'so-lu-tizm), n. the 
state of being absolute; the principle 
or system of absolute government. 

absolutist (ab'so-lut-ist), n. a sup- 
porter or advocate of despotic or 
absolute government. 

absolutory (ab-soru-to-ri), adj, ab- 
solving; capable of absolving. 

absolvatory (ab-sorvS,-t6-ri), adj. 
containing or conferring absolution; 
having power to pardon or absolve. 

absolve (ab-solvO, ^-t* to release or 
set free; clear of crime or guilt; to 
forgive or remit. 

absorb (ab-s6rb'), ^-t- to drink in; 
imbibe; suck or swallow up; en- 
gross or engage wholly. 

absorbability (ab-s6rb-S,-biri-ti), n. 
the state or quaUty of being absorb- 
able. 

absorbable (ab-s6rb'S,-bl), adj, cap- 
able of being absorbed. 

absorbency (ab-s6rb 'en-si), n. ca- 
pacity for absorbing. 

absorbent (ab-s6rb'ent), adj. ab- 
sorbing: n. the capacity for absorb- 
ing; anything which absorbs or 
takes in nutritive matter; a vessel 
in the body; a substance capable of 
absorbing or withdrawing gases or 
moisture from the air. 

absorptiometer (ab-s6rp-shi-om'e- 
ter), n. an instrument to show the 



amount of gas absorbed by a unit 
volume of a fluid. 

absorption (ab-s6rp'shun), n. the 
process or act of absorbing; the 
state of being absorbed; entire oc- 
cupation of the mind. 

absorption-bands (-banz), n.pZ. the 
dark bands in the spectrum, more 
or less wide, and not usually sharply 
defined. 

absorption-lines (-lins), n.'pl. dark 
hues in the spectrum produced by 
the absorption of cool vapors through 
which the light has passed. 

absorptive (ab-s6rp'tiv), adj. having 
power or capacity for absorption. 

absorptivity (ab-s6rp-tiv'i-ti), n. the 
power of absorption. 

abstain (ab-stan'), v.L to forbear; 
refrain; hold aloof; keep away from. 

abstainer (ab-stan'er), n. one who 
abstains, especially from intoxicants. 

abstemious (ab-ste'mi-us), adj. 
moderate and sparing in the use of 
food and drink; non-indulgent. 

abstention (ab-sten'shun), n. the act 
of holding off or abstaining. 

abstentionist (ab-sten'shun-ist), n. 
one who favors or practices absten- 
tion. 

abstentious (ab-sten'shus), adj. char- 
acterized by abstention. 

abstergent (ab-ster'jent), adj. pos- 
sessing cleansing or purging proper- 
ties: n. that which cleanses or 
purges; a detergent. 

abstersion (ab-ster-shun), n. the act 
of wiping clean; the act of cleans- 
ing by the use of abstergents. 

abstersive (ab-ster'siv), adj. cleans- 
ing; of the nature or quality of an 
abstergent: n, that which cleanses 
or purifies. 

abstinence (ab'sti-nens), n. the act 
or practice of abstaining; self- 
denial; partial or total forbearance 
from the use of food or drink. 

abstinent (ab'sti-nent), adj. refrain- 
ing from over-indul';ence, especially 
with regard to food and drink; n. 
an abstainer. 

abstract (ab-strakf), v.t. to take or 



ate, arm, i,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ABSTRACT 



14 



ACCELERANDO 



draw away; separate; purloin or 
steal; epitomize; separate from and 
consider apart. 

abstract (ab'-strakt), n, an epitome; 
a summary or abstract comprising 
the essence or principal parts of a 
larger work: adj, considered or con- 
ceived apart from its concrete or 
material nature; abstract noun, 
n. the name of a state or quality 
considered apart from the object to 
which it belongs. 

abstracted (ab-strakt'ed), p-adj. sep- 
arated; disjoined; refined; abstruse; 
mentally absent. 

abstraction (ab-strak'shun), n. the 
act of separating or drawing away; 
the state of being withdrawn or ab- 
stracted; concentration of mind or 
attention. 

abstractional (ab-strak'shun-^1), adj, 
pertaining to abstraction. 

abstractionist (ab-strak'shun-ist), n. 
one who deals with abstractions; 
an idealist; a dreamer. 

abstractive (ab-strak'tiv), adj. having 
the quality or power of abstraction. 

abstractly (ab'strakt-h), adv. in an 
abstract manner, 

abstrahent (ab'strS,-hent), adj, ab- 
stract; eliminating from unessential 
or foreign elements. 

abstruse (ab-stroos^, adj. obscure; 
hidden; difficult of comprehension; 
profound. 

absurd (ab-serd'), adj. contrary to 
reason or sense; ridiculous. 

absurdity (ab-serd 'i-ti), n. [pi. ab- 
surdities, (-tiz) ] the state of being 
absurd ; that which is absurd. 

abundance (^-bun'dans), n. in great 
plenty; an over-flowing quantity; 
affluence. 

abundant (^-bun'dint) , adj. plenti- 
ful; fully sufficient; abounding. 

abuse (^-buz'), v.t. to use ill; treat 
rudely or wrongfully; to defile or 
violate; use violent or abusive lan- 
guage toward; vituperate. 

abuse (§,-bus'), n. ill-treatment; the 
excessive or injudicious use of any- 
thing; insult; violation. 



abusive (^-bu'siv), adj, practicing 

or containing abuse. 

abut (&-but'), v.i, [p.t. & p.p. abut- 
ted, p.pr. abutting], to border upon; 
touch at one end ; terminate. (Used 
with on J upon, against.) 

abutment (^-but'ment), n. that 
which borders upon something else; 
the solid structure which supports 
the extremity of a bridge or arch. 

abuzz (a-buz'), adv, filled with buzz- 
ing sounds. 

abysm (a-bizm'), n. an abyss, a gulf. 

abysmal (a-biz'mal), adj. pertaining 
to an abyss; bottomless. 

abyss (§;-bis'), n. a bottomless gulf; 
that which is unfathomable; hell. 

acacia (a-ka'-shi-^), n, a plant of the 
genus of same name. 

academic (ak-§,-dem'ik), or aca- 
demical (-ai), n. a college student 
or member of a university: adj. be- 
longing or appertaining to a college 
or university. 

academically (-K), adv. in an aca- 
demical manner; after the fashion 
of an academy. 

academicals (ak-i-dem'i-kils), u,pL 
the costume worn by graduates and 
undergraduates at a university or a 
college. 

academician (ak-^-de-mish'an), n. 
a member of an academy or society 
for promoting the arts, sciences, and 
literature. 

academy (§,-kad'e-mi), n. a private 
school or seminary for the teaching 
of the higher branches of education; 
a school for instruction in special 
subjects; an association or society 
of men eminent in literature, 
science, and art; a building devoted 
to academic purposes. 

acanthus (§--kan'thus), n, a plant 
having sharp-toothed leaves; orna- 
mentation adopted in the capitals of 
the Corinthian and Composite 
orders, and resembhng the foliage of 
the acanthus. 

accede (ak-sed'), v.i. to come or at- 
tain to; to agree or yield to. 

accelerando (ak-chel-e-ran'do). A 



ate, arm, Ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth« not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ACCELERATE 



15 



ACCESSION 



musical term indicating faster tempo. 

accelerate (ak-serer-at), v.t. to 
hasten; to cause to move or pro- 
gress faster; quicken the speed of; 
bring nearer in time. 

acceleration (ak-sel-er-a'shun), n. 
the act of accelerating; the state of 
being accelerated. 

accelerative (ak-serer-^-tiv), adj. 
hastening; tending to increase ve- 
locity. 

accelerator (ak-sel'er-a-ter), n. that 
which quickens or accelerates; any 
method in photography by which a 
sensitized or chemical plate is ex- 
posed for a less time to the hght. 

acceleratory (ak-serer-^-to-ri), adj. 
accelerating or tending to accelerate. 

accelerograph (ak-seFe-ro-graf), n. 
an apparatus to record the changing 
pressure in a powder chamber at 
successive stages of the combustion 
of an explosive: of practical value 
in determining the necessary strength 
of cannon at different parts of the 
bore to resist a given charge. 

accelerometer (ak-sel-e-rom'e-ter), n. 
same as accelerograph; also used 
to designate an instrument for 
determining the force necessary to 
start a train and keep it in motion 
and the centrifugal force in rounding 
a cur^^e. 

accent (ak'sent), n. the stress laid by 
the voice upon a particular syl- 
lable of a word, so as to render it 
more prominent than the rest; 
the mark or character used in 
writing and printing to express the 
manner of pronouncing of a word; 
a pecuHarity of utterance or ex- 
pression distinguishing the language 
of different parts or districts of the 
same or a foreign country; the em- 
phasis placed upon certain notes of 
a bar of music: v.t. to express the 
accent, or denote the vocal division 
of a word by stress or modulation 
of the voice; to pronounce; mark or 
accent a word in writing by use of 
a sign; dwell upon or emphasize, as 
a passage of music. 



accentual (ak-sen'tu-il), adj. be- 
longing to accent; rhythmical. 

accentuate (ak-sen'tu-at) , v.t. to 
speak, pronounce or mark with an 
accent; give prominence to in speak- 
ing or writing; lay stress upon. 

accentuation (ak-sen-tu-a'shun), ?i. 
the act of accentuating by stress or 
accent; the act of speaking (or 
writing) with emphasis or distinc- 
tion. 

accept (ak-sepf), v.t. to take or re- 
ceive with approbation; entertain; 
agree to, or acquiesce in; lyider- 
stand or receive in a particular 
sense; to agree or promise to pay. 

acceptable (ak-sep'ti-bl), adj. capa- 
ble of giving pleasure or gratification. 

acceptability (ak-sep'ta-bil'i-ti), or 
acceptableness (ak-sep't^-bl-nes) , 
n. the quahty of being acceptable 
or agreeable. 

acceptance (ak-sep't^ns), n. the act 
of accepting; the fact of being ac- 
cepted, or received with approba- 
tion; the subscription to a bill of 
exchange; the bill accepted or the 
sum contained in it. 

acceptation (ak-sep-ta'shun) , n. the 
act Oi" accepting, or state of being 
accepted or acceptable; the meaning 
or sense of a word or statement in 
which it is to be understood. 

accepter or acceptor (ak-sep'ter), n. 
one who accepts; the person who 
accepts a bill of exchange. 

access (ak'ses), n. admittance or ap- 
proach to a person or place; means 
of approach or admission; addition 
or increase; the recurrence of fits or 
paroxysms in diseases. 

accessibility (ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
condition of being accessible. 

accessible (ak-ses'i-bl), adj. capable 
of being approached; easy of access; 
attainable. 

accession (ak-sesh'un) , n. a coming 
to, as by succession or by right; 
entrance or attainment; the act of 

' acceding by assent or agreement; in- 
crease or augmentation ; the acquire- 
ment of property by improvement. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
bOwk; hue, hut; think, then. 



ACCESSIONAL 



16 



ACCOMPANY 



growth, or labor expended; the at- 
tack or commencement of a disease. 

accessional (ak-sesh'un-^1), adj, ad- 
ditional; pertaining to an accession. 

accessorial (ak-ses-o'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to an accessory, as acces- 
sorial guilt or agency. 

accessory ^ (ak-ses'o-ri), [pi, acces- 
sories (-riz) ], adj, aiding; contrib- 
uting to some result or effect: n. 
one who aids in the commission of 

» a felony; an accomplice; that which 
is in the nature of an appendage. 

accidence (ak'si-dens), n. the por- 
tion of grammar which deals with 
the inflections of words; a book 
containing the rudiments of gram- 
mar; the rudiments themselves. 

accident (ak'si-dent), n. an event 
which is unexpected, or the cause of 
which was unforeseen; a contingen- 
cy, casualty, or mishap; a property 
of a thing which is not essential to 
it. 

accidental (ak-si-den'tal), adj, hap- 
pening by chance or unexpectedly; 
fortuitous; non-essential; connected 
wkn, but not necessarily belonging 
to: n. that which happens unex- 
pectedly; an adjunct, or non-essen- 
tiai part or quality; a sharp, flat, or 
natural introduced into a piece of 
music to lower or raise the note be- 
fore which it is placed. 

accidentally (-li), adv. in an acci- 
dental mann-^r. 

acclaim (ak-klam'), v.i, to shout ap- 
plause: n. a shout of joy or praise; 
acclamation. 

acclamation (ak-kli,-ma'shun), n. a 
shout of applause, or other demon- 
stration of hearty approval; an out- 
burst of joy, or praise; the adoption 
of a resolution viva voce; a mode of 
papal election. 

acclamatory (ak-klam '§,-to-ri), adj. 
expressmg joy or applause by ac- 
clamation. 

acclimate (ak-kli'mat) , v.t. to accus- 
tom a person to a foreign climate. 

acclimation (ak-kli-ma'shun), n. the 
process ot acclimatizing, or the state 



of being inured to a foreign climate; 
acclimatization. 

acclimatize (ak-kli'mS;-tiz), v.t. & 
v.i. to accustom or become accus- 
tomed to a foreign chmate; said of 
plants or animals. 

acclivity (ak-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. ac- 
chvities (-tiz) ], an ascent or up- 
ward slope of the earth; the talus 
of a rampart. 

accoiated (ak'ko-la-ted), p. adj. con- 
taining two or more profile heads, 
so arranged that one partially over- 
laps the next, as in the shilling of 
William III. and Mary. 

accolent (ak'o-lent), a. and n. dwel- 
ling in the same vicinity; one who 
dwells not far away. 

accommodate (ak-kom'mo-dat), v.t. 
to adapt or make fit or suitable; ad- 
just, settle; supply or furnish; do a 
favor to; lend money for the con- 
venience of a borrower: v.i. to be 
comformable to. 

accommodating (ak-kom 'mo-da- 
ting), p.adj. obliging; of a yielding 
disposition; adapting one's self to 
the desires of others. 

accommodation (ak-kom-mo-da'- 
shun), n. the act of accommodating; 
or the state of being accommodated; 
that which supplies a want or de- 
sire. 

accommodation-bill (-bil), n. a bill 
or note endorsed by one or more 
parties to enable the drawer to 
raise money upon it. 

accommodation-ladder (-lad'er), 
n. a ladder or stairway suspended at 
the gangway of a ship. 

accommodative (ak-kom'mo-da-ti v) , 
adj. disposed or tending to accom- 
modate. 

accompaniment (ak-kum'p^-ni- 
ment), n. something which is added 
to, or attends the original or princi- 
pal thing by way of ornament, or 
for the sake of symmetry. 

accompanist (ak-kum'p^-nist), n, 
one who plays an accompaniment. 

accompany (ak-kum'pa-ni), v.t. to 
keep company with; escort; join in 



ate, arm, dsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ACCOMPLICE 



17 



ACCRUEMENT 



movement or action; perform the 
accompaniment in a composition for 
voice and instrument. 

accomplice (ak-kom'plis), n. an as- 
sociate or companion in crime. 

accomplish (ak-kom'plish), v.t. to 
bring to completion, or to an issue; 
fulfill; attain as the result of exer- 
tion. 

accomplished (ak-kom'plisht), p. adj. 
finished; perfected; possessed of 
social qualifications. 

accomplishment (ak-kom'plish- 

ment), n, the completion of an act 
or undertaking; fulfillment; an ac- 
quirement or quahfication in art or 
manners, 

accord (ak-kord'), v.t. & v.i. to be in 
agreement with; reconcile; agree; 
give; grant; concede; to adjust or 
bring to agreement; to be in corre- 
spondence or harmony; agree in 
pitch and tone: n. agreement; uni- 
son; concurrence of will or opinion; 
harmony. 

accordance (ak-kord'^ns), n. the 
state of being in harmony or accord. 

accordant (ak-kord'ant), adj. corre- 
sponding; of the same mind. 

according (ak-kord'ing), p.adj. agree- 
ing, harmonious: adv. in accordance 
(with) or agreeably (to). 

accordion (ak-kord'i-un) , n. a small 
wind instrument, having keys and 
metallic reeds, and worked by means 
of a bellows, after the fashion of a 
concertina. 

accost (alv-kosf), v.t, to draw near, 
or come face to face with; speak 
to; salute: n. the act of accosting; 
manner. 

accouchement (ik-koosh'mong), n. 
delivery in child-bed; parturition; a 
lying-in. 

accoucheur (ak-koosh-erM, n. a 
medical man who atiends confine- 
ment cases. 

account (ak-kount'), v.t, to reckon 
or hold to be; compute; count: v.i. 
to assign an explanation [with for]; 
take into consideration; relate: n. 
bb reckoning; a financial statement 



or mernorandum; a narrative; any- 
thing in the form of a statement, 
written or verbal; reason or con- 
sideration; profit; advantage; esti- 
mation; consequence; importance. 

account-current (-kur'ent), n. the 
statement of account between two 
or more persons, drawn out in the 
form of debtor and creditor. 

accountability (ak-kount-a-bil'i-ti), 
n. the state of being liable or ac- 
countable. 

accountable (ak-kount'a-bl), adj. 
answerable; responsible; hable to 
be called to account. 

accountably (-bli), adv, in an ac- 
countable manner. 

accountancy (ak-koun'tin-si), n. the 
art or practice of an accountant. 

accountant (ak-koun't§-nt), n. one 
skilled in the keeping or examina- 
tion of accounts: adj. giving ac- 
count; responsible. 

accoutre (ak-ko5'ter), v.t. to dress; 
equip; to array in military dress; 
furnish with accoutrements. 

accoutrements (ak-koO'ter-ments), 
7i.pl. equipage; dress; mihtary 
equipments. 

accredit (ak-kred'it), v.t. to give 
credit to; have confidence in; au- 
thorize; stamp with authority; to 
believe and accept as true. 

accrescent (ak-kres'sent), adj. in- 
creasing; growing. 

accrete (ak-kref), v.i. to adhere; be 
added: v.t. to cause to grow or 
unite. 

accretion (ak-kre'shun), n. increase 
by natural growth; the addition of 
external parts; the growing together 
of parts or m'embers naturally sepa- 
rate. 

accretive (ak-kre'tiv), adj. adding 
tc or increasing by growth. 

accroachment (ak-kroch'ment), n. 
the act of accroaching; usurpation. 

accrue (^ak-kroo), v.i. to happen or to 
result naturally as an increment, as 
of profit or loss. 

dccruement ^ (ak-kroo'ment), n, an 
addition or increment. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booix» 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ACCULTURAL 



18 



ACETIFICATION 



accultural (a-kurtu-ral), a. racial or 
communal improvement due to the 
adoption of foreign culture. 

acculture (a-kul'tur) n. culture ac- 
quired through the adoption of 
foreign habits or methods. 

accumbent (ak-kum'bent), adj, re- 
clining or recumbent. 

accumulate (ak-ku'mu-lat), v.L to 
collect or bring together; amass; 
heap up: v.i. to increase in size, 
number, or quantity. 

accumulation (ak-ku-mu-la'shun), 
n. the act of accumulating or amass- 
ing; the addition of interest to princi- 
pal; the mass accumulated. 

accumulative (ak-ku'mu-la-tiv) , 
adj. tending to accumulate. 

accumulative judgment (-juj'- 
ment), n, a second judgment which 
takes effect against a person after 
the first sentence has expired. 

accumulator (ak-kti'mu-la-ter), n. 
one who or that which, accumu- 
lates; an apparatus for equahzing 
pressure an electric storage battery. 

accuracy (ak'ku-ra-si), n, the qual- 
ity of being accurate; exactness or 
correctness. 

accurate (ak'ku-rat), adj\ in exact 
conformity with the truth; free from 
error; precise. 

accursed (^-ker'sed), or accurst 
(§;-kerst'), p. adj. under or subject to 
a curse; doomed to destruction; de- 
testable; execrable. 

accusable (ak-kuz'§,-bl), adj. liable 
to be censured or accused. 

accusation (ak-ku-za'shun), n. a 
charge or imputation of wrong-doing; 
the act of accusing or imputing. 

accusatival (ak-ku-zi;-ti'yal), adj. 
pertaining to the accusative case. 

accusative (ak-ku'za-tiv), adj. accus- 
ing: n. the objective case, denoting 
the object of the verb. 

accusatory (ak-ku'z§,-to-ri), or ac- 
cusatorial (ak-ku-z§,-to'ri-lil), adj. 
accusing, or containing an accusa- 
tion. 

accusatorially (-11), adv, in an ac- 
cusatorial manner. 



accuse (ak-kuz'), v.t. to charge with 
guilt or blame; make or bring an 
imputatioT> against. 

accuser (ak-kUz'er), n. one who ac- 
cuses; one who formally charges an 
offense against another. 

accustom (ak-kus'tum), v.i. to habit- 
uate or famiharize by customer use. 

accustomed (ak-kus'tumd), p.adj. 
frequent; usual; often practiced. 

ace (as), n. [pL aces (-ez) ], a unit; 
in playing cards and dice, a card 
or die marked with a single pip; an 
aviator destroying five enemy air- 
planes. 

ace-point (-'point), the single mark 
of the ace-card and of the die 
marked with one spot. 

acedia (^-se'di-a), n. an abnormal 
condition of the mind, characterized 

. by lassitude, listlessness, and general 
indifference. 

acentric (§.-sen'trik), adj. away from 
the center; having no center. 

Acephala (ksei'k-lk), n.pL a term 
appUed to all ordinary bivalves, as 
the oyster, having no distinct head. 

acephalous (&-sef'a-lus), adj, head- 
less; without a leader; au ovary of 
a plant that has its style springing 
from the base instead of the apex. ^ 

acerbity (^-ser'bi-ti), n. [pi. acerbi- 
ties (-tiz)], sourness; sharpness; 
harshness or severity of temper or 
expression. 

acetanilide (as-et-an'i-lid), n. a pun- 
gent white powder, formed by the 
action of acetyl chloride on aniline: 
used in medicine as an antipyretic. 

acetate (as'e-tat), n. a salt of acetic 
acid. 

acetated (as'e-ta-ted), p.adj. com- 
bined with acetic acid. 

acetation. See acetification. 

acetic acid (&-se'tik & §,-set'ik as'id), 
n. a clear liquid, mth a strong acid 
taste and peculiar sharp smell. It 
is present in a dilute form in vinegar. 

acetification (^-set-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act or process of acetifying or 
becoming acetous; the preparation 
of vinegar. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue; hut; think, then. 



ACETIFY 



19 



ACLINIC 



acetify (a-set'i-f i) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
acetified, p.pr. acetifying] to turn 
into vinegar; make acetous. 

acetimeter (as-e-tim'e-ter), n, an 
instrument for gauging the strength 
or purity of vinegar or acetic acid. 

acetin (as'e-tin), n. a combination of 
acetic acid with glycerine. 

acetone (as'e-ton), n. a clear volatile 
liquid, composed of carbon, hydro- 
gen, and oxygen. 

acetose (as'e-tos), or acetous (as'e- 
tus), adj. of the nature of vinegar; 
sour; causing acetification. 

acetylene (a-set'i-len) , n. a brilliant 
illuminating gas, produced by sub- 
jecting calcium-carbide to the ac- 
tion of water. 

ache (ok), n, pain, more or less con- 
tinuous: v.L to suffer, or be in pain. 

achievable (a-cheVa-bl), adj. possi- 
ble to achieve; capable of being 
performed. 

achieve (a-chev), v.t. to perform, 
carry out, accomplish; to gain or 
bring to a successful issue by an 
effort: v.i. to bring about a desired 
result. 

achievement (a-chev'ment), n. the 
act of achieving; accomplishment; 
that which is achieved or accom- 
plished; an escutcheon or armorial 
shield; also called a hatchment. 

Achilles-tendon (a-kil'ez-ten'dun) , 
the powerful tendon placed in, and 
moving, the heel. 

aching (a'king), p. adj. enduring or 
causing pain; painful: adv. with 
aching; painfully. 

achromatic (ak-ro-mat'ik), adj. free 
from coloration; transmitting light 
without decomposition. 

achromatic-lens (-ienz), a lens free 
from chromatic aberration. 

achromatically (-al-li), adv. in an 
achromatic manner. 

achromatize (ak-ro'ma-tiz), v.t. to 
deprive of the power of transmit- 
ting color; to render achromatic. 

achromatous (ak-ro'ma-tus), adj. 
without color. 

acid (as'id), adj. sour and sharp or 



biting to the taste, as vinegar* a. 
anything sour; the name applied to 
a large number of compounds con- 
taining one or more atoms of hydro- 
gen which may be displaced hy a 
metal. 

acidic (a-sid'ik), adj containing a 
large proportion of the acid ele- 
ment; opposed to basic. 

acidiferous (as-i-dif'e-rus), adj, pro- 
ducing or containing acids. 

acidific (as-i-dif'ik), adj. acidifying; 
producing acidity or an acid, 

acidification (a-sid-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the process of acidifying. 

acidifier (a-sid'i-f I-er) , n. a substance 
having the property of imparting 
an acid quality. 

acidify (a-sid'i-f i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
acidified, p.pr. acidifying], to make 
acid; convert into an acid; sour; 
embitter. 

acidity (a-sid'i-ti), n. the quality of 
being acid or sour. 

acidulate (a-sid'u-lat), v.t. to render 
slightly acid. 

acidulent (a-sid'u-ient), adj. some- 
what acid; tart; peevish. 

acidulous (a-sid'u-lus), adj. slightly 
sour; subacid. 

acierage (as'i-er-aj), n. the term 
given to the process of electric^y 
depositing iron on an engraved 
copper plate. 

aciform (as'i-form), adj, needle- 
shaped. 

acinaceous (as-i-na'shus), adj. con- 
sisting of or full of kernels, as the 
grape, mulberry, &c. 

acknowledge (ak-nol'ej), v.t, [p.t. & 
p.p. acknowledged, p.pr. acknowl- 
edging], to admit or own to be true; 
recognize, confess; admit the re- 
ceipt of. 

acknowledgment (ak-norej-ment), 
n. the act of acknowledging; the 
admission or recognition of a truth; 
confession; the expression of appre- 
ciation of a favor or benefit con- 

' f erred; a receipt. 

aclinic (a-klin'ik), adj. without in- 
clination. 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ACLINIC-LINE 



20 



ACQUITTANCE 



aclinic-line (-Im), n, the imaginary 
point near the equator where the 
magnetic needle has no dip. 

acme (ak'me), n. the highest point; 
the utmost reach; the crisis of a 
disease. 

acne (ak'ne), w. a pustular eruption 
of the body, chieSy confined to the 
face, shoulders and cliest. 

acock (a-kok'), adv. in a cocked or 
turned up manner, 

acock-bill (-bil), adv. with the ends 
directed upwards, as of an anchor 
or yards of a ship. 

acology^ (^-kol'o-ji), n. the science of 
remedies. 

acolyte (ak'o-lit), or acolyth (ak'6- 
lith & 4ith), n. the highest of 
the minor orders in the Roman 
Catholic Church, ranking next be- 
low the subdeacon. 

acomia (a-ko'mi-a), n. absence of 
hair, usually due to skin disease. 

aconite (ak'o-nit), n. the plant 
wolf's-bane or monk's-hood; the 
drug prepared from^ the plant. 

aconitine (a-kon'i-lin & -tin), n, the 
narcotic drug prepared from^ the 
roots and leaves of several species of 
aconite, used as a remedy for neu- 
ralgia. 

acorn (alcom), n. the fruit of the 
oak; a conical piece of wood affixed 
to the spindle above a vane, to 
keep the vane from being blown off. 

acotyledon (a-kot-i-le'dun), n, a 
plant whose seeds (spores) arc not 
furnished with cotyledons (seed- 
lobes). 

acotyledonous (a-kot-i-led'un-us), 
adj. having no cotyledons or seed- 
lobes. 

acoumeter (a-kou'- h &-koo'me-ter)> 
n, an instrument to test the power of 
hearing, or sensibility to sound. 

acoustic (§.-kous'- & a-koos'tik), adj, 
belonging to the science of sound: n. 
a remedy for deafness. 

acoustics (§,-kous'- & 8,-koos'tiks), 
the science of sound; the study of 
the effects of sound upon the organ 
of hearing. 



acoustometer (a-kos-tom'e-ter), n. 
an apparatus for testing the acoustic 
properties of an auditorium. 

acquaint (ak-kwant'), v.L to famil- 
iarize or make one's self conversant 
with; furnish information. 

acquaintance (ak-kwant'i,ns), n. the 
state of being acquainted with a 
person or subject; personal knowl- 
edge less than friendship; a person 
with whom one is acquainted. 

acquainted (ak-kwar'ted), p,adj, 
having personal knowledge; famil- 
iar, known {of or with). 

acquiesce (ak-kT^4-esO, v.i. to agree; 
comply passively; assent [followed 
usually by in]. 

acquiescence (ak-kwi-es'ens), n. the 
act of submitting; silent assent; 
neglect to take legal proceedings, r>o 
as to imply consent. ^ 

acquiescent (ak-kwi-es'ent), adj, 
disposed to submit or yield tacitlv; 
resting satisfied. 

acquirable ^ (ak-kwir'§,-bl), adj. cap- 
able of being acquired. 

acquire (ak-kwir'), v,L to gain or ob- 
tain ^ possession of by one's own 
physical or intellectual exertions. 

acquirement (ak-kwir'ment), n. the 
act of acquiring; that which is ac- 
quired. 

acquisition (ak-kwi-zish'un), n. the 
act of acquiring; the object ac- 
quired. 

acquisitive (ak-kwiz'i-tiv), adj. hav- 
ing a propensity to acquire; greedily 
disposed. 

acquisitiveness ^ (-nes), n. the pro- 
pensity to acquire. 

acquit (ak-kwif), v,t.^ [p.t. & 'p.p. 
acquitted, p,pr. acquitting], to re- 
lease; set free; discharge; to pro- 
nounce not guilty. 

acquittal (ak-kwit'M), n. the act of 
releasing or acquitting; the state 
of being acquitted; the judicial pro- 
nouncement of *^not guilty." 

acquittance (ak-kwit'^ns), n. a dis- 
charge or release from debt or other 
Habiiity; 9 receipt barring a further 
demand. 



Ste, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; htife, hut; think, <Aen. 



ACRE 



21 



ACTIVE 



acre (a'ker), n. a superficial measure 
of land containing, in Great Britain, 
the United States and the Colonies, 
4,840 sq. yds. 

acreage (a'ker-aj), n. the number of 
acres in a tract of land. 

acred (a'kerd), adj, possessing acres 
or landed property. 

acre-foot (a'ker-foot), n. a term used 
in practical irrigation, designating 
the amount of water necessary to 
cover one acre to the depth of one 
foot; equivalent to 43,560 cubic 
feet, or a cubic foot per second for 
twelve hours. 

acrid (ak'rid), adj, sharp or biting to 
the taste; pungent; irritating; sting- 
ing: n. an acrid or irritant poison. 

acridity (ak-rid'i-ti) , n. the quality 
of being acrid. 

acrimonious (ak-ri-mo'ni-us), adj. 
bitter; caustic; stinging. 

acrimony (ak'ri-mo-ni), n. sharp- 
ness of temper; bitterness of ex- 
pression. 

acrobat (ak'ro-bat), n, a performer 
on the tight-rope; one who practices 
tumbling, vaulting, trapezing, &c. 

acrobatism (ak'-ro-bat-izm), n. the 
performance of acrobatic feats; the 
profession of an acrobat. 

acrolith (ak'ro-lith), n. a sculptured 
figure, the head and extremities of 
which are of stone and the rest of 
wood. 

acrophobia (ak'ro-fo'bi-a), n, mor- 
bid fear of being on an elevation, as 
at the top of a building. 

acropolis (a-krop'o-lis), n. the high- 
est part or citadel of a Grecian 
city, as that of Athens, hence a 
citadel. 

across (a-kr5s'), Cidv. & prep, from 
side to side; transversely; adverse- 
ly; athwart; intersecting at an 
angle. 

acrostic (a-kros'tik) , n. a composi- 
tion, usually in verse, in which the 
first or last letters of the lines, or 
other letters, taken in order, form 
a motto, phrase, name, or word. - 

act (akt), n. an action; process of do- 



ing; a decree, edict, or enactment; 
the judgment of a court; a formal 
writing; one of the principal divi- 
sions of a drama; a thesis main- 
tained by a candidate for a degree 
at a university: v.t. to do; perform; 
play, as on the stage; set in motion: 
v.i. to exert force or energy. 

acting (akt'ing), p. adj. performing 
services, as those of an official. 

actinic (ak-tin'ik), adj. having the 
property of actinism. 

actinism (ak'tin-izm) , n. that prop- 
erty of the sun's rays which pro- 
duces chemical action. 

actinium (ak-tin'i-um), n. a recently 
discovered radio-active element. 

actinograph (ak-tin'o-graf), n. an 
instrument for measuring the varia- 
tion of the chemical rays of light. 

actinoid (ak-tin'oid), adj. having the 
form of rays; resembling a star- 
fish. 

actinology (ak-ti-noro-ji), n, the 
science that treats of the chemical 
action of light. 

actinometer (ak-tin-om'et-er), n. an 
instrument for measuring the inten- 
sity of heat-rays. 

actinotherapy (ak'ti-no-ther'a-pi) ,n. 
the department of medicine that 
deals with the therapeutic uses of 
the X-ray and radium; same as 
radio-therapy. 

action (ak'shun), n. the state of be- 
ing active, as opposed to rest; the 
effect of one body upon another 
(used in sing.); an act or thing done 
(iLsed in pi.); a suit instituted by 
one party against another in a court 
of law; the gesture or deportment 
of a speaker; the performance of a 
function; effective motion, as of 
machinery; the appearance of ani- 
mation, &c., given to figures; an 
engagement on sea or land, less 
important than a battle. 

actionable (ak'shun-a-bl), adj, giv- 
ing grounds for an action at law. 

active (ak'tiv), adj. endowed with or 
exercising the power or quality of 
action; constantly active; the per- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ACTIVITY 



22 



ADDRESS 



formance and not the continuance 
of an action; lively, moving freely; 
acting quickly. 

activity (ak-tiv'i-ti) , n. [pi, activities 
(-tiz) ], energy; the state of action. 

actor (ak'ter), n. one who acts or 
performs; a stage-player; a proctor 
or advocate in civil causes. 

actress (ak'tres), n, a female actor. 

actual (ak'tu-al), adj. real; existing; 
present. 

actuality (ak-tu-al'i-ti) , n, [pi. actu- 
alities (-tiz) ], the state of being 
real or actual; that which is in full 
existence. 

actualization (ak'tu-al-i-za'shxm), n. 
making actual. 

actualize (ak'tu-al-iz), v.t to make 
actual. 

actually (ak'tu-al-li) , adi\ as an 
existing fact. 

actuary (ak'tu-a-ri) , n, [pL actuaries 
(-riz) ], a registrar or clerk of a 
court; one who is skilled in life as- 
surance and similar computations. 

actuate (ak'tu-at), v,L to move or 
incite to action. 

actuation (ak-tu-a'shun), n. the 
state of being actuated or impelled. 

aculeate (a-ku'le-at) , adj. equipped 
with a sting; having aculei or sharp 
prickles: n. certain insects furnished 
with stings, as the bee. 

acumen (a-ku'men), n. quickness of 
perception; penetration; insight; 
discrimination. 

acuminate (a-ku'min-at) , adj. end- 
ing in a sharp point. 

acupress (ak'ti-pres), v.t to check 
hemorrhage by acupressure. 

acupressure (ak'ti-presh'er), n. a 
method of checking hemorrhage in 
arteries during amputations by 
needles or wire. 

acute (a-kut), adj. sharp-pointed; 
intellectually sharp; quick of per- 
ception; severe, as pain or symp- 
toms attending a disease; high in 
pitch; shrill. 

adage (ad'aj), n. an ancient proverb, 
or pithy saying. 

adagio (a-daj'i-o), a term in music, 



indicating a somewhat slower tempo. 

Adam's ale (ad'amz al), n. water. 

Adam's apple (ap-1), n. a lofty spe- 
cies of the banana; the prominence 
in front of the throat, especially 
conspicuous in males. 

adamant (ad'a-mant), n. a substance 
of extreme hardness; the diamond: 
adj. formed of adamant; hard. 

adamantine (ad-a-man^tin), adj. 
made of adamant; impenetrable. 

adapt (a-daptO, v.t. to make to cor- 
respond; fit by alteration or adapta- 
tion. 

adaptability (a-dap-ta-biri-ti) , n. 
the quality of being adaptable. 

adaptation (ad-ap-ta'shun), n, the 
act of adjusting or adapting; the 
state of being adapted; that which 
is adapted. 

add (ad), v.t. to join, unite, sum up; 
increase; affix." 

.addendum (ad-den'dum), n, [pL ad- 
denda (-da) ], an appendix. 

adder (ad'er), n. the popular name 
for the viper. 

addict (ad-diktO, v.t. to devote or 
give one's self up to; to practice 
sedulously (usually in a bad sense). 

addition (ad-dish'un), n. the act or 
process of adding together; increase; 
the result of addition; the thing 
added; the adding or uniting of two 
or more numbers in one sum; a title 
added to a name, denoting rank, as 
esquire; a dot placed at the side of 
a note to indicate the lengthening 
of the sound by one-half. 

additional (ad-dish'un-al), adj. add- 
ed; supplementary. 

additionally (-li), adv. in addition to. 

additive (ad'di-tiv), adj that may 
be, or is to be, added. 

addle (ad'l), n. & adj. rotten, as eggs 
that are barren or putrid, v.t. to 
make corrupt or putrid, as eggsiv.i, 
to become addled. 

addle-headed (adl-hed'ed),or addle- 
pa ted (ad-1-pa'ted) , adj. stupid; 
weak-brained; muddled. 

address (ad-dresO, v.t. to straighten; 
to bring into line; to arrange, re- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ADDRESSEE 



23 



ADJUSTER 



dress, as wrongs, &c.; to direct, 
speak or write to; get ready; con- 
sign: n. a speech dtiivered or writ- 
ten; manners and bearing; tact; 
adroitness; the attention of a lover. 

addressee (ad-dres-e'), ^. one who is 
addressed. 

adduce (ad-dus'), v.t. to bring for- 
ward or cite in proof or substantia- 
tion of what is alleged. 

adducent (ad-du'sent), adj. bringing 
forward or together. 

adducible (ad-du'si-bl), adj. capable 
of being adduced. 

adductive (ad-duk'tiv), adj. bringing 
forward. 

adductor (ad-duk'ter), n. one who 
draws to. 

adductor muscles (muslz), n,pl. 
muscles which draw certain parts 
to a common center. 

adenoid (ad'e-noid), n. a swelHng of 
the tissue in the roof of the naso- 
pharynx. 

adept (a-depf), adj, well skilled: n. 
one who is fully proficient or skilled 
in an art. 

adequacy (ad'e-kwa-si), n. sufficiency 
for a particular purpose. 

adequate (ad'e-kwat), adj, equal to 
requirement or occasion; fully suffi- 
cient. 

adhere (ad-her'), vA. to stick fast; 
become firmly attached to. 

adherence (ad-her'ens), n. the act or 
state of adhering; unwavering at- 
tachment. 

adherent (ad-her'ent), adj, adher- 
ing; sticking: n, one who adheres; 
a follower of a party or leader. 

adhesion (ad-he'zhun), n. the state 
or act of adhering. 

adhesive (ad-he'siv), adj.^ holding 
fast; gummed for use; sticky. 

adieu (a-dti'), n. [pi. adieus, adieux 
(a-dtiz') ], a farewell; good wishes 
at parting: inter j. goodby; fare- 
well. 

adipomatous (ad-i-pom'a-tus), adj. 
composed chiefly of adipose tissue, 
as a tumor. 

auit (ad'it), 7?.. an entrance or pas- 



sage; an entrance to a mine more 

or less horizontal. 
adjacency (ad-ja'sen-si), n. the state 

of being close or contiguous. 
adjacent (ad- j absent), adj. near; 

close to. 
adjectival (ad-jek-ti-val), adj. of the 

nature of an adjective. 
adjective (ad'jek-tiv), n. a word 

used with a substantive or noun to 

express the quality or attribute of 

the thing named, or to limit and 

define a thing as distinct from 

something else. 
adjoin (ad-join'), v.t. to unite or 

join: v.L to lie next to. 
adjourn (ad-jern'), v.t. to put off to 

another day. 
adjournment (ad-jern'ment), n. the 

act of adjourning; the postpone- 
ment of a meeting. 
adjudge (ad-juJO, v.t. to determine 

in a controversy. 
adjudged (ad-jujd'), odj. determined 

by judicial decree. 
adjudgment (ad-juj'ment), n. the 

act of judging. 
adjudicate (ad-ju-di-kat), v.t. to try 

and determine a case as a court. 
adjudication (ad-ju'di-ka'shun), n. 

the act of determining judicially; a 

judicial sentence. 
adjudicator ( a-ju'di-ka-ter), n. one 

who adjudicates. 
adjunct (ad'jungkt), ?i. something 

added to another thing, but not an 

essential part of it. 
adjunctive (ad-jungk'tiv), adj. hav- 
ing the quality of joining or uniting. 
adjunctly (ad-jungkt-li), adv. in 

connection with. 
adjuration (ad-ju-ra'shun), n. the 

solemn charging on oath; the form 

of an oath. 
adjure (ad-jurO, v.t. to command on 

oath under pain of penalty; to 

charge solemnly. 
adjust (ad-justO, v.t. to fit, or make 

exact; to make correspondent; to 

make accurate. 
-adjuster (ad-jus'ter), n. one who 

regulates or adjusts. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ADJUSTMENT 



24 



ADORATION 



adjustment (ad-just'ment), n. the 
act of adjusting. 

adjutancy (ad'ju-t^n-si), n. the office 
of an adjutant. 

adjutant (ad'ju-tant), n, a regimen- 
tal staff-officer who assists the 
commanding officer. 

adjutant-general (-jen'er-M), [pL 
adjutants-general], the chief staff- 
officer of an army, through whom 
all orders, &c., are received and is- 
sued by the general commanding. 

admeasure ^ (ad-mezh'ur), v.L to 
measure dimensions; apportion. 

admeasurement (ad-mezh'ur-ment), 
n. a measurement by a rule. 

administer (ad-min'is-ter), v. J. to 
manage as chief agent or minister, as 
a king, president, or judge ;^ direct 
the application of the laws; dispense; 
to cause to be taken, as medicine; to 
give, as an oath or a sacrament. 

administerial (ad-min-is-ter'i-M), 
adj, pertaining to administration. 

ad ministrable (ad-min'is-tra-bl) , 
adj. capable of being administered. 

administration (ad-min-is-tra'- 
shun), n. the act of administering, 
as government, justice, medicine, a 
sacrament, or an intestate's estate; 
the ministry. 

administrative (ad-min'is-tra-tiv), 
adj, pertaining to administration. 

admi n istrator (ad-min-is-tra'ter) , 
n. one who administers affairs; one 
who settles the estate of an intestate. 

administratrix (-tra'triks), n. a 
female administrator. 

admirable (ad'mi-ril-bl), adj. wor- 
thy of admiration; excellent. 

admiral (ad'mi-rM), n. the chief 
commander of a fleet; a naval offi- 
cer of the highest rank. 

Admiralty (ad'mi-rM-ti), n. [pi. 
Admiralties (-tiz)], the department 
of the English government having 
authority^ over naval affairs; the 
building in which British naval af- 
fairs are transacted; the office of an 
admiral. 

admiration (ad-mi-ra'shun), n. won- 
der excited by beauty or excellence. 



admire (ad-mlr'), v.t. to regard with 
strong approval. 

admissible (ad-mis'i-bl), adj. wor- 
thy of being admitted. 

admission (ad-mish'un), n. the 
power or permission to enter; the 
granting of at argument. 

adniit (ad-mitO, v-t. [p.t & p.p. ad- 
mitted, p.pr. admitting], to permit 
to enter; allow in argimient; receive. 

admittance (ad-mit'^ns), n. the 
power or permission to enter. 

admix (ad-miks'), v.t. to mix with 
something else. 

admixture (ad-miks'tur), n. a com- 
pound of substances mixed together. 

admonish (ad-mon'ish), v.t. to re- 
prove gently; warn; instruct. 

adnionition (ad-mo-nish'un), n. 
friendly reproof or warning. 

admonitory (ad-mon'i-to-ri), adj. 
conveying reproof or warning. 

adnascent (ad-nas'ent), adj. grow- 
ing upon something else. 

adnate (ad'nat), adj. with organic 
cohesion of unhke parts. 

ado (^-dooO, n. bustle; trouble. 

adobe (^-do'ba), n. unburnt brick 
dried in the sun, used for building 
in Central America and Mexico. 

adolescence^ (ad-o-les'ens), n. the 
period of life between puberty and 
maturity; youth. 

adolescent (ad-o-les'ent), adj. grow- 
ing to maturity. 

adon (a-donO, a combination of 
lenses to give an enlarged image of 
the object photographed in tele- 
photography. 

adopt (a-doptO, ^-i- to choose or take 
to one's self, as a child, an opinion, 
or a course of action. 

adoption (§,-dop'shun), n. the act of 
adopting; the state of being adopt- 
ed; voluntary acceptance; admis- 
sion into more intimate relations. 

adoptive (^-dop'tiv), adj. consti- 
tuted by adoption. 

adorable (i.-dor'^-bl), adj. worthy of 
worship. 

adoration (ad-o-ra'shun), n. the act 
of worship. 



ate, arm, &sk, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ADORE 



25 



ADVERSITY 



adore (a-d5r), v.t to pay divine 
honors to; honor highly; love in- 
tensely; admire greatly; v,i. to of- 
fer worship. 

adorn (a-dorn), v.t. to beautify; dig- 
nify; ornament; embellish. 

adornment (^-dorn'ment), n, orna- 
ment; decoration. 

adown (i,-doun'), adv, & prep, down- 
ward; down. 

adrift (^-driftOt cuij. & adv, floating 
at random. 

adroit (a-droit'), adj. exhibiting 
skill; dextrous. 

adulation (ad-u-la'shim), n. inter- 
ested praise: flattery. 

adulator (ad'u-la-ter), n. a flatterer. 

adulatory (ad'u-la-to-ri) , adj. flat- 
tering. 

adult (^-duItO, adj. grown up to full 
age, size, and strength; n, a man or 

a woman. 

adulterant (^-dul'ter-&nt), adj. adult- 
terating: n. the person or thing that 
adulterates. 

adulterate (i-dul'ter-at), v.t. to cor- 
rupt by baser admixture: adj. cor- 
rupted by baser admixture. 

adulteration (^-dul'ter-a'shun), n, 
the debasing or being debased by 
admixture; deterioration. 

adulterator (S^-dul'ter-a-ter), n. one 
who corrupts or adulterates. 

adulterer (&-dul'ter-er), n. a man 
who commits adultery. 

adulteress (-es), n. a woman who 
commits adultery. 

adulterous (^-dul'ter-us), adj. guilty 
of adultery. 

adultery (§,-dul'ter-i) , n, [pi. adulteries 
(-iz)], violation of the marriage-bed. 

adumbrant (ad-um'brant) adj. shad- 
owing forth. 

adumbrate (ad-umlDrat), v.t, to 
shado\v forth; give a faint resem- 
blance of 

adumbration (ad-um-bra'shun), n, 
somethmg that shadows forth. 

adumbrative (ad-um'br&-tiv), adj. 
faintly representing; typical. 

aduncous (ad-ung'kus), adj. hooked, 
as a parrot's bill. 



advance (ad-vi,ns') v.L to go for- 
ward; v.i. to further; to make a 
payment of beforehand; n. improve- 
ment; an addition to or rise in 
value; an overture (usually used in 
pi.); a loan; payment beforehand. 

advancement (ad-vins'ment), n, 
furtherance; progress; promotion. 

advantage (ad-v§^n'taj),. n, a state 
of advance or forwardness; a ben- 
efit; the first point gained after deuce. 

advantageous (ad-vin-ta'jus), adj, 
of advantage; beneficial. 

advent (ad- vent) , n. a coming or ar- 
rival. 

Advent (ad'vent), n. the perior^ in- 
cluding the four Sundays before 
Christmas. 

adventitious (ad-ven-tish'ns). adj, 
happening by chance; casual; for- 
tuitous; accidental; produced out 
of normal and regular order. 

adventual (ad-ven'tu-&l), adj, relat- 
ing to the season of Advent. 

adventure (ad-ven'tur), n. an event 
the issue of which is determined by 
chance: v.t. to hazard or risk. 

adventurer (ad-ven'tur-er), n, one 
who undertakes adventures; a spec- 
ulator; one who seeks social distinc- 
tion by false or specious pretenses. 

adventuress ('tur-es), n. a female 
adventurer; (usually in a bad 
sense). 

adventuresome (ad-ven'ttir-sum), or 
adventurous (ad-ven'tur-us), adj. 
inclined to incur risk; full of risk; 
daring. 

adverb (ad'verb), n. a word used to 
modify the sense of a verb or adjec- 
tive. 

adverbial (ad-ver^Di-il), adj. of the 
nature of an adverb. 

adverbially (-U), adv. with the force 
of an adverb. 

adversary (ad'ver-sar-i), n, [pi. ad- 
versaries (-iz)], an opponent. 

adversative (ad-ver's^-tiv), adj, ex- 
pressing opposition. 

adverse (ad Vers), adj, opposed to: 
contrary; unfortunate; inimical. 

adversity (ad-ver'si-ti), n. a state 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ADVERT 



26 



AEROPHONE 



of things adverse; the reverse of 
prosperity; misery. 

advert (ad-vertO, v.i. to turn one's 
attention to; refer. 

advertence (ad-ver'tens), n. attention. 

advertency (ad- ver 'ten-si), n. the 
habit of being attentive. 

advertent (ad-ver'tent), adj, attentive. 

advertently (-h), adv, in an inten- 
tional manner. 

advertise (ad'ver-tiz), v.t. to turn the 
attention of others to; announce; 
publish. 

advertisement (ad-ver'tiz-ment), n. 
a notice in a public print; an an- 
nouncement. 

advice (ad-vis'), n. an opinion given 
for the practical direction of conduct; 
information given by letter; counsel. 

advisable (ad-vi'za-bl), adj. fit to be 
advised; prudent; expedient. 

advisability (ad-viz-^-biri-ti), n. the 
quahty of being advisable; desira- 
bility. 

advise (ad-vTz'), v.t. to offer an opin- 
ion to; counsel; inform. 

advised (ad-viz'd), p.adj. acting with 
caution. 

advisedly (ad-vi'zed-li), adv. with 
advice; with intention; deliberately. 

advisory (ad-vi'zo-ri), adj. having 
power to advise; containing advice. 

advocacy (ad'vo-k&-si), n. the act of 
pleading for. 

advocate (ad'vo-kat), n. one called 
to the aid of another; one who 
pleads the cause of another. 

advocator (ad'vo-ka-ter), n. an ad- 
vocate; a supporter. 

advolution (ad-vo-lu'shun), n. evo- 
lution philosophically considered 
with regard to its ultimate trend. 

advowee (ad-vou-e'), n. one who has 
an advowson; the patron of a hving. 

advowson (ad-vou'zn), n. the right 
of presentation to a benefice. 

adynamia (a-din-a'mi-a), n. great 
debihty; physical weakness. ^ 

adze or adz (adz), n. a cutting tool 
having a curved blade at right an- 
gles to the handle, used for dressing 
timber by ships' carpenters, coopers, 



&c. adze-plane, a tool for molding 
and rabbeting. 

cedile or edile (e'dll), n. a Roman 
magistrate who exercised supervi- 
sion over the temples, public and 
private buildings, the markets, pub- 
lic games, sanitation, &c., hence a 
municipal officer. 

aeolian harp (e-o'h-in harp), n. a 
stringed instrument, the wires of 
wMcb are set in motion by air. 

aeon or eon (e'on), n. a period of im- 
mense duration; an age. 

aerate (a'er-at), v.t. to combine or 
charge with carbonic-acid gas, or 
with air. 

aerated bread (bred), n. bread raised 
by charging the dough with carbonic- 
acid gas. 

aeration (a-er-a'shun), n. the act of 
aerating; oxygenation of the blood 
by exposure to the air in respiration. 

aerial ^ (a-e'ri-al), adj. belonging to 
the air. 

aerially (-H), adv. like the air. 

aerification (a-er-if-i-ka'shun), n. the 
state of being aeriform. 

aeriform (a'er-i-form), adj. having 
the form of air; gaseous. 

aerify (a'er-i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. aeri- 
fied, p.pr. aerifying], to combine 
with air. 

aerocyst (a'er-6-sist), n. one of the 
air-bladders of algae. 

aerodrome (a'er-o-drom), n. a place 
to exhibit flying machines. 

aero-dynamics (a-er-o-di-nam'iks) , 
n. the science which treats of air in 
motion. 

aerogram (a'er-o-gram), n, a wire- 
less telegraph message. 

aerolite (a'er-o-llt), n. a meteorite. 

aerometer (a-er-om'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for weighing the air. 

aeronaut (a'er-o-nawt), n. an aerial 
navigator; a balloonist. 

aeronautic (a-er-o-naw'tik), or aero- 
nautical (-al), adj. pertaining to' 
aeronautics. 

aeronautics (a-er-o-naw'tiks), n. 
aerial navigation. 

aerophone (a'er-o-fon), n. an instru- 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



AEROPHOR 



27 



AFFIRMATIVE 



ment invented by Edison for in- 
creasing the intensity of sound. 

aerophor (a'er-o-fer), n. an appara- 
tus used in spinning-factories to 
moisten the air, to counteract the 
electricity produced by the friction 
of the machinery. 

aerophyte (a'er-o-fit), n. an air- 
plant; a parasitical plant. 

aeroplane (a'er-o-plan), n. a flying 
machine, distinguished from an air- 
ship or balloon. 

aerostat (a'er-o-stat), n, sl balloon; 
a flying, machine. 

aerostatic (a-er-o-stat'ik), or aero- 
statical (-al), adj. pertaining to 
aerostatics. 

aerostatics (a-er-o-stat'iks), n. the 
science which treats of the equihb- 
rium of bodies sustained in air. 

aery (er-i), n. an eaglets nest; a 
brood of eagles or hawks. 

aesthesiometer (es-the-si-om'e-ter) , 
n. an instrument for determining 
sensibihty of touch. 

aesthetic or esthetic (es-thet'ik), adj, 
pertaining to aesthetics. 

aesthetic school (-skool), a school of 
art composed of devotees of the 
beautiful. 

aestheticism (es-thet'i-sizm), n. love 
for, or devotion to, the beautiful. 

aes^ihetics or esthetics (es-thet'iks),7i. 
the science or theory of the beautiful, 
in taste and art. 

aether. See ether. 

aethrioscope (eth'ri-o-skop), n. an 
instrument for measuring changes 
of temperature of the sky, as when 
clear or clouded. 

afar (&-far'), adv. at, to, or from, a 
distance. 

affability (af-S.-biri-ti), n. the qual- 
ity of being affable. 

affable (af'a-bl), adj. easy to be ad- 
dressed; courteous. 

affair (af-ar'), n. that which is done, 
or is to be done; business. 

affect (af-fekt'), v.t. to produce an 
effect upon; seek by natural affinity; 
assume the aj^pearance of ;( pretend. 

affectation (af-ek-ta'shun), n. the 



assuming a manner which is not 
one's own. 

affecting (af-fek'ting), adj. having 
power to excite the emotions; pa- 
thetic. 

affection (af-fek'shun), n. having the 
feehngs affected; inchnation; attach- 
ment ; fondness ; disease. 

affectionai (af-fek'shun-M), adj. re- 
lating to the affections. 

a£Fectionate (af-fek'shun-at), adj. 
having affection; kind. 

afferent (af'fer-ent), adj. conveying 
inwards or to a part. 

affiance (af-fl'ans), n. trust; a mar- 
riage-contract; v.t. to betroth. 

affidavit (af-i-daVit), n. a sworn 
statement in writing. 

affiliable (af-firi-a-bl), adj. capable 
of being affiUated. 

affiliate (af-fiFi-at), v.t. to assign a 
child to its father; connect with in 
origin; connect with a parent society : 
v.i. to be intimately connected or 
associated (followed by with). 

affiliation (af-fil-i-a'shun), n. assign- 
ment of a child to its father; connec- 
tion by way of descent. 

affinity (af-fin'i-ti), n. \jpl. affinities 
(-tiz) ], nearness of kin. [Aflnnity is 
relationship by marriage; consan- 
guinity, relationship by blood.] Phys- 
ical or chemical attraction; a rela- 
tionship between species or groups 
depending on similaritv of structure. 

afRrm (af-ferm'), v.t. to assert strong- 
ly: v.i. to confirm, as a judgment, 
decree, or order, in an appellate 
court; aver. 

afBrmance (af-fer'm§,ns), n. confir- 
mation. 

affirmant (af-fer'm^nt), n. one who 
affirms; one who affirms instead of 
taking an oath. 

affirmation (af-fer-ma'shun), n. an 
averment; the solemn declaration 
permitted to those who have con- 
scientious scruples about taking an 
oath. 

affirmative (af-fer'ma-tiv), n. that 
which affirm^s; adj. relating to,^ or 
containing, an affirmation; positive. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, theji. 



AFFIX 



28 



AGENT 



affix (af-fixO, vd, to fix to; attach: 

n. a letter or syllable added to the 

end of a word; a suffix. 
affiatus (af-fla'tus), n. a breath or 

blast of wind; inspiration. 
afflict (af-flikt'), v.t. to cause prolonged 

pain to body or mind; distress. 
affliction (af-flik'shun), n. prolonged 

pain of body or mind; distress. 
afflictive (af-flik'tiv), ac(;. causing pain. 
affluence (af'lti-ens), n. an abundant 

supply, as of thoughts, words, riches, 

wealth. 
affluent (af'lu-ent), n, a tributary 

stream: adj. abundant. 
afflux (af'luks), n. an increase; an 

influx. 
afford (af-fordO, v.t. to supply; pro- 
duce; yield; be capable of bearing 

the expense of. 
affranchise (af-fran'shiz), v.t, to 

make free; enfranchise. 
affray (af-fraO, n. the fighting of two 

or more persons in a public place to 

the terror of others. 
affright (af-frif), v.t. to frighten; 

terrify; alarm; confuse. 
affront (af-frunf), v.t. to confront, 

oppose face to face; insult designedly. 
affusion (af-fu'zhim), n. the act of 

pouring upon. 
Afghan (af'gan), adj. pertaining to 

Afghanistan: n, a native of Afghan- 
istan. 
afghan (af'gi^n), n. a crocheted or 

knitted soft wool blanket or carriage- 
robe. 
afield (Weld'), adv, to, in, or on, the 

field; astray. 
aflame (a-flam'), adj. & adv. in 

flames; ablaze. 
afloat (S,-flot), adj. & adv. floating; 

in circulation; unfixed; adrift. 
afoot (a-footO, adv. on foot; astir. 
afraid (WradO, adj. frightened. 
afresh (1,-fresh'), adv. again; anew. 
African (af'rik'an), adj. pertaining 

to Africa; also Afric: n. a native 

of Africa. 
Africander (af-ri-kan'der), n. a na- 
tive of South Africa born of white 

parents. 



aft (§ftO, adj. & adv. towards the stem- 
after (M'ter), adj. next, subsequenti 
later: prep, behind in place; in suc- 
cession to; later in time; in imita- 
tion of; according to; next in rank 
or excellence; in proportion to; 
in pursuit of: adv. behind; subse- 
quent in time or place: n, the 
future. 
after-clap (-klap), n.. an imtoward 
event happening after an affair is 
supposed to be at an end. 
after-damp (-damp), n. the car- 
bonic acid f oimd in coal mines after 
an explosion of fire-damp; choke- 
damp. 
after-hold (-hold), n. that part of 
the hold which fies abaft the main- 
mast. 
aftermath (-math), n. a second 

mowing in a season. 
afternoon (M-ter-noon'), n. the partof 
the day between noon and evening. 
afterward (M'ter-w^rd), or after- 
wards (-wardz), adv. at a later 
time; subsequently. 
after- wit (-wit), n. wisdom that 

comes too late. 
again (a-gen'), adv. a second time; 

in return; further; anew. 
against (a-gensf), prep, opposite to; 
in opposition to; contrary to one's 
inchnations. 
agape (§,-gap'), adj. & adv. gaping; 
with the mouth wide open in a state 
of expectation or astonishment. 
agate (ag'at), n. a precious stone, a 
variety of chalcedony; Scotch pebble. 
agave (a-ga've), n. a genus of 
amaryllidaceous plants of tropical 
and semi-tropical America of which 
the century plant, or American aloe, 
is the best known. 
age (aj), n. a particular period *of 
time in Hfe or in history; time: v.i, 
to grow old. 
agency (a'jen-si), n. operation; ac- 
tion; an establishment for the pur- 
pose of doing business for another. 
agent (a'jent), n, one who acts, espe- 
cially for another; an active power 
or cause. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n ote, north, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



AGGLOMERATE 



29 



AGONIZE 



agglomerate (ag-glom'er-at), v.t. to 

gather into a heap; accumulate. 
agglomeration (ag-glom-er-a'shun), 

n, a heap. 
agglomerative (ag-glom'er-a-tiv), adj. 

tending to gather together. 
agglutinant (ag-glu'ti-nant), adj. 

uniting: n. any sticky substance 

which causes bodies to adhere to- 
gether. 
agglutinate (ag-glu'ti-nat), v.t. to 

glue together: adj. glued together. 
agglutination (ag-glu-ti-na'shun), n. 

the act or condition of being united 

or joined together. 
aggrandize (ag'gran-diz), v.t. to make 

great or greater in power, rank, or 

riches; augment. 
aggrandizement (ag'gr§,n-diz-ment), 

n. exaltation; advancement. 
aggravate (ag-gr^vat), v.t. to add to 

a load; be troublesome; intensify. 
aggravating (ag'gr^-va-ting), p.adj. 

making worse or more heinous. 
aggravation (ag-gri,-va'shun), n. the 

act of making worse. 
aggregate (ag'gre-gat), v.t. to collect 

or bring together; gather into a 

mass or body; accumulate: n. total; 

mass;^ a mass formed by the union 

of similar particles: adj, formed into 

a mass or total. 
aggregation (ag'gre-ga'shun), n. a 

collection of particulars. 
aggregative (ag'gre-ga-tiv), adj, 

collective; social. 
aggress (ag-gres'), v.i, to attack; 

begin a quarrel or controversy. 
aggression (ag-gresh'un), n. unpro- 
voked attack. 
aggressive (ag-gres'iv), adj, imjustly 

attacking. 
aggressor (ag-gres'er), n, one who 

attacks. 
aggrieve (ag-grev'), v.t. to bear 

heavily upon; oppress. 
aghast (^-g^sf), adj. struck with 

sudden astonishment, or terror. 
agile (aj'il), adj. easily driven about; 

active in body; nimble. 
agility (§.-jil'i-ti), n. nimbleness. 
agio (a'ji-o), n. [pi. agios (-oz)], 



the premimn on money or foreign 
bills of exchange; discount. 

agiotage (aj'i-o-taj), n. exchange 
business; stock-jobbing. 

agitable (aj'i-ti.-bl), adj. capable 
of being moved, or debated; debata- 
ble. 

agitate (aj'i-tat), vt. to stir vio- 
lently; discuss; excite; revolve in 
the mmd; disturb; keep constantly 
before the pubHc. 

agitation (aj-i-ta'shun), n, the act 
of agitating; excitement; discus- 
sion. 

agitative (aj'i-ta-tiv), adj. tending 
to agitate. 

agitator (aj'i-ta-ter), n, one who 
starts or keeps up a political or 
other agitation; an implement for 
stirring. 

aglow (^-gloO, adj. & adv, in a glow; 
glowing. 

aglutition (ag-lu-tish'un), n. ina- 
bility to swallow. 

agnail (ag'nal), n. a sore under or 
near the nail ; a whitlow. 

agnomen (ag-no'men). n. an addi- 
tional name or epithet, as Milton, 
the poet. 

agnostic (ag-nos'tik), n one who 
denies that man possesses any 
knowledge of the ultimate nature of 
things; one who neither affirms nor 
denies the existence of a personal 
Deity: at/;", pertaining to the agnos- 
tics or their teachings; expressing 
ignorance. 

agnosticism (ag-nos'ti-sizm), n. the 
doctrines of the agnostics. 

ago (4-go'), adj. gone; past (used 
always after the noun): adv. in 
past time (used only in the phrase 
long ago). 

agog (^-gog'), adj. & adv. in agita- 
tion or expectation; eager. 

agoing ^ (^-go'ing), adv. on the go- 
ing; in motion. 

agonistics (ag-o-nis'tiks), n, the 
science of athletic combats. 

agonize (ag'-o-niz), v.i.^ to suffer 
anguish, make convulsive efforts: 
v.t. to torture. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thaa. 



AGONIZINGLY 



30 



AIR-GAS 



agonizingly (ag'o-m-zing-li), adv. 
with anguish or struggles. 

agony (ag'o-ni), n, [pL agonies 
(-niz)], extreme pain; anguish. 

agouti (^.-goo'ti), n. sl rodent found in 
the West Indies and South America. 

agrarian (§,-gra'ri-^n), adj, relating 
to land, or to land-tenure; growing 
wild in the fields: n, one who is in 
favor of a redistribution of land. 

agrarianism (a-gra'ri-^n-ism), n. 
the principle of a uniform division 
of land; agitation with respect to 
land-tenure. 

agree (a-gre'), v.i, to harmonize phys- 
ically, mentally, or morally; to ac- 
cord. 

agreeability (^-gre-^-bil'i-ti), n. 
agreeableness. 

agreeable ^ (^-gre'l,-bl), adj. pleasing 
to the mind or senses. 

agreement (§,-gre'ment), n. harmony 
of opinions or feelings; concord of 
one word with another in gender, 
number, case, or person; a com- 
pact; a contract; mutual under- 
standing. 

agricultural (ag-ri-kul'tur-§,l), adj. 
pertaining to tillage. 

agriculture (ag'ri-kul-tur), n. the 
science and art of cultivating fields 
by the plow, &c.; tillage; farming. 

agriculturist (a^-ri-kul'tur-ist), n. 
one engaged in tillage; a farmer. 

agrin (S-grin'), adj.^ & adv. in the 
act or state of grinning. 

agronomy (a-gron'o-mi), n, scien- 
tific agriculture, with particular 
reference to general farm crops. 

aground (3,-groundO, ac^j, & adv. on 
the ground; the situation of a ship 
whose bottom touches the ground; 
stranded. 

ague (a'gu), n. an intermittent fever; 
the cold fit of the intermittent fever. 

ague-cake (-k::k), n. an enlargement 
of the spleen produced by ague. 

aguish (a'gti-ish), adj. having the 
quaUties of an ague; producing 
ague; intermittent. 

ah (a), inter j. an exclamatory expres- 
sion of surprise. 



aha (a-ha'), interj. an exclamation 
expressive of satisfaction or irony. 

ahead (^-hed'), adv. in the front; 
forward. 

aheap (a-hep'), adv. heaped up. 

ahem (a-hem'), interj. an exclamatory 
sound to attract attention. 

ahoy (^-hoiO, interj. a term used in 
hailing a vessel. 

ahull (i.-hur), adv. with sails furled 
and helm lashed alee: said of a ship 
in a storm. 

ai (a'i), n. [pi. ais (a'ez)], the three- j 
toed sloth of Anaerica. 

aid (ad), v.t. to assist; support; n. 
help; assistance. 

aide-de-camp (ad'de-kong), n. [p. 
aides-de-camp], an officer who as- 
sists a general. 

aigret (a'gret) or aigrette (a-gref), 
n. the small white heron; a plume | 
arranged in imitation of the feathers l 
of the heron, worn on helmets, and 
as an article of women^s head-attire; 
a feathery crown of seed. 

ail (al), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], 
to give or cause pdn: v.i. to feel 
pain: be afflicted with pain. 

aileron (aFer-on), n. a small deflect- 
ing plane, placed at each end of the 
Curtiss biplane, between the upper 
and lower planes, to steady the ma- 
chine. 

ailment (al'ment), n. a slight dis- 
order of the body; sickness. 

aim (am), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
-ing], to endeavor after; direct at 
something; seek: n. a purpose; an 
endeavor. 

air (ar), v.t. to expose to the air; 
dry, thoroughly, as clothes; to ex- 
hibit ostentatioucly: n. the fluid 
which we breathe; the atmosphere; 
external manner; appearance; bear- 
ing; a melody. 

air-brake (ar-brak), n. an automatic 
brake invented by George Westing- 
house operated by a reduction in air 
pressure. 

airedale (ar'dal) , n. do^ of terrier type ; ' 
very domesticated; fond of children. 

air-gas (-gas), n. an illuminating 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



I 



AIR-GUN 



31 



ALBUMINOID 



gas made from air charged with the 
vapor of petroleum, naphtha, &c. 

air-gun (-gun), n. a gun discharged 
by the elastic force of condensed air. 

airUy (ar'i-li), adv, in an airy man- 
ner; gaiiy. 

I airiness (ar'i-nes), n. the state of 
being airy; gaiety. 

airing (ar'ing), n. a walk, ride, or 
drive in the open air; exposure to 
the air or fire. 

air-line (-lin), n, 8l straight line. 
Also called a bee-line. 

air-plant (-plant), n. a plant which 
derives its nourishment from the air. 

air-pump (-pump), n. a machine 
for exhausting the air from a re- 
ceiver; the pump used to exhaust 
the water and gases from the con- 
denser of a steam-engine. 

airship (ar'ship), n, a steerable bal- 
loon. 

airy (ar'i),acy. exposed to or composed 
of air; breezy; unsubstantial; gay. 

aisle (II), n. a passageway between 
rows of seats. 

ait. See eyot. 

ajar (a-jarO, ddj. & adv, slightly 
turned or opened, as a door. 

ajog (a-jogO» (^dv. on the jog; jog- 
ging. ^ , , 

akimbo (a-kim'bo), adv. with the 
hands on the hips and the elbows 
turned outwards. 

akin (a-kin'), cidj, & adv. of kin; 
related by blood; aUied by nature. 

alabaster (al'a-bas-ter) , n. a white 
marble-like mineral; a box made of 
alabaster, in which the ancients 
held ointments. 

alack (a-lakO,. inter j. an exclamation 
expressive of blame, sorrow, or 
surprise. 

alacrity (a-lak'ri-ti) , n. eager readi- 
ness; joyous activity; briskness. 

alalia (a-la'li-a), n. loss of speech by 
paralysis of the muscles. 

alalus (al'a-lus), n. the hypothetical 
ape-man. 

alamode (a-la-mod'), adv. in the 
fashion: adj. fashionable: n. a thin 
light, glossy black silk. 



alar (a'lar), adj, pertaining to or 
having wings; wing-shaped. 

alarm (a-larm'), v.t. arouse to a 
sense of danger; strike with appre- 
hension of danger; n. a call to arms; 
a warning of danger; the apprehen- 
sion of danger. 

alarming (a-larm'ing), adj. exciting 
apprehension; ominous. 

alary (a'la-ri), adj. of or pertaining 
to wings; wing-shaped. 

alas (a-las'), inter j. an exclamation 
expressive of happiness. 

alate ^ (a'lat), or alated (-ed), adj. 
having wings or wing-like side- 
appendages. 

alb (alb), n, a white priestly vest- 
ment worn at the celebration of the 
Eucharist in the Roman Catholic 
Church and in some Anglican 
churches. 

albata (al-ba'ta), n. an alloy imi- 
tating silver; German silver. 

albatross (al'ba-tros), n.^a sea-bird 
allied to the petrel; also name of a 
1916 German aeroplane. 

albeit (awl-be'it), co7ij. although; 
even though; notwithstanding. 

albino (al-bl'no), n. a person with 
white skin and hair and pinkish 
eyes; a man, animal, or plant ab- 
normally white in color. 

albugineous (al-bu-jin'e-us), adj. of 
the nature of white-of-egg; albumi- 
nous. 

album (al'bum), n. a blank book in 
which to insert autographs, photo- 
graphs, stamps, &c. 

albumen (al-bu'men), n. the white 
of an egg; the nutritious farina- 
ceous matter stored up with the 
embryo of an animal or plant. 

albumenize (al-bu'men-Iz), v.t, in 
photography, to coat paper with an 
albuminous solution. 

albumin (al-bu'min), n, a variant of 
albumen. 

albuminoid (al-bu'mi-noid) , adj. like 
albumen: n. a class of organic 
compounds which form the chief 
.part of the organs and tissues of 
animals and plants; proteids. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ALBUMINOUS 



32 



ALIGHT 



albuminous (al-bti'mi-nus) or al- 
buminose (-nos), adj, like, or con- 
taining albumen. 
albuminuria (al-bu'mi-nu'ri-^), n, 
the presence of albumen in the kid- 
neys and the urine. 
alburnum (al-ber'num), n. the white 
and softer part of wood between the 
bark and the heart-wood; sap wood. 
alcalde (§,l-kal'da), n. a magistrate 

or justice in Spain or Portugal. 
alchemist (arke-mist), n. one who 

studies or practices alchemy. 
alchemy (al'ke-mi), n. the chemistry 
of the Middle Ages; the professed 
art of transmuting the baser metals 
into gold. 
alcohol (al'ko-hol), n. pure or recti- 
fied spirits of wine; the spirituous 
or intoxicating element in ferment- 
ed liquors; rectified spirits; a class 
of compounds of the same type as 
spirits of wine. 
alcoholic \al-ko-hol'ik), adj. con- 
taining alcohol: -s, n.pZ. alcoholic 
liquors. 
alcoholism (arko-hol-izm), n. a dis- 
eased condition produced by alcohol. 
alcoholization (al-ko-hol-i-za'shun) , 
n. subjection to the influence of 
alcohol. 
alcoholize (al'ko-hol-iz), v.t. to sub- 
ject to the influence of alcohol; to 
rectify (spirits of wine). 
Alcoran (al'kd-ran & al-ko-ran'), n, 
the Koran; the Mohammedan Bible. 
alcove (al-kov')? n. a recess in a 

room or a garden; a bower. 
alder (awl'der), n. a genus of plants 
growing in moist land and related 
to the birch. 
alderman (awl'der-m§.n), n.] pi. 
aldermen (-men), in many cities of 
the United States a member of the 
common council or legislative body, 
chosen by popular vote. 
ale (al), n. a liquor made from an 

infusion of malt by fermentation. 
alee (a-le'), adv, & adj. on the lee or 
sheltered side of the ship; opposite 
to aweather. 



alert (Wert'), adj. on the watch; active: 
n. an alarm; a sudden attack. 

alexandrine (al-eks-an'drin), n. a 
kind of heroic verse ot six iambic 
feet, or twelve syllables. 

alfalfa (al'fal'fa), n. [see lucerne]. 

algae (aFje), n.pL one of the great 
divisions of cryptogamic plants, 
including seaweeds and kindred 
fresh-water plants. 

algebra ^ (al'je-bri.) the science of 
calculation by general symbols. 

algebraic (al'je-bra-ik), or alge- 
braical ('ik-al), adj. occurring in 
or deaHng with algebra. 

algebraically (-H), adv. by means of 
algebraic processes. 

algine (aFjin), n. a substance ob- 
tained from seaweed, and used in 
manufactures instead of horn. 

alias (a'li-as), ac?y. otherwise [named]: 
n. [pi. ahases (-ez)], another name; 
an assumed name. 

alibi (ari-bi), n. the plea of having 
been elsewhere when the alleged 
act was committed. 

alien (ii'li-en), adj. belonging to an- 
other: n. a foreign-born resident of 
a country in which he is not nat- 
uralized. 

alienable (a'li-en-a-bl), adj. capable of 
alienation; salable. 

alienability (a-U-en-^-biri-ti), n. the 
quality of being alienable; sala- 
biUty. 

alienage (a'li-en-aj), n. the state or 
ler^al status of an alien. 

alienate (ali-en-at), v.t. to estrange, 
as the affections; transfer to an- 
other, as property. 

alienation (a-li-en-a'shun), n. es- 
trangement; transference; diversion 
to another purpose; mental derange- 
ment. 

alienism (a1i-en-izm), n. the posi- 
tion of being an aUen; the study 
and treatment of mental diseases. 

aliform (all-form), adj. wing-shaped. 

alight (§,-lIt'), v.i. to dismount; to 
descend and settle; to come upon 
accidentally: adj. lighted; hghted- 
up; in a flame. 






ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, 'met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



ALIGN 



33 



ALL ONE 



align (IrlinO, same as aline. 

alignment (^lin'ment), same as 
alinement. 

alike (^-lik'), adj. like one another: 
adv, in like manner; similar. 

aliment ^ (ari-ment), n. food; the 
necessaries of life generally; an al- 
lowance for support by degree of 
court: v.t, to make provision for 
the maintenance of; make provision 
for the support of parents or chil- 
dren respectively. 

alimental (al-i-men'tal), adj. hav- 
ing the quality of, or supplying the 
materials for, nourishing. 

alimentary (al-i-men'ta-ri), adj. per- 
taining to food; nutritious. 

alimentary canal (kk-naV), n. the 
great duct which conveys food to 
the stomach and carries off sohd 
excreta. 

alimentation (al-i-men-ta'shun), n. 
the act of giving nourishment; the 
function of the alimentary canal. 

alimentiveness (al-i-men'tiv-nes) , n. 
the instinct for food. 

alimony (ari-mon-i), n. means of 
living; an allowance made by decree 
of court to a wife out of her hus- 
band's estate on separation, or 
pending an action for the same. 

aline (§,-lmO, v.t. to lay out or ad- 
just by a line: v.i. to form or fall 
into a line. 

alinement (H-lin'ment), n. the act 
of laying out or adjusting by a 
Hne; the ground-plan of a railway 
or road. 

aliped (al'i-ped), adj. wing-footed, 
like the bat. 

aliquant (al'l-kw^^nt), adj. being a 
part of a number which does not 
divide it mthout a remainder, as 8 
is an ahquant part of 25. 

aliquot (al'i-kwot), adj. being a part 
of a number or quantity which will 
divide it without a remainder, as 8 
is an aliquot part of 24. 

alive (§,-liv'), 'adj. having life; in a 
state of action; sprightly; sensi- 
tive; thronged. 

alkahest (arkl.-hest), n. the pre- 



tended universal solvent of the al- 
chemists. 

alkalescent (al-k§,-les'sent), adj, tend- 
ing to become alkaline. 

alkali (aFka-H & -h), n. [pi, alkalis 
& -ies], one of a class of caustic 
bases, as soda, potash, having the 
common properties of being soluble 
in water and in alcohol, combining 
with fats to form soap, neutrahzing 
acids and forming salts with them, 
and changing the tint of many vege- 
table coloring-matters. 

alkaline (ark^-lin & -lin), adj. per- 
taining to, or having the properties 
of, an alkali. 

alkaloid (ark§,-loid), n. a body or 
substance containing alkaline prop- 
erties; pl.^ nitrogenous compounds 
met with in plants in combination 
with organic acids: adj. resembhng 
an alkali in its properties. 

alkanet (ark^-net), n. a plant the 
root of which yields the rich red dye 
of commerce. 

all (awl), adj. the whole quantity of, 
as substance, duration, extent, de- 
gree or amount; the whole number 
of, collectively, as individuals, par- 
ticulars, or parts; every, as with 
kind; any, used after a preposition 
or verb: pron. the whole; the whole 
quantity or amount ; total ; aggregate : 
n. a whole; an entirety; one's entire 
possessions: adv. wholly; entirely; 
completely. 

all along (^'long), adv.phr. throughout. 

all but (but), adv.phr, everything but; 
almost. 

all-fours (-forz), n. a game of cards 
which comprises four points or 
chances for scoring: adv. on hands 
and knees. 

all-hail (hal), inter j. all health! a 
phrase of salutation. 

All-hallowe'en (awl-hal-o-en'), n. 
evening before All Saints' Day. 

All-hallows (haFoz), n.pl. AH Saints' 
Day, celebrated on the first of No- 
vember, in honor of all the saints. 

all one (wun), adj. & n. in effect the 
same; quite the same. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ALL-ROUND 



34 



ALLOMORPHISM 



all-round (round), adj. versatile; 
capable of doing anything; many- 
sided. 

all-sorts (s6rts), n. remnants of va- 
rious liquors blended together. 

All Souls' Day (solz da), n.j)l. the 
day, celebrated second of November 
by the Roman Cathohc Church, in 
honor of the departed. 

ail told (awl told), adv. ail counted. 

Allah (al'la), n, the Arabic name for 
the Supreme Being, in use among 
the Mohammedans. 

allay (al-la'), v,t, to quiet or calm; 
assuage; appease; abate; mitigate; 
relieve; as pain or grief. 

allegation (al-e-ga shun), n. the act 
of alleging; assertion; declaration; 
that which is asserted or alleged; 
that which is offered as a plea; an 
excuse or justification; the state- 
ment of a party to a suit of that 
which he is prepared to prove. 

allege (al-lejO, v.t. to produce or 
adduce as argument, plea, or excuse; 
affirm; declare; assert. 

allegeable (al-lej'l.-bl), adj. that may 
be alleged or affirmed. 

allegiance (al-le'j§.ns), n. the tie or 
obligation of a subject to his sover- 
eign or government; fealty; fidelity 
to a cause or person. 

allegoric (al-e-gor'ik) or allegorical 
(al-e-gor'i-k&l), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or in the nature of 
allegory; figurative. 

allegorically (-li), adv. figuratively; 
in an allegorical manner. 

allegorize (aVe-go-riz), v.t, to turn 
into allegory; to treat allegorically; 
to interpret in an allegorical sense: 
v.i. to make use of, or indulge in, 
allegory. 

allegory (are-go-ri), n. [pi. allego- 
ries (-riz) ], a figurative manner of 
treating a subject by^ the use of 
other terms analogous in properties 
or circumstances; a figurative rep- 
resentation in which the meaning is 
conveyed symbolically. 

alleviate (al-leVi-at), v.t. to lighten; 
lessen; make easier; mitigate. 



alleviation (al-le-vi-a'shun), n. the 
act of alleviating; that which lessens 
or lightens. 

alleviative (al-le'vi-a-tiv), adj. tend- 
ing to alleviate; n. that which alle- 
viates. 

alleviator (al-le'vi-a-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, alleviates. 

alley (al'i), n. [pi. alleys (-iz) ], a 
passage; a way (generally narrow); 
a lane. 

alliaceous (al-i-a'shus), adj. of the 
nature or property of garlic or the 
onion. 

alliance (al-li'§,ns), n. the state of 
being allied; relation or connection 
by birth or marriage; union be- 
tween nations. 

allegation (al-i-ga'shun), n. a rule 
for ascertaining the value or price 
of a compound by determining the 
relative proportions and prices of 
the ingredients. 

alligator (aFi-ga-ter), n. the Ameri- 
can crocodile. 

alliteration (al-lit-e-ra'shun), n. the 
repetition of the same initiaL letter 
in closely-succeeding words, or in 
words directly following each other, 
as ^'apt alhteration's artful aid.'' 

alliterative (al-lit'e-ra-tiv), adj. per- 
taining to, or characterized by, allite- 
ration. 

allocate (al'o-kat), v.t. to assign or 
allot; distribute, as in equal or pro- 
portionate parts or shares. 

allocation (al-o-ka'shun), n. the act 
of allotting, allocating, or assigning; 
an allotment or assignment; an al- 
lowance made on account. 

allocution (al-o-ku'shun), n. an ad- 
dress of a formal nature, as that 
delivered by the Pope to his clergy 
or to the Church generally. 

allodial (^-lo'di-M), adj. freehold; not 
feudal: n. land thus held. 

allodium (§,-lo'di-um), n. [pi. allo- 
dia (-i-) ], freehold estate. 

allograph (aFo-graf), n. a signature 
by one person in behalf of another: 
opposed to autograph. 

allomorphism (al-o-mor'fizm), n. the 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



ALLOPATH 



35 



ALMADIA 



property in certain substances of as- 
suming a different form while re- 
maining the same in constitution. 

allopath (aro-path), n. one who fa- 
vors or practices allopathy; an ai- 
lopathist. 

allopathic (al-o-path'ik), adj, per- 
taining to allopathy. 

allopathically (-al-h), adv. in an al- 
lopathic manner. 

allopathy (al-op'^-thi), n. a method 
of treatiDg disease by inducing an 
action opposite to the disease it is 
sought to cure; opposed to homoeop- 
athy. 

alloquialistn (§,-lo'kwi-al-izm), n. a 
phrase or manner of speech used in 
addressing. 

allot (^-lof), v.U [p.t. & p.p. allotted, 
p.pr, allotting], to distribute or di- 
vide, as by lot; apportion, as shares; 
assign or grant for a specific pur- 
pose. 

allotee (al-lot-te'), n, one to whom 
an allotment is made. 

allotment (^-lot'ment), n. the act 
of allotting; that which is allotted; 
a portion of land assigned or al- 
lotted. 

allotropic (al-o-trop'ik), adj. per- 
taining to or characterized by al- 
lotropy. 

allotropism (&-lot'ro-pizm), n. di- 
versity of molecular arrangement. 

allotropy (^-lot'ro-pi), n. the capa- 
bility shown by certain chemical 
elements to assume different forms, 
each characterized by peculiar qual- 
ities, as the occurrence of carbon in 
the form of the diamond, charcoal, 
and plumbago, respectively. 

allow (^-louO, v.t. to grant, yield; 
admit; deduct; permit; approve: 
v.i. to make concession or provision 
(followed by for). 

allowable (§,-lou'abl), adj. that may 
be allowed; permissible; lawful; 
praiseworthy; acceptable. 

allowance (a-lou'ins), n. the act 
of allowing; admission; concession; 
a definite sum granted; sanction or' 
approval; abatement or deduction: 



v.U to put upon allowance; limit to 
a fixed expenditure or consumption 
of money or food. 

alloy (a-ioi'), v.t. to combine; to form 
a compound, by fusion, of two or 
more metals; reduce in standard or 
quaHty by mixture, as with a metal 
of baser value; debase: n. a com- 
pound or fusion of two or more 
metals; a mixture of two metals of 
differing nature and value; an ad- 
mixture of evil with good. 

allspice (awrspis), n. the fruit or 
berry- of the pimento; so named in 
allusion to its taste being supposed 
to combine the flavors of other spices. 

allude (§<-lud'), v.t. to compare: v.i. 
refer or make an allusion indirectly 
(with to). 

allure (^-lur'), v.t. to tempt by the 
offer of something good, real or ap- 
parent; entice; attract. 

allurement (^.-lur'ment), n. the act 
of alluring, or that which allures. ^ 

allusion (I!-lu'zhun), n. a casual ref- 
erence; a comparison or reference by 
symbol or metaphor. 

allusive (i,-lu'siv), adj. having refer- 
ence to something not definitely 
expressed. 

allusory (§,-lu'so-ri), adj. allusive. 

alluvial (^-luVi-al), adj. pertaining 
to or composed of alluvium. 

alluvion (^-lu'vi-un), n. land added 
to a shore or river-bank by the 
action of water. 

alluvium (^-lu'vi-um), n. [pi. allu- 
via irk) ], a deposit of mingled sand 
and clay (mud), or of alternating 
layers of sand and clay, of river 
origin. 

ally (a-li'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allied, 
p.pr, allying], to unite by marriage, 
treaty, league or confederacy; bind 
or connect by friendship or resem- 
blance: n. [pi. allies (a-llz') ], one 
united, related, or associated bv 
these means; a confederate. 

almadia (al-m§,-de'a), n. an Indian 
river-boat, shuttle-shaped, about 80 
ft. in length, with a narrow beam; 
a small African bark-canoe. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, theji. 



ALMAGRA 



36 



ALPHABETIZE 



almagra (al-ma'gra) , n. a fine deep- 
red ochre used in India for staining 
the skin; used also as a paint and 
polish (Indian-red.). 

almanac (awrma-nak) , n. a year- 
book or calendar giving the order 
of the days of the week and month, 
astronomical data, tide-tables, ec- 
clesiastical festivals and fasts, and 
other varied information. 

almighty (awl-nii'ti), adj. possessing 
all power; omnipotent. 

Almighty (awl-mi'ti), n, the omnip- 
otent God. 

almiightiness (-nes), n, omnipotence; 
infinite or boundless power. 

almond (a'mund & al'mund), n. the 
kernel of the fruit of the almond 
tree; anything resembling the al- 
mond in shape. 

almoner (al'mun-er), n, one who 
dispenses or distributes alms or 
charity; an alms-purse; a pouch or 
purse which in early times was sus- 
pended from the girdle. 

almonry (armun-ri), n, {pi, almon- 
ries (-riz) ], the residence of the 
almoner; the place where alms are 
dispensed. 

almost (awl'most), adv. nearly; very 
nearly; well-nigh; all but. 

alms (amz), n.sing. [used sometimes 
as n.pL] the act of relieving by 
charitable aid; that which is be- 
stowed in or out of charity. 

alms-house (-hous), n. a house 
endowed by private or public 
charity and appropriated to the 
use of the poor. 

aloe (al'o), n. [pi. aloes (-oz) ], the 
common name for succulent plants, 
natives of the warm climates of the 
Old World, and especially of the 
southern part of Africa. 

aloes (al'oz), n. a drug, the inspis- 
sated juice of several species of 
aloe, and obtained from the leaves; 
the fragrant resin or wood of the 
agallochum. 

aloft (a-loftO, cidv. on high; far above 
the earth; at the mast-head; or 
on the higher yards or rigging. 



alone (a-lon'), adj. & adv. without or 
apart from another; single or singly; 
only; separately; by itself. 

along (a-16ng0, prep. & adv. by the 
length; likewise; in a line paralleled 
with the length; onward. 

alongshoreman (-shor'man), n. [pL 
-men], a laborer employed at docks 
in loading and unloading vessels. 

alongside (-sid), adv. by the side; 
side by side. 

aloof (a-loof), adv. at a moderate 
distance but within sight; purposely 
keeping apart. 

alopecia (al-o-pe'si-a), or alopecy 
(al'o-e-si), n. baldness; loss of hair 
through skin disease. 

alopecist (aFo-pes-ist), n, one who 
undertakes the cure or prevention of 
baldness. 

aloud (a-loudO,«^2^.with raised voice; 
loudly; with a great noise; audibly. 

alpaca (al-pak'a), n. a mammal, 
closely allied to the llama, a native 
of the Andes of Chili and Peru; 
the fabric constructed from the 
long, soft, silky wool of the alpaca. 

alpen-glow (aFpen-glo), n. a peculiar ^ 
purple glow on the snow on the 
Alps seen just before sunrise and 
after sunset. 

alpen-horn (-horn), n. 2l long and 
nearly straight horn used by the 
mountaineers of the Alps. 

alpen-stock (-stok), n. sl stout staff, 
furnished with an iron spike, used 
by mountain-climbers. 

alphabet (al'fa-bet), n. the letters 
of a language arranged in the cus- 
tomary order; the first rudiments 
of any branch of knowledge; v.t. to 
arrange or classify in alphabetical 
sequence; mark by the letters of the 
alphabet. 

alphabetic (al-f a-bet'ik) , or alpha- 
betical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to 
an alphabet; in the order of the 
alphabet. 

alphabetically (-li), adv. in an al- 
phabetical order or manner. 

alphabetize (al'f a-bet-iz) , v.t. to 
arrange in alphabetical order. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ALREADY 



37 



ALTOGETHER 



already (awl-red'i), adj. quite ready; 
fully prepared: adv. by, at, or be- 
fore, a specified time. 

also (awl'so), adv, & conj. wholly so; 
in like manner; likewise; further, 
or in addition to. 

altar (awl-t§,r), n, a raised place, 
structure, or elevation, whether of 
earth or stone, for the offering of 
sacrifices or burning of incense; the 
Communion-table; a place of wor- 
ship. 

altazimuth (alt-az'i-muth), an in- 
strument employed to determine the 
altitudes and azimuths of \jie heav- 
enly bodies. 

alter (awl-ter), v.t, to effect some 
change in: modify or vary; change 
entirely or materially. 

alterable (awl'ter-a-ble), adj. capable 
of being changed. 

alterability (awl-ter-^-biri-ti), n. the 
quality of being alterable or liable 
to change. 

alterant (awl'ter-§,nt), adj. produc- 
ing or effecting change: n. a sub- 
stance used in dyeing to change or 
modify a color. 

alteration (awl-ter-§,'shun), n. the 
act of altering or changing; the 
change or modification effected. 

alterative (awl'ter-^-tiv), adj. pro- 
ducing change; having the power to 
alter: n. sl medicine which restores 
the healthy functions of the body. 

altercate (awl'ter-kat), v.i. to con- 
tend in words; wrangle; dispute 
with anger or heat. 

altercation (awl-ter-ka'shun), n. the 
act of wrangling; warm contention 
in words; a dispute. 

alter ego (al'ter e'go), a second self; 
one's double: frequently apphed to 
a person fully authorized to act for 
another. 

alternant (al-ter'n§,nt), adj. composed 
of alternate layers. 

alternate (al'ter-nat), v.t. to perform 
by turns; cause to succeed by turns; 
exchange reciprocally: v.i. to take 
place by turns (followed with) : adj'. 
by turns; following each other in 



reciprocal succession; succeeding 
each other by turns on opposite 
sides of a stem. 

alternate jangles (ang'glz), n.pl. the 
internal angles made by two lines 
with a third on opposite sides of it. 

alternation (al-ter-na'shun), n. the 
act of alternating, or state of being 
alternate; reciprocal succession; an- 
tiphonal singing or reading. 

alternative (al-ter'n§,-tiv), adj. giv- 
ing the choice of two things: n. the 
option or choice of two possibilities, 
so that if one be rejected the other 
must be accepted. 

alternator (al'ter-na-ter), n. an al- 
ternating current dynamo. 

alt-horn (alt 'horn), n. a musical in- 
strument of the sax-horn class, fre- 
quently used in military bands. 

although (awl-^/ioO, conj. granting 
that; though: even if; notwith- 
standing. 

altimeter (al-tim'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring altitudes 
trigonometrically. 

altimetry (al-tim'e-tri), n. the art 
of measuring altitudes by the use 
of the altimeter. 

altiscope (al'tis-kop), n. an instru- 
ment consisting of mirrors and 
lenses by means of which an object 
is brought to the view of the ob- 
server notwithstanding intervening 
obstacles; used to guide submarine 
boats. 

altisonant (al-tis'o-nint), adj. high- 
sounding; pompous in language. 

altitude (al'ti-tud), n. space ex- 
tended upward; height; highest 
point or degree; the elevation of a 
celestial body above the horizon; 
the perpendicular distance from the 
base of a figure to the summit or to 
the side parallel to the base. 

altitudinal (al-ti-tu'di-n^l), adj. of 
or pertaining to height. 

alto (siV to), adj. high: n. the contralto: 
the tenor vioUn or viola. 

altogether (awl-too-ge^/i'er), adv. 
wholly; completely; without excep- 
tion; conjunctly; entirely. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ALTO-RELIEVO 



38 



AMASSMENT 



alto-relievo (arto-re-le'v5), or alto- 
rilievo (al'to-re-le-a'vo), n, [pi, alto- 
relievos (-voz)], high relief; figures 
or other objects that stand out 
boldly from the background, and 
having more than half their thick- 
ness projecting. 

altropathy (al-trop'^-thi), n, sym- 
pathy for others.^ 

altruism (al'troo-izm), n. the prin- 
ciples inculcated by Comte, and in- 
volving the sacrifice of self in the 
interests of others: opposed to 
egoism. 

altruist (al'troo-ist), n. one who ad- 
vocates or practices altruism. 

altruistic (al-troo-is'tik), adj. per- 
taining to altruism; mindful of the 
wants and interests of others. 

altruistically (-M-h), adv, in an al- 
truistic manner. 

alum (al'um), n, a double sulphate 
formed of aluminum and some other 
element, usually an alkah metal. 

alum-root (-root), n. a popular 
name given to certain roots of an 
astringent nature belonging to the 
saxifrages. 

alumina (a-lu'mi-na), n. the single 
oxide of aluminum, the most abun- 
dant of the earths; a notable constit- 
uent of common clay. Alumina is 
largely used in dyeing and calico- 
printing as a mordant. 

aluminite (&-lu'mi-nit), n. the 
hydrous sulphate of aluminum. 

aluminous (a-lu'mi-nus), adj, per- 
taining to, or containing, alum or 
alumina. 

aluminum (§,-lu'mi-num), or alu- 
minium (al-ii-mm'i-um), n, a blu- 
ish-white, Hght, sonorous, ductile, 
malleable metal. 

alumna (i,-lum'n§,), n, [pZ. alumnse 
(-ne)], a female graduate or pupil 
of a university or college. 

alumnus (a-lum'nus), n. [pi, alumni 
(-m)J, a pupil, more particularly 
the graduate of a university; one 
educated at a school, college, or 
university. 

alveolated (al-ve'o-la-ted), adj, with 



deep pits or cells resembling the 
honeycomb. 

always (awl'waz), adv, constantly; 
ever; regularly at intervals; con- 
tinually. 

am (am), 1st pers, sing, indie, mood 
of the verb to be. See be. 

amain (a-man'), adv, with force or 
violence; suddenly; at once. 

amalgam ^ (§,-mal'gam), n. any me- 
taUic mixture or alloy of which 
mercury is the chief constituent; a 
mixture or compound of different 
things. 

amalgaipate (§,-marg§,-mat), v.t, to 
alloy mercury with another metal; 
mix to form a compound: v.i, to 
blend, combine, as one race with 
another. 

amalgamation (i,-mal-g§,-ma'shun) , 
n. the act or process of compound- 
ing mercury with another metal; 
the separation of precious metals 
from the mother-rock by means of 
quicksilver; the blending or mixing 
of different elements or things; the 
union or consohdation of two or 
more companies or businesses into 
one concern. 

amalgamator (§;-mal'ga-ma-ter), n, 
one who or that which amalgamates; 
a machine for purifying ore con- 
taining precious metals by amalga- 
mation with mercury; one who 
takes an active part in combining 
two or more active businesses. 

amanuensis (a-man-u-en'sis), n. [pi. 
amanuenses (-sez)], one who is 
employed to write at the dictation 
or direction of another; a secretary. 

amaranth (am'd-ranth), n, an im- 
aginary flower said by poets to be 
unfading; a plant of the genus am- 
arantus; a color-mixture in which 
magenta is the chief ingredient. 

amaranthine (am-a-ran'thin), adj, 
pertaining to the amaranth; never- 
fading, hke amaranth; purpHsh. 

amass (§,-masO, ^-t- to collect into a 
heap; gather together in great quan- 
tity or amount; accumulate. 

amassment (§,-mas'ment), n, the act 



ace, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



AMATEUR 



39 



AMBROSIAL 



of amassing; a heap or accumula- 
tion; a great quantity or number 
brought togethei 

amateur (am'a-tur & am-a-ter'), n, 
one who cultivates an art or pur- 
sues a study from love or attach- 
ment, and without reference to gain 
or emolument: adj. applied to the 
work or productions of an amateur 
as opposed to professional. 

amative (am'a-tiv), adj, amorous 
full of love. 

amativeness (am'a-tiv-nes), n. the 
tendency to love; the desire for 
sexual intercourse. 

amatorial (am-a-tor'i-al) , adj. per- 
taining to love: amatory; pertain- 
ing to the oblique ^muscles of the 
eye used in ogling. 

amatorially (-li), adv, in an ama- 
torial manner. 

amatory (am'a-to-ri), adj. relating 
to or expressive of love. 

amaurosis (am-aw-ro'sis), n. loss or 
decay of sight due to partial, period- 
ic, or complete paralysis of the 
optic nerve. 

amaurotic (am-aw-rot'ik) , adj. relat- 
ing to, or affected with, amaurosis. 

amaze (a-maz'), v.t. to confound or 
stun with fear, surprise, or wonder; 
astonish: n. astonishment; con- 
fusion; perplexity 

aiTiazernent (a-maz'ment), 7i. the 
state of being amazed; astonish- 
ment; perplexity arising from sud- 
den surprise. 

ambassador (am-bas'a-der) , 7i. an 
accredited representative of a sov- 
ereign or state at the court of an- 
other; a diplomatic agent of high 
rank; a representative or agent of 
another charged with a special 
mission. 

ambassador-extraordinary (-eks- 
tra-or'din-a-ri) , n. an ambassador 
sent on a special mission. 

ambassador-plenipotentiary (plen- 
i-po-ten'shi-a-ri) , n. an ambassa- 
dor sent with full powers to 
make a treaty. 

ambassadorial (am-bas-a-dor'i-al) , 



adj. belonging to an ambassador, or 
to his office. 

ambassadress (am-bas'a-dres) , n. 
the wife of an ambassador; a 
female ambassador. 

amber (am'ber), n. a yellowish fossil 
resin found on the shores of the 
Baltic: adj. made of amber; amber- 
colored. 

ambergris (am'ber-gres) , n. a mor- 
bid secretion from the intestines of 
the sperm-whale, usually found 
floating in tropical seas: used in 
perfumery. 

ambidexter (am-bi-deks'ter) , adj. 
using both hands equally: n. a man 
of unusual dexterity. 

ambidextrous (am-bi-deks'trus), adj. 
able to use both hands alike; 
unusually clever. 

ambient (am'bi-ent), adj. surround- 
ing; investing. 

ambiguity (am-bi-gu'i-ti), n. [pi. 
ambiguities (-tiz) ], double or du- 
bious signification; vagueness. 

ambiguous (am-big'u-us), adj. 
doubtful; equivocal. 

ambit (am'bit), n. a circuit or com- 
pass; the line or sum of the lines 
by which a figure is bounded; the 
perimeter. 

ambition (am-bish'un), n. a seeking 
for preferment; a consuming desire 
to achieve some object or purpose, 
as to gain distinction, influence, &c. 

ambitious (am-bish'us), adj. having 
ambition; aspiring. 

amble (am'bl), v.i. to move with a 
peculiar pace, as a horse, by lifting 
the two feet on one side together: n. 
at an easy pace. 

amblyopia fam'bli-o-pi-a), or am- 
blyopy (-pi), n. dimness of vision. 

amboyna-wood (am-boi'na-wood), 
n. a beautifully mottled and curled 
wood used in cabinet-work. 

ambrosia (am-bro'-zhi-a), n. any- 
thing exquisitely pleasing to taste 
or smell; a genus of weeds allied to 
wormwood. 

ambrosial (am-bro'zhi-al), adj. di- 
\dnely delicious; fragrant. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/?en. 



AMBROSIALLY 



40 



AMIADILITY 



ambrosially (-li), adv, with ambro- 
sial fragrance. 

ambrotype (am'bro-tip), n, a pho- 
tographic process by which the hght 
parts of a photograph are produced 
in silver, the dark parts showing as 
a background through the clear 
glass. 

ambulance (am'bu-lans), n. a field 
hospital; an ambulance cart or 
wagon for the conveyance of the 
sick and wounded. 

ambulant (am'bu-lSnt), adj. walking; 
moving about. 

ambulation ^ (am-bu-la'shun), n. the 
act of walking about. 

ambulator (am'bu-la-ter), n. a 
walker; a pedometer. 

ambulatory (am'bu4a-t6-ri), adj. of 
or pertaining to walking; movable; 
temporary: n, a place for walking 
in; a covered way. 

ambuscade (am-bus-kad'), fi, a 
strategic disposition of troops in 
ambush. 

ambush (am'boosh), n. a Ij^ng in 
wait to attack by surprise: v.L to 
place in ambush to surprise an 
enemy; waylay: v.i. to lie in wait 
for the purpose of attacking by 
surprise. 

ameer (S,-mer'), n, a prince; govern- 
or; the Mohammedan ruler of Af- 
ghanistan. Also written amir, emir. 

ameliorable (§;-m e 'H-or-^-bl) , adj, 
capable of improvement. 

ameliorate (§,-me'H-or-at), v.t. to 
make better: vd. to grow better; 
improve. 

amelioration (S,-me-H-or-a'shun), n. 
the making or growing better; im- 
provement. 

ameliorative (§,-me'h-or-a-tiv), adj, 
producing amendment; improving. 

ameliorator (i;-me'H-or-a-ter), n. one 
who amends. 

amen (a-men' & a'men'), adv. verily; 
interj. so be it, 

amenability (§,-me-n§,-bil'i-ti) or 
amenableness (§,-me'ni;-bl-nes), n. 
Hability to answer (to a charge, &c.) ; 
tractableness; responsibility. 



amenable (i-me'n§,-bl), adj. easy to 
lead; submissive; hable. 

amend (§,-mend'), v.t. to free from 
fault; improve; correct. 

amendatory (§,-men'd^-tor-i), n.adj. 
tending to amend. 

amende-honorable (§,-mangd-on'or- 
^-bl), n. a public apology and repa- 
ration;^ a punishment formerly in- 
flicted in France on traitors and the 
sacrilegious. 

amendment (^-mend'ment), n. the 
removal of faults; the alteration of 
a bill before a body; a counter- 
motion at a pubHc meeting. 

amends (§.-mendz'), n.pl. compensa« 
tion for loss or injury; reparation. 

amenity (i,-men'i-ti), n. [pi. amenities 
(-tiz)], pleasantness, as of climate or 
demeanor; geniality. 

amenorrhoea ^ (&-men-or-re'§,), n. en- 
tire or partial suppression of the 
menses. 

amentia (§,-men'shi-§,), n. want of 
reason; mental imbecihty. 

amerce ^ (i,-mersO, v.t. to punish by 
an arbitrary fine. 

amerceable (§,-mer's§.-bl), adj. liable 
to be amerced. 

amercement (i;-mers'ment), n. an 
arbitrary fine left to the discretion 
of a court. 

American (i-mer'i-k§,n), adj. belong- 
ing to, or characteristic of, America. 

Americanism (§;-mer'i-k§,n-izm), n. a 
form of expression pecuUar to the 
United States; a custom peculiar 
to the United States or America; 
attachment to the United States. 

Americanize (§,-mer'i-ki,n-iz), v.t. to 
render American; assimilate to the 
poUtical institutions of the United 
States. 

amethyst (am'e-thist), n. a violet- 
purple variety of quartz or rock- 
crystal. 

amethystine (am-e-this'tin), adj. 
containing, composed of, or colored, 
Hke amethyst. 

amiability (a-mi-i,-bil'i-ti), n. ami- 
ableness; excellence of disposition; 
lovableness. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



AMIABLE 



41 



AMPHITYPE 



amiable fa'mi-a-bl), adj. friendly; 
worthy of love; lovable. 

amicable (am'i-ka-bl), adj. friendly; 
peaceable. 

amice (am'is), n. a square of white 
linen formerly worn on the head, 
but now worn about the neck and 
shoulders, by celebrant priests while 
saying Mass. 

amid (a-mid'), or amidst ('st), prep. 
in the middle of; among. 

amidships (a-mid'ships), adv. in the 
middle of a ship. 

amir. See ameer. 

amiss (a-mis'), ddj. wrong; faulty: 
adv. wrongly; that misses the niark. 

amity (am'i-ti), n. friendly relations; 
friendship. 

ammonia (a-mo'ni-a), n. a trans- 
parent, pungent, volatile gas, used 
in medicine and the arts; spirits of 
hartshorn. 

ammoniac (a-mo'ni-ak), adj. per- 
taining to ammonia: n. sal ammo- 
niac; chloride of ammonium, form- 
erly called muriate of ammonia. 

ammonite (am'on-!t), n. a fossil 
shell, twisted like a ram's horn; 
snake-stone. 

ammonol (am'o-nor), n. a drug used 
for relieving pain. 

ammunition (am-ti-nish'un), n. 
powder, balls, &c., used in charging 
firearms of all kinds; military 
stores: adj. supplied to troops as 
equipment, &c. 

amnesia (am-ne'si-a) , n. loss of 
memory. 

amnesty (am'nes-ti), n. an act of 
oblivion for political offenses; a 
general pardon: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
amnestied, p.pr. amnestying], to 
grant pardon to. 

amnion (am'ni-on), n. the thin in- 
nermost membrane surrounding the 
foetus of mammals, birds, and rep- 
tiles. 

amoeba (a-me'ba), n, [pi. amoebas 
i'hkz) & -bae ('be) ], a genus of mi- 
croscopic organisms, consisting of a 
mass of protoplasm which moves 
about in fresh-water ponds by 



means of finger-like processes with 
which it grasps its food. 

among (a-mungO, or amongst ('st), 
prep. & adv. mixed with; amidst. 

amorous (am'or-us), adj. fond of the 
opposite sex: loving, 

amorphism (a-mor-fizm), 71. want of 
regular form; without crystalline 
structure. 

amorphous (a-mor-fus), adj. form- 
less; irregularly shaped; un crystal- 
lized; anomalous; unorganized. 

amortize (a-mor'tiz),?;.^.to extinguish 
a debt by means of a sinking fund. 

amount (a-mounf), v.i. to mount up 
to; be equivalent or equal to: n. the 
totality; sum. 

amour (a-moor'), n. a love-intrigue. 

ampere (am-par), n. the unit of 
measurement of the strength of an 
electrical current. 

ampere-balance (am-par'bal'ans) ,n. 
an instrument for measuring elec- 
tric current by means of a fixed and 
a movable coil. 

ampere-meter (am-par'me-ter) or 

amperometer (am-pe-rom'e-ter), 
n. an instrument for measuring in 
amperes the power of an electric 
current. 

Amphibia (am-fib'i-a), n.pl. the 
fourth division of vertebrates, in- 
termediate between fishes and rep- 
tiles, which in their early state 
breathe by gills. 

amphibian (am-fib'i-an), n. one of 
the Amphibia. 

amphibious (am-fib'i-us), adj. hav- 
ing the power of living both on land 
and in water. 

amphibrach (am'fi-brak), n. a foot 
of three syllables, the middle long, 
the first and last short. 

amphioxus (am-fi-ox'us),7i. thename 
of the lancelet, a fish with a body 
tapering at both ends, the lowest in 
organization of the vertebrates. 

ampitheater, -re (am-fi-the'a-ter) 
n. a double theater; a theater with 
seats all round the arena; a circus. 

amphitype (am'fi-tip), n. a photo- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl ;^ me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
' book; hue, hut; think, then. 



AMPHORA 



42 



ANADROMOUS 



graphic process which simultaneous- 
ly produces negatives and positives. 

amphora (am'for-a), n. [pi, am- 
phorae (-re) ], a two-handled vessel 
of oblong shape, used by the an- 
cients for holding wine, &c.; a 
Greek and Roman liquid measure, 
the former = 9 gals., the latter = 6 
gals. 

ample (am'pl), adj, full; large; abun- 
dant. 

ampliative (am'pli-a-tiv), adj. en- 
larging; synthetic. 

ampliHcation (am-pli-fi-ka'shun), n, 
the act of amplifying or expanding; 
enlargement. 

amplify (am'pli-fi), v.t, [p.t, & p.p. 
amplified, p.pr. amplifying], to make 
large: v.i. to speak or write diffuse- 
ly; expand. 

amplitude (am'pli-tud), n. the angu- 
lar distance of a celestial body at 
rising or setting from the eastern 
or western points of the horizon; an 
angle on which the value of some 
mathematical function depends; the 
distance which a particle moves in 
performing a complete vibration. 

amply (-h), adv. in an ample man- 
ner; liberally. 

ampulla (am-pul'l^,), n. [pZ. am- 
pullae (-le)], an ancient vessel which 
contained unguents for the bath; 
a drinking vessel; a vessel for con- 
secrated oil or chrism used in church 
rites, and at the coronation of 
sovereigns. 

amputate (am'pu-tat), v.t, to lop off 
in pruning; to cut off a limb; dis- 
member. 

amputation (am-pu-ta'shun), n. a 
cutting off; the operation of cutting 
off a Umb. 

amt (amt), n, the largest territorial 
administrative division of Norway 
and Denn^ark. 

amt-man (-m§.n), n, [pi, -men], the 
principal executive official of an 
amt. 

amuck (§,-muk'), adj, or adv, (used 
only in the phrase, to run amuck) 
running about armed, in a state of 



frenzy, attacking all that come in 
the way, or committing indiscrimi- 
nate slaughter. 

amulet (am'u-let), n, a charm worn 
to protect against evil; a talisman, 

amuse ^ (&-muzO, v.t, to occupy the 
attention pleasantly; beguile; en- 
tertain; divert. 

amusement (i.-muz'ment), n. that 
which amue-es; a pastime. 

amusively (^-mu'ziv-U), adv. in an 
amusive manner. 

amygdalin (a-mig'd§,-Hn), n. white 
crystalline substance obtained from 
the kernels of almonds. 

amy! (am'il), n. the hypothetical al- 
cohol radical of many chemical 
compounds. 

amylaceous (am-i-la'shus), adj. 
starchy. 

amylene (am'i-len), n. a hydrocarbon 
obtained by the removal of water 
from amyl alcohol. 

amylic (^-mil'ik), adj, of or pertaining 
to amyl. 

an (an), indef, art, any: each. [An 
is properly an adj., an(i is used be- 
fore nouns of the singular number 
only, also before a word having an 
initial vowel and silent h (see H). 
An has a distributive force in such 
expressions as *^once an hour"; ''a 
dime an ounce."] 

ana (§,'na), [pi, anas ('n^z) ], a col- 
lection of notable sayings, literary 
gossip, anecdotes, &c., as Shakes- 
periana, boxiana. 

anachronism (an-ak'ron-izm), n. an 
error in the order of time, hence 
any error in the misplacement of 
persons or events in point of time. 

anachronistic (an-ak-ron-is'tik), adj, 
out of date. 

anaconda (an-E-kon'di,), n. the spe- 
cific name of a large South Amer- 
ican boa, and loosely applied to any 
large snake which crushes its prey 

anacrusis (an-a-kru'sis), n. a stroke 
in music, slanting upward. 

anadromous (^nad'ro-mus), adj. as- 
cending from the sea to fresh-water 
rivers do deposit spawn, as the 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, norths not, boon, 
Dook; hue, huti think, thQxi. 



ANJEMIA 



43 



ANALYSIS 



salmon, &c.; tending upwards: said 
of ferns. 

anaemia, anemia (§,-ne'mi-§,), n, de- 
ficiency or low condition of the blood. 

anesthesia, anesthesia (an-es- 
the'si-a), n. a condition of insensi- 
bility to pain, combined with loss of 
the sense of touch, produced by 
anaesthetics. 

anaesthetic* See anesthetic. 

anaglyph (an'§,-glif), n, a work of 
art carved in rehef, as distinguished 
from intaglio. 

anaglyphic (an'^-glif'ik) or ana- 
glyptic (-glip'tik), adj relating to 
anaglyphs, or the art of decoration 
in relief. 

anaglyphy (an-agli-fi), n. the art of 
producing sculpture, or ornamenta- 
tion, in relief. 

anagljrptograph (an-^-glip'to-graf ) , 
n, an instrument by which a medal- 
lion-engraving of any object in rehef 
can be made. 

anaglyptographic (an-S.-glip't5-graf' 
ic), adj. relating to the production 
of engravings in relief. 

anaglyptography (an-§,-glip-tog'r^- 
fi), n, the art of reproducing relief- 
work on paper. 

anagram (an'i-gram), n. a word or 
a sentence constructed out of anoth- 
er by the transposition of the letters 
contained in the second; a word ob- 
tained by reading the letters of an- 
other word backwards. 

anagrammatic (an-^-gram-mat'ik) 
or anagrammatical ('i-k§,l), adj. 
relating to, or forming an anagram. 

anagrammatically (-li), adv. in 
the style of an anagram. 

anagrammatize (an-^-gram'm&-tiz) , 
v.t. to make into an anagram: v.L 
to construct anagrams. 

anal (a'nal), adj, relating to the 
anus; situated near to the anal ori- 
fice. 

analect (an'§,-lekt), n. [pL analects 
(-lekts) & analecta (-t4) }, a pas- 
sage or extract from a published 
work: pL a collection of such ex- 
tracts from different authors. 



analectic (an-Wek'tik), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or composed of, selections 
from other works. 

analgesia (an-al-je'si-i), n, the in- 
sensibihty to pain in any part of the 
body. Called also analgia. 

analgesic (an-i,l-jes'ik), adj, that al- 
lays pain: n, an anodyne. 

analgetic (an-^l-jet'ik), adj, per- 
taining to analgesia; insensible to 
pain; painless. 

analogical (an-i,-loj 'i-k§,l) , adj, bear- 
ing reference; having relation or re- 
semblance. 

analogically (-li), adv, by way of 
analogy. 

analogism (§,-nal'6-jism), n. a reason- 
ing from the cause to the effect; 
study and examination of matters 
and things by reference to their 
analogies. 

analogist (§.-nal'o-jist), n. one who 
reasons from the standpoint of 
analogy. 

analogize (^.-nal'o-jiz), v.t, to reason 
or expound by reference to analogy : 
v.i, to treat or investigate by use of 
analogy. 

analogous (&-nal'o-gus), adj. pos- 
sessing points of analogy; linked by 
resemblance; similar. 

analogue (an'a-log), n. an object 
which bears analogy to something 
else; a pa'ii which corresponds with 
another in structure, function, or 
other relations. 

analogy^^ (^-naro-ji), n. [pi. analo- 
gies (-jiz) ], agreement, resemblance, 
or correspondence in relations be- 
tween different objects; the infer- 
ence as to general agreement which 
is derived from similarity in certain 
essential particulars; equality of 
mathematical ratios-; conformity of 
its parts to the general rules and 
structures of a language. 

analysis (^-nal'i-sis), n. [pi, analy- 
ses (-sez) ], the resolution of a com- 
pound into its constituent parts; the 
method of determining the nature 

' of a compound by resolution into its 
constituent parts; the resolving of 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hues hut; think, then. 



ANALYST 



44 



ANCESTRAL 



problems by reducing the conditions 
that are in them to equations; a 
synopsis. 

analyst (an'§,-list), n, one who is 
skilled in analysis; one skilled in 
the resolution of chemical com- 
pounds* 

analytic (an-§,-lit'ik) or analytical 
(-i-kal), adj. relating to, or charac- 
terized by, the method of analysis. 

analytically (-§.1-11), adv. in the 
manner or by means of analysis. 

analytics (an-a-lit'iks), n. pL the 
science of analysis. 

analyzable (an'a-li-z§,-bl), adj. capa- 
ble of being resolved by, or that may 
be subjected to, analysis. 

analyze (an'a-liz), v,t. to separate or 
resolve; determine the nature cf a 
compound by resolution of its con- 
stituent parts. 

anapest or anapaest (an'i-pest), n. 
a foot comprising two short syllables 
and one long syllable. 

anaphrodisiac (an-af-ro-diz'-i-ak), n. 
a drug or treatment to lessen sexual 
desire. 

anaplasty (an-§,-plas'ti), n. the re- 
pairing of wounds bj'' the trans- 
plantation of adjacent healthy tis- 
sue. 

anarchic (an-arldk), or anarchical 
(-M), adj, of or pertaining to anarchy, 
or the theory of anarchism. 

anarchism (an'ar-kizm), n. lawless- 
ness; confusion; anarchy; the doc- 
trines of the anarchists. 

anarchist (an'ar-kist), n. one who 
supports or promotes a scheme for 
anarchy, or upholds anarchy as a 
social theory. 

anarchy (an'ar-ki), n. non-existence 
or incapability of governmental rule; 
a lawless condition of society; the 
theory of individual liberty. 

anarthrous (an-ar'thrus), a^^J. with- 
out the article; destitute of joints; 
without articulated limbs. 

anastigmat (an-as'tig-mat), n. a 
combination of lenses used in photog- 
raphy to overcome distortion of the 
image and obtain a flat field. 



anastrophe or anastrophy (§,-nas^- 
tro-fe), n. an inversion of the se- 
quence of words in a sentence, as 
'^echoed the hills,'' for '^the hills 
echoed.'' 

anathema (§,-nath'e-m&), n. [pi. 
anathemas (-m§,z)], the curse ac- 
companying excommunication pro- 
nounced by a religious assembly or 
convocation; an imprecation or 
curse; the thing or person held to be 
accursed. 

anathematize (§,-nath'e-m§,-tiz), v.t. 
to pronounce a decree of excommuni- 
cation against: v.i. to curse. 

anatomical (an-i,-tom'i-kM), adj. re- 
lating to, or according to, the laws 
of anatomy. 

anatomically (-li), adv. in an ana- 
tomical manner 

anatomism (i,-nat'o-mizm), n. ana- 
tomical analysis or structure; anat- 
omy as the basis of life of organized 
bodies; the explanation of vital phe- 
nomena by anatomical structure; the 
application of the principles of anat- 
omy, as in art. 

anatomist (i,-nat'o-mist), n. one 
possessing a knowledge of anatomy 
derived from dissection. 

anatomize (§-nat'o-miz), v,t. to sep- 
arate by dissection and exhibit the 
relative position and structure of 
the parts of an animal or plant. 

anatomy (§,-nat'o-mi), w. [pi. anato- 
mies (-miz)], separation by dissec- 
tion of the various parts of a body, 
with a view to the examination and 
determination of their structure and 
relations; the art or science of dis- 
section; a descriptive account of the 
parts of an organic body; a with- 
ered or emaciated person. 

anatripsis (an-^-tnp'sis), tt, mas* 
sage. 

ancestor (an'ses-ter), n. a forefather 
or progenitor, on the side of father 
or mother, from whom one is de- 
scended in direct line; one who held 
previous possession. 

ancestral (an-ses'trM), adj. belonging 
to, or connected with, one's ances- 



5te, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ANCESTRESS 



45 



ANEMOMETER 



tors; derived from one*s progenitors; 
lineal. 
ij Ancestress (an'ses-tres), n, a female 
I ancestor. 

ancestry (an'ses-tri), n. the line of 
one's descent traced from a period 
more or less emote; the personages 
comprising such lineage;^ lineage. 

anchor (ang'ker), n, an iron imple- 
ment of varying form, but generally- 
having two curved and pointed arms 
terminating one end of a shank, to 
the other extremity of which is af- 
fixed a caole, used to secure a float- 
ing^ vessel to the bottom; that on 
which dependence is placed for se- 
curity or stabiKty; a metalHc clamp 
securing a tie-rod connecting oppo- 
site walls: v.t. to afl^ by an an- 
chor; grapple; hold fast. 

anchor-ice (ang'ker-is), n. ground-ice. 

anchorage (ang'ker-aj), n, a suita- 
ble or customary place for the an- 
choring of vessels; the hold attained 
by an anchor; harbor-dues for an- 
chorage in a port. 

anchoret (ang'kor-et) or anchorite 
(-it), n. one who voluntarily se- 
cludes himself from society and 
lives a solitary life devoted to re- 
ligious or philosophic meditation; a 
recluse; a hermit. ^ 

anchovy (an-cho'vi), n. [pZ. ancho- 
vies (-viz)], a diminutive fish abound- 
ing in the Mediterranean, and espe- 
cially esteemed for its peculiar 
flavor, used for pickUng and as a 
sauce. 

ancient (an'shent), adj, of or per- 
taining to the early history of the 
world; of past times or remote 
ages; of great age or antiquitj't n. 
one who lived in ancient times; pZ. 
the people of classic times, the Jew- 
ish elders; the governing body of 
an Inn of Court: n, formerly a flag 
or ensign; a ship's pennant. 

ancillary (an'sil-ar-i), adj, attendant 
upon; accessory; subservient. 

ancipital (an-sip'i-t^l), adj. two-, 
edged and sharp. 

ancon (ang'kon), n. [pi, ancones 



(-ez) ], the upper extremity of the 
forearm or ulna; the elbow; a 
bracket or projection for the sup- 
port of a cornice. 

ancus (ang'kus), n, an elephant goad 
formed ©f metal. 

and (and), conj. the copulative join- 
ing words and sentences. And is 
sometimes used emphatically by way 
of contrast, as * 'there are orators 
and orators," i,e, two very dif- 
ferent kinds. 

andesite (an 'de-sit), n. a silicate of 
alumina, soda, and lime. 

andirons (and'I-emz), n.'pl, metal 
standards used for open fires, to 
support the logs; fire-dogs. 

androcephalus (an-dro-sef 'i,-lus) , 
adj, having a human head, as a 
sphinx, &c. 

androgrynous (an-droj'i-nous), adj. 
.combining both sexes, or bearing 
both male and female organs; her- 
maphroditical. 

androsphinx (an'dro-sfingks), n. a 
sphinx with the body of a lion and 
the head of a man. 

anecdotal (an'ek-do-tM), adj. relat- 
ing to, or consisting of, anecdotes. 

anecdote (an'ek-dot), n. a brief nar- 
rative of an entertaining character; 
a terse and pithy account of some 
detached incident, chiefly personal 
or biographical. 

anecdotic (an-ek-dot'ik), or anec- 
dotical ('i-k^), adj, relating to 
anecdotes. 

anecdotically (-H), adv, by anec- 
dotes. 

anelectric (an-e-lek'trik), adj. with- 
out the properties of electricity; 
non-electric: n. a conductor in con- 
tradistinction to an insulator. 

anelectrode (an-e-lek'trod), n. the 
positive pole of a galvanic battery. 

anemia. See anaemia. 

anemogrraph (§,-nem'o-graf), n, an 
instrument for registering the force 
or direction of the wind. 

anemometer (an-e-mom'e-ter), n, a 
wind-gauge; an instrument which 
indicates the pressure of the wind. 



ate, arm, i^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon> 
book: hue, hut; thinl^ tfiQU 



ANEMONE 



46 



ANGLING 



anemone (l^-nem'o-ne), w. [pL anem- 
ones (-nez) ], the wind-flower or 
wood-anemone; a sea-anemone, a 
marine zoophyte. 

anemoscope (^-nem'o-skop), n, an 
apparatus for exhibiting- the direc- 
tion of the wind. 

aneroid (an'e-roid), adj. having no 
liquid, as quicksilver: n. a barometer 
shaped^ like a watch, ^ the action 
depending on the varying pressure 
of the atmosphere on the top of an 
elastic metal box. 

anesthesia* See anaesthesia. 

anesthetic or anaesthetic (an-es- 
thet'ik), adj, pertaining to loss of 
the sense of feeUng: ^ n. a drug 
which produces insensibility. 

anesthetize or anaesthetize (an- 
es'the-tiz), v.t. to bring under the 
influence of an anaesthetic; render 
insensible to pain.^ 

aneurism (an'u-rizm), n. a local 
swelling or dilation of an artery at 
a point where the coat is thinned or 
weakened by disease. 

anew^ (i.-nu'), adv, afresh; over 
again; in a new manner or style. 

angel (an'jel), n, a messenger of 
God; one of an order of spiritual 
attendants who form a connection 
between heaven and earth, as from 
God to mankind; a spirit of evil, as 
a fallen angel; the presbyter in the 
early Christian Church residing in 
some particular city (Rev. ii. 8); 
an English gold coin, value about 
10s., struck in the reign of Edward 
IV., and impressed with the figure 
of the archangel Michael. 

angel-fish (-fish), n, a species ^ of 
shark with large pectoral fins, which 
give to it a winged appearance. 

angelic (an-jel'ik) or angelical 
Ci-kM), adj. belonging to or re- 
sembliiig an angel in nature or func- 
tion. 

angelus (an'je-lus), n. a devotional 
exercise in commemoiation of the 
Incarnation, during which the Ave 
Maria is twice repeated: said morn- 
ing, noon, and night; the bell which 



is rung to announce the time of 
such devotions. 

anger (ang'ger), n. excessive emotion or 
passion aroused by a sense of injury 
or wrong; wrath: v.t. to provoke to 
resentment; excite to wrath; enrage. 

angina (an-ji'n§.^ & an'ji-n§,), n. an 
inflamed condition of the throat, as 
in quinsy, &c. 

angina pectoris (pek'to-ris), n. a 
muscular spasm of the chest, verj'- 
often accompanied by an affection 
of the heart, and frequently fatal. 

angiology (an-ji-oro-ji), n. that 
branch of anatomy which treats of 
the blood-vessels and lymphatics. 

angle (ang'gl). n. the inclosed space 
near the point where two lines meet; 
a sharp or projecting comer; the 
inclination of two fines which meet 
at a point (the vertex). 

angle (ang'gl), v.i. to fish with a hook 
and line : v.t. to fish for. 

angler (ang'gler), n. one who fishes 
with rod and line; a piscator; the 
name of a fish furnished with fila- 
mentary appendages, which by their 
movement attract smaller fish on 
which it feeds. Also called fishing- 
frog and sea-devil. 

anglican (ang'gU-k§,n), adj. pertain- 
ing to England as a nation; per- 
taining to the Church of England 
and churches in other countries in 
accord with it, and (popularly) to 
the High or Ritualistic section of 
the Anglican Church, n. a member 
of the Anglican Church; a Ritualist. 

Anglicanism (ang'gh-k§,n-izm), n. 
the principles and ritual of the 
Anglican Church. 

anglice (ang'gh-se), adv. according to 
the EngUsh language or manner. 

anglicism (ang'gh-sizm), n. a form 
of speech; a principle or mannerism 
peculiar to England. 

anglic'z:e (,ang'gli-siz), v.t. to make 
or to render into EngHsh; accord 
with Enghsh manners and customs. 

angling (ang'ghng), n. the piscato- 
rial art; the act of fishing with rod 
and line. 



5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not: booxit 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



ANGLO-AMERICAN 



47 



ANIMALCULE 



Anglo- American (ang'glo-Srmer'i- 
Mn), adj. pertaining to England 
and the United States conjointly, 
as to commerce or population: n. an 
American citizen of English descent. 

Anglomania (ang'glo-man'i-a), n. 
a predilection carried to excess for 
everything that is English, in the 
sense of being pecuHar to England. 

Anglophobia (-fo'bi-S,), n, an intense 
aversion for or fear of everything 
Enghsh. 

Anglo-Saxon (-saks'un), adj, per- 
taining to the Saxon settlers in 
England prior to the Conquest, or 
to their language: n, one of the 
Saxon settlers in England as dis- 
tinguished from those on the Conti- 
nent: 'pl. the Enghsh race. 

angora (ang-go'ra), n, cloth made 
from Angora-wool. 

angora-cat (-kat), n. a cat of the 
domestic kind with long handsome 
hair. 

angora goat (-got), n. a breed of goats 
native to the province of Angora, 
Asia Minor; now raised in other 
countries, and especially in the U. S. 
See also mohair. 

angora- wool (-wool), n. the coat of 
the Angora goat, much esteemed for 
its long silky hair. 

angostura-bark (ang-gos-tu'ra bark), 
n. a bitter aromatic bark used for 
medicinal purposes. 

angry (ang'gri), adj. inflamed with 
anger; provoked; feeling resentment; 
wrathful; showing anger; fierce; 
inflamed. 

angrily ('gri-li), adv, in an angry 
manner. 

angriness (-ness), n, the state of 
being angry. 

anguish (ang'gwish), n. intense pain 
or grief; acute suffering, bodily or 
mental. 

angular (ang'gu-li^r), adj, possessing 
an angle or angles; sharp, bent, or 
cornered; pointea, or full of points. 

angularity (ang-gu-lar'i-ti), n. [pL 
angularities (-tiz) ], the quaUty of' 
being angular in any sense. 



angulate (ang'gu-lat), adj. construct- 
ed of angles; having the form of an 
angle. 

angustate (ang-gus'tat), adj. narrow 
at the base and expanded at the 
top. 

anhydride (an-hl'drid), n. an oxygen 
compound formed by substituting an 
acid radical for the whole of the 
hydrogen in one or two molecules of 
water. 

anhydrite (an-hi'dnt), n, anhydrous 
sulphate of Ume. 

anhydrous (an-hi'drus), adj. with- 
out water: applied to minerals in 
which the water of crj^staUization 
is not present. 

anil (an'il), n. the indigo plant. 

anile (an'il & 'il), adj, resembling 
an old woman; aged; old-womanish. 

aniline (an'i-lin), n, a base used in 
the formation of many rich dyes 
obtained from coal-tar, but more ex- 
tensively from benzole: adj, of or 
pertaining to aniline. 

anilism (an'il-izm), n. aniline poison- 
ing, caused by the inhalation of 
aniline vapors. 

anility (^-nil'i-ti), n. the state of 
being anile; a condition of dotage. 

animadversion (an-i-mad-ver'shun) , 
n, the act of observing; capacity for 
perception; censure; criticism; 
stricture. 

Animadversive (an-i-mad-ver'siv), 
adj. possessing the faculty of obser- 
vation. 

animadvert (an-i-mad-vert'), v.i. to 
give the mind to; pass comment or 
stricture upon; criticise. 

animal (an'i-m§,l), n, an organized 
living body, sentient, mobile, and 
locomotive; an inferior ^ being; a 
brute: adj, of or belonging to ani- 
mals. 

animal-magnetism (an'i-mM-mag'- 
net-izm), n, another name for mes- 
merism. 

animalcular (an-i-mal'ku-lS^r) or 
animalculine (-Hn), adj, of or re- 
lating to animalcules. 

animalcule (an-i-malldil) , n. one 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, <Aen. 



ANIMALCULIST 



48 



ANNIHILATIONIST 



of a class of minute or microscopic 
organisms abounding in water and 
infusions; an infusorian. 

animalculist (an-i-mal'ku-list), n. 
SL specialist of animalcules. 

animalculum (an-i-mal'ku-lum), n. 
[pL animalcula ^ (-Ik) ], a minute 
organism; an animalcide. 

animalia ^ (an'i-ma-li-&), n,pl, the 
animal kingdom. 

animalism (an'i-m§,I-izm), n, the 
state of being animal, or actuated 
by animal instincts or appetites; 
the theory which regards mankind 
as merely animal; sensuality. 

animalistic (an-i-m§,l-is'tik), adj, 
characterized by animal or sensual 
instincts. 

animality (an-i-mal'i-ti), n, the state 
or quality of being an animal, or 
possessing animal characteristics. 

animalization (an-i-m&l-i-za'shun) , 
n. the act of making animal; the 
process of becoming bestial. 

animalize (an'i-mM-iz), v.t. to make 
animal; impart animal life, form, 
and attributes; sensualize or bes- 
tiahze; convert into animal sub- 
stance by assimilation. 

animate (an'i-mat), v.t. to impart 
life to; to inspire with energy or 
action; enliven: adj, endowed with 
animal life; full of spirit and vigor. 

animation (an'i-ma'shun), n, the 
act of giving life or spirit; the state 
of being animated; vivacity. 

animative (an'i-ma-tiy), adj.^ that 
has power to impart life or spirit. 

animism (an'i-mizm), n. the theory 
of the existence of an immaterial 
principle or force inseparable from 
matter to which all life and action 
are attributable. 

animosity (an-i-mos'i-ti), n. [pL 
animosities (-tiz) ], hostility; ha- 
tted; active enmity. 

animus (an'i-mus), n, intention, tem- 
per, spirit or purpose; hostility. ^ 

anion (an'i-on), n. the element in a 
body decomposed by voltaic action, 
which is evolved at the positive pole 
or anode. 



anise (an'is), n. the common name 
for a plant (indigenous in Egypt) 
yielding the aniseed of commerce. 

ankle (ang'kl), n, the joint or articu- 
lation connecting the foot with the 
leg. 

anklet (angldet), n, a diminutive 
ankle; an ornament or support for 
the ankle; a fetter or shackle. 

ankylose^ (ang'ki-los), v.t. to consoli- 
date or join by bony growth; stiffen 
as a joint: v.i, to grow together; 
become stiff. 

ankylosis (angld-lo-sis), n. the join- 
ing or consolidation of parts for- 
merly or normally separate or mova- 
ble by means of bony growth. 

ankylotic (ang-ki-lot'ik), adj. per- 
taining ^ to, or of the nature of 
ankylosis. 

annalist (an'M-ist), tt. a compiler of 
annals. 

annals (an'i,lz), n.pl. a description, 
history, or chronicle issued from 
time to time, and comprising the 
events of each year in order of 
sequence; chronicles. 

anneal (an-nel'), v.t. to heat or fix by 
heat; temper and render malleable; 
bake or fuse. 

annealing (an-ne'ling), n. the process 
of tempering, baking, fusing, or fixing. 

annex (an-neksO, v.t. to add or affix 
at the end; subjoin or connect; pur- 
loin: n. (an-neks' & an 'neks), that 
which is added; an addition. 

annexation (an-eks-a'shun),?i. the act 
of annexing; that which is annexed. 

annexationist (an-eks-a'shun-ist), n. 
an advocate for, or promoter of, 
annexation. 

annihilable (an-ni'hi-l&-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of annihilation. 

annihilate (an-ni'hi-lat), vd. to re- 
duce to nothing; wipe out of exist 
ence; destroy. 

annihilation (an-ni-hi-la'shun), n 
the act of annihilating; non-exist- 
ence. 

annihilationist (an-ni-hi-la'shun- 
ist), n. one who beheves that eternal 
punishment consists of annihilation. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ANNIVERSARY 



ANOMALISTIC 



anniversary (an-i-ver's^-ri), n. {ph 
anniversaries (-riz) ], the recurrence 
in each year of the date of an event; 
the annual commemoration of an 
event: adj, recurring once in every 
twelve months; yearly. 

annotate (an'o-tat), v,t. to mark or 
note by way of explanation or criti- 
cism, as a book. 

annotation (an-o-ta'shun), n. the 
act of noting or commenting upon; 
a note, remark, or criticism made 
in a book. 

annotator (an'o-ta-ter), n. one who 
annotates or writes remarks by way 
of comment or criticism upon the 
works of authors. 

announce (an-nouns'), v.t. to pro- 
claim or make known, formally, or 
in a pubhc manner; pronounce by 
judicial sentence; proclaim. 

announcement (an-nouns 'ment), n. 
the act of announcing; that which 
is announced ; a proclamation. 

annoy (an-noi'), v.t, [p.U & p.p. -ed, 
p.pr. -ing], to vex or trouble by 
repeated acts; harass or discompose 
by petty injury or opposition: v.i. 
to be troubled, vexed: n, the feeUng 
of discomfort caused by an injury or 
vexation. 

annoyance^ (an-noi'&ns) , n, the act 
of annoying or causing vexation; 
the state of being annoyed; the 
thing or act which anno3;s. 

annoyingly (an-noi 'ing-h), adv, in 
a vexatious manner. 

annual (an'u-M), adj. once in twelve 
months; yearly; of or belonging to 
a year; pubhshed once a }7ear; com- 
pleted in a year; lasting or living 
only for a year or season, as an 
annual plant: n, an anniversary 
mass said for a deceased person; 
the fee paid for such a mass. 

annually (-H), adv, yearly; happen- 
ing, returning, or completed year by 
year. 

annuitant (an-nu'i-t§,nt), n. one who 
is in receipt of, or is entitled to 
receive, an annuity. 

annuity (an-nu'i-ti), n, [pi. annuities 



(-tiz) ], the payment of a sum of 
money by periodical or yearly 
installments. 

annul (an-nul'), vi. [pd. & p.p. an- 
nulled, p.pr. annulling], to 'make 
void, abohsh, or obliterate, as a law, 
decree, or compact. 

annular (an'u-lar), adj. ring-hke; in 
the form of a ring or annulus: n. 
the ring of light surrounding the 
moon's body in an annular eclipse 
of the sun. 

annulate (an'u-lat), adj. ringed; hav- 
ing ring-like bands or circles. 

annulation (an-ti-la'shun), n. a ring- 
hke formation. 

annulet (an'u-let), n. a little ring; 
a small fillet encircling a column. 

annulment ^ (an-nul'ment), n. the 
act of reducing to nothing; abolition; 
invaHdation. 

annulosa (an-u-lo's§,), n. the annu- 
lose animals, as crustaceans, insects, 
worms. 

annulose (an'u-los), adj. composed 
of a succession of rings. 

annunciate (an-nun'si-at), v.t. to 
make known officially or publicly; 
announce. 

annunciation (an-nun-si-a'shun) , n. 
the act of annunciating. 

Annunciation (an-nun-si-a'shun), n. 
the church festival (Lady-day, 
Mar. 25) commemorating the inti- 
mation of the Incarnation made by 
the angel Gabriel to the Virgin 
Mary (Luke i. 28-33.). 

annunciator (an-nun'shi-a-ter), n. 
a signahng apparatus; an indicator 
used in hotels, and connected with 
the bells and telephones, to show in 
which room attendance is required. 

anode ^ (an'od), n, the path of the 
electric current from the positive to 
the negative pole ; the positive pole. 

anodyne (an'o-din), adj. ^ assuaging 
pain: n. a drug which reheves pain. 

anoint (i,-nointO, v.t. to pour oil 
upon, in a rehgious ceremony; con- 
secrate. 

anomalistic (a-nom-^-lis'tik), adj. 
pertaining to the anomaly or angular 



ate, arm, l,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hiie, hut; think, then. 



ANOMALOUS 



50 



ANTEMETiC 



distance of a planet from its perihe- 
lion. 

anomalous (§,-nom'a-Ius) , adj, de- 
viating from the common order; ab- 
normal. 

anomaly (^-nom'i,-li), n, deviation 
from the natural order; the angular 
distance of a planet from its peri- 
helion. 

anon (§,-noa'), adv. soon; straight- 
way; again. 

anonym (an'o-nim), n. a person who 
remains nameless; a pseudonym. 

anonymity (an-o-nim'i-ti), n. the 
state of being anonymous. 

anonymous (a-non'i-mus), adj. bear- 
ing no author's name; nameless. 

anopheles (an-of'e-les), n, a genus 
of the mosquito family transmitting 
to human beings the germ of malaria. 

another (a-nuth'er), adj. & pron, one 
more; not the same; any other; any 
or some one else. 

anserine (an'ser-in), adj, relating to or 
resembling a goose; stupid as a goose. 

answer (an'ser), v.t. to swear in op- 
position to; to reply to a charge; a 
counterstatement: n. a response or 
rejoinder; a reply to a charge; a solu- 
tion, as of a mathematical problem. 

answerable (an^ser-i,-bl), adj, liable 
to give answer; responsible.^ 

ant (^nt), n, a small social insect of 
the hymenopterous order. 

ant-bear ('bar), n, the name some- 
times given (from its Ukeness to a 
bear) to the great ant-eater of 
America; the Cape ant-eater of 
South Africa. 

ant-eater ('e-ter), a name applied 
to a group of quadrupeds which 
feed upon ants. 

ant-lion ('li-un), n. a neuropterous 
insect whose larva constructs a pit- 
fall for ants and other insects. 

antacid (ant-as'id), adj, counteract- 
ing acidity: n. a medicine which 
counteracts the formation of acids 
in the system. 

antagonism (an-tag'o-nizm), n, the 
active opposition of two opponents 
or opposing forces; hostility. 



antagonist (an-tag'o-nist), n, a com- 
petitor in any sphere of action; an 
opponent. 

antagonistic (an-tag-o-nis'tik), adj, 
acting in opposition; opposed. 

antagonistically (-al-li), adv, in 
rivalry or opposition. 

antagonize (an-tag'o-niz), v.t, to op- 
pose; hinder; counteract; contend 
against; compete with: v,i. to act 
in opposition; neutrahze. 

antarctic (ant-ark 'tik), adj, opposite 
to arctic; pertaining to the south- 
polar regions; southern. 

antecede (an-te-sed'), v,t. to precede 
or go before in time or space. 

antecedence (an-te-se'dens) or an- 
tecedency ('den-si), n. preced- 
ence; the act or state of going be- 
fore; priority. 

antecedent (an-te-se'dent), adj. pre- 
ceding: n. the substantive or noun 
to which a relative or other pro- 
noun refers; the part of a condi- 
tional proposition upon which the 
other depends : pi. the previous 
events of a person^s life. 

antecedently (-li), at a time pre- 
ceding. 

antecessor (an-te-ses'er), n, one 
who goes before (in office). 

antechamber (an'te-cham-ber),^ n. 
an apartment next the principal 
room, where persons wait for audi- 
ence; an outer room. 

antedate (an'te-dat), v.t. to carry 
back to an earher period; antici- 
pate: n. a date earher than the ac- 
tual date. 

antediluvian (an-te-di-lu'vi-i,n), adj, 
of or pertaining to the world before 
the Flood; belonging to very ancient 
times; antiquated: n. one who 
lived before the Flood. 

antelope (an'te-lop), n. the name 
given to numerous species of deer- 
Eke ruminants, intermediate be- 
tween the deer and the goat, with 
cylindrical ringed horns. 

antemeridian (an-te-me-rid'i-^n) , 
adj. preceding noon. ^ 

antemetic (ant-e-met'ik),ad[;. allaying 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



ANTEMUNDANE 



51 



ANTHROPOMETRIC 



vomiting: n, a medicine possessing 
this property. 

antemundane (an-te-mun'dan), adj. 
before the creation of the world. 

antenatal (an-te-na'tal), adj, before 
birth. 

antenna (an-ten'§,), n. \pl. antennse 
('e) ], the jointed horns or feelers 
upon the heads of insects and Crus- 
tacea. 

antenuptial (an-te-nup'shM), adj. 
before marriage. 

antepaschal (an-te-pas'k§,l), adj. 
before Easter; preceding the Je^^ish 
Passover. 

antepenult (an-te-pe-nulf) or an- 
tepenultinia(an-te-pe-nurti-mlL),n. 
the last syllable but two of a word. 

antepenultimate ^ (an-te-pe-nul'ti- 
mat), adj. pertaining to the last but 
two: n. that w^hich is last but two. 

anteprandial' (an-te-pran'di-^1), adj, 
before dinner. 

anterior (an-ter'i-er)j adj. more to 
the front; former. 

anteriority (an-ter-i-or'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being anterior, especially 
in order of time; priority. 

anteroom (an'te-room), n. a room 
before, or forming an entrance to, 
another; an antechamber. 

ante temple (an'te-tem-pl), n. the 
porcico of an ancient temple or 
church; the narthex. 

anthelion (ant-he'- or an-theli-on), 
n. [pi. antheUa {-h) ], a halo or a 
colored ring or rings, opposite the 
sun, formed around the shadow of 
the head of the observer, as pro- 
jected on a cloud or moist surface. 

anthem (an'them), n. a composition 
from the Scriptures or liturgy set to 
sacred music. 

anther (another), n. the summit of 
the stamen of a flower containing 
the pollen or fertiUzing dust. 

antheroid (an'ther-oid), adj. having 
the form of an anther. 

anthocarpous (an-tho-kar'pus), adj. 
having a fruit formed from th6 
ovaries of several flowers, as the 
pmeapple. 



anthography (an-thog'rS--fi), n. the 
scientific description of flowers. 

anthoiogical (an-tho-loj'i-kal), adj, 
pertaining to an anthology; consist- 
ing of beautiful extracts, more es- 
pecially of those from the poets. 

anthologist (an-thoro-jist), n. one 
who compiles an anthology. 

anthology (an-thol'o-ji), n. a collec- 
tion of choice poems, epigrams, and 
fugitive pieces by various authors; 
a hymnal. 

anthracene (an'thra-sen), n. a com- 
plex hydrocarbon obtained from coal- 
tar; paranaphthahn. 

anthracite (an'thra-s!t), n. a non- 
bituminous coal which burns with- 
out smoke; blind-coal; glance-coal; 
stone-coal; hard-coal. 

anthracitic (an-thra-sit'ik), adj. re- 
sembling, or of the nature of, an- 
thracite. 

anthrax (an'thraks), n. [pZ. anthra- 
ces (-sez) ], a carbuncle, or malig- 
nant boil ; the splenic fever of sheep 
and cattle, caused by the presence 
of a bacillus in the blood and tis- 
sues; the carbuncular disease caused 
in man by inoculation from affected 
sheep and cattle. 

anthropography (an-thro-pog'r^-fi), 
n. that branch of anthropology 
which treats of the actual geograph- 
ical distribution of the human race, 
and the local variations of its dif- 
ferent divisions. 

anthropoid (an'thro-poid), adj, re- 
sembling man: n. one of the higher 
apes resembling man. 

Anthropoidea (an-thro-poi'de-&), n. 
fl. a sub-order of primate mammals, 
including man, the apes, and 
monkeys. 

anthropological (an- thro-po-loj 'i- 
k§,l), adj. relating to anthropology. 

anthropologist (an-thro-pol'o-jist) , 
n. a student of anthropology. 

anthropology (an-thro-poro-ji), n. 
the science of man, considered zo- 
ologically or ethnographically. 

anthropometric (an-thro-po-mef- 
rik), adj. relating to the measure- 



ajbe. arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ANTHROPOMETRICALLY 52 



ANTIMONITE 



ment or proportions of the human 
body. 

anthropometrically (-M-li), ddv, in 
an anthropological manner, or by 
means of anthropometry. 

anthropometry (an-thro-pom'e-tri) , 
n, the measurement of the human 
body; the department of anthropol- 
ogy relating to such measurement 
of persons at various ages, and in 
different tribes, races, occupations, 
&c. 

anthropomorphic (an-thro-po-mor'- 
fik), adj. characterized by anthro- 
pomorphism; resembling man. 

anthropomorphism (an-thro-po- 
mor-fizm), n. the ascription of a 
human form and attributes to the 
Deity, or to supernatural beings. 

an thropophagi (an-thro-pof '^-ji) , 
n.pL man-eaters; cannibals. 

anthropophagous (an-thr5-pof'§,- 
gus), adj, feeding on human flesh, 

anthropozoic (an'thro-p5-zo'ik), a. 
pertaining to the time during which 
man has existed on the earth; the 
most recent period in a geological 
sense. 

antic (an'tik), adj, grotesque: n. a 
clown; a trick; a grotesque gesture. 

Antichrist (an^ti-krist), n, an op- 
ponent of Christ, especially the great 
personal opponent expected to ap- 
pear before the end of the world [I 
John ii. 22]. 

antichristian (an-ti-kris'ch§,n) , n. one 
who is an opponent of the Christian 
religion: adj. pertaining to Anti- 
christ; opposed to the Christian 
religion. 

anticipant (an-tis'i-p§,nt), adj. that 
which operates beforehand: n. one 
who looks forward. 

anticipate (an-tis'i-pat), v.t. to take 
beforehand; use in advance; look 
for as certain; deal with beforehand: 
v.i. to treat of something before the 
proper time. 

anticipation (an-tis-i-pa'shun), n. the 
act of taking beforehand; expecta- 
tion; hope; preconception. 

anticipative (an-tis'i-pa-tiv), or 



anticipatory (-to-ri), adj. taking 
beforehand; anticipating. 

anticlimax (an'ti-kli-maks), n. a 
ludicrous descent in thought and 
expression; bathos. 

anticyclone (an'ti-si-klon), n. a me- 
teorological condition in which the 
ordinary features of a cyclone are 
reversed, i.e. the winds, which are 
hght, flow from instead of toward 
the center. 

anticyclonic (an-ti~si-klon'ik), adj, 
pertaining to an anticyclone. 

antidotal (an'ti-do-t^l), adj. of the 
nature or quahty of an anl^idote. 

antidotally (-li), adv, in the manner 
of an antidote. 

antidote (an'ti-dot), n. a substance 
which acts medicinally as a counter- 
active to the effects of poison or 
disease; that which annuls or tends 
to prevent the evil effects of any- 
thing else; a remedy. 

antifat (an'ti-fat), adj. available for 
preventing or reducing fatness: n. 
a remedy against fatness. 

antifebrile (an-ti-feb'ril), adj. capa- 
ble of allaying fever: n. a fever med- 
icine or antipyretic. 

antifebrine (an-ti-feb'rin), n. acet- 
anilide, used in medicine as an 
antipyretic. 

antimask (an'ti-m§,sk), w. a species 
of drollery introduced as interlude 
between acts of more serious nature. 
Written also antimasque. 

antimasonic (an-ti-ma-son'ik), adj. 
opposed to the principles of free- 
masonry. 

antimonarchical (an-ti-mo-nar'ki- 
k§,l), adj. opposed to monarchy. 

antimonial (an-ti-mo'ni-M), adj. per- 
taining to antimony; composed of, or 
possessing the qualities of, antimony. 

antimoniate (an-ti-mo'ni-at), n. a 
salt of antimonic acid.^ 

antin^onic (an-ti-mon'ik), or anti- 
monious (an-ti-mo'ni-us), adj. re- 
lating to, composed of, or obtained 
from antimony. ^ 

antimonite (an'ti-mo-nit), n. native 
sulphide of antimony. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ANTIMONY 



53 



ANTIQUE 



antimony (an'ti-mo-ni), n, a white 
lustrous metal, entering largely into 
medicinal preparations and various 
important alloys. 

antinomianism (an-ti-no'mi-^n-izm), 
n. the doctrine that faith frees one 
from the moral law. 

antinomy (an-tin'o-mi), n. [pi, an- 
tinomies (-miz)], the opposition of 
one law or part of a law to another. 

antiparallel (an-ti-par'Mel), adj, 
running parallel, but in an opposite 
direction: n. one of two or more 
lines making equal angles with two 
other hues, but in contrary order. 

antipathetic (an-ti-p§,-thet'ik), or 
antipathetical ('i-kM), adj, pos- 
sessing ^a natural antipathy or aver- 
sion [with to]. 

antipathic (an-ti-path'-ik), adj. per- 
taining to antipathy; adverse; op- 
posite. 

antipathy (an-tip'§,-thi), n. [pi. an- 
tipathies (-thiz)], natural aversion; 
an instinctive dislike; the object of 
aversion (followed in composition 
by to, against, between, and for). 

antiperiodic (an-ti-pe-ri-od'ik), adj. 
preventive of return in periodic or 
mtermittent diseases: n, a medicine 
for periodic diseases. 

antiphlogistic (an-ti-flo-jis'tik), adj. 
efficacious in^ counteracting fever 
or inflammation: n. any remedy 
which serves to check inflammatory 
symptoms. 

antiphon (an'ti-fon), or antiphone 
(-fon), n. a chant or hymn rendered 
alternately by two choirs, as in 
EngHsh cathedral services. 

antiphonal (an-tif'o-nM), adj. char- 
acterized by antiphony or responsive 
singing: n. a collection of antiphons. 

antiphonary (an-tif'o-nar-i), n. [pL 
antiphonaries (-iz)], a book of re- 
sponses used in the services: adj, 
antiphonal, or responsive. 

antiphonetic (an-ti-fo-net'ik), adj. 
similar in sound; applied to words 
which rhyme. 

antiphony (an-tif'6-ni), n. [pi. ari- 
tiphonies (-niz)], the alternate or 



responsive rendering of psalms or 
chants by a dual choir; a musical 
setting of sacred verses arranged 
for alternate singing. 

antiphrasis (an-tif'ra-sis), n. the 
employment of a word, or words, in 
a sense contrary to its, or their, true 
meaning. 

antipodal (an-tip'o-dM), adj. per- 
taining to the antipodes; opposite 
or extreme. 

antipode (an'ti-pod), n. [pi. antip- 
odes (an-tip'o-dez)], one who re- 
sides on the opposite side of the 
earth; that which is directly oppo- 
site to another. ^ 

antipodean (an-tip-6-de'in), adj. be- 
longing to the antipodes: n. one who 
resides on the opposite side of the 
earth. 

antipodes (an-tip'5-dez), n. pi. those 
who, residing at opposite sides of 
the globe, have their feet directly 
opposed; the two portions of the 
earth^s surface which are exactly 
opposite to each other; the direct 
opposite of a person or thing. 

antipyretic (an-ti-pi-ret'ik), adj. pre- 
ventive of, or remedial to, fever: n. 
a remedy of such nature. 

antipyrin (an-ti-prrin), n. a drug, 
obtained from coal-tar, employed 
for the relief of neuralgia, nervous 
headaches, and reduction of heat in 
fevers. 

antiquarian (an-ti-kwar'i-§,n), adj. 
pertaining to antiquaries or to an- 
tiquity: n. an antiquary. 

antiquarianism (an-ti-kwar'i-in- 
izm), n. the attachment to what is 
old or antiquated which character- 
izes the antiquary; the study or col- 
lecting of antiquities. ^ 

antiquary (an'ti-kwar-i), n. one who 
is attached to ancient things, and 
is learned in their history; one who 
collects antiquities for the pur- 
pose of study. 

antiquated (an'ti-kwa-ted), p. adj. 
grown old; old-fashioned; obsolete; 
ancient. 

antique (an-tek'), adj. of or belong- 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ANTIQUENESS 



54 



ANY 



ing to a former age; ancient: n. 
something of great age; a relic of 
antiquity. 

antiqueness (-nes), n, the quality 
of being ancient, or having the ap- 
pearance of antiquity. 

antiquity (an-tik'wi-ti), n, [pi. an- 
tiquities (-tiz) ], great age; ancient- 
ness; early ages; the people or races 
of ancient times; that which be- 
longed to, or survives from, ancient 
times; a relic. 

antiscorbutic (an-ti-skor-bu'tik), adj, 
cfe n, counteractant or remedial to 
scurvy. 

anti-Semite (an-ti-sem'it), n. one 
who favors the social and political 
persecution of Jews. 

anti-Semitic (an-ti-sem-it'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or characterized by, 
anti-Semitism. 

anti-Semitism (an-ti-sem'it-izm), n. 
antagonism to the Jewish race. 

antisepsis (an-ti-sep'sis), n. the ex- 
clusion of bacteria from wounds, 
&c., by the use of antiseptics. 

antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik), adj, de- 
structive to the germs of disease or 
putrefaction: n. a substance that 
acts as a preventive to putrefaction. 

antislavery (an-ti-sla' ver-i ) , adj. 
opposed to slavery : n. opposition to 
slavery. 

antispasmodic (an-ti-spaz-mod'ik) , 
adj. counteractive to, or curative of, 
spasms: n. a medicine having such 
an effect. 

antisplenetic (an-ti-sple-net'ik), adj. 
of use remedially in diseases of the 
spleen: n. a medicine for spleen 
diseases. 

antistrophe (.an-tis'tro-fe), n. in the 
ancient Greek chorus, the alternat- 
ing part immediately following the 
Strophe and sung in moving to the 
right, the strophe having been sung 
when moving to the left. 

antithermic (an-ti-ther'mik), a. tend- 
ing to reduce the bodily temperature; 
same as antipyretic. 

antithesis (an-tith'e-sis), n. [pi. an- 
titheses (-sez) ], opposition; contrast; 



expression by contrast or opposition 
of words or sentiments. 

antithetic (an-ti-thet'ik), or anti- 
thetical (-^1), adj. pertaining to, of 
the nature of, or containing anti- 
thesis. 

antitoxin (an-ti-toks'in), n. a serum 
used hypodermically as a preventive 
of, or cure for, certain diseases. 

antitrade (an'ti-trad), n. a tropical 
wind blowing steadily in an opposite 
direction to the trade wind. 

anti-trust (an'ti-trust), a. antagonistic 
to trusts or corporations formed to 
control trade, industries, &c. 

antitype (an'ti-tip), n. that which 
preceded the type, and of which the 
type is the prefigurement or repre- 
sentation. 

antitypical (an-ti-tip'i-kM), adj, 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
an antitype. 

antizymotic (an-ti-zi-mot'ik) , adj. 
preventing fermentation: n. the 
agent so used. 

antler (ant'ler), n. the individual 
branches of a stag's horns; the 
horn in its complete condition. 

antonym (an'to-nym), n. sl word 
meaning the opposite of some other 
word; as unhappy is the antonym 
of happy. 

anurous (a-nu'rus), adj. having the 
character of the Anura, as the frogs 
and toads, which are tailless when 
adult. 

anus (a'nus), n. the terminal portion 
of the rectum; the excremental orir 
fice. 

anvil (an'vil), n. an iron block used 
for the hammering and shaping of 
metals. 

anxiety (ang-zi'e-ti), n. [pi. anxieties 
(-tiz) ], a condition of mental uneasi- 
ness arising from fear or solicitude. 

anxious (ang'shus), a<i;. deeply con- 
cerned; very solicitous; apprehen- 
sive. 

any (en'i), adj. & pron. one, indeter- 
minately, unlimited; some, an indef- 
inite number, quantity, or degree: 
adj. one indefinitely; (pL) some: 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ANYBODY 



55 



APHRODISIAC 



pron, one; anyone; (pi.) some: 

adv, to any extent; at all; in any 

degree (used with comparatives, as 

any better). 
anybody (-bod-i), n. any person; 

some one of importance. 
anyhow (-hou), adv, in any way or 

manner; in any case; at any rate. 
anything (-thing), n. any object as 

distinguished from a person; aught; 

with as or like, as "It rains like 

anything." 
anyway (-wa), adv, in any manner. 
anywhere (-hwar), adv. in any place. 
any- whither (-hwither), adv. to or 

cowards any place. 
any- wise (-wiz), adv. in any way or 

manner; anyhow. 
aorist (a'o-rist), n. one of the tenses 

of a Greek verb, denoting past 

indefinite time. 
aorta (a-or'ta), n. [pi. aortae (-te)], 

the chief artery or main trunk of the 

arterial system, opening from the left 

ventricle of the heart and supplying 

all parts of the body, excepting the 

lungs, with arterialized blood. 
aortic (a-6r'tik), adj. pertaining to 

the aorta. 
aortitis (a-6r-ti'tis), n. inflammation 

of the aorta. 
aoudad (a'u-dad), n. a sheep-like 

animal of North Africa, somewhat 

resembling the chamois. 
apace (a-pas'), adv. quickly; at a 

quick pace; speedily. 
Apache (a-pa'che), n. an American 

Indian; a Parisian ruffian. 
apart (a-parf), adv. separately; aside; 

asunder. 
apartment (a-part'ment), n. a room 

or part of a divided building: pi. 

a set or suite or two or more rooms 

of a house set apart as lodgings. 
apathetic (ap-a-thet'ik) , or apa- 

thetical (-al), adj. devoid of, or 

insensible to, feeling or emotion. 
apathetically (-li), adv. in an apa- 

thetical manner. 
apathy (ap'a-thi), n. [pi. apathies 

(-thiz)], lack of feeling; want of 

passion or emotion; indifference. 



apatite (ap'a-tit), n. a crystalline 

phosphate of lime. 
ape (ap), n. a tailless monkey having 

teeth in number and appearance as 

man ; a silly mimic ; a fool. The family 

of the apes including the gorilla, 

chimpanzee, orang-outang, &c.: v.t. 

to imitate servilely ; mimic, as an ape. 
apeak (a-pek'), adv. nearly vertical 

in position. 
aperient (a-per'i-ent) , adj. gently 

laxative; opening the bowels: n. a 

mild laxative medicine. 
aperiodic (a-per-i-od'ik), adj. without 

periodicity. 
aperitive (a-per'i-tiv), adj.; n. same 

as aperient. 
aperture (ap'er-tur), n. an opening; 

a perforation or passage; the space 

between two intersecting right lines; 

the diameter of the exposed part of 

the object-glass of a telescope or 

other optical instrument. 
apetalous (a-pet'a-lus), adj. without 

petals or corolla. 
apex (a'peks), n. [pi. apices (ap'i- 

sez), & apexes (a'pek-sez) ], the 

point tip, or summit of anything. 
aphagia (a-fa'ji-a), n. inability to 

swallow. 
aphasia (a-fa'zi-a), n. loss of the 

power of speech, or the appropriate 

use of words, due to disease or 

injury of the brain. 
aphelion fa-fe'li-on), n. [pi. aphelia 

(-a) ], that point in the orbit of a 

planet or a comet which is farthest 

from the sun. 
aphid (af'id), n. a plant-louse be- 
longing to the genus Aphis. 
aphides, pi. of Aphis. 
aphidian (a-fid'i-an), n. an aphid: 

adj. pertaining to the genus Aphis. 
Aphis (a'fis), n. [pi. Aphides (af'i- 

dez) ], the genus of plant-suckers, 

to v/hich the aphides belong; a 

member of the genus. 
aphorism (af'o-rizm), n. s. concise 

and pithy statement of a rule or 

precept; a maxim. 
aphrodisiac (af-ro-diz'i-ac), n. a drug 

exciting sexual desire. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



APHTHONG 



56 



APOSTATIZE 



aphthong (af thong), n. a letter or 
letters not sounded in a word. 

apiary (a'pi-a-ri), n, [pi, apiaries 
(-riz) ], a place where bees are kept; 
a bee-house. 

apiece (i,-pes'), adv, to or for each; 
each; severally. 

apish ^ (a'pish), adj, resembling an 
ape in manners; foppish; foolish. 

aplomb (i,-pl6ng'), n, self-possession; 
assurance. 

Apocalypse (i,-pok'§,-lips), n. the last 
book of the New Testament. 

Apocalyptic (a-pok-&-lip'tik), or 
Apocalyptical ('ti-kal), adj. per- 
taining to or containing the Apoca- 
lypse. 

apocope (§,-pok'o-pe), n, the cutting 
off or deletion of the last letter or 
syllable of a word. 

apocrypha (a-pok'ri-fi,), n.pl, used 
as a sing, with pi, apocryphas, 
(-f§,z), a writing, or something, of 
doubtful authorship; certain writ- 
ings received by some Christians as 
an authentic part of the Holy Scrip- 
tures, but rejected by others, as 
Ecclesiasticus. 

apocryphal (&-pok'ri-fM), acZ/. of 
doubtful authority; uncanonical; of 
or pertaining to the apocrypha. 

apocryphally (-li), adv. in an apocry- 
phal manner; doubtfully. 

apod (ap'od), n. an animal without 
feet. 

apodictic (ap-o-dik'-tik), adj, absolute 
certainty. 

apodosis ^ (§,-pod'o-sis), n. the lat- 
ter portion, or consequent clause, of 
a conditional sentence. 

apogean (ap-o-je'^n), or apogeic 
('ik), adj. pertaining to the apogee. 

apogee (ap'o-je), n, that point in the 
orbit of a planet which is most dis- 
tant from the earth. 

apologetic (§;-pol-o-jet'ik), or apol- 
ogetical ('i-k§,l), adj, in the way 
of defense or apology. 

apologetically (-li), adv. in an 
apologetic manner. 

apologetics (§,-pol-o-jet'iks), n, the 

defense. 



apologia (ap-o-lo'gi-a), n. an argu- 
ment in defense of one's actions or 
principles. 

apologist (i.-pol'6-iist), or apolo- 
gizer (-ji-zer), n, one who apolo- 
gizes; one who pleads in extenua- 
tion or defense of the actions or 
principles of another. 

apologize (§,-poro-jiz), v.i, to make 
an apology or excuse; to express re- 
gret or make amends for anything 
said or done, on one's own behalf or 
that of another: v,L to write a de- 
fense of; to defend. 

apologue (ap'o-log), n, a moral 
fable; a fiction or allegory embody- 
ing a moral application, as ^sop's 
fables. 

apology (a-pol'6-ji), n. [pi. apolo- 
gies (-jiz) ], a vindication or ex- 
cuse; something spoken, written, or 
offered in defense or extenuation; 
an explanation by way of amends. 

apophthegm. See apothegm. 

apoplectic (ap-o-plek'tik), or apo- 
plectical ('ti-kM), adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, apoplexy; 
afficted with apoplexy. 

apoplexy (ap'o-plek-si), n. the sud- 
den loss of consciousness and mo- 
tive power, resulting from cere- 
bral rupture. 

aport (4-portO, adv. on or towards 
the port or left side of a ship. 

apostasy (i,-pos'ta-si), n. [pi. apos- 
tasies (-siz) ], the forsaking or 
abandonment of what one has hith- 
erto professed or adhered to, as 
faith, principles, or party. 

apostate (i,-pos'tat), n, one who has 
forsaken or apostatized his faith or 
party; one who renounces his pro- 
fession after having been in holy 
orders: adj, false; traitorous; rene- 
gade. 

apostatical (ap-os-tat'i-kM), adj. re- 
bellious, in the manner of apostasy; 
apostate. 

apostatize (^pos'ti,-tiz) , v.i. to 
abandon one's faith, church, ori 
party; change one's rehgion for an-f 
other. 



ate, arm, S^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon» 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



A POSTERIORI 



57 



APPARITION 



a posteriori (a-pos-te-ri-o'ri), reason- 
ing founded on observation of facts, 
effects, or consequences, by means 
of which the causes are reached. 

apostle (i,-pos'l), n, one charged 
with a high mission; one of the 
twelve persons specially selected by 
Christ to propagate His gospel 
(Luke vi. 13) ; one who performed 
apostolic functions, as St. Paul (I 
Cor. i. 1) ; the first missionary who 
plants the Christian faith in any 
region; one who labors with special 
euccess as a moral or social re- 
formei. 

Apostles' Creed (kred), n. the 
shortest of the three creeds, so 
named as containing a summary of 
apostolical doctrine. 

apostle-spoon (-spoon), n. a spoon 
having a figure of one of the Apos- 
tles at the top of the handle. 

apostolate (&-pos'to-lat), n. apostle- 
ship (now restricted to the dignity 
or office of the Pope). 

apostolic (ap-os-tol'ik), or apos- 
tolical (-'i-kM), adj. & n. of or 
pertaining to an apostle or apostles, 
and their age, doctrine, or practice; 
papal 

apostolical succession (suk-sesh' 
un), n. the regular and uninterrupted 
transmission of ministerial author- 
ity by bishops from the Apostles. 

apostrophe (&-pos'tro-f e), n. a break- 
ing off in a speech to address directly 
a person or persons who may or may 
not be present; the omission from a 
word 01 one or more letters, such 
omission being indicated by the sign 
('); the sign C) so employed in writ- 
ing or printing. 

apostrophic (ap-o-strof'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, an 
apostrophe. 

apostrophize (S,-pos'tr6-fiz), v.L to 
address by apostrophe; omit a let- 
ter or letters; mark an omission by 
the sign ('). v.i, to make an apos- 
trophe or short digressive address in 
speaking. 

apothecary (§rpoth'e-ka-ri), n. [pi. 



apothecaries (-riz)], one who pre- 
pares and dispenses medicines and 
drugs for profit; one who is licensed 
to prescribe; a pharmacist. 

apothecaries' weight (wat), n. the 
weight used for dispensing drugs, 
and comprising the pound (12 oz.), 
the ounce (8 drachms), the drachm 
(3 scruples), the scruple (20 grs.), 
and the grain. 

apothegm (ap'o-them), n. a pithy say- 
ing, embodying a wholesome truth 
or precept. Also spelt apophthegm. 

apotheosis (ap-o-the'o-sis), n. [pi, 
apotheoses (-sez)], deification; the 
god-hke personification bestowed up- 
on deceased emperors under the 
Roman Empire; excessive honor paid 
to a distinguished person; canon- 
ization. 

apotheosize (ap-o-the-o'siz), v.L to 
exalt to the rank of a God; deify. 

appal (ap-paw^r), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ap- 
palled, p. pr. appalling], to fright; 
depress or discourage by fear; dis- 
may; terrify. 

appalling (ap-paw'ling), p.adj. in- 
spiring horror or dismay. 

apparatus (ap-^-ra'tus), n. sing. & 
pi. an outfit of tools, utensils, or in- 
struments adapted to the accom- 
phshment of any branch of work, 
or for the performance of an ex- 
periment or operation; a set of such 
apphances; a group or set of organs 
concerned in the performance of a 
single function. 

apparel (^-par'el), n. clothing; ves- 
ture; garb, or dress; the equipment 
of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. appar- 
eled, p. pr. appareling], to clothe or 
adorn; furnish or fit out. 

apparent (ap-par'ent), adj. open to 
view; capable of being readily per- 
ceived or understood; evident; seem- 
ing, but not real. 

apparition (ap-^-rish'un), n. a vis- 
ible object; an appearance of some- 
thing not real or tangible; a ghost 
or specter; the first appearance of 
a luminary after obscuration: op- 
posed to occultation. 



5te, Srm, fisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



APPEAL 



58 



APPLICABILITY 



appeal (ap-pel'), v.t, to transfer or 
refer to a superior court or judge; 
to refer to another person or tri- 
bunal; entreat, call for, or invoke 
aid, sympathy, or mercy: n, a call 
or invocation for aid or sympathy; 
the right of appeal; a summons to 
answer a charge; a call or reference 
to another; recourse; the removal 
of a cause from an inferior to a su- 
perior court, the latter having the 
power to revise the decision of the 
lower tribunal. 

appear (ap-per'), v,i, to be or 
become visible; come before; seem. 

appearance (ap-per'ans), n, the act 
of becoming visible; the object seen; 
a phenomenon; an apparition; sem- 

. blance; outward show; the act of 
coming before the public; coming 
into court; look; bearing or aspect. 

appeasable (ap-pez-za-bl), adj, ca- 
pable of being appeased. 

appease (ap-pez^, v.t. to allay; 
assuage; quiet; satisfy; pacify. 

appeasement (ap-pez'ment), n. the 
act of appeasing; the state of being 
appeased. 

appeasive (ap-pe'ziv), adj. of a 
nature to appease; that tends to 
quiet or assuage. 

apellant (ap-pel'ant), n. one who 
appeals to a higher court; one who 
appeals to a judge, or to any 
tribunal. 

appellate (ap-pel'at), adj. pertaining 
to appeals; having cognizance of 
appeals: n. the person appealed 
against or called upon to appear. 

appellation (ap-e-la'shun), n. the 
name, title, or designation by which 
a person or thing is called or known; 
the act of appealing. 

appellative (ap-peF a-tiv), ac^f. serving 
to distinguish, as a name or denomi- 
nation of a group or class; common, 
as a noun: n. a common, as dis- 
tinguished from a proper, name; 
the designation of a class. 

appellatory (ap-pel'a-to-ri), adj, 
containing an appeal. 

appellee (ap-e-le'), n. the person ap- 



pealed against; the defendant in an 
appeal. 

append (ap-pend'), v.t. to attach, 
hang or suspend; subjoin or add 
to, as an accessory part; annex. 

appendage (ap-pen'daj), n, some- 
thing appended or attached as a part 
of; something added as an adjunct. 

appendant (ap-pen'dant), or ap- 
pendent ('dent), adj. attached or 
annexed: n. that which is appended 
or added. 

appendicitis (ap-pen-di-sl'tis) , n. 
inflammation of the vermiform 
appendix of the caecum. 

appendix (ap-pen'diks), n, [pi. ap- 
pendixes Cdik-sez) & appendices 
Cdi-sez) ], that which is added as 
supplemental. 

apperception (ap-per-sep'shun) , n. 
perception involving self-conscious- 
ness. The relation of new ideas to 
old ideas. 

appertain (ap-er-tanO, ^•'^*« to belong 
or pertain to, as by relation or 
custom. 

appetite (ap'e-tit), n. the desire for 
gratification of some want, craving, 
or passion that is natural or acquired ; 
the relish for food induced by keen- 
ness of stomach. 

appetizer (ap'e-ti-zer), n. something 
that excites or whets the appetite. 

applaud (ap-plawd'), v.f. to praise; 
express approval or approbation by 
clapping of the hands or acclama- 
tion. 

applause (ap-plawzO, n, the ex- 
pression of approval by clapping; 
approbation openly shown by ac- 
clamation. 

applausive (ap-plaw'siv), adj. ap- 
plauding; manifesting approval. 

apple (ap'l), n. the round fleshy fruit 
of the apple-tree, and its numerous 
cultivated varieties; any fruit i^e- 
sembling an apple. 

appliance (ap-plfans), n. the act of 
applying; that which is used with, 
or as a part of, something else. 

applicability (ap-li-ka-biri-ti) , n. the 
{uality of being applicable. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon,^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



APPLICABLE 



59 



APPREHENSION 



applicable (apli-ki-bl), adj, capable 
of being, or fit to be, applied. 

applicant (ap'li-kant), n. one who 
applies, or prefers a request for 
something; a petitioner. 

application (ap-H-ka'shun), n, the 
act of applying, putting to, or on; 
the thing applied; the applying or 
reducing to practice; the practical 
demonstration of a principle; the 
act of requesting; request; mental 
assiduousness. 

applicative (apli-ka-tiv), adj. capable 
of being applied. 

applicatory (ap'li-ka-to-ri), ac?/. fitness 
to be applied: n. that which applies. 

applied (ap-plld'), p.adj. practical. 

applique (ap-U-ka'), ^. a method of 
ornamentation in dress or uphol- 
stery in which portions or figures 
cut from other patterns are fixed or 
appHed to a groundwork or founda- 
tion of any material. 

■ipply (ap-pliO> t^-^- [P'^' ^ P'P- aP" 
phed, p.pr. applying], to place one 
to another; lay on; put into prac- 
tice; devote to a particular purpose; 
refer or ascribe as fitting to a per- 
son or thing; address or direct; fix 
the mind upon: v.i. to suit; have 
connection with or reference to; 
make appHcation to. 

appoint (ap-pointO, v.t. to fix; settle; 
found; ma!ke fast; establish by 
decree; assign or ordain; fix the 
time and order of; furnish or equip; 
vd, to decree; ordain; determine. 

appointee (ap-poin-te'), n. one in 
whose favor an appointment is made. 

appointment (ap-point'ment), n. the 
act of appointing; the assign- 
ing to an office or trust; the state 
of being appointed; the position or 
office assigned or held; a stipula- 
tion; an engagement; an arrange- 
ment to meet by mutual agreement; 
an ordinance or decree established by 
authority; furniture or equipment. 

apportion (ap-por'shun), v.L to assign 
by equal or proportionate division; 
distribute or set out in just propor- 
tions. 



apportionment (ap-por'shun-ment) , 
n. the act of apportioning or dividing 
into just shares. 

apposite (ap'o-zit), adj, proper; fit; 
pertinent; well-adapted. 

apposition (ap-o-zish'un), n. the act 
of adding; addition by appHcation, 
or placing together; the placing of a 
second noim in the same case in 
juxtaposition to the first, which it 
characterizes or explains, as St. 
Mark, the Evangelist. 

apFK>8itional (ap-o-zish'im-il), adj. 
belonging to apposition. 

appraisal (ap-pra'zM), n. the act of 
appraising, or putting a price upon 
with a view to sale. 

appraise (ap-praz'), v.t to set a 
price upon; value; estimate the 
worth of, as by a hcensed appraiser. 

appraisement (ap-praz 'ment), n. the 
act of valuing; an authorized valu- 
ation. 

appraiser (ap-pra'zer), n. one who 
appraises; a person licensed and 
sworn to estimate the value of goods 
or estates. 

appreciable (ap-pre'shi-§.-bl), adj. 
capable of being appreciated, per- 
ceived, or estimated. 

appreciate (ap-pre-shi-at), v.t to 
value; estimate the worth of; es- 
teem highly; prize; be sensible of; 
raise in value. 

appreciation (ap-pre-shi-a'shun), n. 
the just valuation, or proper esti- 
mate of worth or merit; a rise in 
value. 

appreciative (ap-pre'shi-a-tiv), adj. 
exhibiting appreciation. 

appreciatory (ap-pre'shi-a-to-ri) , 
cuij. expressive of admiration. 

apprehend (ap-re-hend'), v.t. to take 
or lay hold of; seize; arrest; take 
a mental hold of; anticipate or ex- 
pect: v.i. to incline to behef; form 
a conception. 

apprehensible (ap-re-hen'si-bl), adj. 
capable of being apprehended or 
conceived. 

apprehension (ap-re-hen'shun), n. 
the act of seizure or lajdng hold of; 



tte, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



APPREHENSIVE 



60 



A PRIORI 



arrest; the act of conceiving; per- 
ception; anticipation of evil; fear 
or distrust of the future. 

apprehensive (ap-re-hen'siv), adj, 
capable of apprehending; quick to 
learn, or grasp; fearful of evil; 
anxious for the future. 

apprentice (^.-pren'tis), n, one bound 
or articled by indenture to serve a 
certain number of years to learn 
some trade or craft; a novice or 
tyro: v.t to put under the care of a 
master for instruction in some trade 
or craft. 

apprize (i-prlz'), v,L to give notice 
to; inform. 

approach (ap-proch'), v.t. to draw 
or grow near; approximate: v,L to 
resemble, come near to. 

approach (ap-proch'), n. the act of 
drawing near; access; passage. 

approbate (ap'ro-bat), t;.^ to express 
approval of; license or sanction. 

approbation (ap-ro-ba'shun), n, the 
act of approving; commendation. 

approbative (ap'ro-ba-tiv), adj. ap- 
proving; expressing approbation. 

approbativeness (-nes), n, love of 
praise or fame; ambition. 

approbatory (ap'ro-ba-to-ri), adj. con- 
taining or expressing approbation. 

appropriable (ap-pro 'pri-^-bl) , adj, 
capable of appropriation. 

appropriate (ap-pro'pri-at), v.t. to 
take to one's self, in exclusion of 
others; claim or use, as by an ex- 
clusive right; set apart or assign to 
a particular use; annex a benefice to 
a religious corporation: ady. pecuHar; 
fit; apt. 

appropriation (ap-pro-pri-a'shun), n. 
the act of assigning to one's self, 
or to a particular use or person; 
appHcation to a special use or pur- 
pose; the annexation of a benefice 
to a religious corporation. 

appropriative (ap-pro^pri-a-tiv), adj. 
appropriating; making or tending to 
appropriation. 

appropriator (ap-pro'pri-a-ter), n. 
one who appropriates; one who holds 
an appropriated benefice. 



approvable (ap-proo'vi,-bl), adj. de- 
serving of or meriting approval. 

approval (ap-proov'^l), n. approba- 
tion; sanction; ratification; consent 

approve (ap-proov'), v.t. to prove, 
test, or demonstrate; ratify; pro- 
nounce efficient or sufficient; be 
pleased or satisfied with; commend: 
v.i. to express approval (usually fol- 
lowed by of). 

approver (ap-proo'ver), n. one who 
approves. 

approvingly (ap-proo'ving-li), adv. 
in a commendatory manner. 

approximate (ap-prok 'si-mat), v.t. 
to bring or carry near; cause to ap- 
proach: v.i. to draw near; approach 
closely: adj. making approach to; 
near in resemblance or position. 

approximately (ap-prok'si-mat'li) , 
adv. very nearly but not absolutely. 

approximation (ap-prok-si-ma'- 
shun), n. the act of approximating: 
approach to anything as a standard; 
continual approach in exactness to 
the quantity sought, without actual- 
ly arriving at it; a value nearly but 
not quite correct. 

approximative (ap-prok'si-ma-tiv) , 
adj. with a tendency to exactness. 

approximatively (ap-prok'si-ma-tiv- 
fi), adv. in an approximative manner. 

appulse (ap-pulsO, or appulsion 
(-pul'shun), n. a coming toward; 
the near approach of a planet to a 
conjunction with the sun or any 
fixed star. 

appurtenance (ap-per'te-nans), n. 
that which belongs or relates to 
something else; an adjunct or ap- 
pendage; that which belongs to, or is 
accessory to, an estate or property. 

appurtenant (ap-per[te-n§-nt), adj. 
belonging or pertaining to; acces- ; 
sory. 

apricot (a'pri-kot & ap'ri-kot), n. the 
fruit oi a tree, allied to the plum. \ 

April fool (fool), n. one who is im- 
posed upon or deceived in a jocular i 
manner on April 1st, or All Fools* 
Day. 

a priori (a pri-o'ri), from something 



ate, arm, S,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



APRON 



61 



ARABIC NUMERALS 



prior; proceeding from antecedent 
to consequent. 

apron (a'prun), n. a portion of cloth, 
leather, or other material, worn as 
a protective or ornamental covering 
to the front of the person; a leathern 
covering for the legs, used in driving; 
the vent-cover of a cannon; the 
curved timber placed above the 
foremost end of a ship's keel; a plat- 
form at the entrance to a dock. 

apropos (^-pro-po'), adv, to the pur- 
pose; to the point; opportunely; in 
respect (followed by of) : adi, season- 
able; happy. Written also d, propos. 

apse • (aps), n, [pL^ apses (-ez)], a 
polygonal or semicircular recess ter- 
minating the choir or other portion 
of a church. 

apsidal (ap'si-dM), adj. pertaining to 
the apsides. 

apsis (ap'sis), n. [pi. apsides ('si-dez)], 
one of two points in the orbit of a 
planet situated at the furthest or 
the least distance from the central 
body or sun; the imaginary line con- 
necting these points. 

apt (apt), adj. suitable; pertinent; 
appropriate; liable; incUned; ready; 
expert; quick of apprehension. 

apteral (ap'te-rM),a4;. without wings; 
without side-columns. 

apterous (ap'te-rus), adj. destitute 
of wings, or wing-like expansions. 

apteryx (ap'te-riks), n. a wingless and 
tailless bird peculiar to New Zealand. 

aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. capacity for 
anything ; fitness; tendency; readi- 
ness in learning. 

aqua (a'kw^), n. a term much used 
in pharmacy in the abbreviated form 
of Aq. and denoting the addition of 
water. 

aqua ammoniae (am-mo'ni-e), water 
containing an infusion of ammonia- 
gas. 

aqua fortis (for'tis), n. (strong wa- 
ter), impiu'e nitric acid. 

aqua regia (a'kw4 re'ji-^), n. (royal- 
water), a mixture of nitric and 
hydrochloric acids, capable of dis- 
solving gold. 



aqua vitse (a^kw^ vi'te), n. (water 
of life) unrectified alcohol; brandy 
and other ardent spirits. 

aquamarine (a'kw^-ma-ren'), n, a 
pale bluish-green variety of beryl; a 
color resembling the precious beryl. 

aquarium (§,-kwar'i-um), n. [pi. 
aquaria (-^) & aquariums (-umz) ], 
a tank or globe for the keeping and 
cultivation of aquatic plants and ani- 
mals; a series of such receptacles. 

aquatic (i-kwat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to water; growing or living in or 
upon water; performed in or upon 
water, as sports: n. an animal or 
plant inhabiting water: pi. aquatic 
sports. 

aquatint (a'kw^-tint), n. a species 
of etching resembling a water-color 
drawing in India ink or in sepia; an 
engraving produced by this process: 
v.t. to etch or engrave in aquatint. 

aqueduct (ak'w^-dukt), n. sl struc- 
ture in the form of a conduit or ar- 
tificial channel for conducting water 
from a source, as for the supply of 
a large city. 

aqueous (a'kwe-us), adj. of the nature 
of, or abounding in, water; watery; 
formed in or by means of water. 

aquiform (a-kwi-form), adj. having 
the form of water; hquid. 

aquiline (ak'wi-lin & -lin), adj. be- 
longing to or resembling an eagle; 
curved, as the beak of an eagle. 

Arab (ar'4b), n. a native of Arabia; 
a desert-dweller; one of the Arabic 
races spread over the African and 
Syrian deserts; a homeless street- 
urchin or outcast: adj. pertaining 
to Arabia or the Arabs. 

arabesque (ar-§,-besk'), n. the style 
of Arabic decorative art, which con- 
sists of the painting, inlaying, or 
carving in low relief of figures of 
plants, fruits, flowers, and foHage, 
variously combined or fantastically 
grouped: adj. pertaining to or ex- 
hibiting the arabesque style of 
ornamentation: v.t. enrich with 
ornament in arabesque. 

Arabic numerals (-num'er-alz) , n.pl. 



5te, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ARABLE 



62 



ARCHiCOLOGY 



the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, <&;c., of Indian 
origin, used^ by the Arabs and 
introduced into Europe in the 
12th century. 

arable (ar'a-bi), adj, fit for the plow; 
suited to the purposes of cultivation. 

arbiter (ar'bi-ter), n, an umpire or 
judge; an arbitrator. 

arbitrament (ar-bit'ri,-ment), n. the 
decision of arbitrators; an award. 

arbitrarily^ (-li), adv, in a capricious 
manner; imperiously. 

arbitrary (ar'bi-trar-i), adj, depending 
on the will of the arbiter; discretion- 
ary; capricious; imperious. 

arbitrate (ar'bi-trat), v.i, to act as 
arbiter; to settle a dispute, as an 
umpire; mediate. 

arbitration (ar-bi-tra'shun), n. the set- 
tlement of a dispute by an umpire. 

arbitrator (ar'bi-tra-ter), n, one 
chosen by the parties in a dispute to 
settle it ; an umpire. 

arbor (ar'ber), n, a bower; a shaded 
nook or walk. 

Arbor Day (ar'ber da), a day legally 
set apart in certain states for plant- 
ing trees. 

arboraceous (ar-bo-ra'shus), adj, per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, a tree 
or trees; living on or among trees. 

arboreous (ar-bo're-us) or arboreal 
(-M), adj, pertaining to trees; 
wooded. 

arborescence (ar-bo-res'ens) , n, 
something having the shape of a 
tree, as certain crystals. 

arborescent (ar-bo-res'ent), adj, 
tree-like. 

arboretum (ar-bo-re'tum), n. [pi. 
arboreta, (-ta) & arboretums 
(-tumz) ], a place in which rare 
trees are cultivated and exhibited. 

arboriculture (ar-ber-i-kurtur), n. 
the cultivation of trees. 

arborise (ar-ber-e-zaO, cbdj. marked 
like the branching of trees, as agates, 
enamels, &c. 

arborisation or arborization (ar-ber- 
i-za'shun), n. tree-like appearance. 

arborous (ar'ber-us), adj. having the 
appearance or nature of an arbor. 



arbor-vitae (ar-ber-vi'te), n, an ever- 
green tree extensively cultivated 
in gardens, &c. 

arc (ark), n. a curved line or any 
part of a curve forming the segment 
of a circle; the portion of a circle 
described by the sun or any heavenly 
body in its apparent passage through 
the heavens. 

arc-lanip (-lamp), n. a lamp having 
a luminous bridge or arc. 

arc-light (-lit), a hght produced by 
a current of electricity passing be- 
tween two carbon points placed a 
short distance from each other. 

arcade (ar-kad'), n. a series of -arches 
supported by pillars; an arched gal- 
lery, or promenade, hned with shops. 

arcadian (ar-ka'di-an), adj, rurally 
simple. 

arcanum (ar-ka'num), n, [pi. arcana 
('n^) ], a secret; a mystery; a val- 
uable ehxir. 

arch (arch), n. structure of brick or 
masonry, the component wedge- 
shaped parts of which follow a 
curved line; any curvature having 
the form of an arch: v,t. to cover 
with an arch or arches; to bend or 
curve into the form of an arch: v.i, 
to form an arch or arches; curve: 
adj. chief; of the first rank; cunning; 
crafty; shrewd; waggish; mischiev- 
ous; roguish; sportive; coy. 

arch-board (arch'bord), n. the portion 
of the stern over the counter of a ship. 

arch-brick (arch'brik), n. a wedge- 
shaped brick used in the construc- 
tion of arches. 

archseologic (ar-ke-o-loj'ik) or 
archaeological ('i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to the study of mtiquities. 

archaeologically (-li), adv. in ac- 
cordance with the science of antiq- 
uities 

archaeologist or archeologist (ar- 
ke-oro-jist), n. one versed in the 
study of ancient things; an anti- 
quary. 

archaeology or archeology (ar-ke- 
oro-ji), n. the science of antiquities; 
the study of prehistoric remains, or 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ARCHAIC 



ARCHITECTURAL 



the relics of the early races of 
mankind. 

archaic , (ar-ka'ik) or archaical 
(''i-kal), adj. pertaining to a remote 
period; characterized by antiquity; 
old-fashioned; antiquated. 

archaism (ar'ka-izm), n. antiquity 
of style or use; an antiquated, old- 
fashioned, or obsolete word, expres- 
sion, or idiom. 

archangel (ark-an'jel), n. an angel 
of the highest order, 

archangelic (ark-an-jel'ik), adj, per- 
taining to archangels. 

archbishop (arch-bish'up), n. a chief 
bishop, ^ one who^ supervises the 
bishops in his province, and also ex- 
ercises episcopal authority in his 
own diocese. 

archbishopric (arch-bish'up-rik) , n. 
the jurisdiction, office, or see of an 
archbishop. 

archdeacon (arch-de'kn), n. digni- 
tary ranking next below a bishop, 
and who acts as his vicar or vice- 
regent. 

archdeaconate, office of archdeacon 

€urchdeaconry (arch-de'kn-ri), n. the 
office, rank, jurisdiction, or residence 
of an archdeacon. 

archducal (arch-du^kM), adj. pertain- 
ing to an archduke or an archduchy. 

archduchess (arch-duch'es), n. the 
wife of an archduke; a daughter of 
the Emperor of Austria. 

archduchy (arch-duch'i), n, [pi. arch- 
duchies (-iz) ], the territory or rank 
of an archduke or archduchess. 

archduke (arch-duk'), n. a prince of 
the imperial house of Austria. 

archdukedom (arch-duk'dom), n. the 
dignity or territory of an archduke. 

archebiosis (ar-ke-bi-o'sis), n. the 
origination of hving from non-living 
matter; abiogenesis. 

archegony (ar-keg'o-ni) , n. the doc- 
trine of the origin of life. 

archenemy (arch-en'e-mi), n. a princi- 
pal enemy; Satan. 

archer (ar'cher), n. a bowman; one 
skilled in the use of the bow and 
arrow. 



archer-fish (-fish), n. a scaly-finnei 
fish of the Java seas, which catches 
insects by darting drops of water 
upon them. 

archery (ar'cher-i), n. the art, prac- 
tice, or skill of one who uses the 
bow and arrow. 

archet ye (ar'ke-tip), n, the original 
type or pattern upon or after which 
a thing is made; a model; the orig- 
inal or fundamental type-structure 
from which a natural group of 
plants or animals are assmned to 
have descended. 

archetypic (ar-ke-tip'ik) , arche- 
typal (-ti'pal), or archetypical 
(-tip'i-k§,l), adj, of or pertaining to 
an archetype. 

archibald (ar'clu-bald) . n. sl 1916 
type of British aeroplane* 

archiepiscopacy (ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pi,- 
si), n. the rule or dignity of an 
archbishop. 

archiepiscopal (ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pS,!) , 
adj. pertaining to an archbishop or 
to his office. 

archiepiscopate. See archiepisco- 
pacy. 

arching (ar'ching), adj. cmrvdng like 
an arch: n. arched work. 

archipelagic (ar-ki-pe-laj'ik), adj. 
pertaining to a collection of islands 
with the sea dividing them. 

archipelago (ar-ki-per^-go), n. [pi. 
archipelagoes & -gos (-goz) ], any 
sea or body of salt water inter- 
spersed with numerous islands; the 
island-group itself. 

architect (iir'ki-tekt), n. one versed 
in the art of building and the vari- 
ous styles of architecture; one who 
plans or designs buildings and su- 
perintends their construction, hence 
one who forms or designs. ^ 

architective (ar'ki-tek-tiv) , adj. 
used in building; proper for building. 

architectonics (ar-ki-tek-tonlks), 
n.pl. the science of architecture. 

architectural (ar-ki-tek'tu-ral), adj, 
pertaining to the art of building; in 
accordance with the rules of the 
building art. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ARCHITECTURALLY 



64 



ARGILLACEOUS 



architecturally (-li), adv, with re- 
gard to the principles of the build- 
ing art; from the designer's point 
of view. 

architecture (arld-tek-ttir), n. the 
science or art of building; the meth- 
od or style of building; construc- 
tion; workmanship. 

architrave (ar'ki-trav), n. the low- 
est division of an entablature, or 
that part which rests immediately 
on the column. 

archival (ar-ki'val & ar'ki-vM), odj, 
pertaining to, or included in state 
records. 

archive (ar'kiv), n. [pZ. archives 
• (-kivz) ], a record preserved as evi- 
dence: pZ. the place where public or 
state records are kept; state or pub- 
lic documents, or records of histori- 
cal value pertaining to a nation or 
to a family. 

archly (-li), adv. roguishly; wag- 
gishly; coyly. 

archness (-nes), n. shyness; coyness. 

archon (ar'kon), n. a chief magis- 
trate of ancient Athens; one of the 
nine chief magistrates chosen to su- 
perintend civil and religious matters. 

archpriest (arch'prest), n. a chief 
priest; a rural dean. 

archway (arch'wa), n. an opening or 
passage beneath an arched or vaulted 
roof. 

arcograph (ark'o-graf), n. an in- 
strument for drawing an arc with- 
out the use of a central point. 

arctic (ark'tik), adj, pertaining to 
the region of the north pole; polar; 
northern; frigid. 

arctic circle (serial), n. an imagin- 
ary circle parallel to the equator and 
distant 23° 28' from the north pole. 

ardent (ar'dent), adj, hot; burning; 
fiery; warm; glowing; passionate; 
eager; zealous; vehement. 

ardent spirits (spir'itz), n.pZ. alco- 
holic beverages, as brandy, whiskey, 
&c. 

ardor (ar'der), n, heat in a physical 
sense; warmth of affection or pas- 
sion; eager desire; zeal. 



arduous (ar'du-us), adj. steep; hard 
to climb; attended with great labor 
or exertion; difficult. 

are (ar), 'pres. tense pL of the verb 
to be. See be. 

are (ar), n. the unit of French super- 
ficial or square measure containing 
100 sq. meters or 1076.44 Enghsh 
sq. ft. 

area (ar'e-S,), n. [pL areas (-^z)], 
any plane surface having bounds, 
whether natural or artificial, as the 
floor of a hall, &c.; any defined ex- 
tent of land-surface; the sunken 
space situated at the base of a build- 
ing and separating it from the street; 
the superficial contents of any space 
or figure; extent; range; scope; a 
compass of ore allotted to miners. 

arena (^-re'na), 7i, [pi. arenas (-n^z)], 
the central enclosed space (usually 
strewn with sand) of a Roman am- 
phitheater, in which the gladiatorial 
combats took place; hence the scene 
or field for combat or exertion of any 
kind. 

arenaceous (ar-e-na'shus), adj, 
sandy; abounding in, or having the 
properties of, sand. 

Areopagus (ar-e-op'^-gus), n. the 
tribunal, or highest court, of ancient 
Athens, so named from its situation 
on the hill of Ares (Mars); hence 
any high court or tribunal. 

Argand lamp (lamp), n. a lamp hav- 
ing a hollow circular wick to permit 
the passage of air inside and outside 
the flame. 

argent (ar'jent), n. the silver of a 
coat of arms, represented in drawing 
or engraving by a plain white sur- 
face, symbolical of purity, beauty, 
&c. : adj. made of, or resembHng, sil- 
ver; silvery white; bright Hke silver. 

argentite (ar'j en-tit), n. sulphide of 
silver of a lead-grey color. 

argentous (ar-jen'tus),^ adj. pertain- 
ing to, or containing, silver. 

argil (ar'jil), n. potters' clay or earth. 

argillaceous (ar-ji-la'shus), adj. of 
the nature of, or containing, clay; 
clayey. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ARGILLITE 



65 



ARK 



argillite (ar'ji-Ht), n, clay-state. 

argol (ar'gol), n» crude tartar from 
which cream of tartar is prepared. 

argon (ar'gun), n, an element asso- 
ciated with nitrogen, and forming 
one of the constituents of the air. 

argonaut (ar'go-nawt), n. a cepha- 
lopod commonly known as the pa- 
per-nautilus, and paper-sailor of the 
Mediterranean. 

argosy (ar'go-si), n. [pi. argosies 
(-siz)], a large richly-freighted mer- 
chant-vessel. 

argot (ar'go), n.slang. 

arguable (ar'gu-§.-bl), adj. capable 
of being disputed or discussed. 

argue (ar'gU), v.i, to sho\y or offer 
reasons in support of, or in opposi- 
tion to, a proposition, opinion, or 
measure; to reason, dispute, discuss; 
contend in debate: v.t. to debate or 
discuss; prove or evince. 

argument (ar'gu-ment), n. that 
which is advanced in support or 
proof with a view to persuade or 
convince the mind; a discussion, 
controversy, or debate; the subject of 
a discourse or writing; an abstract 
or summary of a book. 

argumental (ar-gu-men't^l), af^. per- 
taining to reasoning; consisting of 
reasons. 

argumentation (ar-gu-men-ta'- 
shun), n. the act of arguing; discus- 
sion. 

argumentative (ar- gu - men'tA - tiv), 
adj consisting of, or exhibiting a 
process of reasoning; addicted to 
argument; disputatious. 

argus-eyed (ar'gus-id), adj. watch- 
ful; vigilant; extremely observant. 

aria (ar'e-a & ar'-i-i.), n. an air; a 
melody or tune for single voice with 
accompaniment;^ a solo part in a 
cantata or oratorio, &c. 

Arian (a'ri-§,n), adj. pertaining to 
the doctrines of the Arian sect. 

Arianism (a'ri-an-ism), the doctrine 
of the Arian sect, denying the divin- 
ity of Christ. 

arid (ar'id), adj. dry; parched up; 
barren. 



aridity (§,-rid'i-ti) or aridness (ar'- 
id-nes), n. the state of being dry) 
dryness; want of life or interest. 

arietta (ar-e-et't^), n. a short song 
or air. 

aright (i-rif), adv. rightly; in a right 
way or form; without sin or error. 

arise (i-riz'), v.L^ [p.t, arose, p.p. 
arisen, p. pr. arising], to mount up 
or ascend; to come into view; rise 
or get up; spring up; come into 
existence or action; originate. 

aristocracy (ar-is-tok'r4-si), n. [pi. 
aristocracies (-siz) ], government by 
persons of the highest rank in a 
state; the nobility or chief persons 
in a state. 

aristocrat (ar'is-to-krat & ^-ris'to- 
krat), n. a personage of rank and 
noble birtb; one who upholds the 
aristocracy or favors government 
by the nobles; a person who pos- 
sesses traits supposed to charac- 
terize the nobility. 

aristocratic (ar-is-to-krat'ik) or 
aristocratical (-i-kS,l), adj. per- 
taining to, or consisting in, a gov- 
ernment of the nobles; pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the higher 
class or nobility. 

aristocratically (-li), adv. in an 
aristocratic manner. 

aristocratism (ar'is-t5-krat-izm & 
ar-is-tok'rS--tizm), n. the rank, con- 
dition, or privileges of one of noble 
birth; the principles of aristocracy. 

arithmetic (§,-rith'me-tik), n. the 
science of numbers; the art of com- 
putation by figures. 

arithmetical (ar-ith-met'i-kal), adj. 
of or pertaining to arithmetic. 

arithmetically (-li), adv. according 
to the rules or methods of arithmetic. 

arithmetician (^-rith-me-tish'&n), n. 
one skilled in the science of numbers. 

arithmometer (ar-ith-mom'e-ter), n. 
a calculating machine which per- 
forms multiplication and division. 

ark (ark), n. the repository of the 
Covenant, or tables of the Law, in 
the Jewish Tabernacle (Exod. xxv.), 
and subsequently placed in the Tem- 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; think, then, 
nir. 5 



ARM 



66 



ARMS 



pie of Solomon (I Kings viii.) ; the 
vessel in which Noah and his family 
were preserved during the Deluge, 
hence a place of safety or refuge; 
a large boat used for transporting 
produce on American rivers. 

arm (arm), n, the limb of the human 
body which extends from the shoul- 
der to the hand; the anterior or fore- 
hmb of any vertebrate animal; any 
projecting or diverging organ or 
part of a main body or trunk, as 
the tentacle of a star-fish, the branch 
of a tree, an inlet of the sea, &c.; 
might; power; support. 

arm (arm), n. a weapon; a branch 
of the military service: v.t. to fur- 
nish or equip with weapons of of- 
fense or defense; fortify or provide 
against; furnish with an armature: 
v.i, to fit one^s self with arms, or 
take to one's self means of defense. 

armada (ar-ma'da), n, fleet of war 
vessels; especially the Spanish fxcet 
sent against England in 1588, and 
destroyed off the English coast by 
the English fleet. 

arm-chair (arm'-char), n. a chair 
furnished with supports for the 
elbows. 

arnn-pit (arm'-pit), n. the cavity be- 
neath the shoulder; the axiiia. 

armadillo (ar-mS^-diFo), n, [pZ. ar- 
madillos ('oz) ], a South American 
quadruped, armed with a bony shell 
divided into belts consisting of nu- 
merous small plates, and resembling 
a coat of mail; an electric battery 
so named, wcrn round the body as 
a cure for nervous and other affec- 
tions. 

armageddon (ar-m&g'ed-don), n. 
a mighty battle against evil, used 
figuratively. See Rev. 16: 16-20. 

armament (ar'm§,-ment), n. a body 
of forces equipped for war, either 
military or naval j the cannon and 
small arms collectively of a warship 
or fortification; the number and 
weight of guns of a war-vessel. 

armature (ar'ma-tur), n. armor: 



that which serves as a means of de- 
fense; a piece of soft iron connecting 
the poles of a magnet, or elec- 
tro-magnet, to preserve and increase 
the magnetic force; iron bars or 
frame-work used to strengthen a 
building. 

armful (arm 'fool), n. as much as can 
be compassed by the arms. 

artnistice (ar'mis-tis), n. a tempo- 
rary cessation of hostihties agreed 
upon by opposing forces; a truce. 

armlet (arm'let), n. a small arm of 
the sea; a metal band for the arm 
used for ornament or for protection. 

armoire (ar-mwar'), n. a movable 
cupboard with doors. 

armor (ar'mer), n. defensive arms; 
protective covering for the body in 
battle; the steel plating of a warship. 

armor-clad (-klad), adj. ironclad: 
n. a war vessel protected by steel 
plating. 

armor-grating (-grafting), n. deep 
iron gratings used to protect the 
boilers of ironclads from missiles 
during an engagement. 

armor-plate (-plat), n, a plate of 
iron or steel intended to be afl&xed 
to the side of a ship as part of a 
casing for protection against shell fire. 

armorer (ar'mor-er), n. formerly a 
maker of arms or armor, or one who 
had charge of the armor of another; 
the custodian of the arms of a troop 
or battleship. 

armorial (ar-m6'ri-§;l), adj. pertain- 
ing to armor or to the arms or es- 
cutcheon of a family: n, a book or 
dictionary of heraldic devices and 
the names of persons entitled to use 
them. 

armory (ar'mer-i), n. [pi, -riep, 
(-riz) J, a place for arms or the as- 
sembly of soldiers; a manufactory 
of arms. 

armozeen or armozine (ar-mo- 
zen'), n. a thick plain silk, generally 
black, used for clerical robes. 

arms (armz), n.pl. weapons of offense 
or defense; the military service; war 
as a profession; armorial bearings. 



ate, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ARMY 



&7 



ARRIS 



army (ar'mi), n. [pi. armies (-miz) ], 
a body of men trained and equipped 
for war, and organized in regiments, 
brigades, or similar divisions imder 
proper officers: a great number or 
multitude; an organized body of 
persons engaged in moral warfare. 

army- worm (-werm), n, the larva of 
a moth which devastates grain and 
other crop)a. 

arnica (ar'ni-kl), n. a genus of per- 
ennial herbs; the mountain tobac- 
co: from the roots or flowers of a 
species of this herb a valuable ex- 
ternal remedy for bruises is made. 

aroma (&-ro'm^), n, [pL aromas 
('m&z) ], the odor exhaled by plants 
or other substances, generally of an 
agreeable or spicy nature; perfume; 
fragrance. 

aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik) or aronnat- 
ical ('i-k^l), adj. giving out aro- 
ma; fragrant; spicy; odoriferous: 
n. a plant, herb, or drug yielding a 
fragrant smell. 

aromatically (-li), adv. with an 
aromatic taste or smell. 

aromatic-vinegar (-vin'e-g&r), 7i. 
a powerful perfume composed of 
strong acetic acid, the essential oils 
of lavender, camphor, &c. 

aromatous (&-ro'm^-tus), adj. full of 
fragrance; aromatic. 

arose (&-roz'), p.t. oi arise. 

around (&-round'), adv. in a circle; 
on every side; roundabout: prep. 
about; on all sides; encirchng; en- 
compassing. 

arousal (^-rou'zM), n. the act of 
awakening; the state of being awak- 
ened. 

arouse (&-rouz')^ v.t. to excite or stir 
to action; put m motion that which 
is at rest; awaken from sleep or a 
state of inactivity; stimulate; ani- 
mate. 

arow (&-ro'), adv. in a row; in order; 
successively. 

arraign (^-ran'), v.t. to summon or 
set, as a prisoner at the bar of a 
court to answer to a charge; cen- 
sure publicly , impeach; indict. 



surraignment (i-ran'ment), n. an 
accusation; an impeachment. 

arrange (&-ranj'), v.t to put in proper 
order or sequence; classify; adjust 
or settle; adapt; group. 

arrangement (^-ranj'ment), n, the 
act of putting in proper form or or- 
der; that which is ordered or dis- 
posed; the method or style of dis- 
position; a preparatory measure; 
preparation; settlement; classifica- 
tion; adjustment; adaptation. 

arrant (ar'^nt), adj. notorious; un- 
rniti gated; thorough or downright 
(in a bad sense) ; shameless. 

arras (ar'as), n. tapestry; hangings 
made of rich figured fabric. 

arrasene or arasene (ar-as-sen'), n. 
a kind of mixed thread of wool and 
silk used in raised embroidery. 

array (ar-ra'\ n. order; the group- 
ing or arrangement of a body of men 
as drawn up for battle; an orderly 
collection or series of things impos- 
ingly displayed; dress arranged on 
the person; apparel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
-ed, p.pr. -ing], to place or dispose 
in order; marshal; deck or dress. 

array al (ar-ra'M), n. the process of 
arraying. 

arrear (ar-rer'), n. the state of being 
behind-hand; that w hich is not done, 
is outstanding, or unpaid. 

arrearage (ar-rer'aj), n. the state 
or condition of being in arrears; 
that which remains unpaid and 
overdue after a previous payment. 

arrest (ar-resf), v.t. to stop or stay; 
check or hinder the action or motion 
of; seize, take, or apprehend by le- 
gal authority; seize and fix, as the 
eye or attention: 7i. the act of seiz- 
ing; stoppage or holding back by 
force or restraint ; the state of being 
seized or detained by l^al au- 
thority. 

arriere-ban (ar-ri-yarlDan), n. reserve 
force of the French National Guard. 

arris (ar'is), n. the fine or edge in 
which two curved or straight sur- 
faces of a body, forming an exterior 
angle, meet each other. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ARRIS-WISE 



68 



ARTERIOLOGY 



arris-wise (-wiz), adv, diagonally 
laid, like tiles; ridge-wise. 

arrival (ar-ri-val), n. the act of com- 
ing to a place, or reaching a destina- 
tion from a distance; attainment of 
any object; the person or thing ar- 
riving, or which nas arrived. 

arrive (ar-riv'), v.L to come to or 
reach, as a destination; reach a 
point or stage; gain or compass an 
object; attain to a state or result 
[with at], 

arrogance (ar'ro-gins), n. an undue 
degree of self-importance; an exor- 
bitant claim to dignity, rank, or 
estimation; a lordly contempt of 
others. 

arrogant (ar'ro-g§,nt), adj, making 
exorbitant claims to dignity or esti- 
mation, by presuming upon one^s self- 
importance; overbearingly haughty. 

arrogate (ar'ro-gat), v.t. to assume 
or lay claim to unduly, or with pre- 
sumptuous pride. 

arrogation (ar-ro-ga'shun), n. the 
act of arrogating. 

arrow (ar'ro), n. a slender, pointed 
missile weapon, usually feathered 
and barbed, made to be shot from a 
bow. 

arrow characters (kar'ak-ters) , 7i. 
pi, the arrow-headed (cuneiform or 
wedge-shaped) characters of the As- 
syrian inscriptions. 

arrow-head (-hed), n. the head or 
barb of an arrow; an aquatic plant 
so named from its leaves. 

arrowroot (ar'ro-root), n. a starch 
obtained from the rootstocks of sev- 
eral species of West Indian plants. 

arrow- wood (-wood), n. a wood of 
which the arrows of the Indians 
are made. 

arroyo (§;-roi'6), n. {pi, arroyos 
(-oz) ], a watercourse or rivulet; 
the dry bed of a small stream. 

arsenal (ar'se-nM), n. a magazine 
for the storage of arms and military 
stores for land or naval service, or 
their manufacture. 

arsenic (ar'se-nik), n. an element of 
steel-gray color and brilliant luster, 



and exceedingly brittle, occurring 
usually m combination. 

arsenic (ar-sen'ik), or arsenical 
('i-k^D, a^y. pertaining to or con- 
taining arsenic. 

arsentous (ar-se'ni-us); adj. pertain- 
ing \o or containing arsenic. 

arsenite (ar 'sen-it), n, a salt of ar- 
senious acid. 

arsis (ar'sis), n, that part of a foot 
where the metrical accent is placed. 

arson (^ar'sn), n. the maUcious firing 
of any building, agricultural prod- 
duce, ship, &c., belonging to anoth- 
er, or one's own property, with the 
intent to defraud an insurance office. 

art (art), 2nd pers, sing, indie, moody 
pres. tense, of the verb to be. [Art 
is used only in solemn or poetic 
style.] See be. 

art (art), n. the employment of 
means to the accompUshment of 
some end; the skilful adaptation 
and application to some purpose or 
use of knowledge or power acquired 
from Nature; a system of rules and 
established methods to facilitate the 
performance of certain actions; fa- 
miliarity with such principles, and 
skill in applying them to an end or 
purpose, as of a practical, useful, or 
technical character: opposed to sci- 
ence; one of the fine arts; the fine 
arts collectively; the power or qual- 
ity of perceiving and transcribing 
the beautiful or sesthetical in na- 
ture, as in painting or sculpture; 
practical skill; dexterity; knack; 
cunning; artifice: pi, the branches 
of learning included in the ordinary 
course of academic study. 

arterial (ar-ter'i-M), adj, pertaining 
to an artery or the arteries; con- 
tained in an artery. 

arterialization (ar-t er-i-M-i-za'- 
shun), n. the process of converting 
venous blood into arterial blood. 

arterialize (ar-ter'i-M-iz), v.t. to con- 
vert venous blood into arterial 
blood by exposure to oxygen in the 
lungs. 

arteriology (ar-te'ri-ol'o-ji), n. that 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon; 
book; hue, hut; think, </ien. 



ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 



ARTILLERY 



branch of anatomy which treats of 
the arteries. 
arteriosclerosis (ar-te'ri-o-skle-ro'- 
sis), n, thickening of the walls of 
the arteries, with more or less hard- 
ening, due to defects of assimilation 
or to seniUty. 

arteriotomy (ar-ter-i-ot'o-mi), n. the 
opening of an^ artery; the part of 
anatomy treating of the dissection 
of the arteries. 

artery (ar'ter-i), n. [pL artieries (-iz)], 
one of a system of tubes or vessels 
which convey the blood from the 
heart to all parts of the body. 

artesian well (ar-te'zhan wel), n. a 
well formed by boring, often to 
great depth, through strata the na- 
ture ^ and arrangement of which 
permit of the permeation and accum- 
ulation of water; on being freed from 
constraint, the water rises by pres- 
sure in the tube and overflows at the 
surface. 

artful (art'fool), adj. cunning; crafty. 

artfully (-li), adv, in a cunning or 
crafty manner. 

arthritis (ar-thri'tis), n. any inflam- 
mation of the joints; the gout. 

sirtichoke (ar'ti-chok), n. a plant 
with thistle-like foliage, and bearing 
large terminal flower-heads, the low- 
er portion of which, consisting of a 
fleshy receptacle covered with thick 
scales, is used as food; the tuberous 
root of an American sunflower 
(Helianthus tuber osis)y used as a 
substitute for potatoes. 

article (ar'ti-kl), n. a distinct portion 
or member; a single clause, item, or 
particular, as in a formal agree- 
ment or treaty; a concise statement; 
a prose composition, complete, in 
itself, in a newspaper, magazine, or 
work of reference; a material thing, 
as one of a class; an item; a point of 
duty, faith, or doctrine; one of the 
words {an [a before consonant- 
sounds], the indefinite article, and 
the, the definite article [see a, an, & . 
the]) used before nouns or substan- 
tives to define or limit their applica- 



tion; a jointed segment connecting 
two parts of a limb or body: v.t. to 
bind by articles of covenant or stip- 
ulation; specify. 
articular (ar-tik*Q-iar), adj. pertain- 
ing to the joints or to a joint. 
articulate (ar-tik'u-lat), v.t. to joint; 
imite by means of a joint; to form 
words; utter in distinct syllables; 
speak as a human being: v.i. to 
unite or form an articulation (with) ; 
utter articulate sounds; speak with 
distinctness: adj, jointed; formed 
with joints; segmented; character- 
ized by syllabic division; uttered 
with distinctness. 

articulation ^ (ar-tik-u-la'shim), n. 
the act of jointing; the act of speak- 
ing distinctly; a distinct utterance; 
the state of being articulated; a 
joint or juncture between bones; the 
point of separation of organs or 
parts of a plant; a node or joint of 
the stem, or the space between two 
nodes. 

articulator (ar-tik'u-la-ter), n. one 
who pronounces distinctly; an in- 
strument to cure stammering; an 
apparatus attached to a telephone 
to secure regularity of tone; one who 
mounts skeletons. 

artifice (ar'ti-fis), n. an artful or 
crafty device; an ingenious expedi- 
ent; a trick or stratagem; a ma- 
noeuvre. 

artificer (ar-tif 'i-ser) , n. a skilled or 
artistic worker; a mechanic; a maker 
or constructor; an inventor. 

artificial (ar-ti-fish'al), adj. made or 
contrived by art; produced by hu- 
man skill or labor; feigned; unreal; 
assumed; affected; not genuine or 
natural. 

artificiality (-fish-i-i.l'i-ti) or ar- 
tificialness (-nes), n. the qual- 
ity of being unreal or unnatiural; 
that which is artificial. 

artificially (-li), adv. by human skill 
or contrivance. 

artillery (ar-tirier-i), n. cannon; great 
guns; ordnance of all kinds, with 
its equipment of carriages, men, 



ate, &rm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ARTISAN 



70 



ASCETICISM 



and material; the officers and men 
forming the artillery division of 
an army; the science which treats 
of the use or management of ord- 
nance. 

artisan (ar'ti-zl,n), n, one skilled in 
any art or trade; a mechanic; a 
handicraftsman. 

artist (ar'tist), n. one skilled in any 
branch of high art; one professing 
or practicing one of the fine arts. 

artiste (ar-testO, n. one who is an 
expert in any branch of professional 
art other than the fine arts, as a 
public singer, cook, &c. 

artistic (ar-tis'tik), or artistical 
('ti-k^l), adj. pertaining to art or 
to artists; characterized by aesthetic 
feeHngs or conformity to the princi- 
ples of a school of art or design. 

artistically (-i,l-li), adv. in a manner 
conformable to the rules and prin- 
ciples of art. 

artistry (ar'tis-tri), n. the qualities 
pecuhar to an artist. 

artless (art'les), adj. lacking art; 
unskilful; devoid of cunning; simple; 
natural ; undesigning ; unaffected ; 
ingenuous. 

Aryan (ar'y^n), d'^j* pertaining to 
the Aryans, or to their language. 

as (az), n. conjunc. adv. like; compar- 
able or proportionate to. 

as (as), n, [pi. asses (as'sez) ], a Roman 
weight equivalent to the libra or 
pound. 

asafetida or asafcetida (as-S.-fet'i- 
dk), n. a fetid sap obtained from the 
roots of several large umbelliferous 
plants of Persia and Afghanistan. 

asbestine (as-bes'tin), adj. pertaining 
to or of the nature of, asbestos; 
incombustible. 

asbestos (as-bes'tos) or asbestus 
v'tus), n. a fibrous variety of horn- 
blende, separable into flexible fila- 
ments of flax-hke appearance and 
silky luster, ^ and possessing the 
property of being incombustible. 

ascend (as-send'), v.i. to take an up- 
ward direction; mount; go up; rise; 
to proceed from an inferior to a 



superior; rise from a lower to a higher 
pitch or tone: 2;.^. to go or move Uj)- 
ward upon: chmb; go upward along. 

ascendable (as-sen'd§r-bi) or as- 
cendible ('di-bl), adj. capable of 
being chmbed or navigated. 

ascendancy (as-sen'd^-si) or as- 
cendency ('den-si), n. a govern- 
ing or controlling power or influ- 
ence; domination. 

ascendant (as-sen'di,nt) or ascend- 
ent ('dent), adj. rising; superior; 
predominant; above the horizon: 
n. superiority or commanding influ- 
ence; predominance; an ancestor, 
or one who precedes in genealogy 
or decrees of kindred: opposed to 
descendant: the particular zodiac il 
sign appearing above the horizon at 
the time of one's birth. 

ascension (as-sen'shun), n. the act 
of moving upward; a rising; the 
accent of our Lord to heaven; the 
rising of a star or point above the ce- 
lestial horizon. 

Ascension Day (da), n. a movabl3 
feast to commemorate Christ's as- 
cension int3 heaven, celebrated on 
the Thurs lay next but one before 
Whit -Sunday: also called Holy 
Thursday. 

ascent (as-sent'), n. the act of rising; 
an upward movement; the act of 
climbing; the way or means of 
reaching a height; an accUvity; an 
upward slope. 

ascertain (as-ser-tan'), v.t. to make 
certain; find out or determine defi- 
nitely by test or examination. , 

ascertainment (as-ser-tan 'ment), n.fj 
the act of ascertaining. 

ascetic (as-set 'ik), adj. exceedingly 
rigid in the exercise of religious du- 
ties and mortification of worldly 
desires: n, one who renounces the 
world and devotes himself to re- 
ligious exercises; one who subjects 
himself to severe disciplinary meth- 
ods of living; a hermit; a recluse.^ 

ascetically (-M-li), adv. in an ascetical 
manner. 

asceticism (as-set 'i-sizm), n. the 



5.te, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ASCRIBABLE 



71 



ASPERMOUS 



condition or mode of life adopted by 
one who renounces worldly matters; 
austerity. 

ascribable (§,-skri'b&-bl), adj, capa- 
ble of being attributed or imputed. 

ascribe (§,-skrib'), v.t. to attribute, 
impute, or refer; assign; attribute. 

ascription (§,-skrip'shun), n. the act 
of attributing or imputing; that 
which is assigned. 

aseptic (^-sep'tik), adj. free from 
the germs of disease or putrefaction; 
not Bable to putrefy: an aseptic sub- 
stance. 

asexual (a-seks'u-§;l), adj. not sex- 
ual; produced by other than sexual 
processes. 

asexually (-li), adv. in a manner 
other than by conjunction of the 
sexes: applied to reproduction. 

ash (ash), n. the name popularly ap- 
plied to trees of the genus Fraxinus, 
many of which supply valuable tim- 
ber; the wood of the ash-tree: adj. 
pertaining to, or hke, the ash; made 
of ash. 

ash (ash), n. [pL ashes ('ez),] the 
residue of plant or animal substance 
remaining after subjection to red- 
heat: pi. the waste of burned coal; 
the remains of a human body when 
cremated, hence a corpse. 

ashamed (i,-shamd'), V-^^j. affected 
or to ached by shame; cast down or 
dejected by conscious guilt; abashed 
by a sense of indecorum; reluctant 
through fear of shame (followed by 
an infinitive). 

ashen (ash'n), adj. pertaining to the 
ash-tree; made of ash; of the color of 
ashes; pale. 

ashore (&-shor'), adv, on shore; to 
the shore; on land. 

aside {k'^\d.')y adv. on or to one side; 
out of a given direction; apart; 
away from: n. a speech or utter- 
ance not intended for the present 
company; a remark made by an ac- 
tor on the stage, and assumed to be 
heard only bv the person for whom 
it is intended.. 

asinine (as'i-nin), adj. pertaining to 



the ass; having the nature or char- 
acteristics of an ass. 

asininity (as'i-nin'i-ti), n. the quality 
of being asinine; obstinate stupidity. 

ask (^sk), v.t. to request; seek to 
obtain by words; petition or beg for; 
claim or demand; expect or require; 
inquire respecting; interrogate; in- 
vite: v.i. to prefer by request; in- 
quire after. 

askance (§.-skansO, or askant (^- 
skantO, Cidv. sideways; obliquely; 
awry; from the corner of the eye; 
aslant. 

askew (^-sku'), adv. obliquely; awrvi 
out of position or arrangement. 

aslant (i-slant'), adv. not at right 
angles; sloping; oblique; slanting; 
athwart. 

asleep (§,-slepO, adj. & adv. sleeping; 
in state of slumber; dormant. 

aslope (i,-slopO, adv. in a sloping 
direction. 

asoak (§.-sok'), adv. in a state of 
saturation or soaked with moisture. 

asp (§,sp), n. SL small venomous snake 
of Egypt; the common viper, or 
adder, of Europe; a royal symbol 
of ancient Egypt. 

asparagus (as-par'^-gus) , n. a plant 
having tender edible shoots. 

aspect (as'peckt), n. visual or mental 
appearance; look; mien; air; out- 
look or prospect; the relative posi- 
tion of the planets as viewed from 
the earth; appearance. 

aspen (as'pen), n. sl species of poplar 
whose leaves have the property of 
trembling in the shghtest breeze: 
adj. pertaining to the asp-tree; 
quivering like an aspen-leaf. 

asper (as'per), adj. rugged; hard; 
warlike: n, the mark (') in Greek. 
to indicate the rough breathing, or 
aspirate. 

asperity (as-per'i-ti), n. \pl. asperi- 
ties (-tiz)], roughness of surface; 
roughness or harshness of sound; 
sourness; bitterness of taste or tem- 
per. 

'asper mous (§,-sper'mus), adj. with- 
out seed; not producing seed. 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hf]?, hut: think, /^<^n. 



ASPERSE 



72 



ASSAY 



asperse (as-pers'), v.t, to besprinkle; 
injure in reputation by calumny; 
slander. 

aspersion (as-per'shun), n. a sprink- 
ling as of dust or water; injury by 
false and calumnious charges or re- 
ports; slander. 

asphalt (as'falt), n, a compact, brit- 
tle variety of native bitumen, em- 
ployed for the purpose of paving, 
roofing, and cementing: v.t, to lay 
down or cover with asphalt. 

asphaltic (as-fal'tik), adj. of the na- 
ture of, composed of, or containing 
asphalt. 

asphaltum. Same as asphalt. 

asphodel (as'fo-del), n. the name of 
several plants of the hliaceous 
genus Asphodelus; the daffodil of the 
older English poets; the unfading 
plant of the dead, which covered 
the meadows of Hades. 

asphyxia (as-fik'si-a) or asphyxy 
('si), n, the condition of lifelessness 
occasioned by suspension or inter- 
ruption of respiration. 

asphyxiate (as-fik'si-at), v.t. to suf- 
focate; deprive of oxygen, and so 
cause death or dangerous symptoms. 

aspic (as'pik), n. a venomous asp; 
the great lavender; a side-dish com- 
posed of game, fish, &c., encased in 
clear, savory meat- jelly. 

aspirant (as-pi'rant), adj. aspiring; 
ambitious: n. one who seeks to at- 
tain, or aspires to, a high object or 
position. 

aspirate (as'pi-rat), v.t. to pronounce 
with a full breathing; to prefix the 
sound of the letter h: n. the sound 
of the letter h, as in horse ; the mark 
or sign used to denote the sound: 
adj. pronounced with the audible 
breath. 

aspiration (as-pi-ra'shun), n. the 
act of aspirating; an aspirated 
sound; a breath; the yearning desire 
for something higher or better than 
that already possessed; ambition. 

aspiratory (as-pl'ra-to-ri), adj. per- 
taining to breathing; suited to the 
inhaling of air. 



aspire (as-pir'), v.L to seek after or 
desire with longing; yearn for that 
which is better or nobler; rise or 
ascent; to soar: i'.^ to breathe to, 
or into; breathe forth; soar to; at- 
tain. 

asquint (§,-skwint'), adv. with a 
squint; to or out of the corner of 
the eye; obliquely. 

ass (^s'), n. Sb quadruped of the genus 
Equus, allied to the horse, usually 
employed in its domesticated state 
as a beast of burden; a dull, stupid 
fellow. 

assafoetida. See asafetida. 

assail (as-sal'), v.t. to fall upon or 
attack with vehemence; attack with 
argument or abuse. 

assailant (as-sa'lant), adj. assaulting; 
attacking: n. one who, or that 
which, assails. 

assassin (as-sas'sin), n, one who slays 
treacherously or by covert assault; 
one who kills, or attempts to kill, 
secretly as the agent of another or 
others, or for reward; formerly one 
of a band of Syrian fanatics. 

assassinate (as-sas'si-nat), v.t. to 
kill, or attempt to kill, by secret or 
treacherous means; slay suddenly or 
unawares; murder. 

assassination (as-sas-si-na'shun), n. 
the act of slaying in secret, or at 
the bidding or reward of others; 
murder. 

assault (as-sawltO, n. an attack with 
violence by physical means; an on- 
slaught; an attack by military 
force; a violent attack by moral 
force; an attempt or threat to do 
bodily violence or injury to another; 
the charge of an attacking part}/ on 
a fortified position: v.t. to attack 
violently; storm, as by armed force; 
attack by moral force; threaten or 
attempt by visible means bodily vio- 
lence or injury to another; attack a 
fortified position by a sudden charge. 

assay (as-sa'), n. the act or process 
of determining by analysis the quan- 
tity or proportion of any one or 
more metals in a metallic compound, 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ASSAYER 



73 



ASSIGN 



ore, or alloy, especially the standard 
purity of gold or silver coin or bul- 
lion; the substance or metal to be 
assayed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p, -ed, p. pr. 
-ing], to subject to analysis; to de- 
termine the quantity or proportion 
of one or more of the constituents 
of a metal. 

assayer (as-sa'er), n. one who as- 
says; an officer of the mint appoint- 
ed to test the purity of bulhon and 
coin. 

assemblage (as-sem'blaj), n. the act 
of assembhng; the state of being 
assembled; a group or collection of 
persons or particular things. 

assemble (as-sem'bl), v.t, to collect 
or gather together in one place or 
body; congregate: v.i. to meet or 
come together; convene. 

assembly (as-sem'bli), n, [pi. assem- 
bhes (-bliz) ], a collection or com- 
pany of persons brought together in 
one place, and for a common object; 
a meeting; a congregation. 

assembly-man (-man), n. a mem- 
ber of a legislative assembly. 

assent (as-sent'), v.i. to admit as 
true; concede; agree to; consent: n. 
the act of agreeing to; consent; ac- 
quiescence; approval; concurrence. 

assentation (as-sen-ta'shun), n. com- 
pliance with the opinion of another, 
in flattery or obsequiousness. 

assentient (as-sen'shi-ent), ad}, as- 
senting: n. one who assents. 

assert (as-serf), v.t. to maintain; 
declare positively, or with assur- 
ance; aver; affirm; defend or vin- 
dicate; declare. 

assertion (as-ser'shun), n. the act 
of asserting; that which is assert- 
ed; positive declaration; allegation; 
maintenance or defense. 

assertive^ (as-ser'tiv), adj. positive; 
dogmatical; confident in assertion. 

assertor (as-ser'ter), n. one who as- 
serts; one who maintains or defends. 

assertory (as-ser'to-ri), adj. affirm- 
ing; supporting. 

assess (as-ses'), v.t. to fix or deter- 
mine, as damages; fix, rate, or set 



a certain charge upon, as a tax; 
estimate or value officially for the 
purpose of taxation. 

assessed taxes (taks'ez), n.pL taxes 
levied on income, houses, and prop- 
erty. 

assessment (as-ses'ment), n. the act 
of assessing or determining an 
amount to be paid; an official valua- 
tion of property, or income, for the 
purpose of taxation ; the specific sum 
levied as tax, or assessed for damages. 

assessor (as-ses'er), n. one appointed 
to assess property or persons for 
taxation. 

assessorial (as-ses-so'ri-M), adj. per- 
taining to an assessor. 

assets (as 'sets), n.pl. the propert}^ 
whether real or personal, of a de- 
ceased person which is subject by 
law to the discharge of his debts and 
legacies; the property or effects of 
an insolvent debtor ^^'hich are avail- 
able for the satisfaction of his cred- 
itors; the entire property of a 
trader or company of traders. 

asseverate (as-sev'er-at), v.t. to af- 
firm or aver positively, or with so- 
lemnity. 

asseveration (as-sev-er-ii'shun), n. a 
solemn affirmation or declaration, as 
upon oath. 

assibilate (as-sib'i-lat), v.t. to pro- 
nounce with^ a hissing sound; to 
alter to a sibilant. 

assibilation (as-sib-i-la'shun), n. pro- 
nunciation with a hissing sound; th? 
change of a dental or guttural mute 
into a sibilant or a similar sound. 

assiduity (as-si-du'i-ti), n. [pi. assi- 
duities (-tiz) ], close application or 
unremitting attention to; diligence; 
pi. studied and persevering atten- 
tion to please. 

assiduous (as-sid'u-us), adj. constant 
in application; devotedly attentive; 
perseveringly diligent. 

assign (as-sln'), v.t. to appoint, mark 
out, apportion, make over; fix; des- 
ignate for a specific purpose; point 
out exactly; to transfer or make 
over to another, as for the benefit 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



assignat 



74 



ASSUADE 



of creditors: n. an appurtenance; 
one 1/) whom property or interest 
is assigned by will or deed. 

assignat (as'ig-nat, French i,-se-ny§,'), 
n, a money or currency bond issued 
by the French Revolutionary Gov- 
ernment (1789-96). 

assignation (as-ig-na'shun), n, the 
act of assigning; an appointment to 
meet [us 3d chiefly of love-meetings 
and in a bad sense]; the transfer of 
title, or the deed of transferment. 

assignee (as-si-ne), n. one to whom 
an assignment of anythi is is made, 
either in trust or for his own use 
and enjoyment. 

assignment (as-sin'ment), n. a set- 
ting apart, allotment, or appoint- 
ment to some particular person or 
use; transfer of title or interest; 
the deed of writing effecting such a 
transfer. 

assignor (as-si-nor'), n. one who as- 
signs or transfers an interest. 

assimilable (as-sim'i-la-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of being assimilated. 

assimilate (as-sim'i-lat), v.t. to bring 
to conformity or agreement with 
something else; convert or incor- 
porate into organic substance; ab- 
sorb or appropriate, as nourishment: 
v.i. to be converted into or become 
incorporated with the substance 
of the animal body. 

assimilation (as-sim-i-l§,'shun) , n. the 
act or process of assimilating; the 
state of being assimilated. 

assimilative (as-sim'i-la-tiv), adj. 
having the power of assimilating, or 
causing assimilation. 

assist (as-sisf), v.t. to help; aid; 
give support to; attend: v.i. to lend 
help or aid. 

assistance (as-sis't^ns), n. help; fur- 
therance; aid; succor; support. 

assistant (as-sis'tant), adj. helping; 
lending aid; auxihary: n. one w^ho, 
or that which, assists; a helper; an 
auxiliary. 

assistful (as-sist'fool), adj. helpful. 

assize (as-siz'), n. [pi. assizes ('ez)], a 
court or session of justice for the 



trial by jury of civil or criminal 
cases; the sessions held peroidically 
in each county of England by judges 
of the Supreme Court [usually in 
the pi.]; the time or place of hold- 
ing the assize [usually in the pi.]. 

assizenrient (as-siz'ment), n. an in- 
spection of w^eights and measures, 
enacted by statute. 

assizer (as-si'zer) or assizor ('zer), 
n. a juror. 

associate (as-so'shi-§,t), v.t. to unite; 
join with; connect; accompany, as 
a companion, friend, or confederate; 
v.i. to unite in company; keep com- 
pany; unite in action: adj. joined 
in interest, object, or pm-pose; 
sharing office or employment, as a 
colleague or partner; connected by 
habit, function, or sympathy: n. a 
companion; a confederate; an ally; 
one belonging to a society or insti- 
tution, usually of a lower grade 
than a Member or Fellow. 

association (as-so-shi-a'shun), n. the 
act of associating or state of being 
associated; union; conjunction; an 
associate body of persons formed 
for a common object; ^ a society. 

associative (as-so-shi-a'tiv), adj. tend- 
ing to or characterized by associ- 
ation. 

assonance (as'so-nans), n. resem- 
blance of sound; a species of rhyme 
which consists in the use of the 
same vowel-sound in the last sylla- 
ble of words having different conso- 
nants, 

assonant (as'so-ni,nt), adj. having 
resemblance of sound; pertaining 
to, or possessing, assonance. 

assort (as-s6rt0> ^•^- ^^ divide or 
separate into lots according to ar- 
rangement; to^ classify; arrange: 
v.i, to agree; suit; be in accordance 
with. 

assortment (as-s6rt'ment), n. the 
act of assorting or placing out; a 
classified collection of articles oi 
goods of a varied character. 

assuade^ (as-swM'), v.t. to present, 
as advice; urge persuasively. 



ate, arm, S^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; ooon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ASSUAGE 



7S 



ASTHMA 



assuage (as-swl;j')> «^-^» to soften; 
mitigate, allay, lessen, satisfy, or ap- 
pease. 

assuagement (as-swaj'ment), n, 
mitigation; a lenitive application or 
medicine. 

assume (as-sum'), v.t. to take to; 
take in or into; take upon one's 
self; arrogate or appropriate; take 
for granted; take in appearance; 
pretend to possess: v,i, to be arro- 
gant; presume; claim more than is 
one's due; give a legal undertaking; 
pretend; usurp. 

assumpsit (as-sump'sit), n. a verbal 
or unsealed contract based on a con- 
sideration; an action to enforce 
such a contract, 

assumption (as-sump'shun), n. the 
act of assuming or taking to or 
upon one's self; taking for granted; 
the thing supposed ; a postulate; the 
taking up of a person to heaven; 
a verbal or unsealed contract. 

assumptive (as-sump'tiv), adj. as- 
sumed, or capable of assumption. 

assurable (^-shur'S,-bl), adj, capable 
of being assured or insured. 

assurance (§,-shur'ans), n, the act 
of assuring; an earnest or testimony 
intended or tending to eHcit or in- 
spire confidence; certain expectation ; 
confdence; self-possession; self-re- 
liance; impudence; a deed or other 
legal evidence of the conveyance of 
property; a security or contract to 
make good a loss, or pay oyer a 
sum at death or at some determinate 
age. 

assure (§.-shurO, v.L to make sure 
or certain; to inspire confidence by 
declaration or promise; secure to 
another; insure, or covenant for in- 
demnity in event of loss or death. 

assured (^-shurd'), V-f^J- niade cer- 
tain; guaranteed; self-possessed; in- 
sured: n, a person insured. 

assuredly (-li), adv, certainly; with 
assurance. 

assuredness (-ne^), n. certainty; full 
confidence. 

assurer (i,-shur'er), n. one who assures. 



Assyrian (as-sir'i-an), adj, pertaining 
to Assyria or to its inhabitants. 

Assyriology (as-sir-i-oro-ji), n, the 
science or study of the language and 
antiquities of Assyria. 

astatic (a-stat'ik), adj, without po- 
larity. 

astatically (-al-li), adv. in an astatic 
manner. 

astaticism (a-stat'i-sizm), n. the 
state of being astatic. 

astay (^-sta), adv, said of an anchor 
when on heaving it the cable makes 
an acute angle ^dth the level of 
the water. 

Aster (as'ter), n. a genus of flower- 
ing-plants with rosette-shaped flow- 
ers, to which the Michaelmas-daisy 
belongs. 

aster, n. any plant of the genus Aster. 

asterial (as-te'ri-al), adj, connected 
with, or related to, the stars. 

asteriated (as-te'ri-a-ted), adj, ra- 
diated; having the form of a star. 

asterisk (as'ter-isk), n, the mark 
(*) used in printing as a reference 
to a marginal passage or footnote 
appended to the text, or to indicate 
letters or words omitted (***): v.L 
to mark with an asterisk. 

asterism (as'ter-izm), n. a group or 
cluster of stars; three asterisks 
placed in the form of a triangle 
U** or %*] to direct attention to 
a particular^ passage; the star-like 
appearance in certain crystals. 

astern (a-stern') adj, & adv. at or 
toward the hinder part of a ship; 
behind a ship. 

asternal (^-ster'nM), adj. not joined 
to the sternum or breastbone: said 
of ribs. 
asteroid (as'ter-oid), adj, star-like; 
star-shaped: n, one of the small 
planets whose orbits He between 
those of Mars and Jupiter; a minor 
planet. 
asthenia (as-the-nl'&), n, debility. 
asthenic (as-then-ik), adj, pertaining 
to, or characterized by, asthenia; 
feeble. 
asthma (ast'm^ & as'm^), n. a respi- 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ASTHMATIC 



76 



ASTROLOGY 



ratory disease, chronically recurrent 
and attended by dijQacnlty of breath- 
ing, with a wheezing cough and a 
sense of constriction in the chest. 

asthmatic (ast-mat'ik), or asth- 
xnatical ('i-Ml), adj, pertaining 
to asthma; affected by asthma: n, 
a person suffering from the disease. 

asthtnatically (-h) ^adv. in an 
asthmatical manner. 

astigmatic (as-tig-mat 'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, affected with, or curing 
astigmatism. 

astigmatism (as-tig'm§,-tizm), or 
astigmism ('mizm), n. a defect 
in the structure of the eye causing 
variation of the focus of the crys- 
talline lens. 

astir (§,-sterO, odv. or adj, on the 
move; active; stirring. 

astomatous (as-tom'a-tus), or^ as- 
tomous (as'to-mus), ac^. destitute 
of a mouth; without breathing pores. 

astonish (as-ton'ish), v.L to strike 
with sodden wonder; surprise; amaze. 

astonishment (as-ston'ish-ment), n. 
the state of being astonished; 
amazement. 

astound (as-tound'), v.t to strike 
with amazement; shock; alarm; 

' stun. 

astraddle (§,-strad'l), adv. with one 
leg on each side of something; 
astride. 

astragal (as'tr§,-gal), n. a small mold- 
ing or bead of semicircular form: 
called also a roundel; the astragalus; 
the circular molding near the mouth 
of a cannon. 

astragalus (as-trag'al-us) , n. [pi. 
astragali (-11) ], the ball of the 
ankle-joint;^ the lower bone into 
which the tibia articulates. 

astrakhan (as'tr^-kan), n. the skins 
of young lambs with curly wool, ob- 
tained from ^Astrakhan, a city in 
Russia; an imitation with a pile 
resembUng this wool or fur.^ 

astral (as'tr^l), adj. pertaining to 
the stars; starry; star-shaped; per- 
taining to a super-sensible sub- 
stance presumed by occultists to 



pervade the regions of space and to 
enter into the composition of all 
bodies. 

astral body (bod'i), n. a kind of 
ethereal body said by the occultists 
to be capable of projection to a dis- 
tance, and to possess the power of 
occupying two places at the same 
instant; a ghost or double. 

astral lamp (lamp), n. a lamp sim- 
ilar to an Argand lamp, giving an 
uninterrupted light. 

astral spirits (spir'itz), n.pl. spirits 
formerly supposed to inhabit the 
stars, and represented as fallen an- 
gels or spirits of fire. 

astray (a-stra'), adv, out of the 
right way; wandering. 

astride (a-strid'), adv. with the legs 
wide apart; astraddle. 

astringency (as-trin'j en-si), n. the 
quahty of being astringent; harsh- 
ness; severity. 

astringent (as-trin'jent), adj, bind- 
ing; contracting, opposed to laxa- 
tive: n. a substance or medicine 
that produces contraction of the 
tissues and checks discharges. 

astrolabe (as'tro-lab), n. an instru- 
ment formerly employed for taking 
the altitude of the sun or stars; a 
stereographic projection of the 
sphere on the plane of the equator 
or a meridian. 

astrologer (as'troro-jer), n. one who 
professes to forecast events by means 
of the stars. 

astrological (as-tro-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to astrology, or the prac- 
tice of astrology. ^ 

astrologically (-li), adv. in an as- 
trological manner; according to 
astrology. 

astrology (as-troro-ji), n. predesti- 
nation by the stars; the art ancient- 
ly pursued of foretelling or fore- 
casting the future of mankind, by 
reference to the influence supposed 
to be exerted by the stars in their 
various aspects and relative posi- 
tions upon the course of human 
destiny. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ASTROMETER 



77 



ATHERMANOUS 



astrometer (as-trom'e-ter), n, an 
instrument for ascertaining and 
comparing the relative magnitude 
and luster of the stars. 

astronomer (as-tron'o-mer), n, one 
who studies, or is versed in, astron- 
omy. 

Astronomer Royal (roi'al), n. the 
official title of the astronomer in 
charge of a royal observatory in 
Great Britain and Ireland. 

astronomic (as-tr5-nom'ik) or as- 
tronomical ('i-kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to astronomy, or according to 
astronomical laws. 

astronomical clock 0dok), n. a 
clock which keeps sidereal time. 

astronomical signs (sinz), n.pl. the 
signs of the zodiac. 

astronomical year (yer), n. sl year 
the length of which is determined 
by astronomical observations. 

astronomically (-li), adv. in an as- 
tronomical manner. 

astronomy (as-tron'o-mi) , n. the 
study of the heavenly bodies; the 
science which treats of their m:i ;- 
nitude, motions, relative positions, 
and all connective phenomena. 

as ^ropho tography (as-tro-f o-tog'-ra- 
fi), 71. photography applied to the 
deUneation of the heavenly bodies. 

astrophot ome ter (as-tro-f 6-tom 'e- 
ter), n. an instrument for measuring 
the intensity of the li^ht of stars. 

astrophysical (as-tro-fiz'i-k^l), a'lj. 
pertaining to the physical structure 
of the stars. 

astute (as-tut'), adj, shrewd; keenly 
penetratmg; sagacious; cunning; 
crafty. 

asunder ^ (S,-sun'der), adv. separately; 
apart; into parts. 

aswail (as'wal), n. the sloth-bear of 
India. 

asylum (§,-si1um), n. [pi. asylums 
('lumz) ], a sanctuary or place of 
refuge wherein formerly criminals 
and debtors might find immunity 
from arrest; an institution for the^ 
care or relief of the aged, destitute, 
or afflicted. 



asymmetrical (as-i-met'ri-k§,l), adj. 
not symmetrical; disproportionate. 

asymmetrically (-li), adv. not sym- 
metrical. 

asymmetry (§,-sim'e-tri), n. lack of 
symmetry or proportion between the 
parts of a thing. 

asyndeton (^-sin'de-ton), n. a figure 
of speech which omits connectives, 
as ''I came, I saw, I conquered.^' 

atavism (at'i.-vizm), n. the rever- 
sion, or tendency to revert, to the 
ancestral type of a species; resem- 
blance to a remote ancestor, ex- 
hibited by a certain organism; the 
recurrence of any peculiarity or dis- 
ease from which an ancestor in re- 
mote generations has suffered. 

atavistic (at-a-vis'tik), adj. of, or 
pertaining to, atavism. 

ataxia (§,-tak'si-a), or ataxy ('si), ii. 
irregularities in the functions of the 
body or in the course of a disease. 

ataxic (d-tak'sik), adj. pertaining to, 
or characterized by, ataxy. 

ataxic fever (-fe'ver), n. typhus fever 
of a mahgnant type. 

ate (et & at), p.t. of eat. 

atelier (§,'te-lyS-), n. a workshop; the 
studio of a painter or sculptor. 

atheism (a'the-izm), n. disbelief in 
the existence of a God. 

atheist (a'the-ist), n. one who dis- 
believes or denies the existence of a 
God. 

atheistic (a-the-is'tik), or atheis- 
tical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
containing, or implying atheism. 

atheistical ly (-li), adv. in an athe- 
istic manner; impiously. 

Athene (a-the'ne), n. a Greek god- 
dess; called by the Romans, Minerva. 

atheneum, athenaeum (ath-e-ne' 
um), n. [pi. atheneums ('umz) & 
athenaea {'^) ], an institution, club, 
or building devoted to the purposes 
or study of literature, science and 
art. 

athermancy (i-ther'm§,n-si), n. im- 
permeability to radiant heat. 

athermanous ('m§,-nus), adj. im- 
pervious to radiant heat. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b65n, 
book; hue, hut; thinks then. 



ATHIRST 



78 



ATOMIZER 



athirst (k-theTst') J adj, in want of 
drink* 

athlete (ath'let), n. a competitior for 
a prize in public games; one trained 
to contend in feats of physical 
prowess; one possessed of great 
physical strength. 

athletic (ath-let'ik), adj, pertaining 
to athletes, or their performances; 
strong; robust; vigorous; muscular. 

athletically ('i-ki,l-li), adv. m an 
athletic manner. 

athleticism (ath-let'i-sizm), n. the 
practice of athletic games or exer- 
cises. 

athletics (ath-let'iks), n. any sys- 
tem of athletic training by gymnas- 
tic exercises or outdoor sports; ath- 
letic exercises collectively. 

at-home (at-hom'), n. a more or less 
formal reception held at a specified 
time for the entertainment of in- 
vited guests. 

athwart (a-thwawrf), prep, across; 
from side to side; adu, cross-wise; 
obliquely; across the course or di- 
rection of a ship. 

ath wart-ships (-s!iips), adv, phr. 
across a ship from one side to the 
other. 

atilt (a-tilf), oAv, & adj. in the posi- 
tion or with the action of a person 
making a thrust; tilted. 

atlantes (at-lan'tez), n.pl, figures or 
half-figures of man, used in place of 
columns or pilasters to support an 
entablature. 

atlas (at'l^s), n. [pi. atlases ('ez) ], a 
collection of maps in a volume; a 
work in tabulated form; a large size 
of drawing-paper. 

atlas-powder (at'lS,s-pou'der), n. a 
powerful ni tro-gly cerine blasting 
compound. 

atmidometer (at-mi-dom'e-ter;, n. an 
instrument for measuring the evapor- 
ation from ice, snow, or water. 

atmology (at-moro-ji), n. the science 
of aqueous vapor, its laws and 
phenomena. 

atmometer (at-mom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the rate 



and amount of evaporation from a 
moist surface. 

atmosphere (at'mos-fer), n. the 
aeriform fluid surrounding the earth, 
composed of a mechanical mixture 
of 79 parts by volume of nitrogen 
with 21 parts of oxygen, and a trace 
of carbonic acid and argon, with a 
varying proportion of aqueous vapor, 
ammonia, ozone and organic matter; 
the gaseous envelope surrounding 
any of the heavenly bodies; the in- 
fluence, mental and moral, exerted 
on a person by his environments. 

atmospheric (at-mos-fer'ik), or at- 
mospherical ('i-k^l), adj. pertain- 
ing to, resembling, or consisting of, 
existing in, or dependent upon, the 
atmosphere. 

atmospheric pressure (-presh'er), 
n. the pressure exerted in every di- 
rection upon a body by the atmos- 
phere; equivalent to 14 2-3 lb. on the 
sq. in., or 1,033 grams on the sq. 
centimeter. 

atoll (k-toV & at'ol), n. a coral island 
having the form of an outer ring of 
coral surrounding a basin or lagoon. 

atom (at'um), n. an ultimate indi- 
visible particle of matter. 

atomic (a-tom'ik), or atomical ('i- 
kal), adj, pertaining to, or consist- 
ing of, atoms; extremely minute. 

atomic weight (^-tom'ik wat), n. 
the weight of the atom of any ele- 
mant as compared with anothar 
taken as a standard, usually hydro- 
gen, taken as 1. 

atomically (-li), adv. in an atomic 
manner. 

atomicity (at-5-mis'i-ti), n. equiva- 
lence; the combining capacity of an 
element. 

atomist (at'6-mist), n. one who be- 
lieves that the earth was formed by 
the coming together of atoms swirl- 
ing in space. 

atomize (at'um-iz), v.t. to reduce to 
atoms or exceedingly fine particles. 

atomizer (at'um-I-zer), n. an instru- 
ment constructed to reduce a liquid 
to spray. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ATONABLE 



79 



ATTAR OF ROSES 



atonable (^-ton'4-bl), adj. capable 
of being atoned for. 

atone (^-ton'), v.i, [p,t. & p.p. atoned, 
p.pr. atoning], to^ make reparation 
or amends, as for injury done or im- 
plied; expiate; make satisfaction for; 
reconcile. 

atonement (^-ton'ment), n. reparation 
or satisfaction oliered or made in 
return for injury; expiation of wrong 
or sin by suffering; the recompense 
for sin typified by the sufferings and 
death of Christ; reconciliation. 

atonic (a-ton'ik), adj. wanting tone, 
or vital energy; unaccented: n. tn 
unaccented word or syllable; a medi- 
cine to allay excitement. 

atony (at'5-ni), n. want of tone; de- 
bility; weakness of any organ. 

atrip (^-trip'), cidv. just clear of the 
ground. 

atrium (a'tri-um), n. [pi. atria (-&) ], 
the square entrance-hall, hghted 
from above, constituting the chief 
apartment in an ancient Roman 
house; a hall or entrance-court; a 
portico; the auricular portion of the 
heart; a cavity. 

atrocious (a-tro'shus), adj. wicked in 
the highest degree; extremely crim- 
inal or cruel; outrageous; exhibiting 
or characterized by great atrocity; 
flagrant. 

atrocity (^-tros'i-ti), n. [pi. atrocities 
(-tiz) ], enormous wickedness; abom- 
inable cruelty; an atrocious deed. 

atrophy (at'ro-fi), n. a wasting, or 
diminution in bulk, of the body, or 
any part of the body arising from 
lack of nourishment; the degenera- 
tion of an organ or part: v.i.[p.i. & 
p.p. atrophied, p.pr, atrophying], to 
waste away; to dwindle. 

atropin (at'ro-pin), or atropine 
(-pin), n. a crystalUne alkaloid of 
very poisonous nature extracted 
from the deadly- nightshade (bella- 
donna), having the singular proper- 
ty of producing dilatation of the 
pupil of the eye. 

?itropism (at'ro-pizm), n. poisoning 
by atropin or belladonna. 



attach (at-tach'), v.t. to fasten, or 
fix, to or on; bind; connect with or 
appoint to; connect by ties of affec- 
tion; to take, or seize, by legal 
authority: v.i. to adhere. 

attache (at-t&-sha), n. one who is 
attached to another, or as part of a 
suite or staff', as of an embassy or 
legation. 

attachment (at-tach'ment), n. the 
act of attaching; adherence; fidel- 
ity; affection or regard; that which 
attaches, or the thing which is at- 
tached; a taking into custody or 
seizure of the person, goods, or 
estate by virtue of a legal process. 

attack (at-tak'), v.t. to assault; fall 
upon with force; assail with intent 
to overcome or to damage, discredit, 
or bring into ridicule; begin to af- 
fect or act upon, as disease: v.i. to 
make an onset or attack: n. the act 
of attacking in any sense of the 
word. 

attain (at-tan'), v.i. to achieve; 
gain; compass; accomplish: v.i. to 
reach; come, or arrive at. 

attainability (at-tar-n^-bil'-i-ti), n. 
attainableness. 

attainable (at-ta'na-bl), adj. capable 
of being attained. 

attainableness (-nes), ri. the qual- 
ity of being attainable. 

attainder (at-tan'der), n. the act of 
attainting, or the state of being at- 
tainted; an act, formerly in opera- 
tion, for the deprivation of all civil 
rights and of power to inherit or 
transmit property: apphed to per- 
sons under sentence of death or out- 
lawry for treason or felony. 

attainment (at-tan'ment), n. the act 
of attaining; the act of arriving at 
or reaching, as the result of exer- 
tion or effort ; that which is attained; 
an acquisition. 

attaint (at-tant), v.t. to taint; cor- 
rupt; sully or stain by disgrace. 

attar of roses (at'^r of roz'ez), n. 
an essential oil expressed from the 
petals of the rose. Written also 
atar, ottar, and otto. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rtn, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



ATTEMPER 



80 



ATTRACTABILITY 



attemper (at-tem'per), v,L to re- 
duce, modify, or moderate by mix- 
ture; regulate; temper; smooth, 
soften, or mollify; mix in proper 
proportion; fit or adapt. 

attempt (at-tempf), v.t to make an 
effort to accomplish; try; endeavor 
or essay to perform; try to win or 
seduce; attack, or invade: n. atrial, 
essay, or endeavor; an effort to 
gain a point; an attack or assault. 

attend (at-tend'), v.t. [p.t & p.p. 
-ed, p.pr. -ing], to wait upon; ac- 
company or be present with; serve 
or look after in any capacity; be 
present at; accompany or follow: 
v.i. to pay heed or regard to; listen; 
be in attendance upon. 

attendance (at-ten'dans), n. the act 
of attending; waiting on; presence; 
the persons attending; retinue. 

attendant (at-ten'dant), n. one who 
attends or accompanies in service or 
train of another; one who is pres- 
ent; that which attends or is conse- 
quent upon anything else: adj. ac- 
companying; being present; con- 
nected or consequent upon; depend- 
ing on or owing duty or service to. 

attention^ (at-ten'shun), n. the ^ act 
of applying the mind to anything; 
consideration or regard for any psr- 
son or thing; a mark or act of civil- 
ity or courtesy; care for the com- 
fort of others; a miUtary command 
(to assume the attitude of attention). 

attentive (at-ten'tiv), adj, heedful; 
full of attention; intent; mindful; 
regardful of the wishes of others. 

attenuant (at-ten'u-ant) , aij. mak- 
ing^ thin, as fluids; dilating; dimin- 
ishing in densenessj n. a medicine 
which thins the fluids of the body; 
a diluent. 

attenuate (at-ten'u-at), v.t. to make 
thin or slender; weaken or reduce; 
thin out by dilution; rarefy: v.i. 
to become thin, slender, or fine; les- 
sen: adj. mide thin; dilute; rare- 
fied; tapering; slender. 

attenuation (at-ten-u-a'shun), n. 
the act or process of making slender, 



or thinning out by dilaaon; the 
state of being slender. 

attest (at-testO, v.t. to bear witness 
to; certify as being genuine or true, 
especially in an official sense; give 
proof of; manifest. 

attestation (at-tes-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of attesting; testimony or evi- 
dence given on oath, or by official 
declaration; swearing in. 

attestor (at-tes'ter), n. one who attests. 

attic (at'tik), n. an uppermost room 
in a house immediately beneath the 
roof; a garret. 

Attic (at'tik), adj. pertaining to At- 
tica, in Greece; classical; elegant. 

Atticism (at'i-sizm) n. a pecuharity 
of style or idiom characterizing the 
Attic rendering of the Greek lan- 
guage; elegant manner of expression. 

attire (at-tir'), v,t. to dress; clothe; 
array; adorn: n. dress; clothes; 
habit; garb; the horns of a stag, 
employed as a heraldic bearing, 

attitude (at'ti-tud), n. bodily posi- 
tion or posture; the bearing as- 
sumed by a person or body of per- 
sons indicative of feeling, opinion, 
&c. 

attitudinal (at-ti-tu'di-n§,l ) , adj. 
pertaining to attitude. 

attitudinarian (at-ti-tu-di-na'ri- 

§Ln), n, one who studies or affects 
attitudes. 

attitudinize (at-ti-tu'di-niz), vS. to 
pose for effect. 

attorney (at-ter'ni), n. [pi. attor- 
neys (-nez)], one legally qualified 
to act for another in the transaction 
of private business, or in the man- 
agens^nt, prosecution, or defense of 
actions at law. 

attorney- general (-jen'er-§,l), n. the 
chief law officer appointed to act 
for the government; the chief law 
officer of a state. 

attorneyship -(at-ter'ni-ship), n. 
agsncy for another. 

attract (at-trakt'), v.t. to draw to 
or toward ; cause to approach ; ^ draw 
by moral influence; allure; entice. 

attractability (at-trak't§,-biri-ti), n. 



fite, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



ATTRACTILE 



81 



AUDITOR 



the quality of being attractable; 
the power of attraction. 

attractile (at-trak'til), adj, having 
the power to attract. 

attraction (at-trak'shun), n. the 
power or act of attracting; the 
force exerted by one body or mass 
upon or over the constituent par- 
ticles of another, by which it tends 
to overcome the resistance to mo- 
tion, and to draw them together; 
tendency to coherence. 

attractive (at-trak'tiv), adj. having 
the power or tendency to attract; al- 
luring; inviting: n. that which at- 
tracts, allures, or charms. 

attributable (at-trib'u-t^-bl), adj. 
capable of being attributed. 

attribute (at-trib'ut), v.t,to ascribe, 
impute, assign: n. (at'tri-but), that 
which is attributed, as quality; 
trait; property; a characteristic; 
an attributive adjunct or adjective; 
that which may be predicated of any 
subject. 

attribution (at-tri-bu'shun),^ n. the 
act of attributing; designation. 

attributive (at-trib'u-tiv), adj. per- 
taining to, of the nature of, or ex- 
pressing, an attribute: n. a word 
denoting an attribute; a word joined 
to and describing a noun; an adjec- 
tive or adjective phrase. 

attrite (at-trit'), adj. worn by fric- 
tion; repentant through fear of pun- 
ishment. 

attrition (at-trish'un), n, the act of 
wearing by rubbing; abrasion; the 
state of being worn; grief for sin 
arising only from fear of punish- 
ment. 

attune ^(at-tun'), v.t. to put in tune; 
bring into accordance or harmony. 

atypic (§,-tip'ik), or atypical ('i- 
kll), adj. without definite typical 
character; not conformable to the 
type. 

auburn (awlDurn), adj. reddish- 
brown. 

auction (awk'shun), n. a public sale 
of property or effects conducted on 
the principle of the highest bidder 



becoming the purchaser of any par- 
ticular lot put up for sale; the 
property or effects offered for sale 
by auction: v.t. to sell by auction. 

auctioneer (awk-shun-er)/ n. one 
Ucensed to sell property or goods 
by public auction: v.i. to sell by 
auction. 

auction-poo! (awk'shon pool), n. a 
guessing contest held on ship-board 
in which numbers representing the 
probable^ number of miles the ship 
will run in a day are sold at auction, 
the pool going wholly or in part to 
the holder of the successful number. 

audacious (aw-da'shus), adj. bold; 
daring; spirited; insolent: impu- 
dent; characterized by shameless 
effrontery. 

audacity^ (aw-das'i-ti), n. [pi. audac- 
ities (-tiz)], boldness; daring; spir- 
it ; presumptuousness ; impuden ce ; 
effrontery. 

audible (aw'di-bl), adj. capable of 
being heard. 

audibly (-bli), adv. so as to be 
heard. 

audience (aw'di-ens), n. the act of 
hearing;^ admittance to a hearing or 
formal interview with one of high 
position; an assembly of hearers. 

audient (aw'di-ent), adj. hearing; 
Ustening. 

audiometer (aw-di-om'e-ter), n. an 
inscrument for gauging the power of 
hearing. 

audiphone (aw'di-fon), n. an instru- 
ment constructed to assist the deaf 
by collecting the sound-waves and 
conveying the vibrations to the 
auditory nerves through the medium 
of the teeth. 

audit (aw'dit), n. official examina- 
tion and verification of claims or ac- 
counts with vouchers and the at- 
tendance of witnesses to effect a set- 
tlement; a receipt of rent at stated 
times: v.t. to examine and adjust, as 
accounts or claims: v.i. to examine 
an account; act as auditor. 

auditor (aw'di-ter), n, a hearer or 
listener; a person appointed to ex- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



AUDITORIUM 



82 



AURICLE 



amine and verify accounts and 
claims; one who hears judicially, as 
in an audience court. 

auditorium (aw-di-to'ri-um), n. [pi. 
auditoria {-k), & auditoriums 
(-umz)], the space in a theater or 
other pubhc building assigned to the 
audience. 

auditory (aw-di-to-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to hearing, or to the sense or 
organs of hearing: n. an audience; 
a place or space allotted to hearers; 
an auditorium. 

auger (aw'ger), n, a tool for boring 
holes. 

aught^ (awt), n. anything; any part: 
adv. in any way; at all. 

augment (awg-menf), v.t. to in- 
crease; to enlarge in size or ex- 
tent; to add an augment to: v.i. to 
grow larger; increase in size and 
strength: n. increase; enlargement; 
a vowel prefixed, or a lengthening 
of the initial vowel. 

^augmentation (awg-men-tix'shun) , 
n. increase; the increase in time- 
value of the notes of a theme; an 
additional charge to a coat of arms 
bestowed as a mark of honor; the 
period of increase in a fever before 
the crisis is reached. 

augmentative (awg-men'ta-tiv), 
adj, having the quality or power of 
augmenting: n. a word or affix 
which expresses with greater force 
the idea conveyed by the term from 
which it is derived; opposed to di- 
minutive. 

augur (aw'ger), n. one who officially 
predicted events by the observation 
and interpretation of natural signs 
or omens, the flight of birds, the in- 
spection of the entrails of slaugh- 
tered victims, the occurrence of me- 
teorological phenomena, &e.; one 
who professes to foretell events by 
omens; a soothsayer; a prophet: 
v.i. to conjecture from signs or 
omens: v.t. to predict or prognosti- 
cate; betoken or infer. 

augury (aw'gu-ri), n. \pl. auguries 
(-riz)], {he art or practice of fore- 



telling events by reference to natural 
signs or omens; an omen; predic- 
tion; presage. 

august (aw-gusf), adj. grand; in- 
vested with grandeur and dignity; 
majestic; of a nature to inspire awe 
and reverence. 

August (aw'gust), n. the eighth 
month of the year. 

Augustan (aw-gus'tan), adj. resem- 
bhng the reign of the Roman Emperor 
Augustus; a period of munificence 
and splendor; an age of hberali ty 
toward hterature and the fine arts. 

auk (awk), n. the name given to the 
members of a family of arctic diving 
birds. The Great Auk is now ex- 
tinct. Also spelled awk. 

aulic (aw'lik), adj. pertaining to a 
royal court. 

aunt (ant), n. the sister of one's 
father or mother. 

aura (aw'ra), n. a subtle, vaporous 
streaming, or exhalation, supposed 
to emanate from a hving body or 
substance, as aroma, effluvium, or 
the subtle essence of its individual 
nature;^ a sensation as of a stream 
of air rising from a part of the body 
toward the head, and preceding an 
epileptic seizure or hysteria. 

aural (aw'rM), adj. pertaining to t-:e 
air or to an aura; pertaining to the 
ear, or to the sense of hearing. 

aureate (aw're-^t), adj. golden; gild- 
ed ; golden-yellow. 

aurelia (aw-re'ly^), n. the pupa or 
chrysalis of an insect. 

aurelian (aw-re'ly^n), adj. pertain- 
ing to the aurelia: n. one who makes 
a special study of butterflies and 
moths. 

aureola (aw-re'o-1^), or aureole 
(aw're-ol), n. a halo, radiance, or 
luminous cloud encircling the figures 
of Christ, the Virgin, and the saints 
as represented by the painters; any- 
thing resembling an aureola. 

auric (aw'rik), adj. pertaining to gold. 

auricle (aw'ri-kl), n. the external 
ear; that part of the ear which pro- 
jects from the head; one of two 



ate, arm, dsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



AURICULAR 



83 



AUTHORITY 



chambers of the heart which receive 
the blood from the veins and trans- 
mit it to the ventricle or ventricles. 

auricular (aw-rik'u-lar) , adj, per- 
taining to the ear or to the sense of 
hearing; privately addressed, as to 
the priest in the confessional; per- 
ceived by the ear; known by report, 
obtained by the ear; ear-shaped; 
pertaining to the auricles of the 
heart. 

auriculate (aw-rik'u-lat), or auric- 
ulated (-ed), adj. ear-shaped; hav- 
ing ears or ear-like appendages. 

auriferous (aw-rif'er-us), adj, gold- 
bearing yielding or containing 
gold. 

auriform (aw'ri-f 6rm) , adj, ear- 
shaped; having the form of the 
human ear. 

auriscope (aw'ri-skop). n. an in- 
strument for examining the ear. 

aurist (aw'rist), n. one skilled in the 
treatment of ear disorders. 

aurochs (aw'roks), n. the European 
bison, now nearly extinct. 

aurora (aw-ro'ra), n. [pi. auroras 
('raz) & aurorae ('re) ], the rising 
light or the morning; the dawn of 
dayspring. 

aurora borealis (bo-re-a'lis) , n. the 
northern lights, a luminous meteoric 
phenomenon manifesting itself by 
streams of light ascending from the 
northern horizon toward the zenith, 
or assuming the form of an arc 
having its ends on the horizon. 

aurora australis (aw-stra'lis), w. a 
phenomenon of corresponding na- 
ture in the southern hemisphere. 

aurous(aw'rus),acy. pertaining to gold. 

auscultate (aws'kul-tat) , v. t, to ex- 
amine by auscultation. 

auscultation (aws-kul-ta'shun), n. 
a method of detecting chest disease 
by observing the sounds arising in 
the part, either by applying the 
ear directly to the chest or thorax, 
or by means of a stethoscope. 

auscultator (aws'kul-ta-ter), n. one - 
who practices auscultation; a steth- 
oscope. 



auscultatory (aws-kul'ta-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to auscultation. 

auspice (aws'pis), n. [pL auspices 
(-ez) ], an omen drawn from birds; 
an omen; a prediction as to the 
future; protection; patronage; fa- 
voring influence (generally in pi.) 

auspicious (aws-pish'us), adj, hav- 
ing promise of success or happiness; 
propitious; prosperous; fortunate. 

austere (aws-terO, adj, sour; harsh; 
rough to the taste; severe; rigid in 
character or mode of living; severely 
simple. 

austerity (aws-ter'i-ti), n, severity 
of manner or life; harsh discipline; 
rigorous simplicity. 

austral (aws'tral), adj, southern. 

authentic (aw-then'tik), or au- 
thentical ('ti-kal), adj. genuine; 
original; duly authorized; true; 
trustworthy; vested with all due 
formalities, and legally attested. 

authentically (-li), adj, in an au- 
thentic manner. 

authenticate (aw-then'ti-kat), v,t, 
to make authentic; give authority 
to by accordance with legal for- 
malities; to establish as genuine. 

authentication (aw-then-ti-ka'- 
shun), n, the act of authenticating. 

authenticity (aw-then-tis'i-ti), n.the 
quality of being authentic ;authority. 

author (aw'ther), n. the beginner or 
prime mover of anything; an effi- 
cient cause; an originator; a creat- 
or; one who composes or writes a 
book; a composer. 

authoress (aw'ther-es), n, a female 
author [The term author is now 
generally used without regard to sex.] 

authoritative (aw-thor'i-ta-tiv), adj, 
having due authority, or the air of 
being duly authorized; positive, dic- 
tatorial; magisterial; commanding. 

authority (aw-thor'i-ti), n. [pi. au- 
thorities (-tiz) ), power or right to 
act or command; dominion; juris- 
diction; power derived from opinion, 
respect, or reputation; influence; 
justification or support for state- 
ment or action; a person invested 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, ndrth, not; booni 
book; hue, hut; thing, then. 



AUTHORIZATION 



84 



AUTOMATON 



with power to act or command; one 
deserving of credit, to whom ap- 
peal or reference can be made; in 
pL the government; the constituted 
authorities. 

authorization (aw-ther-i-za'shun), n. 
the act of authorizing; establish- 
ment by authority. 

authorize (aw'ther-iz), v,t to vest 
with authority; give a right to act 
or command; empower; legalize; 
establish or confirm by authority. 

auto (aw'to), n, an abbreviation in 
common use for automobile. 

autoy prefix meaning self; of one's 
self; of itself, 

autobiographic (aw-to-bi-o-graf'ik), 
or autobiographical ('i-kal), adj, 
pertaining to autobiography. 

autobiographically (-li), adv. in an 
autobiographic manner. 

autobiography (aw-to-bl-og'ra-fi), n. 
[pL autobiographies (-fiz) ], a biog- 
raphy, account, or character-sketch 
of a person written by himself. 

autocar (aw'to-kar) n, a carriage 
containing within itself the machin- 
ery necessary for its own propulsion. 

autocracy (aw-tok'ra-si), n. [pL 
autocracies (-siz) j, absolute, un- 
controlled authority; supremacy; 
government by one invested with 
absolute and uncontrolled author- 
ity; autonomy. 

autocrat (aw'to-krat), n. an abso- 
lute prince or sovereign; one who 
rules without restriction. 

autocratic (aw-to-krat'ik or auto- 
cratical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to 
autocracy; absolute. 

autocratically (-li), adv. in an au- 
tocratic manner. 

autocycle (aw'to-si-kl), n. a motor 
bicycle. 

autody namic (aw-to-di-nam'ik) i'adj. 
operating by its own force. 

autogenic (aw-toj'en-ik) or autog- 
enous (-us), adj, self-generated; 
produced independently. 

autograph (aw'to-graf ) , adj. self- 
written; in one's own handwriting: 
n. a person's own handwriting; an 



original manuscript or signature: 
v,t. to reproduce by autography; to 
sign or write one's autograph. 

autographic (aw-to-graf'ik), or au- 
tographical ('i-kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to an autograph or personal 
handwriting; relating to, or used in, 
the process of autography; self- 
recording. 

autography (aw-tog'ra-fi), n. the 
science of study of autographs; an 
original manuscript; a process in 
lithography by which copies of 
writings or drawings are reproduced 
in facsimile. 

autogravure (aw-to-grav-ur'), n, a 
process of photo-engraving. 

autohypnotic (aw-to-hip-not'ic) ,adj. 
producing in one's self a hypnotic 
state by one's own effort. 

auto-infection (aw'to-in-f ek'shon) , 
n, poisoning of the system through 
chemical changes within the body 
itself. 

auto-intoxication (aw'to-in-tok-si- 
ka'shon), n. a form of auto-infec- 
tion usually due to imperfect diges- 
tion of food in which the waste 
products of digestion are absorbed 
into the blood, poisoning the system. 

autolatry (aw-tol'a-tri), n. self-wor- 
ship. ^ _ 

autology (aw-tol'o-ji), n. the scien- 
tific study of one's self. 

automat (aw'to-mat), n. a camera 
shutter operated by a pneumatic 
bulb; an apparatus for serving 
foods automatically in response to a 
coin dropped into a slot; also a res- . 
taurant where this method is used. 

automatic (aw-to-mat'ik) , or auto- 
matical ('i-kal), adj. having the 
power of self-motion or self-action; 
of the nature of an automaton; 
independent of the will. 

automatically (-li), adv. in an au- 
tomatic manner. 

automatism (aw-tom'a-tizm), n. au- 
tomatic action; the doctrine which 
assigns all animal functions to the 
active operation of physical laws. 

automaton (aw-»tom'a-ton), n. [pi. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



AUTOMATOUS 



85 



AVARICE 



automata (-ta), & automatons 
(-tonz), that which possesses the 
power of spontaneous movement 
without consciousness; a self-acting 
machine. 

automatous (aw-tom'i-tus), adj. 
spontaneous; of the nature of an 
automaton. 

autometry (aw-tom'e-tri), n. the es- 
timation, or measurement, of one's 
self. 

automobile (aw-to-molDil), adj, self- 
moving. 

automobile (aw-to-mo-bel' & aw-to- 
mo'bil), n. a self -moving vehicle; 
motor-carriage. 

automobilist (aw-to-mo^bil-ist), n, 
one who rides in and manages an 
automobile; a chauffeur. 

automorphism (aw-to-morf'ism), n, 
the judgment of others by^ analogy 
from the knowledge of one's self. 

automotor (aw'to-mo-ter), n. a self- 
acting machine. 

autonomic (aw-to^nom'ik), or au- 
tonomous (-ton'o-mus), adj. per- 
taining to autonomy. 

autonomist (aw-ton'o-mist), n. a 
supporter of autonomy. 

autonomy (aw-ton'o-mi), n. [pi. au- 
tonomies (-miz) ], the power or 
right of self-government; the state 
of poHtical independence. 

autonym (aw'to-nim), n. one^s own 
name: opposed to pseudonym; a 
work published under the author's 
real name. 

autophon (aw'to-fon), n. a barrel- 
organ, the tunes of which are deter- 
mined by perforated mill-board. 

autoplasty (aw't5-plas-ti), n, the 
process of repairing lesions by ap- 
phcation of tissue removed from an- 
other part. Called also rhinoplasty. 

auto-suggestion (aw-to-sug-jes'chun) 
n, self-suggestion; arising in one's 
mind without exterior cause. 

autopsy (aw'top-si), n. personal ob- 
servation; ocular demonstration; a 
post-mortem examination. 

autotoxic (aw-to-toks'ik), adj. self- 
poisoning. 



autotruck (aw'to-truk), n. a self- 
moving truck; motor truck. 

autotype (aw'to-tip), n. a facsimile; a 
photo-gelatine process of producing 
pictures. 

autotypography (a w-to-ti-pog'r&-fi) , 
n. a kind of nature printing; by 
the transference of gelatine draw- 
ings on to a plate of soft metal from 
which the design is printed. 

autumn (aw'tum), n, the season be- 
tween summer and winter, begin- 
ning astronomically at the autumnal 
equinox, about September 22nd, and 
ending at the winter solstice, about 
December 23rd; the period of de- 
cline or decay. 

autumnal (aw-tum'n§,l), adj, belong- 
ing or peculiar to autumn; pro- 
duced or gathered in autumn; per- 
taining to the period of hfe when 
middle age is past: n. a plant that 
flowers in autumn. 

autumnal equinox (e'kwi-noks), n. 
the time of the sun's southward 
passage across the equator, about 
September 22nd. 

auxiliary (awg-ziri-a-rl), adj. help- 
ing; aiding ;^ assisting; subsidiary; 
n. [pi. auxiliaries (-riz) ], a helper; 
an assistant; a confederate or ally; 
aid of any kind; a verb which helps 
to form the moods and tenses of oth- 
er verbs: pi. foreign troops in the 
service of a nation at war. 

avail {k-v2\')y v.i. to be of use, value, 
or service; give profit: v.i. to turn 
to profit or advantage: n. use; 
means towards an end ; advantage to 
an object: pi. proceeds or profits. 

availability (i-va'la-bil-i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being available. 

avalanche (av'§,-lanch), n. the sud- 
den descent of a mass of compact 
snow or ice from the higher parts of 
a mountain; a fall of rocks or earth 
from the heights of a mountain; 
anything that overwhelms by sud- 
denness and irresistible force. 

avarice (av'§,-ris), n. an inordinate 
or insatiable desire of gain; covet- 
ousness; cupidity; greediness. 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



AVARICIOUS 



S6 



AWAKE 



avaricious (av-^-rish'us), adj. im- 
pelled by avarice; greedy of gain; 
grasping. 

avast (k'ViisV), interj. stop! cease! 
hold! 

avatar (av-i-tar') or avatara (-ta'r^), 
n. the descent of a deity to earth in 
an incarnate form; a manifestation 
or embodiment. 

avaunt (i,-vawnt' & S-vant'), interj. 
begone! depart! an exclamation of 
contempt or abhorrenceo 

ave (a've & aVe), interj. hail! fare- 
well! n. an Ave Maria; a salutation. 

avenaceous (av-e-na'shus), adj. be- 
longing to or resembling oats. 

avenge (a-venj'), v.t. to exact pun- 
ishment or satisfaction for v/rong or 
injury done to one's self or another: 
v.i. to execute vengeance; to receive 
satisfaction for injury by the pun- 
ishment of the offender. 

avenue (av'e-nu), n. a way or means 
of approach to a place, a passa:;e- 
way, drive, or alley bordered by trees 
leading to a house; a broad road- 
way or street planted with trees. 

aver (a-ver), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. averred, 
p.pr. averring], to affirm positively; 
declare to be true; verify. 

average (av'er-aj), n. any charge ad- 
ditional to the cost of freightage: 
v.t. to find the mean, as of unequal 
sums or quantities; reduce to a 
mean; assign proportionately. 

averment (a-ver'ment), n. the act of 
affirming positively; verification; a 
statement or allegation as to facts. 

averse (a-vers')j ddj. unwilling; un- 
favorable; having a repugnance or 
disinclination to. 

aversion (^-ver'shun), n, opposition 
or repugnance of mind; antipathy; 
fixed disHke; hatred; the object or 
* cause of disUke or reougnance. 

avert (a-verf), v.t, to turn aside or 
away; turn or ward off; prevent. 

avertible (^-vert'i-bl), adj. capable 
of being ward d off, or averted. 

Avesta (i--ves't^), n. the sacred writ- 
ings attributed to Zoroaster; the 
Zend-Avestao 



avian (a'vi-§,n), adj. pertaining to 
birds. 

aviary (a'vi-a-ri), n. [pi. aviaries 
(-riz) ], a house, large cage, or in- 
closure for the keeping and rearing 
of birds in confinement. 

aviation (a'vi-^-shun), n. the art of 
flying. 

aviator (a'vi-a-ter), n. one who op- 
erates a flying machine. 

avicularium ^ (i--vik'u-lar-i-um), n. 
[pL avicularia (-a) ], the small pre- 
hensile process, resembling the head 
of a bird with a movable mandible, 
which continually snaps. 

avicul ture (a'vi-kul-tur ) , n. the breed- 
ing and rearing of birds. 

avidity (a-vid'i-ti), n. greediness; 
eagerness; strong appetite. 

avocation (av-o-ka'shun), n. a sub- 
ordinate or occasional occupation, as 
contradistinguished from vocation. 

avoid (i,-voidO, v.t. to keep away, 
shunnina;; the state of being vacant, 
make void: v.L to become vacant or 
void, 

avoidance (a-voi'dS,ns), n. the act of 
annulling or making void; the act of 
shunning; the state of being vacant. 

avoirdupois (av-er-du-poiz'), a sys- 
tem of weights in which one pound 
contains 16 ounces: used generally 
for all commodities except precious 
metals, gems and drugs. 

avouch (a-vouch'), v.t. to affirm open- 
ly; maintain; declare positively; 
vouch for; admit or confess. 

avow (a-vou'), v.t. to declare openly; 
acknowledge frankly; ta admit and 
justify. 

avowal (§,-vou'M), n. an open decla- 
ration; a frank acknowledgment; a 
confession. 

awabi (§,-wa'be), n. an edible shell- 
fish found on the coast of Japan; 
the abalone. 

await (^-wat'), v.t. to wait for; look 
for or expect; be ready for. 

awake (4-wak'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
awoke, awaked, p.pr. awaking], to 
arouse from sleep, or from any state 
resembling sleep; put into action; 



ate, arm, S-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon; 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



AWAKENING 



87 



AXIOMATICALLY 



infuse new life into: v.L to cease to 
sleep; bestir one*s self: adj. not 
sleeping; roused from sleep or in- 
activity; in a state of vigilance or 
action. 

awakening (a-wak'ning) , n. the act 
of rousing from sleep; a revival of 
religion, or activity of a particular 
religious sect: adj, rousing; excit- 
ing; alarming. 

awa^rd (a-wawrd'), v.t. to adjudge; 
assign by judicial sentence, or arbi- 
tration; bestow in consideration of 
merit; to determine or make an 
award: n. a judgment; a decision; a 
sentence; the decision of arbitrators 
on points submitted to them; the 
document containing such decision; 
that which is awarded or assigned. 

aware (a-warO, adj. on guard; vig- 
ilant; watchful; apprised; cognizant; 
conscious. 

awash (a-wosh'), adj & adv. on a 
level with the waves. 

away (a-wa'), adv. absent; at a dis- 
tance; out of; off; in another direc- 
tion; continuously: inter j. begone! 
depart! 

awe ^ (aw), reverential fear; the 
feeling or emotion inspired by the 
contemplation of something sub- 
lime; a sense of profound admira- 
tion and respect; reverence: v.t. to 
strike or inspire with feelings of rev- 
erential respect or fear; restrain by 
fear or respect. 

aweather (a-weth'er), adv. on the 
weather side, or toward the wind: 
n. opposed to alee. 

awful (aw'ful), adj. inspiring or im- 
pressing with profound fear or rev- 
erence; of a dreadful or appalling 
nature; solemn. 

awfully (-li), adv. in an awful man- 
ner; excessively. 

awhile (a-whir), adv. for a period of 
time. ' 

awk. See auk. 

awkward (awk'werd), adj. wanting 
dexterity; unskilful; ungraceful or 
ungainly in shape, movement or 
manners; clumsy. 



awl (awlj, n. a pointed instrument 
for piercing. 

awn (awn), n. the beard or bristle- 
like appendage of the outer glume of 
wheat,barley and numerous grasses. 

awning (awn'ing), n. a covering of 
canvas or other cloth stretched 
upon a frame and used as a shelter 
from wind or sun. 

awny (aw'ni), adj. having bristles; 
bearded. 

awoke, p.L of awake. 

awry (a-rl'j, adj. or adv. turned or 
twisted toward one side; erroneous. 

axal. See axial. 

axe or ax faks), n. a tool or instru- 
ment of steel, or iron with a steeled 
edge, attached to a handle, used 
for the hewing of timber and 
chopping of wood. 

axial (aks'i-al), adj. pertaining to an 
axis in any sense of the word. 

axially (-li), adv. in the direction of 
an axis. 

axiferous (ak-sif 'e-rus), ac^. consisting 
of stem or axis alone without leaves. 

axiform (ak'si-form), adj. in the 
form of an axis. 

axil (ak'sil), n. the angle formed by 
the upper side of an organ or branch 
with the stem or trunk to which it 
is attached. 

axile (ak'sil), adj. pertaining to the 
axis; situated or lying in the axis. 

axilla ^ak-sira), n. [pi. axillae Ce) ], 
the armpit, or cavity in the junction 
of the arm and shoulder; the axil 
of a leaf. 

axillar (ak'si-lar), or axillary (-lari), 
adj. pertaining to the armpit; per- 
taining to, springing from, or 
situated in, the axil. 

axiom ^ak'si-um), n. an indisputable 
self-evident truth; a proposition 
embodying a truth at once obvious 
and incontrovertible; an established 
principle in an art or science. 

axiomatic fak-si-o-mat'ik) or axio- 
matical Ci-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, an axiom. 

axiomatically (-li), adv. in the man- 
ner, or by use, of accepted truth. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



AXIS 



88 



AZZIMINA 



axis (ak'sis), n, {pi. axes ('sez) ], the 
straight line, real or imaginary, 
passing through a body, upon or 
around which such body revolves, or 
IS supposed to revolve; a straight 
line drawn through the center of a 
bilateral symmetrical figure, as the 
spinal column; the central line of 
any symmetrical body; the stem or 
central column of a plant, round 
which the organs or parts are dis- 
posed; the central region of a moun- 
tain chain. 

axis (ak'sis), n, the hog-deer of India. 

axle (ak'sl), n. the spindle, or por- 
tion of the axle-tree, which is in- 
serted in the hub of the wheel, and 
on which the wheel revolves.^ 

axle-box (-boks), n. a bushing in 
the hub of a wheel through which 
the axle passes. 

axle-tree (-tre), n. a bar connecting 
the opposite wheels of a carriage, 
on the rounded ends of which the 
wheels revolve. 

ay or aye (a), adv. always; for ever; 
continually. 

aye or ay (a or I), adv, or inter j, 
yes; yea; even so; indeed: n. [pi. 
ayes (iz)], the affirmative votes in 
a parliamentary division; the mem- 
bers so voting. 

aye-aye (i'i), n, a singular nocturnal 
quadruped, native of Madagascar, 
and allied to the lemurs. 

Ayrshire (ar'shir), n, a fine breed of 



cattle from the county of Ayr, Scot- 
land, noted for their rich milk. 

Azalea (&-za'le-l,), n. [pi. azaleas 
(-^z)], a genus of plants, belonging 
to the rhododendron tribe, and re- 
markable for their showy flowers. 

azarine (az'^-rin), n. a bright red 
dye obtained from coal-tar. 

azimuth^ (az'i-muth), n. an arc of 
the horizon intercepted between the 
meridian of a place and the vertical 
circle passing through the center of 
a celestial body. 

azote (az'ot), n. the old name for 
nitrogen. 

Azrael (az'-ra-el), n. name given by 
the Mohammedans to the Angel 
of Death. 

Aztec (az'tek), adj. pertaining to the 
Aztec race. Also written Aztecan. 

azure (azh'ur & a'zhur), adj, like the 
blue of the sky; cerulean: n. the 
clear blue of the sky; any pigment 
of this color; the blue tint expressed 
in heraldry by horizontal shading. 

azure-stone (azh'ur-ston) , n. the 
lapis lazuli, from which genuine ul- 
tramarine is made. 

azurine (azh'tir-in), n. a greyish-blue 
color. 

azurite (azh'u-rit), n. blue carbonate 
of copper; blue malachite or ches- 
sylite; lazulite. 

azzimina (at-si-me'na), a mode of 
decoration by damaskeening in gold 
and silver, &c. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i^Aen. 



B 



b, the second letter in the alphabet of 
all European tongues, except iLe 
Russian and its derivatives. 

baa (ba), v.i. to cry, as a sheep; 
bleat: n. the cry or bleating of a 
sheep. 

Baalism (ba'M-izm), n. the worship 
of Baal; gross idolatry. 

bab (bab), n. a fishing bob: v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. babbed, p.pr, babbing], to 
lish with a bob. 

baba (ba'ba), n. an Eastern title of 
respect. 

Babbitt-metal (bab'it-met-M), n. an 
anti-friction alloy of copper, tin, 
and zinc, used in crank and axle 
bearings, &c. 

babble (bab'bl), v.i, to utter indis- 
tinct or imperfect sounds; prattle; 
talk childishly; murmur continu- 
ously: v.t. to utter; prate; repeat 
unintelhgently ; tell secrets: ??. un- 
meaning or foolish talk; a confused 
murmur. 

babbler (babler), n. one who bab- 
bles; a dog that gives tongue too 
frequently when on scent. 

babe (bab), n. [pL babes (babz)], an 
infant or young child of either sex. 

babiroussa or babirussa (bab-i- 
roo'sa), n. the wild hog of Eastern 
Asia. Written also babyroussa, 
babyrussa. 

bablah (babia), or babul (ba-bool'), 
w. the rind of the legume of an East 
Indian species of the acacia, con- 
taining gallic acid and tannin. 

baboo or babu (ba-boo'), n. sl title 
of honor among the Hindus. 

baboon (b&-boon'), n. the popular 
name of a large division of monkeys, 
which inhabit Africa and Arabia, 



and are characterized by a long dog- 
like snout, large canine teeth, great 
head, rudimentary tail, large callosi- 
ties on the hips, and capacious cheek 
pouches; an epithet of contempt. 

baboonery (b^-boon'er-i), n. [pL 
babooneries, (-iz)], a collection of 
baboons; behavior or conduct hke 
that of a baboon. 

baboonish (b^-boon'ish), adj. like a 
baboon. 

baboosh or babouche (b^-boosh'), 
n. a kind of loose slipper worn in 
Oriental countries. Also written 
pabouche. 

babuina (bab-u-i'n&), n. sl female 
baboon. 

babul. See bablah. 

baby (ba'bi), n. [pL babies ('biz)], 
an infant of either sex; a small 
child: adj. pertaining to an infant 
or young child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
babied, p.pr, babyin;:], to treat or 
fondle like a baby or young child; 
to keep dependent. 

baby-farm (ba'bi-farm), n. a place 
where young children are put out 
for nursing. 

babyhood (ba'bi-hood), n. the stage 
of infancy. 

babyish (ba'bi-ish), adj, childish. 

babyism (ba'bi-izm), n. the charac- 
teristics of a baby; a childish man- 
ner of speech. 

Babylonian (bab-i-lo'ni-&n), adj. per- 
taining to Babylonia; magnificent; 
luxurious. Also Babylonish. 

bacca (bak'&), n. a berry; any fleshy 
fruit; a one-celled fruit with a soft 
outer env^elope, and with naked 
seeds immersed in pulp. 

baccalaureate (bak-^-law're-at), 71. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; think, then. 

89 



BACCARAT 



90 



BACK-RENT 



the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Sci- 
ence, &c.: adj. pertaining to the 
degree of Bachelor. 

baccarat (bak-^-ra'), n. a French 
card game played between a banker 
and an unlimited number of betters 
with one or more packs of cards. 

baccate (hak'at) or baccated (-ted), 
adj. having many berries. 

bacchanal (bak'a-ni,l) or baccha- 
nalian (bak-§,-na'li-§,n), adj. in- 
dulging in or characterized by 
drunken revelry; drunken: ?i. a vo- 
tary of Bacchus; a drunken rev- 
eler; a drunken feast. 

bacchante (bak-an'te), n, female 
votary of Bacchus. 

bacchantic (ba-kan'tik), adj. of or 
resembling a bacchanal; noisy; jo- 
vial. 

bacchic (bak'ik) or bacchical 
('i-kal), adj. pertaining to Bacchus 
or the feasts in his honor; riotous, 
or mad with drink. 

bachelor (bach'el-er), n. one who 
has taken the lowest university de- 
gree in any faculty; an unmarried 
man. 

bachelorhood (bach'el-er-hood) , n. 
state of an unmarried man.^ 

bachelor girl (bach-el-er gerl), n. a 
modern young woman who earns her 
own living and enjoys bachelor-like 
independence, usually keeping house 
by herself or with other bachelor girls. 

bachelor's buttons (bach'el-erz- 
but'unz) n.pl' the name popularly 
given to several flowering plants 
whose blossoms somewhat resemble 
buttons. 

bacillaria (bas-i-la'ri-a), n. a genus 
of microscopic diatoms. 

bacillary (bas'i-ia-ri), adj. consist- 
ing of bacilli. 

bacillian (b§.-siri-^n), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the natiu'e of, a bacillus. 

bacillicide (b^-siri-sid), n. an a,gent 
employed for destroying bacilU. 

bacilliculture (b^-siri-kQl-tur), n. 
the culture of bacilU in animal or 
vegetable infusions for scientific 
research. 



bacillus (ba-sirus), ^ n. [pi. bacilli 
Ci), a genus of microscopic vege- 
table organisms commonly known 
as bacteria, having slender rod-like 
jointed bodies or filaments, and pos- 
sessing the power of constant move- 
ment, present in many ferments, in 
all stages of putrefaction, and asso- 
ciated with the earUest stages of ma- 
lignant or zymotic disease. 

back or bac (bak), n. a flat-bot- 
tomed ferry-boat, ^ especially one 
adapted for carrying vehicles; a 
large cistern or vat used by brew- 
ers, &c., for liquids. 

back (bak), ?i. the hinder part of the 
body in man. or in other animals 
the upper portion; the whole region 
of the spine, extending from the 
base of the neck to the buttocks; 
the dorsal region of a fish; that 
which is opposed to the front; the 
rear or hinder part of anything; 
the part of a tool or weapon op- 
posed to the edge: adj. lying or 
being behind or in the rear, as to 
time, situation, or direction; in a 
backward direction: adv. into or 
toward the rear; to or toward a for- 
mer or original place, state, or con- 
dition, to or toward times past; 
not advancing; in a state of hin- 
drance or restraint; in withdrawal 
or retirement; aw^ay; in return; 
ag.ain, v.t to furnish with a back 
or backing; get upon the back of 
or mount; second or support; bet 
or wager; iiftn or indorse; put 
backward or cause to recede: v,i 
to move or ap backward. 

backfire (bakllr), v.i. to fight forest 
or prairie fires by starting local 
fires that can be controlled or ex- 
tinguished, producing a burnt area 
that the original fire cannot cross. 

back-firing (bak-fir'ing), n. prema- 
ture ignition of the gas and air in the 
cylinder of an internal combustion 
engine, due to a compression of the 
combustible mixture or to advanced- 
spark adjustment, 

back-rent (bak'rent), n. arrears of 



ate, arm, S^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ihexi. 



BACK-REST 



91 



BACKWOODS 



rent; rent paid after reaping the 
first crop by a tenant entering on 
a lease. 

back-rest (bak'rest), n. a guide, at- 
tached to the sU de-rest of a lathe, 
and placed in contact with the work 
to steady it. 

back-settlement (bak-setl-ment) , 
71. an outlying or partially reclaimed 
portion of a country beginning to 
be cultivated. 

back-settler (bak-set'ler), n. one 
living in the outlying districts of a 
settlement. 

backbite (bak'bit), v.L [p.t. backbit, 
p.p. backbit & backbitten, p.pr. 
backbiting], to slander or speak evil 
of in absence: v.i, to censure absent 
persons. 

backboard (bak'bord), n. a board to 
support the back; a thin wooden 
backing used for picture frames, 
mirrors, &c. 

backbone (bak'bon), n. the bone of 
the back; the vertebral column of 
animals; that which serves as a 
backbone; hence, firmness or de- 
cision of character. 

backer (bak'er), n. one who sus- 
tains or abets another; especially 
one who bets in favor of a person 
or animal in a contest. 

backgammon (bak-gam'un), n. a 
game played by two persons upon 
a table or board made for the pur- 
pose, with fifteen pieces each, and 
dice-boxes, and dice. 

background (bak'ground), n, ground 
in the rear; the distant portion of 
a landscape; the portion of a pic- 
ture furthest from the spectator; 
that which is dimly seen ; a subordi- 
nate position; a place of retirement 
or reserve. 

backhand (bak'hand), n. writing 
which slopes backward or to the 
left. 

backhanded (bak'han-ded), adj. with 
the hand turned backward; unfair; 
indirect; ambiguous; sloping back- 
ward. 

backing (bak'ing), n. something placed 



behind to support or strengthen; aid 

or support given to a person or cause. 

backsheesh or backshish. See 

bakshish. 

backside (bak'sid), n. the hind part 
of anything or that which is op- 
posed to the front; the hind part of 
an animal. 

backslide (bak-slidO, v.i. [p.t, backslid, 
backshded, p.p. backslid, backslid- 
den, backslided, p.pr. backsliding], 
to slide back; fall off or away from: 
apostatize. 

backstair (bak'star) or backstairs 
('starz), n. stairs in the back pait 
of a house; stairs for private use: 
adj. indirect; underhand; secret; 
intriguing. 

backstays (bak'staz), n.pZ. long ropes 
extendin:^ from the masthead to the 
side of the ship, slanting a little aft, 
to assist the shrouds in supporting 
the mast. 

backsword (bak'sord), n, a sword 
with one sharp edge; a stick with 
a basket handle used in the game 
of singlestick. 

backward (bak'werd) or back- 
wards (-werdz), adu. with the 
back foremost; toward the back; 
in a contrary or reverse manner, 
way, or direction; toward past 
times or events; from a better to 
a worse state. 

backward (bak'werd), adj. directed 
to the back or rear; unwilling; re- 
luctant; hesitating; slow; behind 
in learning or progress; behind in 
time. 

backwater (bak'waw-ter), n. water 
caused to flow backwards by ob- 
struction of its course; accumula- 
tion of water overflowing lowlands, 
caused by obstruction; water held 
back by a dam or weir; water 
thrown back by the turning of a 
water-wheel or the paddles of a 
steamer. 

backwoods (bak-woodz'), n.pL for- 
ests or partially cleared land situ- 
ated far from the centers of popula- 
tion. 



ate, pjm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BACKWOODSMAN 



92 



BAGGALA 



backwoodsman (bak-woodz'man) , n , 
a dweller in forests; one who lives 
remote from villages or towns. 

bacon (ba'kn), n hog's flesh salted or 
pickled and dried, usually in smoke. 

bacteria (bak-te'ri-^), n.pL of bac- 
terium. 

bacteriological (bak-te-ri-o-loj 'i-kM) , 
adj, of or pertaining to bacteriology. 

bacteriologist (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jist), 
n. a student of bacteriology. 

bacteriology (bak-te-ri-ol'o-ji), n. 
the scientific investigation or study 
of bacteria. 

bacterioscopy (bak-te-ri-os'ko-pi), 
n. the examination of bacteria by 
the microscope. 

bacterium (bak-te'ri-um), n. [pZ. 
bacteria (-a)j, a microscopic or- 
ganism of various forms and shapes; 
a disease germ. 

bad (bad), adj, [compar, worse, su- 
perl, worst], the opposite of good; 
evil; ill; wicked; depraved; vicious; 
pernicious; corrupting; hurtful; 
offensive; noxious, physically or 
morally; defective; worthless; un- 
happy; unfortunate. 

bad form (bad 'form), n, that which 
is bad; not very refined; somewhat 
vulgar. 

badderlocks (bad'er-loks), n, a large 
dark green edible seaweed. 

badelaire (ba-de-lar'), n. a curved 
sword used as a heraldic bearing. 

badge (baj), n. a mark, sign, or 
token, or cognizance, to denote the 
occupation, allegiance, association, 
or achievements of the person by 
whom it is displayed; the mark or 
token of anything; a carved orna- 
ment on the stern of a vessel. 

badger (baj'er), n. a plantigrade car- 
nivorous mammal, of nocturnal hab- 
its; an artist's brush of badger's 
hair v.t. to worry or annoy, as a 
badger when baited; pester; per- 
sistently assail. 

badger-baiting (baj'er-ba'ting), n. 
a cruel sport formerly practiced of 
assailing a badger placed in a barrel 
with dogs. 



badger-dog (baj'er-dog), n. another 
name for the dachshund. 

badiaga (bad-i-a'g§,), n, a seaweed, 
the powder of which is used for 
removing discoloration caused by 
bruises. 

badinage (bad'i-naj & ba-de-nazh'), 
n. light or playful raillery or banter. 

badly (bad'li), adv. wickedly; griev- 
ously; imskilfully; defectively; ill. 

badminton (bad'min-tun), n. an out- 
door game similar to tennis, but 
played with shuttlecocks; a kind of 
claret-cup. 

badness (bad'nes), n. the state of 
being wicked or vicious; depravity. 

bafHe (bafl), v.t. to elude or circum- 
vent by artifice or the interposition 
of obstacles; foil or check; defeat; 
frustrate; thwart; subject to indig- 
nities. 

bag (bag), n. a sack; a pouch; a wal- 
let; a receptacle for holding any- 
thing; that which is contained in a 
bag, or. the result of a day's sport; 
a sack or receptacle in animal bod- 
ies, containing a fluid or other sub- 
stance; a definite quantity of cer- 
tain commodities: v.t. to enclose in 
a bag; distend; swell; secure or 
capture, as game; steal: v.i. to 
bulge; hang down hke a full bag. 

bagasse (ba-gas'), n. sugar-cane 
refuse as dehvered from the crush- 
ing mill. 

bagatelle (bag-^-teF), n. a trifle; a 
game played on a nine-holed board, 
baized and cushioned, with a cue and 
nineballs. 

baggage (bag'aj), n. the tents, cloth- 
ing, utensils, &c., of an army or ex- 
peditionary force on the march; the 
trunks, bags, and other impedimenta 
or baggage of a traveler: n. an im- 
moral woman; a coquettish or frol- 
icsome girl. 

baggage-master (bag'aj-mas'ter), n. 
person in charge of receiving and 
forwarding baggage in railroad sta- 
tions. 

baggala (bag'§.-la), n. Arab trading 
vessel with two masts. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
'book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BAGGING 



93 



BALANCE OF POWER 



bagging (bag'ing), n. the act of put- 
ting into bags; coarse cloth or other 
material used for bags; filtration 
through canvas bags. 

baggy (bag'i), adj. having a loose or 
flabby appearance; swelled or puffed 
out. 

bagnio (ban'yo), n. a bath-house; a 
brothel; an oriental prison. ^ 

bagpipe (bag'plpj, n, a shrill-toned 
musical instrument, consisting of a 
leathern wind-bag from which air is 
forced by the performer's elbow into 
pipes, one (the chanter) giving the 
melody. [Commonly used in j)l.\ 

bah (ba), interj, an exclamation ex- 
pressing incredulous contempt or 
disgust. 

bail (bal), v.U to set free or liberate 
from arrest on security for reappear- 
ance; to deliver, as goods, in trust, 
on contract expressed or implied 
that the person entrusted shall re- 
turn or account for the same: n. the 
person or persons who provide se- 
curity for the release of a prisoner; 
the security tendered, or accepted. 

bail (bal), v.t, to free from water by 
dipping; to lade out with a bucket 
or other utensil, as in a boat: n, 
a bent or arched handle of a pail or 
kettle; a half-hoop supporting the 
cover or tilt of a wagon; one of the 
two small sticks, 4 in. long, which are 
laid across the tops of cricket stumps. 

bailee (ba-le^, n, the person to whom 
goods are committed in trust. 

bailer* See bailor. 

bailiff (ba'lif), n, a sheriff's oflBcer 
who serves processes, &c.; any 
subordinate civil oflBicer; an overseer 
or under-steward on an estate. 

bailiwick (ba'li-wik), n, the district 
within which a bailiff has jurisdic- 
tion. 

bailment (bailment), n. a delivery 
of goods in trust to another; the 
action of becoming surety for one in 
custody. 

bailor (baler) or bailer (ba'ler), 
n. one who delivers goods to another 
in bailment. 



bairn (barn), n. a child [Scotch]. 

bait (bat), v.t. to harass or provoke, 
as by the setting on of dogs; worry; 
torment, for sport; annoy persistent- 
ly; prepare a hook, trap, or snare 
by covering it with food or other 
substance; give food and drink to 
upon a journey: v.i. to take food or 
drink upon a journey: n, any sub- 
stance used to entice or allure fish 
or other animals with a view to cap- 
ture; an allurement; temptation/ 
refreshment taken on a journey. 

baize (baz), n. a coarse woolen stuff, 
with a nap on one side. 

bake (bak), v.t. to cook or prepare 
food by subjection to dry heat in a 
closed place, as an oven; to dry and 
harden by heat: v.i. to do the work 
of baking; become hard by heat: n. 
the result of baking, as a clam bake. 

baker ^ (ba'ker), 71. one whose busi- 
ness is to make bread, biscuits, &c. 

bakery (ba'ker-i), n. [p/. bakeries 
(-iz)], a place used for bread-mak- 
ing; a baker's shop. 

baking (backing), ?i. the quantity of 
anything baked at the same time; a 
batch. 

bakshish, bakhshish, or baksheesh 
(bak'shesh), n, an Eastern term for 
a present or gratuity. 

balance (bal'Sus), n. an instrument 
for ^ determining the weight of 
bodies; a pair of scales; a steel- 
yard; a spring balance; the act of 
weighing mentally; equilibrium; 
equipoise; equality; an equality be- 
tween the two sides of an account; 
the excess shown on either side; the 
sum or weight necessary to make 
two unequal sums or weights equal; 
v.t, to weigh; compare; bring to a 
state of equipoise; keep in equilib- 
rium; poise; equal or make equal; 
counterbalance; adjust or settle; to 
examine and compare accounts: v.i. 
to have equal weight; be in equi- 
poise; be employed in the adjust- 

' ment of accounts. 

balance of power, n, a theory in di- 
plomacy that there should be a 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BALANCE OF TRADE 



94 



BALLAST 



balance among nations, so that no 
single power should be overwhelm- 
ingly dominant, thus conserving 
peace. 

balance of trade (bal'&ns of trad), 
n. the difference between the imports 
and exports of a country. 

balance-reef (bal'ans-ref), n. a reef- 
band crossing a sail diagonally. 

balance-sheet (barans-shet), n. a 
statement of the assets and liabili- 
ties of a business 

balance-wheel (bal'dns-hwel), n. a 
wheel in a watch chronometer 
which regulates the beats 

balancer (bal'i,n-ser), n. one who, 
or that which, keeps anythiag in 
equilibrium; an acrobat: p/. the or- 
gans placed under the wings of cer- 
tain insects to balance the body. 

balata (b§,-la't§.), n the dried gum 
of the buUy-tree, similar to india- 
rubber, and used for insulating elec • 
trie wires 

balayeuse (bal-a-yez'), n plaited 
muslin or lace inserted at the bot- 
tom of a dress to protect it from 
the ground. 

balconet (bal-ko-nef), n. a slightly 
projecting low ornamental railing 
to a door or window 

balconied (barko-nid), adj having a 
proiectmg exteri:)r platform or in- 
terior gallery. 

balcony (b.d'ko-ni), n. [pi. balco 
nies (-niz)|, a platform or gallery 
projecting from the wall of a build- 
ing, enclosed by a balustrade or 
parapet. 

bald (bawld), adj. without the natu- 
ral or usual covering to the head or 
summit; unadorned; bare: literal; 
undisguise 1 ; having a white spot or 
patch on the head; bald-faced. 

bald-heac. (bawld'hed) ru a man 
bald on the head. 

balderdash (bawl'der-dash), n- a 
nonsensical jumble of words; silly 
talk or writing; a worthless mixture. 

baldric or baldrick (bawrdnk), n. 
a broad belt, often richly orna- 
mented, worn round the waist or 



over one shoulder and across the 
breast. 

bale (bal), n. a large bundle or pack- 
age of goods; v.t, to make up into a 
bale or bales; to bale out as water. 

bale (bal), n. woe; calamity; mis- 
chief. 

baleen (bi-len'), n. whalebone in its 
natural condition; the horny elastic 
material fringing the jaws of right 
whales. 

bale-fire (bal 'fir), n. a beacon or 
signal-fire; a bonfire; a funeral pyre. 

baleful (barfool), adj. replete with 
deadly or malign influence; full of 
woe; direful; predicative of disaster. 

balefully (li); adv calamitously; 
miserablv. 

balise or balize (ba-lez'), n. a sea- 
mark or beacon, consisting of a 
pole or buoy surmounted by a flag 
or other object 

balk or baulk (bawk), n a strip or 
ridge of land left unplowed; a thick 
heavy piece of timber; a barrier or 
check; frustration or disappoint- 
ment: v.t. to thwart, check, or 
disappoint: vi to stop short, or 
swerve; to signify the position of 
herring or pilchard shoals from a 
height, and indicate their position 
to che fishermen 

ball (bawl), n. a round body; any 
mass resembhng a sphere; a spheri- 
cal body used for play; a bullet; any 
roundish part of the body; a game 
pla^'-ed with a ball; the giot^ or 
earth: v.t, to make into a ball: v.i. 
to form or gather into a ball, ball- 
bearing (bawrbar-ing), n, a bear- 
ing containing loose balls of metal 
to reduce friction. 

ball (bawl), n. a dance; a social as- 
sembly of persons of both sexes for 
the purpose of dancing. 

ballad (bal'i-d), n, a short narrative 
poem, adapted for reciting or singing. 

ballast (bal'ast), n, weighty material 
carried by a ship to ensure stability; 
sand carried in the car of a balloon 
to steady it; gravel or rubble filUng 
the space between the sleepers of a 



ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BALLASTAGE 



95 



BAM 



irailway; that which imparts stability 
to the character: v.t. to place ballast 
in or on; impart steadiness to. 

ballastagfe (bar^s-taj), n. a toll 
paid for leave to take ballast. 

bsdlast-tank (barest-tank), n, one 
of a series of tanks in a ship designed 
to carry water ballast when the 
cargo is Hght, being pumped out to 
give buoyancy when the ship is 
heavily laden. 

ballet (baFa), n. a theatrical repre- 
sentation in which a story is told, 
and actions, characters, and pas- 
sions represented by gestures, ac- 
companied by music and dancing; 
the company of persons who per- 
form the ballet. ^ 

ballistic (bal-hs'tik), adj. pertaining 
to the scientific construction and 
use of projectiles. 

ballistics (bal-is'tiks), n. the science 
of the motion of projectiles. 

ballon d'essai (b^-long da-se'), a 
balloon used to test the direction of 
air currents; hence a feeler to test 
public opinion. 

balloon (bal-loon'), n. a large bag 
of prepared silk or other material, 
which, when inflated by hj'drogen 
gas or heated air, ascends and floats 
in the atmosphere; a round vessel 
with a short neck used in distillation. 

balloon- jib (bal-loon'jib), n. a tri- 
angular sail used by yachts in a 
shght breeze. 

ballooning (bal-loon'ing), n. the art 
or practice of managing balloons or 
making balloon ascents. 

balloonist (bal-ioo'nist), n. one who 
makes or ascends in a balloon; an 
aeronaut. 

balloon-kite (bal-loonlcit), 7i. a com- 
bination of balloon and kite used 
for meteorological observations and 
for miUtary scouting, although for 
the latter purpose the dirigible bal- 
loon and tne aeroplane have largely 
superseded it. 

ballot (barot), n. a ball, ticket, or 
paper by which a vote is registered; 
the system of secret voting by the 



iise of balls, tickets, or papers; elec- 
tion by secret vote; also the total 
number of votes cast or recorded: 
v.i. to vote or decide by secret vote. 

ballot-box (bal'lot-boks), n. a recep- 
tacle for the deposit of ballots. 

balm (bam), n. the oily aromatic 
exudation of certain trees or shrubs, 
used for healing or soothing; bal- 
sam; anything which heals, or that 
soothes pain; an odoriferous tree or 
shrub yielding balm. 

balm of gilead (of gil'e-ad), n. the 
name of various kinds of fragrant 
resins, as that of the evergreen tere- 
binth tree of Arabia. 

balmily (bam'i-h), adv. in a soothing 
manner; fragrantly. 

balminess (-pes), n. the state or 
quahty of being soothing or refresh- 
ingly fragrant. 

balmoral (bal-mor'il), adj. & n. the 
name given to various strong arti- 
cles of dress, as a petticoat, or lace 
up boots. 

balmy (bam'i), adj. having the quali- 
ties of balm; soft; fragrant; refresh- 
ing. 

balsam (bawrs&m), n. an oily, aro- 
matic, resinous substance obtained 
from certain trees or shrubs, and 
used medicinally or in perfumery; 
balm; the name apphed to several 
trees, shrubs, or plants yielding bal- 
sam, as the balsam-tree; anything 
soothing or healing. 

balsamic (bawl-sam'ik), or bal- 
samical (-^1), adj, having the 
qualities of, or yielding, balsam; 
soft; soothing; heaUng. 

baluster (bal'us-ter), n. a small col- 
umn or pilaster to support tiie rail 
of a parapet or balustrade. 

balustrade (bal-us-trad'), n. a series 
of small columns or pilasters, sur- 
mounted by a top-rail or coping, 
serving as a parapet or protective 
railing, staircase, &c. 

balzarine (barzi^-rin), n. a dress 
fabric o^ wool and cotton. 

bam (bam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bammed. 
p.pr. bamming], to bamboozle; cheat 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BAMBINO 



BANDOLEER 



wheedle: n. an imposition; a cheat; 
a hoax. 

bambino (bam-be'no), n, [pi. bam- 
bini ('ne)], a child or baby; a fig- 
ure of the infant Christ wrapped in 
swaddling clothes: exhibited in many 
Roman Catholic churches from 
Christmas to Epiphany. 

bamboo (bam-boo'), n. the name of 
certain tropical grasses having thick- 
jointed stems of exceeding hardness, 
and attaining to a height of from 20 
to 120 ft.; a stick or cane: v.L to 
flog with a bamboo rod. 

bamboozle (bam-boo'zl), v.t. to hoax; 
deceive by trickery; mystify; hum- 
bug: v.i. to practice cheating. 

ban (ban), n. in feudal times a public 
proclamation, or summons to arms; 
an edict of proscription or interdic- 
tion; prohibition; excommunica- 
tion; curse; anathema: v.t. [p.t, & 
p.p. banned; p-pr. banning], to 
curse; to interdict or prohibit; to 
place under a ban. 

ban (ban), n. the title of the gov- 
ernor of Croatia and Slavonia as 
viceroy of the Austrian emperor. 

banana (b^-na'n^), n. a tropical her- 
baceous plant, closely allied to the 
plantain; its soft, luscious fruit, 
which furnishes a nutritious and 
important article of food in tropi- 
cal countries. 

banate (ban 'at), n. the territory 
ruled by a ban: the office itself. 

band (band), n. that which binds to- 
gether; that which connects; that 
which encircles, supports, or re- 
strains; a fillet; strap; tie; shackle 
or fetter; collar; ligature; a driving 
belt; a company of persons united 
by a common object; a body of 
soldiers; a company of musicians 
forming an orchestra, a military or 
other band: v.t, to unite in a troop, 
company, or confederacy: v.i. to 
associate or unite for some common 
purpose. 

bandage (ban'daj), n. a roller of 
cotton or other material used in 
dressing and binding up wounds. 



&c.; a band or ligature: v.t. to dress 
or bind with a bandage. 

bandala (ban-da'l§,), n. manila white 
rope. 

bandana or bandanna (ban-dan '§,), 
n. a large silk or cotton handker- 
chief, dyed red, blue, or yellow, with 
white or yellow spots; a style of 
calico printing in imitation of the J 
bandana. I 

bandbox (band'boks), n. a light box 
of pasteboard, &c., for holding bon- 
nets. 

bandeau (ban-do'), n. [pi. bandeaux 
(-doz')], a ribbon worn over the 
forehead. 

banded (ban'ded), p. adj. allied; con- 
federated; having bands; marked 
by stripes of different color or ma- 
terial; having a band differing in 
tincture from the garb. 

bandelet, same as bandlet. 

banderilla (ban-de-rery&), n. a dart, 
with a banderole attached, used in 
bull fights to exasperate the bull. 

banderillero ^ (ban-der-il-ya'-ro), n. 
the person in bull fights who plants 
the dart or banderilla in the flesh of 
the bull. 

banderole (ban'de-rol), or banderol 
(-rol), n. a little flag or streamer; a 
small flag carried at the head of a 
lance or mast. 

bandicoot (ban'di-koot), n. a large 
rat, native of India and Ceylon, 
very destructive to rice fields and 
gardens; the name given to rat-like 
marsupials of several species found 
in Australia and Tasmania. 

bandit (ban'dit), n. [pi. bandits 
edits) & banditti (-dit'i)], an outlaw; 
a brigand; a robber; a highwayman. 

bandlet (band'let), n. a small band; 
a little band or flat molding encirc- 
ling a column. 

bandog (ban'dog), n. a large fierce 
kind of dog usually kept chained; a 
mastiff. 

bandoleer (ban-do-ler'), n. a broad 
leather belt, worn over the shoulder 
and across the breast, for holding 
ammunition. 



ate, arm, S<sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, t/ien- 



BANDOLINE 



97 



BANK-NOTE 



bandoline (ban'do-lin), n, a gummy 
perfumed substance used for im- 
parting a gloss to the hair or for 
fixing it in any position. 

bandore (ban-dor' & ban'dor), n. an 
ancient stringed instrument resem- 
bling a zither. 

bandsaw (band' saw), n, an endless 
steel saw running on pulleys. 

bandy (ban'di), v.t{p.L & p.p. ban- 
died, p.pr. bandying], to throw or 
beat to and fro, as a ball in play; 
toss from one to another; give and 
take: v.i. to contend; strive: n. a 
club bent at the end for striking a 
ball; a hockey-stick; a game played 
with such a club, commonly called 
hockey: adj, bent; having a bend 
or crook outward. 

bandy (ban'di), n. a kind of cart or 
buggy used in India, drawn by oxen. 

bane (ban), n. that which causes 
death, ruin, or destruction, hence a 
deadly poison, vice, or sin; a dis- 
ease (rot) in sheep. 

baneful (ban 'fool), adj, poisonous: 
pernicious. 

banefully (-li), adv. in a pernicious 
manner; destructively. 

bang (bang), v.i. to beat, as with a 
club or cudgel; thump; handle 
roughly; produce a loud sound by 
or from (as, bang the door); sur- 
pass or excel: v.i. to make a loud 
noise; thump violently: n. a heavy 
blow; a loud, sudden noise: ac?i'. with 
a sudden or violent blow; abruptly. 

bang (bang), n. [pi. bangz], hair cut 
straight across the forehead so as 
to form a fringe; false hair so worn: 
v.t. to cut the hair across the fore- 
head so as to form a fringe. 

bangle (bang'gl), n. an ornamental 
ring worn upon the wrists and 
ankles in India and Africa; a ring- 
bracelet. 

banian or banyan (ban-yan'), n. a 
Hindu trader or merchant; a Ben- 
gali native who manaejes mo^ey ^f 
fairs for Europeans; a loose gown for 
men, like that worn by the Hindus. 

banian-tree (-tre), n the Indian 



fig-tree, which spreads over a large 
area by sending down shoots from 
its branches; these take root and 
become new trunks. 

banish (ban'ish), v.t. to condemn to 
exile; expel from the country as a 
punishment; drive away; dispel 
from the mind. 

banishment (ban'ish-ment), n. the 
act of expelling or driving away; 
the state of being expelled. 

banister or bannister (ban'is-ter), 
n. corrupt forms of baluster. 

banjo (ban' jo), n. a musical instru- 
ment, of from five to nine strings, 
having a neck like a guitar, and a 
circular body covered in front with 
tightly-stretched parchment. 

ban joist (ban'jo-ist), n. a performer 
on the banjo. 

bank (bangk), n. a. heap, mound, or 
ridge of earth; any steep acclivity; 
an elevation or rising ground be- 
neath the sea or at the mouth of a 
river, forming a shoal or shallow; a 
bench for rowers; a tier of oars: 
v.t. to enclose, defend, or fortify 
with a bank; pile or heap up. 

bank (bangk), n. an establishment 
for the custody, loan, exchange, or 
issue of money; the office of a bank- 
ing company; in certain games of 
chance, the fund held against the 
table: v.t. to deposit money in a 
bank: v.i. to have an account with 
a banker. 

bank-bill (bangk'bil), n. a note or a 
bill of exchange of a bank payable 
on demand or at a future specified 
time. 

bank-book fbangk-book), n. the 
pass-book kept by a depositor, in 
which a cashier of the bank enters 
the debits and credits. 

bank-credit (bangk-kred'it), n. the 
amount a person, on giving proper 
security, is allowed to draw upon 
a bank. 

ban>-note (bangk-not), n. a promis- 
sory not'^ ^'ssued by a legally author- 
ized bank, pc;y«^^'^ '^'^ (^f^mfiiir\, a^n^ 
forming part of the money currency . 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BANKABLE 



BAR 



bankable (bang'k^-bl), adj. receivable 
by a bank. 

banker (bangTcer), n. one who keeps 
a bank; one who traffics in money, 
receives and remits money, nego- 
tiates bills of exchange, &c.; a ves- 
sel employed in the cod-fishery on 
the banks of Newfoundland; the 
stone bench on which masons cut 
and square their work; a ditcher. 

banking (bang'king), n, the act of 
raising a mound or bank; fishing on 
the banks of Newfoundland; the 
loading of coals at the pit's mouth. 

bankrupt (bangk'rupt), n. a person 
legally declared to be unable to dis- 
charge his liabilities; an insolvent 
debtor: adj. unable to meet one's 
obhgations; insolvent; v.t, to make or 
render insolvent: v,i, to exhaust one's 
financial credit; become insolvent. 

bankruptcy (bangk'rupt-si), n. [pi. 
bankruptcies ^ (-siz) J, the state of 
being legally insolvent, or unable to 
pay all debts; failure in trade. 

banner (ban'er), n. a piece of cloth 
or silk attached to a pole or staff, 
and usually worked with some device 
or motto, heraldic or emblematical: 
an ensign, standard, or flag of a 
country, state, or order. 

bannock (ban uk), n. a thick cake 
made of oatmeal, barley-meal, or 
pease-meal, and baked on an iron 
plate or griddle. 

banns (banz), n.pZ. the proclamation 
in church of an intended marriage. 

banquet (bang'kwet), n. a sumptuous 
entertainment or feast: v.t. to treat 
with a feast or rich entertainment: 
v.i. to regale one's self sumptuously. 

banquet or banquette (bang-kef), 
n. a bank running along the inside 
of a parapet, on which soldiers stand 
to fire upon the enemy; the footway 
of a bridge when raised above the 
carriage-way; a sidewalk. 

banshee (ban 'she), benshie (ben' 
she), or benshi ('she), n. a kind 
of female fairy who, according to the 
belief of the peasantry of Ireland, 
and some parts of Scotland, attaches 



herself to a particular house, and 
foretells the death of any member of 
the family by an appearance. 

bantam (ban't§,m), n, a diminutive 
breed of domestic fowl: adj. pertain- 
ing to the bantam; diminutive; con- 
sequential. 

banter (ban'ter), v.i. to rail at good- 
humoredly; attack jestingly; make 
fun of : n. humorous raillery. 

bantling (banffing), n. a young 
child. 

Bantu (ban'tu), n. a term sometimes 
used to designate the languages of 
South Africa. 

banyan or banyan-tree. See banian. 

banzai (ban-z§,'i), inter j. [lit. ten thou- 
sand 3 ears] the Japanese battle-cry; 
hurrah. 

baobab (ba'o-bab & ba'6-bab), n. an 
African tree of huge size, called the 
sour-gourd, or the cream-of-tartar 
tree, largely used as an article of 
food by the natives. 

baptism (bap'tizm), w. the applica- 
tion of water by an authorized ad- 
ministrator, in the name of the Holy 
Trinity, to a person, by sprinkling, 
effusion, or immersion, constituting 
the sacrament or rite by which he 
is initiated into the visible church of 
Christ. 

baptismal (bap-tiz'm&l), adj. per- 
taining to the ceremonial application 
of water or initiatory rite of the 
Christian Church. 

baptismally (-h), adv. in the manner 
of, or by means of, baptism. 

Baptist (bap'tist), n. one of a Chris- 
tian denomination who baptize adult 
believers only, and who maintain the 
necessity for immersion. 

baptistery (bap'tis-ter-i), or bap- 
tistry (-tri), n. (pZ. baptisteries (-iz) 
-tries (-triz) ], a building or portion 
of a building in which the rite of 
baptism is administered. 

baptize (bap-tiz'), v.t. to administer 
the rite of baptism to; admit to the 
Christian Church by the ceremonial 
apphcation of water; christen. 

bar (bar), n. a piece of wood, metal, 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



BAR SINISTER 



BARCAROLE 



or other solid matter, long in pro- 
portion to its thickness; anything 
which impedes or obstructs; a bank 
of sand, gravel, &c., obstructing 
navigation at the entrance to a har- 
bor or mouth of a river; the railing 
enclosing^ the space occupied by 
counsel in courts of justice; the 
place in oourt where prisoners are 
stationed for trial, or sentence; the 
members of the legal profession col- 
lectively, entitled to plead in court; 
any tribunal; the portion of a hotel, 
&c., where liquors are served out; a 
band or stripe; a hne drawn ver- 
tically through the staff of a piece 
of music, dividing it into equal 
measures of time; the space and 
notes enclosed by two such lines; an 
ordinary, similar to, but narrower 
than, a fess, and filling one-fifth of 
the heraldic field: v.t. [p.t. & p.p, 
barred: p.pr. barring], to fasten with 
a bar; to hinder; obstruct; exclude. 

bar sinister (bar sin'is-ter), n. heral- 
dic term, meaning a bar dra^Ti from 
the upper left corner of a shield to 
the lower right corner; usually in- 
dicating illegitimate birth. 

barb (barb), n. that which resembles 
a beard in lower animals; a hair or 
bristle ending in a double hook; the 
sharp point projecting backwards 
from the extremity of an arrow, fish- 
hook, &c. : v.t. to furnish with barbs. 

barb (biirb), n. a horse of the Bar- 
bary breed, remarkable for speea, 
endurance, and docility; a short- 
beaked pigeon of a breed originally 
brought from Barbary. 

barbarian (bar'ba'ri-an), n. a for- 
eigner; a man in a rude, savage 
state; an uncivilized person; a cruel, 
savage, brutal man: ac//. pertaining 
to savages; rude; unciviHzed; inhu- 
man. 

barbaric (bar-bar 'ik), adj, pertain- 
ing to or characteristic of savage or 
uncivilized people; rude; savage. 

barbarism (bar'bi-rizm), n, an of- 
fense against purity of style or Ian-' 
guage; an uncivilized state or condi- 



tion; a cruel or barbarous action; 
an outrage. 

barbarity (bar-bar 'i-ti), n, [pi. bar- 
barities (-tiz) ], the state of being 
uncivilized; cruelty; inhumanity; an 
act of savage cruelty. 

barbarize (bar'ba-riz), v.i. to adopt 
a foreign or barbarous mode of 
speech: v,t. to make barbarous. 

barbarous (bar'ba-rus), adj. uncivil- 
ized; rude and ignorant; contrary 
to pure idiom; savage; cruel; fero- 
cious; inhuman; wild. 

barbate (bar'bat), or barbated Cba- 
ted), adj. bearded; furnished with 
long and weak hairs. 

barbecue (bar'be-ku), n. a frame on 
which all kinds of meat or fish are 
roasted or smoke-dried; the carcass 
of an ox, hog, <fcc., roasted whole; 
a social or political entertainment 
at which animals are roasted whole, 
with appropriate surroundings: v.t, 
to dress and roast whole. 

barbel (bar'bel), n. a slender vermi- 
form process appended to the lips of 
certain fishes; a European fresh- 
water fish, having its upper jaw 
furnished with four barbels. 

barber (biir'ber), n. one whose occu- 
pation is to shave the beard and cut 
and dress the hair: v.t. to shave and 
dress the hair of. 

barbette (bar-betO» w. the platform 
or breastwork of a fortification, 
from which cannon may be fired 
over a parapet instead of through 
the embrasures. 

barbette-turret (bar-bet'tur'et), n. 
the rotary protected mechanism in 
which the heavy guns of modern 
battleships are commonly mounted. 

barbican (bar'bi-kin') , n. a tower or 
advanced work detendirg the en- 
trance to a castle or city. 

barbotine (bar'bo-tin), n. kaolin clay, 
thinly mixed, used for ornamenting 
pottery. 

barbule (bar'bul), n. a very minute 
barb. 

bsircarole or barcarolle (bar'ki-rol), 
n. a simple song or melody sung by 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut; think, ^^n. 



BARD 



100 



BARN-OWL 



Venetian gondoliers; a piece of 
music in imitation of such a song. 

bard (bard), n, a poet and singer. 

bard or barde (bard), n. one of the 
ornaments and housings of a horse; 
one of the pieces of defensive ar- 
mor of a mediaeval war-horse. 

bardic (bar'dik), adj pertaining to 
bards or to their poetry. 

bardish (bar 'dish), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, bards. 

bardism (bar'dizm), n, the methods, 
maxims, and sentiments of bards. 

bare (bar), adj, naked; with the head 
uncovered; unconcealed; simple; 
unfurnished; threadbare; poor; mere: 
v.U to divest of covering. 

barefaced (bar 'fast), adj, with the 
face uncovered; undisguised; shame- 
less; impudent. 

barege (b&-razh'), n, thin gauze-like 
fabric, usually of silk and worsted. 

bargain (bar'g§,n), n, an agreement 
or contract between two or more 
parties with reference to the sale 
or transfer of property; a compact 
or pledge mutually agreed upon; the 
thing purchased or stipulated for; 
that which is acquired or sold at a 
low price; an advantageous pur- 
chase: v.i, to make a contract or 
agreement: v.U to sell or transfer 
for a consideration. 

bargainee (bar-ga-ne'), n, the party 
to whom a bargain and sale is made. 

bargainer or bargainor (bar'ga- 
ner), n, one who stipulates or con- 
tracts to sell or transfer to another 
for a consideration. 

barge (barj), n, a flat-bottomed ves- 
sel employed in loading and unload- 
ing ships, and for the conveyance of 
goods on rivers and canals; a vessel 
of state. 

barilla (b^-ril'§;), n, an impure car- 
bonate and sulphate of soda im- 
ported from Spain and the Levant, 
and obtained from the alkaline ashes 
of certain plants. 

barillet (bar'il-let), n, the cylindrical 
case containing the mainspring of a 
watch. 



baritone. See barytone. 

barium (ba'ri-um), ii. one of the ele- 
mentary metals. 

bark (bark), v.i, to utter a sharp^ 
short sound, as the cry of a dog; to 
cough: 7i. the sound or cry emitted 
by dogs. 

bark (bark), n, the exterior layer or 
rind of woody stems or trunks; 
Peruvian bark: v,U to remove by 
stripping. 

bark or barque (bark), n. a three- 
masted vessel having the fore- and 
main-mast square-rigged, and the 
mizzen-mast fore-and-aft rigged. 

barkantine or barkentine (bar'- 
ki,n-ten), n, a three-masted vessel 
having the fore-mast square-rigged, 
and the main- and mizzen-mast 
fore-and-aft or schooner-rigged. 
Also barquantine. 

barker (bark'er), n, a person who 
stands outside of a side-show or 
place of amusement to attract at- 
tention of passers-by. 

barking (bar 'king), n, a sharp sound 
hke that of a dog; coughing: n, the 
process of stripping bark from trees; 
the process of tanning leather and of 
dyeing with bark. 

barky (bar'ki), adj, consisting of, or 
covered with bark. 

barley (bar'h), n. the grain grown 
and used chiefly for malting; the 
plant which yields the grain. 

barley-corn (bar'li-korn), n, a grain 
of barley; formerly a measure of 
length equal to the third part of 
an inch. 

Barleycorn, John (jon), n, a name 
sometimes jocularly given to whisky. 

barm (barm), n, the foam rising 
upon beer or other malt liquors 
when fermenting, and used as leaven 
in bread-making; yeast. 

barmy (barm'i), adj, containing or 
consisting of yeast; frothy. 

barn (barn), n. a covered building for 
the storage of grain or other farm 
produce. 

barn-owl (bam'bul), n, the whites 
or screech owl. 



5i», arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BARNACLE 



101 



BARREN 



barnacle (bar'n^-kl), n, a species of 
wild goose, called barnacle or ber- 
nicle goose ;^ a cirriped crustacean, 
found adhering in groups or clusters 
to rocks or to the bottoms of ships, 
&c.; an official who holds tenacious- 
ly to his post: n.pl, an instrument 
placed on a horse's nose to restrain 
him while being shod, bled, or 
dressed; a pair of spectacles. 

barogram (bar'o-gram), n. the 
record traced by the barograph. 

barograph (bar'o-graf), n, an in- 
strument recording automatically 
variations in atmospheric pressure. 

barology (ba-rol'o-gi), », the science 
of weight or gravity. 

barometer (ba-rom'e-ter), n, an in- 
strument for measuring the weight 
or pressure of the atmosphere : used 
for indicating the various changes 
of weather, or to determine the alti- 
tude of a particular place. 

barometric (bar-o-met'rik), or bar- 
ometrical ('ri-kM), adj, pertain- 
ing to, made with, or indicated by, 
a barometer. 

barometrically (-li), adv. by means 
of a barometer. 

baron ^ (bar'un), n. the title of an 
English peer of the lowest rank, next 
below a viscount; formerly the title of 
the judges of the Court of Exchequer. 

baronage (bar'un-aj), n. the whole 
body of barons; the dignity or rank 
of a baron. 

baroness (bar'lin-es), n, a baron's 
wife; a lady holding a baronial title 
in her own right. 

baronet (bar'un-et), n. a title of 
hereditary rank or degree of honor 
next below a baron and above a 
knight. 

baronetage (bar'un-et-aj), n. the 
collective body of baronets; the 
dignity or rank of a baronet. 

baronetcy (bar'un-et-si), n. the title 
and dignity of a baronet. ^ 

baronial (bar-o'ni-^1), adj. pertain- 
ing to a baron or a barony. 

baronism (bar'un-izm), n. thp feudal' 
system of government by barons. 



barony (bar'un-i), n, [pi. baronies 
(-iz>], the rank or dignity of a 
baron; the domain or lordship of a 
baron; a territorial d^' vision in Ire- 
land, corresponding nearly to the 
English hundred; a large freehold 
estate in Scotland. 

baroque (ba-rok'), adj. grotesque; in 
bad taste. 

bstroscope (bar'6-skop), n. an in- 
strument for indicating variations in 
the pressure of the atmosphere with- 
out actual measurement of its 
weight; a storm- or weather-glass. 

barouche (ba-roosh'), n, a roomy, 
four-wheeled carriage with a folding 
or falling top. 

barquantine. See barkantine. 

barque. See bark. 

barracan (bar'^-kSn), n. a thick 
strong stuff made of camel's hair. 

barrack (bar'SJi). n. a large build- 
ing, or series of buildings, for the 
lodgment of soldier? and officers. 

barrage (bar-razh'), n, a barrier, cur- 
tain; an attack by a line of shell- 
fire prior to a drive against the 
enemy. 

barratry ^ (bar'§,-tri), n. the practice 
of vexatiously inciting and encourag- 
ing to lawsuits or htigation; the 
committal by a ship's master, officer, 
or mariner, of an act of fraud, or 
breach of duty, whereby the owners, 
freighters, or insurers of the vessel 
are defrauded or injured. 

barred (bard), p. adj. furnished with 
bars; obstructed; secured; striped. 

barrel (bar 'el), n. a vessel or cask, 
C3^Undrical in form, bulging in the 
middle, made of wooden staves bound 
with hoops, and having flat ends or 
heads; the quantity which a barrel 
should contain; anything resembling 
a barrel in shape; a drum or cyUn- 
der; a metalhc tube. 

barrel (bar'el). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bar- 
reled,^ p.pr. barreling], to put or 
pack in a barrel. 

barren (bar'en), adj. incapable of 
producing its kind; improductive; 
unfruitful; sterile; lacking; devoid; 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BARRICADE 



102 



BASE-BORN 



profitless; empty: n. an unproduc- 
tive tract of land. 

barricade (bar-ri-kad'), n, a forti- 
fication constructed in haste of such 
materials as are nearest to hand, 
and which will serve to obstruct the 
progress or attack of an enemy, or 
shield a besieged party; any bar or 
obstruction: v.L to obstruct or stop 
up; fortify or enclose by a barricade. 

barrier (bar'i-er), n, anything which 
hinders or obstructs; an obstacle to 
progress, approach, or attack; an 
enclosing fence or boundary wall; a 
limit or boundary. 

barrier-reef (-ref), n, a reef of 
coral encircling an island, or skirt- 
ing the mainland, and enclosing an 
open channel or lagoon. 

barring (barring), y.pr, as prep, ex- 
cepting; leaving out of account. 

barrister (bar'is-ter), n, in England, 
a member of the legal profession 
qualified to plead at the bar; in 
Scotland, an advocate; counselor at 
law. 

barrow (bar '6), n. a frame covered 
with boards, and furnished with 
handles at both ends, or with a pair 
of wheels and handles or shafts at 
one end; a hand-barrow; a shallow 
box, with a single wheel and handles 
and supports; a wheel-barrow; a 
mound of earth or heap of stones 
forming an ancient or prehistoric 
grave, constructed in various forms. 

bar-shot (bar'shot), n. double-head- 
ed shot. 

barter (bar'ter), y,L to traffic or 
trade by exchanging one commodity 
for another: v.U to give in exchange: 
w. trafficking by exchange of com- 
modities; the thing given in exchange. 

bartizan (bar'ti-zan), n. a small 
overhanging turret, with loopholes 
or embrasures, projecting from the 
top of a tower or wall. 

barwise (bar'wiz), adv. horizontally. 

barwood (bar'wood), n. a red dye- 
wood. 

baryta (bSrri'tS,), n. the oxide of 
barium. 



barytes (ba-ri'tez), n. the native sul- 
phate of barium. Also called heavy- 

. spar. 

Ixarytic (b^-ritlk), adj. pertaining 
to or containing baryta'. 

barytone or baritone (bar'i-ton), 
adj. intermediate between bass and 
tenor, as a male voice or instru- 
ment: n. a person with a voice hav- 
ing this range: adj. ha\dng the last 
syllable unaccented: v.t. to leave the 
last syllable unaccented. 

barytone-clef (-kief), n. the F clef 
on the middle line of the bass staff. 

basal (bas'al), adj. pertaining to or 
forming the base; fundamental: n. 
a basal part. 

basalt (ba-sawlf & bas'awit), n. an 
igneous rock of greenish black color, 
and composed of feldspar, augite, 
titaniferous iron, and frequently 
olivine. 

basaltic (b^-sawl'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to or formed of basalt. 

basanite (bas'a-nit), n. a black sili- 
ceous rock or jasper; Lydian stone; 
touchstone. 

bas-bleu^ (ba-ble'), n. a bluestock- 
ing; a literary woman. 

bascule (bas'kul), n. a mechanical 
arrangement on the see-saw prin- 
ciple by which the lowering of one 
end raises the other. 

base (bas), adj. worthless; spurious; 
of mean spirit; morally abject; deep 
or grave in sound (commonly bass) . 

base^ (bas), n. the part of a thing on 
which it rests; a foundation or 
groundwork; that which combines 
with an acid to form a salt; the line 
or surface forming that part of a 
figure on which it is supposed ^ to 
stand; a fortified line from which 
the operations of an army proceed; 
a starting place; the lower part of a 
heraldic field: v.t. to lay a foundation. 

baseball (bas 'bawl), a game of ball 
played by nine on a side; ball used 
m playing baseball. 

base-born (bas'born), adj. born out 
of wedlock; of low or mean paren- 
tage; mean. 



5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&i. 



BASEMAN 



103 



BASS 



baseman (bas'man), n. [pi. basemen 
('men) ], a player placed at base- 
ball at the first, second, and third 
bases, respectively. 

basement (bas'ment), n. the lowest 
part of a structure; the lowest 
story of a building. 

bash (bash), v.L to strike heavily; to 
knock out of shape. 

bashaw (ba-shaw'), n. sl pasha; a 
magnate or grandee; a bigwig. 

bashful (bash'fool), adj. easily dis- 
concerted; modest to excess; diffi- 
dent; shy. 

bashfully (-li), adv. in a bashful 
manner. 

bashi-bazouk (bash'i-ba-zook'), n. 
a volunteer or irregular in the 
Turkish army. 

bashlyk (bash'lik), n. a kind of hood 
with long ends, worn in Russia. 

basic (ba'sik), adj. pertaining to a 
base; fundamental; performing the 
office of a base in a salt. 

basil (baz'il), n. a sheepskin tanned 
with bark; the name given to several 
aromatic herbs used in cookery. 

basil (baz'il), n. the angle to which 
the cutting edge of a tool is ground: 
v.t. to grind or form the edge of to 
an angle. 

basilar (bas'i-lar), or basilary (-la- 
ri), adj. pertaining to, or situated 
at, the base. 

basilic (ba-zil'lk), or basilical ('i- 
kal), adj, kingly; royal; pertaining 
to a basilica: n. the middle vein of 
the arm. 

basilica (ba-zil'i-ka) , n. [pi. basilicas 
(-kaz) ], in ancient Rome, a public 
hall of rectangular shape used for 
judicial assemblies; a church built 
on such a plan. 

basilicon (ba-zil'i-kon), n. an oint- 
ment composed of yellow wax, 
black pitch, resin, and olive oil. 

basilisk (bas'i-lisk), n. a fabulous 
creature, variously conceived as a 
kind of serpent, lizard, or dragon, 
and sometimes identified with the 
cockatrice; the name of a lizard 
with an inflatable crest: adj. per- 



taining to the basilisk; penetrating 
or malignant. 

basin (ba'sn), n. a circular vessel for 
holding water or other Hquid; a 
pond, or dock, or other reservoir for 
water; the area drained by a river; 
a set of strata or stratified forma- 
tions occupying a basin-shaped 
depression in older rocks. 

basis (ba'sis) n. [pi. bases ('sez) ], a 
foundation; the groundwork or fun- 
damental principle of anything. 

bask (bask), v.i. to lie in warmth; 
be exposed to genial heat; be at 
ease and thriving under benign 
influences: v.t. to warm by con- 
tinued exposure to heat. 

basket (bas'ket), n. a vessel made of 
rushes, or other flexible material, 
plaited or interwoven; as much as a 
basket will hold. 

basket-ball (bas'ket-ball), n. an in- 
door or open-air game, the object 
being to toss a large inflated ball 
into a goal at either opposing ends 
of the floor or field. 

basketful (bas'ket-fool), n. [pi. bas- 
ketfuls], as much as a basket will 
hold. 

basking-shark (bas'king-shark), n. 
one of the largest of the sharks in- 
habiting the northern seas; it is 
harmless; and has the habit of 
basking at the surface in the sun. 

Basque (bask), adj. of, or pertaining 
to, the Basque race or language. 

basque (bask), n. a kind of a woman's 
jacket with a short skirt. 

bas-relief (ba-re-lef), n. low relief; 
a form of relief in which the figures 
stand out very slightly from the 
ground. Also spelled bass-relief, 
basso-relievo, & basso-rilievo. 

bass or basse (bas), n. the name of 
various edible fishes allied to the 
perch. 

bass (bas), n. the American lime- 
tree; matting made from its bark; 
a hassock. 

bass (bas), adj. low; deep; grave: n. 
the lowest part in the harmony of a 
musical composition; the lowest 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BASS-BAR 



104 



BATCH 



male voice, ranging from D below 
the bass staff to D or E above it; 
one who sings bass. 

bass-bar (bas'bar), n. a piece of wood 
placed lengthwise inside stringed 
instruments to resist the pressure of 
the bridge. 

bass clef (bas'klef), n. the character 
placed at the beginning of the bass 
staff. 

bass horn (bas'horn), n. a modified 
form of a clarionet. 

bass staff (bas'staf), n. the staff on 
which the notes of the bass of a 
harmonized composition are written - 

bass viol (bas'vil), n, a large 
stringed instrument of the violin 
class for playing bass, 

basset (bas'et), v.i, to crop out at the 
surface. 

basset-horn (bas'et-horn), n. an in- 
strument resembhng a clarionet, but 
of greater compass. 

bassinet (bas'i-net), n. a wicker bas- 
ket with a hood at one end. 

basso (b^s'o), adj. Italian for bass: 
n. one who sings bass. 

basso-prof ondo (-pro-fon'do), n. 
the lowest bass voice; a singer hav- 
ing such a voice. 

bassoon (bas-oon'), n. an instrument 
of the reed kind. 

bassoonist (bas-oon'ist), n. a per- 
former on the bassoon. 

bc^sso-relievo. See bas-relief. 

bassorin (bas'o-rin), or bassorine 
(-rin), n. a substance extracted 
from gum tragacanth and some 
other gums. 

bast (bast), n. the tough inner fibrous 
bark of various trees, especially of 
the lime; rope or matting made 
from this bark. 

bastard (bas't^rd), n. a child be- 
gotten and born out of wedlock; 
an animal of inferior quality or 
breed; a kind of hawk formerly 
used in falconry; a coarse brown 
sugar made from S3rrup previously 
boiled: adj. begotten and born out 
of lawful matrimony; spurious; 
adulterate. 



bastardize (bas't§,r-dlz), v.t. to make 
or prove to be a bastard; declare 
to be illegitimate. 

bastardy (bas'tar-di), n. the state 
of being illegitimate, or born out of 
lawful wedlock. 

baste (bast), v.t, to beat with a 
stick; to drip or pour melted fat or 
butter on meat while roasting; to 
sew slightly, or fasten with long 
stitches, as in dressmaking. 

bastile or bastille (bas-tel'), n, a 
tower or fortification used for the 
defense or siege ot a fortified place;. 

» an old castle in Pans used as a 
state prison, demohshed by the pop- 
ulace in 1789. 

bastinado (bas-ti-na'do), n, an Orien- 
tal mode of punishment, consisting 
in beating^ an offender upon the soles 
of his feet w^ith a stick or rod. Spelled 
also bastinade: v i. [pi. & p.p. bas- 
tinadoed; p.pr, bastinadoing], to 
beat the soles of the feet with a 
stick or cudgel. 

bastion (bas'chun), n. an earthwork 
faced with brick or stone, projecting 
from the angles of a rampart, and 
having two flanks and two faces. 

basto (bas'to), n, the ace of clubs in 
the card games of quadrille and 
ombre. 

Basuto (bas'ti-to), n. a native of 
Basutoland, a British possession in 
South Africa. 

bat (bat;, n, a heavy stick or club; 
the flattened club used in cricket or 
similar games; a batsman; a part 
of a brick with one end whole; a 
plate of flexible gelatine used to 
print impressions on glaze; bitumi- 
nous shale: vx, [p.t. & p p- batted; 
p.pr. batting], to hit or strike: v.i. 
to use or wield a bat in cricket or 
baseball. 

bat (bat), n. an insectivorous mam- 
mal furnished with wings formed 
by a membrane stretched between 
the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. 

batch (bach), n. the quantity of 
bread baked at one time; a quanti- 
ty of anything produced at one 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BATE 



105 



BATTLE 



I operation; a group or collection of 
similar things. 

bate (bat), v,t, to lessen or reduce; 
deduct. 

bateau or batteau (ba-to'), n, [pi. 
bateaux, batteaux (-toz)], a light 
boat used on Canadian rivers; a 
pontoon of a floating bridge. 

bateau-bridge (-brij), n, a floating 
bridge constructed on boats. 

bath (bath), n. [pL baths, (bMz)], 
the act of washing or immersing the 
body in water, or exposing it to any- 
other fluid or vapor; a vessel holding 
water for bathing; a building fitted 
up for bathing purposes; a medium 
through which neat is appUed to a 
body; a vessel containing a solution 
for treatment of an object by im- 
mersion. 

bathe (baf/i), v.t. to subject to a 
bath; immerse in water or other 
liquid; to suffuse or moisten with a 
liquid; immerse or surround with 
anything analogous to water, as 
vapor or light: v.i. to take a bath. 

bathometer (b§--thom'e-ter), n. an 
apparatus for measming depths. 

bathos (ba'thos), n, a ludicrous de- 
scent from the elevated to the com- 
monplace in writing or speech. 

bathymetric (bath-i-met'rik), QX 
bathymetrical ('ri-kal), adj, per- 
taining to the measurement of 
depths. 

bathymetry (bMhim'e-tri), n. the 
art of sounding or of measuring sea 
depths. 

batiste (b^-tesf), n. a kind of cambric. 

baton (bat'un, French ba-tong'), n. a 
staff or truncheon used as a weapon, 
or as a mark or badge of office; the 
wand of an orchestral conductor; a 
heraldic mark indicating illegitimacy : 
v.L to strike with a baton or trun- 
cheon. 

Batrachia (ba-trald-^), n.pl. the 
order of Amphibia which includes 
the frogs and toads. ^ 

batrachian (ba-tra'ki-§,n), adj. per- 
taining to the Batrachia: n. one of' 
that order. 



batrachoid (bat'ri-koid), adj, having 
the form of a frog. 

batsman (bats'man), n. the man wield- 
ing the bat in baseball or cricket. 

battalion (b^-tai'yun), n. a body of 
infantry usually forming a division 
of a regiment. 

batten (bat'n), v.t. to make fat by 
plenteous living; fertilize or en- 
rich: v.i. to grow or become fat; 
thrive at the expense of others. 

batten (bat'n), 7i. sl narrow strip or 
scantling of wood used for various 
purposes; a strip of wood used to 
fasten the edges of a tarpaulin to 
the deck of a ship: v.t, to fasten or 
form with battens. 

batter (bat'er), v.t. strike with, 
heavy, repeated blows, so as to 
bruise, shatter, or demolish; injure 
or impair: v.i. to make an attack 
by hea\'y blows. 

batter (bat'er), n. a mixture of sev- 
eral ingredients, as flour, eggs, &c., 
beaten together, used in cookery. 

battering-ram (bat'er-ing-ram), n. 
a mifitary engine anciently used to 
beat down the walls of besieged 
places, and consisting of a large 
beam with a head of iron somewhat 
resembling the head of a ram. 

battery (bat'cr-i), n. [pi. batteries 
(-iz) ], the act of battering or beat- 
ing; a body of cannon, with its com- 
plement of officers, men, and equip- 
ments, for field operations; any 
raised work or parapet where guns 
are mounted and gunners screened; 
a number of Leyden jars connected 
for charging and discharging sim- 
ultaneously; an apparatus for gen- 
erating voltaic electricity. 

battle (bat'l), n. a fight or encounter 
between opposing forces; a combat; 
a contest or struggle for mastery: 
v.i. to contend in fight; struggle 
(followed by against f with), battle- 
piece (batl-pes), n. a painting, 
poem, or writing descriptive of a 
battle, battle-royal (bat'l-roi'il), 
n. a match in which more than two 
game-cocks are engaged ; a mel6e. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BATTLEDORE 



106 



BE 



battledore or battledoor (bat'l- 
dor), n, a kind of 'light racket used 
for playing battledore and shuttle- 
cock. 

battlement (bat'1-ment) n, an in- 
dented parapet consisting of alter- 
nate solids and openings. 

battleship (bat'1-ship), n. a heavily- 
armored warship, classed just below 
a modern dreadnaught. 

battue (bat-tu'), n, in shooting over 
cover, the method pursued by the 
beaters who surround the preserve 
and drive the game by beats and 
cries toward the sportsmen. 

bauble (baw'bl), n. a trifling piece 
of finery; anything showy or gay; 
a child's cheap trinket: n. the club 
or staff formerly carried by a court 
jester, or king's fool. 

bavin (bav'in), n. wood easily kin- 
dled. 

bawbee or baubee (baw-be'), n. 
originally a coin issued in 1542 by 
James V. of Scotland, of the value 
of IJ^d., Scotch; now appHed in 
Scotland to the halfpenny. 

bawble. Same as bauble. 

bawd (bawd), n. a person who keeps 
a house of prostitution; one who 
procures women for lewd purposes, 
or acts as agent in illicit inter- 
course. 

bawdiness ('i-nes), n. obscenity; 
lewdness. 

bawdry (bawd'ri), n, the business 
or practice of a procuress; illicit 
intercourse; obscenity; filthy lan- 
guage. 

bawdy (bawd'i), adj. obscene; un- 
chaste. 

bawl (bawl), v.i, to cry out with a 
loud, full, and sustained sound; 
vociferate: v.t. to proclaim loudly: 
n. a loud prolonged cry. 

bay (ba), v.i. to bark as a dog, with 
a deep sound, as hounds in the 
chase: v.t. to bark at; to pursue 
with barking so as to bring to bay: 
n. the deep-toned prolonged bark of 
a dog. 

bay (ba), adj. red or reddish, ap- 



proaching to chestnut [applied to 
horses]: n. a horse of such color. 

bay (ba), n. a recess in the shore of 
a sea or lake; the expanse of water 
between two capes or headlands; a 
recess or opening in walls; a place 
or receptacle for depositing or stor- 
ing coal; the fore part of a ship 
between decks; the 1 aural-tree, 
noble laurel, or sweet-bay; an hon- 
orary garland or crown, composed 
of woven laurel leaves, bestowed as 
a prize upon successful poets and 
conquerors, hence [pL] fame. 

bay-salt (ba'sawlt), n. salt resulting 
from the evaporation of seawater, 
and used for artificial seabaths. 

bay-window (ba'win'do), n. the 
window or windows forming a bay 
or recess in a room, and extending 
outwards from the wall, usually of 
a rectangular, semicircular, or 
polygonal shape. 

baya (ba'ya), n. the weaver-bird of 
the East Indies, resembhng the bull- 
finch. 

bayadeer or bayadere (ba-y^-der'), 
n. a Hindu dancing girl. Also writ- 
ten bajadere. 

bayamo (bii-ya'mo), n. a violent 
tempest of wind with lightning. 

bayonet (ba'o-net), n. a short dag- 
- ger-like instrument constructed to 
fix on to the barrel of a rifle: v.L 
to stab or drive with a bayonet. 

bayou (bi'oo), n. [pL bayous ('ooz) ], 
in the southern tjnited States, the 
outlet of a lake, or one of the delta 
streams of a river; a sluggish water- 
course. 

bazaar or bazar (b^zar'), n. in the 
East, a market-place or exchange; 
a hall or series of rooms with stalls 
for the sale of goods; a sale of 
fancy articles in aid of some char- 
ity ; a fancy fair. 

bdellium (del'yum), n. an aromatic 
gum-resin brought from Africa, In- 
dii. and Persia, and used medici- 
nally and as a perfume. 

be (be), v.i. [p.t. was, p.p. been, p.pr, 
being], to exist; have existence in 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BEACH 



107 



BEAR 



fact, phj'-sical or mental; include or 
involve as a result; bring; produce; 
€ome about; become; remain; sig- 
nify; answer to. 

beach (bech), n. [pL beaches ('ez) ], 
the portion of the shore of the sea 
or of a lake which is washed by the 
waves; the strand; shingle: v.t. to 
run or haul up (as a vessel or boat) 
upon the beach: v.i. to land on a 
beach. 

beach-comber (bechTiom-er), n. a 
long curling wave rolling in from 
the ocean; one who hangs about the 
Bhore on the look-out for wreckage 
or plunder. 

beachy (bech'i), adj. having a beach; 
covered with shingle. ^ 

beacon (be'kn), n. a signal of warn- 
ing or guidance, on sea or land; for- 
merly a hre lighted on a hill or high 
tower to signal danger or assemble 
troops, &c.: v.t. to hght up, as a 
beacon; furnish with beacons: v.i, 
to serve as a beacon. 

bead (bed), n. a little perforated ball 
of any suitabb material, intended to 
be strung with others and worn as 
an ornament or used to form a 
rosary; any small globular body; a 
drop or bubble; a small knob of 
metal at the end of a gun-barrel 
used as a sight; a narrow rounded 
molding; an astragal: v.t. to orna- 
ment with beads or beading. 

bead-roll (bed'rol), n. a hst of per- 
sons for the repose of whose souls a 
certain number of prayers are as- 
signed to be repeated; a rosary. 

beadle (be'dl), n. a messenger or 
crier of a court; a parish officer 
with various subordinate duties con- 
nected with a church or vestry, &c. 

beagle (be'gl), n. a small hound, for- 
merly used for hunting hares. 

beak (bek), n. the bill of a bird; the 
homy jaws or mandibles of other 
animals; anything which is pointed 
or shaped like a beak; the metal- 
sheathed prow of an ancient galley 
intended to pierce the vessels of an 
enemy; the powerful appendage of 



steel forming part of the bow of 
modem war- vessels; a magistrate. 

beaker (be'ker), n. a large drinking 
cup or vessel with a wide mouth; an 
open-mouthed glass vessel with a 
projecting Hp. 

beam (bem), n, a long piece of tim- 
ber or iron used horizontally or ver- 
tically to support the rafters of a 
building; one of the principal hori- 
zontal timbers of a building or ship; 
the extreme breadth of a ship; the 
shank of an anchor; the oscillating 
lever which transmits motion in a 
steam-engine; a cylinder of wood 
around which, before weaving, the 
warp is wound; the pole of a car- 
riage; the main part of a plow to 
which the handles are secured; the 
bar of a balance which suspends the 
scales; the principal stem of a 
deer's horns which bears the antlers; 
a collection of parallel rays of light 
emitted from the sun or other lumi- 
nous body: v.i. to send forth, as 
^ays of light: v.i. to shine. 

beam-compass (bem-kum'pS-s), n. 
an instrument used for describing 
large circles. 

beam-feather (bem'fe^^-er), n. one 
of the long feathers in the ^^ng of 
a bird. 

beamy (be'mi), adj. emitting rays of 
light resembling a beam in size and 
weight. 

bean (ben), n, the smooth, kidney- 
shaped seed of many leguminous 
plants; the plant itself; the popular 
name of other seeds or fruits re- 
sembling true beans. 

bear (bar), v.t. [p.t. bore, bare, p.p. 
borne, p.-pr. bearing], to support, 
hold up; carry or convey; suffer 
or endure; be answerable for; pos- 
sess, wear, or use; have in or on; 
contain; cherish; carry in the mind; 
admit or be capable of; show or 
exhibit; bring forth or produce: 
v.i. to be capable of supporting; be 

. fruitful; to bear, press, or weigh 
upon or against; tend; relate; take 
effect; be situated. [N. B. — When 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BEAR 



108 



BEATIFY 



used passively bear (to produce) 
has as its p.p. born, as an infant 
was horn.] 

bear (bar), n. a plantigrade carniv- 
orous mammal, belonging to the 
genus Ursus, the three best known 
species of which are: the brown or 
black bear of Europe, the grizzly 
bear of North America, and the po- 
lar bear of arctic regions; the name 
of two constellations in the northern 
hemisphere, called the Great Bear 
and the Little Bear; one who at- 
tempts to depreciate the value of 
stock in order to buy cheap; opposed 
to a bull ; a rude, uncouth, or brutal 
person: v.t, to endeavor to lower the 
price of. 

bear-baiting (bar'bat-ing) , n. the 
illegal sport of setting dogs to fight 
with captive bears. 

bear-garden (bar'gar~dn), n. a place 
where bears are kept for sport; 
hence any scene or place of tumult 
or disorder. 

beard (herd), n. the hair that grows 
en the chin, hps, and adjacent parts 
of the human face; anything which 
resembles a beard; the awn of bar- 
ley and other grains; the barb of an 
arrow, fish-hook, &c.: vA. to take by 
the beard; oppose to the face; set 
at defiance. 

bearing (bar'ing), n. the act of en- 
during with patience; carriage; be- 
havior; mutual relation of the parts 
of a whole; meaning or application; 
the act or power of producing; the 
part^ of a machine^ that bears the 
friction; the direction or point of 
the compass in which an object is 
seen; the position of one object with 
respect to another; the heraldic 
charges that fill the escutcheon. 

bearing-rein (-ran), n. a short rein 
for holding up the head of a horse. 

bearish (bar'ish), adj. resembling a 
bear in qualities; rude; surly. 

beast (best), n, any four-footed ani- 
mal, as distinguished from birds, 
insects, fishes, and man; an irra- 
tional animal ; a person rude, coarse, 



or filthy, or whose actions degrade 
him below the level of a rational be- 
ing; a brute. 

beastly (best'li), adj. like a beast; 
nasty; disagreeable. 

beat (bet), v.t. [p.t, beat, p.p, beaten, 
beat, p.pr. beating], to strike with 
repeated blows; thrash; knock; 
pound or break; flatten or spread 
by blows; scour ^ and range with 
blows and cries in order to rouse 
or drive game; dash or strike 
against, as water or wind; tread, as 
a path; overcome or vanquish; ex- 
cel; baffle; be too difficult for; 
exhaust; flutter, as wings: v.i. to 
strike repeatedly; throb; dash or 
fall with force or violence; signal 
or summon by beat of drum; sound, 
as a drum, when struck: n. a re- 
curring stroke; a pulsation; a throb; 
a footfall; a round or course which 
is frequently gone over; a place of 
habitual resort: the rise or fall of the 
hand or foot marking the divisions 
of time ; the divisions of the measure 
so marked. 

beat (bet), p.p. of beat, exhausted by 
mental or bodily fatigue. 

beaten (be'tn), p. adj. worn by use, 
as by the beat or tread of feet; con- 
quered; exhausted; baffled. 

beaten-work (-werk), n, metal 
shaped by being beaten on an anvil. 

beatific (be-a-tif'ik), adj, having 
power to bless or render perfectly 
happy; blissful. 

beatific-vision (-vizh'un), n. the 
direct vision of God, regarded as the 
bliss of the angels and saints. 

beatifically (-11), adv. in a blissful 
manner. 

beatification (be-at-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of blessing or the state of 
being blessed; the act of the Pope in 
declaring a deceased person to have 
attained the rank of *'the blessed'^: 
usually the second step toward 
canonization. 

beatify (be-at'i-fl), v.t,^ {p.t. & p.p. 
beatified, p.pr. beatifying], to make 
happy; bless with the completion of 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BEATING 



109 



BED 



celestial enjoyment; to declare by 
public decree that a deceased person 
has attained the rank of *'the 
blessed." 

beating (be'ting), n. the act of 
striking; a flogging; pulsation or 
throbbing; a defeat; tacking against 
the wind. 

beatitude (be-at'i-tud), n. felicity 
of the highest kind; consummate 
bhss. 

beau (bo), n. [pL beaus or beaux 
(boz) ], one who dresses himself in 
strict accordance with the fashion; 
a ladies' man cr suitor. 

beau-ideal (bo-i-dc'§,l), n. ideal ex- 
cellence. 

beau monde (bo-mond'), n. the fash- 
ionable world. 

beauish (bo'ish), adj. like a ])cau; 
foppish. 

beauteous (bu'te-us), adj. possess- 
ing beauty. 

beautiful (bu'ti-ful), adj. possess- 
ing qualities which charm and de- 
light the senses; lovely. 

beautifully (-li), adv. in a charm- 
ing or attractive manner. 

beautify (bu'ti-fi), t'.^ [p.t. & ;>».;'. 
beautified; p.pr, beautifying], to 
make or render beautiful; embel- 
lish: v.i. to grow beautiful. 

beauty (bu'ti), n. [pi. beauties 
('tiz) ], an assemblage of graces or 
properties which command the ap- 
probation of the senses; those qual- 
ities which are most pleasing to the 
eye; a particular grace or charm; a 
beautiful woman. 

beauty-sleep^ (-slep), n. sleep taken 
before midnight, popularly supposed 
to be more restorative than that 
taken later. 

beauty-spot (-spot), n. a patch or 
spot placed on the face with intent 
to heighten beauty by contrast. 

beauty-wash (-wosh), n. a cosmetic. 

beaver (be'ver), n. a rodent quadruped 
of amphibious habits, and valued 
for its fur; the fur of the beaver;, 
a hat formerly made of beaver fur. 

beaver (beVer), n. the portion of ar- 



mor which served to protect the 
lower part of the face, and could be 
raised or depressed. 

beaver-rat (be'ver-rat), n. a water 
rodent of Australia and Tasmania, 
similar in habit to the European 
water vole. 

beaver- tree (beVer-tre), n. the 
sweet-bay, common in United States. 

beaverteen (beVer-teiv), n. a species 
of fustian. 

becalm (be-kam'), i^.^. to make calm 
or still. 

because (be-kawz'), conj, b}' reason 
of; on account of the fact. 

bechamel (besh'a-mel), n. a fine 
white sauce thickened with cream. 

beche-de-mer (biish'de-mar'), n. the 
trepang, a sea-slug dried and eaten 
by the Chinese. 

beck (bek), n. a nod, or other signifi- 
cant gesture. 

becket (bek'et), n. a contrivance in 
ships to confine small spars or loose 
ropes, &c. 

beckon (bek'n), v.i. to make a signal 
to another by a motion of the head 
or hand: v.t. summon or signal by 
signs. 

becloud. See cloud. 

become (be-kum'), v.i, [p.t. became, 
p.p. become, p.pr. becoming], to pass 
from one state to another; come or 
grow to be: v.t. to suit, or be suit- 
able to; befit; accord with; grace or 
'adorn. 

becoming (be-kum'ing), p.adj. fit; 
suitable; seemly; proper; appropri- 
ate; befitting. 

Becquerel rays (bek-rel'raz), n. pi. 
radio-active ener^^y manifested by 
radium, poloni.:m, and certain com- 
pounds of uranium. 

bed (bed), n. an article of domestic 
furniture upon cr within which one 
rests or sleeps; conjugal rights; 
anything which ser\^es as a resting- 
place, or in which something lies or 
is imbedded; a portion of a garden 
prepared and sot apart for bedding 
plants; the bottom of a river or other 
stream, or of any boHy of water; 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BEDBUG 



110 



BEE-MOTH 



a layer or stratum of rock; a mass 
or heap of anything resembling a 
bed; either of the horizontal sur- 
faces of a building stone: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p, bedded; p.pr. bedding], to fur- 
nish with a bed; plant, as flowers; 
lay in a stratum; lay fiat, or in order : 
v.i, to go to bed; cohabit. 

bedbug (bed'bug), n, a flat-bodied, 
reddish-colored insect infesting fur- 
niture, &c. 

bedpan (bed'pan), n, a warming- 
pan; a utensil for the use of those 
confined to bed. 

bedstraw (bed'straw), n. straw for 
stuffing beds; a popular name of 
plants used formerly in beds. 

bed-tick (bed'tik), n. a bag or case 
of strong linen or cotton for con- 
taining the feathers or other ma- 
terials of a bed. 

bedabble. See dabble. 

bedaub. See daub. 

bedazzle. See dazzle. 

bedding (bed'ing), n. a bed and its 
furniture; the materials of a bed, 
whether for man or beast; stratifica- 
tion; occurrence in layers; a founda- 
tion, or bottom laver. 

bedeck. See deck. 

bedevil (be-devl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
(-ed), p.pr. (-ing)], to throw into 
disorder or confusion; spoil or cor- 
rupt, as by evil agency. 

bedevilment (be-dev'1-ment), n. the 
state of being vexatiously and Ijo- 
wilderingly disordered or confused. 

bedew (be-du'), v.t. to moisten with 
dew. 

bedim. See dim. 

bedizen (be-diz'n & -di'zn), v.t. to 
deck or adorn; trick out with vulgar 
finery. 

bedlam (bed'lam), n. a madhouse; 
an asylum or hospital for lunatics; 
hence, any scene of uproar and con- 
fusion. 

bedlamite (bed'l^m-It) , n. a mad 
man; an inmate of Bethlehem Hos- 
pital or bedlam. 

Bedouin (bed'oo-in), n. a nomadic 
Arab or tent-dweller of Arabia, 



Syria, and northern Africa: adj 
nomad. 

bedrabble. See drabble. 

bedraggle* See draggle. 

bedrench. See drench. 

bedrid (bed'rid) or bedridden ('rid- 
n), adj, confined to bed by age oi 
infirmity. 

bedrop (be-drop'), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. k 
bedropped, p.pr, bedropping], to i 
sprinkle as with drops; bespatter. 

bee (be), n. a hymenopterous insect 
of the genus Apis; the hive or honey- 
bee kept in hives for the sake of 
its honey and wax; an industrious 
person; a social meeting for work on 
behalf of a neighbor or a charitiible 
object; strips of wood bolted *?.^ 
side OI a bowsprit, through which 
the foretopmast stays are reeved. 

bee-bread (be'bred), n, a brown bit- 
ter substance consisting of the pol- 
len of flowers collected and stored 
by bees as food for their young. 

beech (bech), n. [pL beeches ('ez)], 
a tree of the genus Fagus, yielding 
a hard timber and edible triangular 
nuts. 

beechen (be'chen), adj, pertaining 
to, or made of the wood or bark of, 
the beech. 

bee-eater (be'et-er), n. one of the 
numerous species of bee-eating 
birds. 

beef (bef), n. the flesh of an ox, bull, 
or cow, when killed. 

beefeater ('e-ter), n. a yeoman of 
the English royal guard, attending 
the sovereign on state occasions. 

beefy (be'fi), ad\ resembling beef; 
fleshy. 

beehive (be'hiv), n, a box or other 
covering for a swarm of bees, and 
serving for the storage of honey. ^ 

bee-line (be'lin), n. the straight 
course pursued by a bee returning 
laden to the hive: hence the most 
direct way from one point to an- 
other. 

bee-moth (be'moth), n. a moth 
which lays its eggs in beehives, and 
whose larvse feed upon the wax. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, roer?:e, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BEEN 



111 



BEGINNING 



j been (bin), p.p. of be. 
I beer (ber), n. a fermented liquor 
made from any farinaceous grain, 
but generally from malted barley, 
with hops or other substances added 
! to impart a bitter flavor; a ferment- 

ed extract of the roots and other 
parts of various plants, as ginger, 
spruce, &c. 

beery (ber'i), adj. pertaining to beer; 
stained by beer; affected by beer; 
maudlin. 

beestings (bes'tingz), n. the first 
milk given by a cow after calving. 

beeswingr (bez'wing), n. a gauzy film 
occurring in port and some other 
wines, indicative of age. 

beet (bet), n, a biennial plant, culti- 
vated for its edible succulent root, 
and from which sugar is made. 

beetle (be'tl), n. a heavy wooden 
mallet employed for driving wedges, 
consohdating earth, &c. ; a club for 
beating linen, <tc., in washing: v.L 
to use a beetle on; beat with a 
heavy wooden mallet, as a substitute 
for mangling. 

beetle (be'tl), n. any insect belonging 
to the order of Coleoptera, having 
foiir wings, the anterior or outer 
pair being hardened and serving as 
a horny sheath to the inner pair. 

beetle (be'tl), v.L to be prominent; 
jut out; overhang, as a cliff. 

beetling (bet'hng), adj, standing 
out; overhanging. 

befall or befal (be-fawl'), v.t, [p.t. 
befell p.p befallen, p.pr, befalling], 
to happen or occur to: v,i, come to 
pass. 

befana (be-fa'na), n. a fairy sup- 
posed to reward children by presents 
of sweetmeats, &c., on Ephiphany- 
eve (Jan. 5th). 

befit (be-fif), v.L [p.t. & p.p. be- 
fitted, p.pr, befitting], befitting or 
suitable to; become. 

befog. See fog. 

befool. See fool. 

before (be-for'), prep, in front of J 
preceding in space, time, or rank; 
in presence or sight of; under juris- 



diction of; rather than; earlier 
than: adv. in front; in advance; 
previously; formerly; already. 

beforehand (be-for'hand), adv. in 
advance. 

befoul. See foul. 

befriend (be^frend'), v.t, to act as a 
friend to; aid or shield; assist. 

beg (beg), v.t, & v.i, [p.t. & p.p. 
begged; p.pr, begging], to ask or 
supplicate in charity; ask for ear- 
nestly; beseech; entreat with hiunil- 
ity; ask as a favor; to practice beg- 
ging. (The phrase ''I beg to/' in 
poHte usage, is employed elliptically 
for ask, request^ as I htg to state.) 

began, p.t, of begin. 

begem. See gem. 

beget (be-gef), v.t, [p.t. begot, be- 
gat, p.p, begotten, begot, p.pr. be- 
getting], to procreate, as a father or 
sire, generate ; produce ; cause to exist. 

begetter (te-get'ter), n, one who be- 
gets. 

beggable (beg'^-bl), adj. capable of 
being solicited as gift or alms. 

beggar (beg'er), n. one who entreats 
or supplicates with humility; one 
who makes it his business to beg or 
ask for alms; one who is reduced to 
extreme poverty: v.t, to exhaust the 
resources of; outdo. 

beggarliness (-nes), n. extreme pov- 
erty ; meanness. 

beggarly (beg'er-li), adj. like, or in 
the condition of, a beggar; poor; 
mean* contemptible. 

beggary (beg'er-i), n. the state of a 
beggar; extreme poverty; beggars 
collectively. 

begin (be-gin'), v.i. [p.t. began, p.p. 
begun, p.pr, beginning], to com- 
mence existence; originate; arise: 
to take the initiatory step; make a 
start. 

beginner (be-gin'er), n. one who be- 
gins or originates; one who enters 
upon anythung for the first time, a 
novice. 

beginning (be-gin'ing), n the first 
cause; origin; the initial stage of 
anything. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BEGIRD 



112 



BELFRY 



begird. See gird. 

begird le* See girdle. 

begone (be-gon'), inter j. go away! 
depart! 

begonia (be-go'ni-S.), w. a genus of 
tropical plants, cultivated for their 
ornamental leaves and showy flow- 
ers. 

begot (be-gof), pi. & p.p. of beget. 

begotten (be-got'n), p.p. of beget. 

begrease. See grease. 

begrime* See grime. 

begrudge. See grudge. 

beguile (be-gll'), v.t. to impose upon 
or delude by guile; deceive; cause 
to pass pleasantly ; divert or entertain. 

beguilement ^ (be-gil'ment), n, the 
act of beguiling; the state of being 
beguiled. - 

begum (be'gum), n, in the East In- 
dies, a princess or lady of high rank. 

begun, p.p. of begin. 

behalf (be-haf), n, advantage; favor; 
support; defense; stead; interest 
[governed always by the preposition 
^n, oriy or uj)on]. 

behave (be-hav'), v.t. to conduct, 
comport, demean, or acquit: v.i. to 
act; conduct one's self in a proper 
manner. 

behavior (be-hav'yer), n, manner of 
behaving, whether good or bad; con- 
duct; deportment; manners. 

behead (be-hed'), v.t, to cut off the 
head of. 

beheld (be-held'), pi. & p.p, of be- 
hold. 

behemoth (be-he'moth), n. an ani- 
mal described in Job xl. 15-24, and 
probably intended for the hippopota- 
mus. 

behest (be-hest'),^. a command; pre- 
cept. 

behind (be-hind'), pr^V- at the back 
of: in the rear of; remaining after; 
inferior to: adv, at the back; in the 
rear; toward the back; out of 
sight; past in point of time. 

behindhand (be-hind'hand), adv. or 
adj, in a state of backwardness; 
late; in arrear. 

behold (be-hold'), v.t, {p.t. & p.p. 



beheld, p.pr. beholding], to fix the 
eyes upon; have in sight; look at; 
observe with care: v,i, to look; di- 
rect or fix the mind. 

beholden (be-hol'dn), p.adj, indebt- 
ed ; obliged ; bound in gratitude. 

behoof (be-hoof), n, advantage; in- 
terest; profit; use; behalf. 

behoove or behove (be-hoov'), v.t, 
to be meet, necessary, or fit for. 

beige (bazh), adj, having its natural 
color, as a fabric of imdyed wool. 

being, p.pr. of be. 

being (be'ing), n, existence, as op- 
posed to non-existence; that which 
exists in any form, whether actual 
or ideal. 

bejewel (be-ju'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
-ed, p.pr. ing], to ornament or fur- 
nish with jewels. 

bekko-ware (bek'6-war), n. an an- 
cient kind of Japanese pottery in 
imitation of tortoise-shell. 

belabor (be-la'ber), v.t. to beat 
soundly. 

belate (be-laf), v,t, to make late, or 
retard. 

belated (be-la'ted), p.adj, delayed; 
too late; overtaken by darkness; 
benighted. 

belay (be-la'), v.t, make fast, as a 
rope, by winding round a pin, cleat, 
&c. 

belaying pin (be-la'ing pin), n. a 
pin of wood or metal on which to 
fasten a rope. 

belch (belch), v.t, to eject with force 
or violence: v.i, to eject w^ind from 
the stomach: n. the act of ejecting 
wind forcibly. 

beldam (bel'd§.m) or beldame 
('dam), n, sl grandmother; an ugly 
old woman. 

beleaguer (be-le'ger), v.t. to be- 
siege; surround with an arm}^ so as 
to preclude escape; blockade. 

belemnite (berem-nit), n, the fossil 
internal bone, or shell, of an extinct 
family of cuttle-fishes. 

belfry (beFfri), n. sl bell tower; that 
part of a steeple or tower in which 
a bell is hung. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BELGRAVIAN 



113 



BELLY 



Belgravian (bel-gra'vi-i,n) , odj. be- 
longing to Belgravia, a fashionable 
quarter of London: hence aristo- 
cratic; fashionable: n, an inhabi- 
tant of Belgravia; a member of the 
upper classes. 

belie (be-liO, v.t. to calumniate; 
slander by Kes; give the lie to; show 
to be false. 

belief (be-lef), n, assent to anything 
proposed or declared, and its accept- 
ance as fact, by reason of the au- 
thority whence it proceeds, apart 
from personal knowledge; faith; the 
thing believed; the whole body of 
tenets held by the professors of any 
faith; a creed; a conviction. 

believable (be-le'va-bl), adj. capable 
of being accepted as truth; credible. 

believability ('i-ti), n, credibility; 
credence; beUevableness. 

believe ^ (be-lev'), v.t. to place cre- 
dence in and accept as true, u[)on the 
ground of authority, testimony, or 
logical inference apart from per- 
sonal knowledge; place confidence 
in; expect or hope: v.i. to have 
faith; be more or less firmly per- 
suaded of the truth of anything; 
think or suppose. 

believer (be-le'ver), n. one who ac- 
cepts as truth something not actu- 
ally demonstrated ; one who adheres 
to a religious faith; a professor of 
Christianity. 

belike (be-lik'), adv. probably. 

belittle (be-lit'l), v.t. to lower or de- 
preciate; run down by speaking 
slightingly of. 

bell (bel), v.i. to bellow, as deer in 
rutting time; to be in flower: said 
of the hop. 

bell (bel), n. a hollow metallic ves- 
sel, usually cup-shaped, and giving 
forth a clear, ringing sound when 
struck; anything in the form of a 
bell: pi. the divisions of daily time 
marked each half-hour by strokes on 
a bell: v.t. to put a bell on. 

bell-bird (berberd), n. an American 
bird whose note resembles a bell ; an 
Australian bird whose note is similar. 



bellman (bel'man), n. pi. bellme/i, 
one who uses a bell for public an- 
nouncement: a town-crier. 

bell-metal (bel-met'al), n. an alloy 
of copper and tin, used for the man- 
ufacture of bells. 

bell-punch (berpunch), n. a punch 
with a signal bell used on tramcars 
for puncturing the tickets and 
checking the number of fares issued. 

bell-telegraphy (bel'tere-graf), n, a 
tebgraphic instrument in which 
bells are employed instead of needles. 

bell-wether (beFwei/i'er), n. a weth- 
er or sheep which leads the flock 
with a bell on his neck. 

belladonna (bel-a-don'i), n. the 
deadly nightshade, a poisonous plant 
used as medicine. 

belle (bel), n. a young and handsome 
lady; a reigning beauty. 

belles-lettres (bel-let'r), n.pl. polite or 
elegant literature; light literature. 

bellicose (beFi-kos), adj. pugna- 
cious; contentious; warlike. 

bellied (bel'id), adj. having a belly; 
swelled out in the middle. 

belligerence (bel-ij'er-ens), or bel- 
ligerency (-en-si), n. the act or 
state of warfare. 

belligerent (bel-ij'er-ent), adj. waging 
war; pertaining to war or warfare; 
warlike; n. a power recognized as 
carrying on war; a person engaged 
in fighting. 

bellite (bel'it), n. an explosive com- 
pound formed of ammonium nitrate 
and other substances. 

bellow (beFo), v.i. to utter a full 
resonant sound, as a bull; bawl or 
vociferate; roar, as the sea in a 
tempest, or as the wind when vio- 
lent: v.t. to utter with a loud, full 
voice: n. the roar of a bull; a loud, 
resounding outcry. 

bellows (bel'oz), n. sing, & pL an in- 
strument for producing a current of 
air, and used for various purposes, 
as blowing fires, or filling the pipes 

, of an organ. 

belly (beiai), n. [pi. bellies (liz)!, 
that part of the human body which 



ate, arm, i.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 8 



BELLY-BAND 



114 



BENEDICT 



extends from the breast to the 
thighs, and contains the bowels; the 
abdomen; the corresponding part in 
the lower animals; the part of any- 
thing that swells out into a larger 
capacity: v.i, [p.U & p.p. belhed: 
p.pr. bellying], to swell and become 
protuberant; bulge out: v,t. to 
cause to swell out, as sails. 

belly-band (bel'i-band), n. a band 
that encircles the belly of a horse; 
a saddle-girth. 

belong (be-long'), v,i, to be the prop- 
erty (of); go along with; be a part 
(of); be appendant (to), or con- 
nected (with); be the concern or 
business (of); appertain (to); be 
suitable; be due; have a settled or 
legal residence (in); be native (to). 

belonging (be-1 ongoing), n. that 
which belongs to one [generally used 
in the pL]; qualities; endowm.ents; 
property ; possessions ; append ages . 

beloved (be-luvd' & luv'ed), p. adj. 
greatly loved; dear to the heart: n, 
one who is greatly loved. 

below (be-lo'), prep, under in place; 
beneath; not so high; inferior to in 
rank or excellence; lower in value, 
price, &c. : adv. in a lower place; 
on the earth; in hell, or the regions 
of the dead; in a lower rank or 
grade; off duty; under. 

belt (belt), n. a girdle or band used 
to encircle the waist; anything re- 
sembling a belt, or which encircles, 
restrains, or supports, as a belt; a 
strip; a band; a heraldic badge de- 
noting knightly rank; one of the 
rings surrounding the planet Jupi- 
ter; a band connecting two wheels 
and transmitting motion from one 
to the other: v.t. to encircle, as with 
a belt; surround. 

belted-cruiser (-kroo'zer), n. a 
quick-sailing ship, having a broad 
band of armor-plating. 

belting (berting), n. belts collective- 
ly; the material of which belts are 
made. 

beluga (be-lu'gi,), n. the large white 
sturgeon from the roe of which 



caviare is made; the white whale of 
the Northern Seas. 

belvedere (bel-ve-der'), n. a pavilion 
or open structure raised upon the 
top of a house; a summer house built 
on an eminence. 

bemire (be-mir'), v.t. to soil by pass- 
ing through mire; to fix in the mire 

bemoan (be-mon), v.t. to lament; 
bewail; pity; sympathize with. 

bench (bench), n. [pL benches ('ez) ], 
a long seat; a strong table on which 
mechanics do their work; the seat 
where judges sit in court; the 
persons who sit as judges; the 
court: v.t. to furnish with benches. 

bench-warrant (bench-wor'&nt), n. 
SL warrant issued by a court or 
judge, as distinguished from a jus- 
tice's warrant issued by a magis- 
trate. 

bend (bend), v.t. to curve or make 
crooked; move or deflect out of a 
straight line; direct to a certain 
point; incline; cause to yield; 
fasten: v.i. to be or become curved 
or crooked; be turned toward; bow 
or be submissive: n. a curve; a turn 
or deflection; a crook; a knot by 
which one rope is fastened to an- 
other, or to anything else; one of 
the nine heraldic ordinaries crossing 
the field from the dexter chief to the 
sinister base point of the escutcheon. 

bender (ben'der), n. one w^ho, or 
that which, bends. 

bends (bendz), n. a disease incident 
to caisson work, caused by sudden 
changes in atmospheric pressure 
affecting the heart. 

beneath (be-neth'), prep, lower in 
place, with reference to something 
above; under the pressure of; lower 
in rank, dignity, or excellence than; 
unworthy of: aidv. in a lower place; 
below. 

benedict (ben'e-dikt), n. a newly 
married man, especially one who 
has previously ridiculed the idea of 
matrimony. From Benedick in 
Shakespeare's play '^Much Ado 
about Nothing. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



BENEDICTION 



115 



BENZOIC ACID 



benediction (ben-e-dik'shun), n. the 
act of blessing; a blessing or ex- 
pression of kind wishes solemnly or 
affectionately invoked; the short 
blessing pronounced at the close of 
public worship. 

benedictive (ben-e-dik'tiv) or bene- 
dictory ('to-ri), adj. tending to bless; 
conveying or expressing good wishes. 

benefaction (ben-e-fak'shun), n. the 
act of conferring a benefit; a benefit 
conferred; a charitable donation. 

benefactor (ben-e-fak'ter), n. one 
who confers ^ a benefit. Benefac- 
tress, the feminine form of the word. 

benefice (ben'e-fis), n. a fief, or es- 
tate in lands; an ecclesiastical liv- 
ing; a church endowed with revenue ; 
the revenue itself. 

beneficence (be-nef'i-sens), n. active 
goodness; a benefaction. 

beneficent (be-nef'i-sent), adj. char- 
acterized by benevolence. 

beneficial (ben-e-fish'al) , axJj. con- 
tributing to a valuable end; help- 
ful; profitable; conferring or having 
the right to benefit or user. 

beneficially (-li), adv. in an advan- 
tageous manner. 

beneficiary (ben-e-fish'i-a'ri), adj. 
holding office under another; con- 
nected with the receipt of benefits 
or profits; freely bestowed: n. one 
who holds a benefice; in feudal 
times a vassal; one who receives 
anything as a gift. 

benefit (ben'e-fit), n, an act of kind- 
ness; a favor conferred; whatever 
promotes the happiness and well- 
being of a person or thing, or ad. Is 
to the value of property; a theatri- 
cal performance, the proceeds of 
which go to one of the actors, &c.: 
v.t. to do good to; be of service to: 
v.i. to gain advantage; make im- 
provement. 

benevolence (be-nev'o-lens),^ n. the 
disposition to do good; philanthro- 
py; good-will; an act of kindness; 
a royal tax formerly levied under 
the guise of a gratuity to the sov- 
ereign. 



benevolent (be-nev'o-lent), adj. kind; 
charitable; philanthropic. 

bengal (ben-gawF), n. a thin stuff 
made of silk and hair. 

bengal light (lit), n. a firework, 
used also for signaling at sea, giving 
a steady bright blue light. Called 
also blue light. 

bengal-stripes (-strips), n. a kind 
of cotton cloth or gingh?^m with 
colored stripes. 

Bengal tiger (ti'ger), n. the royal 
tiger. 

benight (be-nif), v-t. enshroud in 
darkness; overtake with night [usu- 
ally in p.p.]. 

benign (be-nin'), adj. of a kind or 
gentle disposition; favorable; salu- 
tary; genial. 

benignant (be-nig'nint), adj. kind; 
gracious; favorable. 

benignity (be-nig'ni-ti), n. [pi. be- 
nignities (-tiz) ], kindness of nature; 
graciousness ; gentleness ; mildness. 

benison (ben'i-zn), 7i. a blessing. 

benitier (ba-ne'tia), ii. a font for 
holy water. 

benne (ben'e), n. the Sesame, an 
East Indian annual, cultivated for 
its seeds, out of which a valuable 
oil is obtained. 

bent (bent), adj. curved; crooked; 
strongly inclinea; determined: n. a 
turn; an inclination; a leaning or 
bias; disposition; propensity; a stiff 
or wiry grass. 

benumb. See numb. 

benumbment (be-num'ment), n. the 
act of stupefying; torpidity. 

benzene^ (ben'zen), n. a volatile 
highly inflammable liquid, obtained 
commercially by distillation from 
coal-tar. Also called benzole and 
benzoline. 

benzine (ben-zen'), n. a Hquid com- 
pounded of the volatile hydrocar- 
bons of petroleum, and obtained by 
distillation; used as a solvent and 
for the removal of grease, &c. 

benzoic (ben-zo'ik), adj, pertaining 
to or obtained from benzoin. 

benzoic acid (as'id), n. (flowers of 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BENZOIN 



116 



BESEEM 



benzoin), a peculiar vegetable acid 
obtained from benzoin and other 
balsams by sublimation or decoc- 
tion. 

benzoin (ben-zo'in) or benzoine 
('zoin), n. the resinous juice of 
Gum Benjamin, a tree of Sumatra, 
&c., used chiefly in cosmetics, per- 
fumes, and incense. 

bequeath {he-kweth'), v.L to give or 
leave by will; hand down; transmit. 

bequeathment^ (be-kwe^/i'ment), n, 
the act of leaving by will; a bequest. 

bequest (be-kwesf), n, the act of 
leaving by will; something left by 
will; a legacy. 

berate. See rate. 

berberine (ber'ber-in), n. an alkaloid 
obtained, as a bitter, yellow sub- 
stance, from the barberry and 
other plants ; used in dyeing. 

berberry. Same as barberry. 

berceuse (bar-sez'), n. a cradle song; 
a tender or soothing musical com- 
position. 

bereave (be-rev'), v,L [p.t. & p.p. 
bereaved, bereft, p.pr,^ bereaving], 
to deprive; make destitute; strip; 
rob [with of before the thing taken 
away]. 

bereavement (be-rev'ment), n, the 
act of bereaving; the state of being 
bereaved; the loss of a relative or 
friend by death. 

bereft (be-reff), P-t- & P-P- of be- 
reave. 

berg (berg), n. a large floating mass 
of ice; an iceberg; a sharp pointed 
rock projecting from the sea. 

bergamot (ber'ga-mot), n. variety 
of lemon, the rind of which yields 
the volatile oil of bergamot^ much 
used in perfumery; a variety of 
pear; a variety of mint; a coarse 
kind of tapestry. 

bergmehl (berg'mal), n. mountain- 
meal, a powdery substance com- 
posed of the siUceous skeletons of 
diatoms. 

beri-beri (ber'i-ber'i), n. a mahgnant 
disease occurring in Japan and 
India; usually caused by eating 



polished rice, the husks of the rice 
containing a substance called vita- 
mine which is essential to health. 

Bermuda grass ^ (ber-mu'da gr^s'), n, 
a valuable variety of pasture grass. 

Bermudian (ber-mu'di-§.n), adj. of or 
pertaining to the island of Bermuda. 

Bernese (ber-nez'), adj. pertaining 
to Berne in Switzerland, or its in- 
habitants. 

bernicle (ber'ni-kil), n. the bernicle 
goose. 

beroon (be-roon'), n, the principal 
court of a Persian house. 

berry (ber'i), n. [pL berries ('iz)I, 
any small pulpy or succulent fruit, 
as the strawberry, &c.; anything re- 
sembling a berry in shape: v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. berried, p.pr. berrjang], to 
bear, produce, or gather berries. 

berth (berth), n. ample or adequate 
sea room; a station which a ship 
occupies at anchorage or port; a 
room in a vessel set apart for officers 
or seamen; a sleeping place for a 
passenger in a ship or railway car- 
riage; a situation or appointment: 
v.t. to allot^ an anchorage to ; give 
space to lie in; allot a sleeping place 
to. 

bertha (ber'th§,), n. a kind of lady's 
cape. 

berthage (ber'thaj), n. dues levied 
upon vessels using anchorage in 
harbor or dock; the space for moor- 
ing vessels in harbor or dock. 

Bertillon-system (ber'tel-yun), n. 
a system of personal identification 
by recording the dimensions of the 
human body. 

beryl (ber'il), n. a mineral of var}'- 
ing colors, commonly green or 
greenish-blue.^ 

berylline (ber'i-lin), adj. Hke a beryl 
in color. 

beseech (be-sech'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
besought, p.pr. beseeching], to en- 
treat; supplicate; implore; beg eager- 
ly for; solicit. 

beseem (be-sem'), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to be suitable or 
seemly; to become; to seem. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BESET 



117 



BESTRADDLE 



beset (be-sef), v.L [p.t. & p.p. beset, 
p pr. besetting], to set or stud; dis- 
tribute over ; surround ; besiege ; press 
upon on all sides; press hard on. 

besetment (be-set'ment), n» the 
condition of being surrounded. 

besetting (be-set'ing), adj, habitual- 
ly attacking or coming upon. 

beshrew (be-shroo'), vd, to wish a 
curse to; execrate. 

beside (be-sid), prep, at the side of ^^ 
near; apart from ; not connected with. 

besides ^ (be-sidz'), adv» more than 
that; in addition; as well: prep. 
over and above; separate or dis- 
tinct from. 

besiege (be-sej'), v.t. to encompass 
with armed forces, in order to com- 

Eel a foe to surrender; lay siege to; 
eset or harass. 

besiegement (be-sej'ment), n. the 
act of besetting; the state of being 
encompassed. 

beslaver (be-slav'er), v.t. to besmear 
with spittle; cover with fulsome 
praise. 

beslobber (be-slob'er), v.t, to smear 
with anything running from the 
mouth, as spittle; kiss effusively all 
over the mouth; to flatter ful- 
Bomely. 

besmear. See smear. 

besmirch (be-smerch'), v.t, to soil; 
discolor; sully or dishonor. 

besom (be'zum), n. a brush of twigs 
for sweeping; a broom. 

besot (be-sotO, v.t.^ [p.t, & p.p, be- 
sotted, p.pr. besotting], to bestialize, 
as with drink; stupefy; infatuate. 

besotment (be-sot'ment), n. the act 
oi state of being besotted or infatu- 
ated 

besottedly (-li), adv, in a foolish or 
infatuated manner. 

besought, p.t, & p.p, of beseech. 

bespangle (be-spang'gl), v.t. to adorn 
with spangles; dot or sprinkle with 
Bomething that ghtters. 

bespatter (be-spat'er), v.t, to soil by 
spattering; spot with mud; asperse- 
with calunmy. 

bespeak (be-spek'), v.t. [p.t, bespoke, 



p.pr. bespeaking], to speak for be- 
forehand; order or arrange in 
advance; betoken; indicate, as by 
signs or marks: n. among actors, 
a benefit. 

bespread* See spread. 

besprinkle. See sprinkle. 

Bessemer steel (bes'em-er-stel), n. 
steel made by a process of forcing 
air into cast iron while in a molten 
state. 

best (best), adj, having the highest 
degree of goodness or excellence; 
of the first quaUty or standing; 
most desirable, suitable, advan- 
tageous, &c.; largest: n. the high- 
est state of excellence; the utmost 
endeavor; all one can do or show: 
adv. (superl. of well) in the high- 
est degree; with most advantage or 
success: v.t, to get the better of; 
surpass; outwit. 

best-man (best 'man), n. the grooms- 
man or principal attendant on a 
bridegroom, at the wedding cere- 
mony. See brideman. 

bested or bestead (be-sted'), p. adj. 
situated; placed; circumstanced. 

bestial (bes'tiil), ac(;. belonging to 
a beast; animal; having the quah- 
ties of a beast; brutal; sensual; ob- 
scene. 

bestialize (bes'tial-iz), v.t. to make 
hke a beast; degrade to the level 
of a brute. 

bestiality (bes-tial'i-ti), n. the qual- 
ities or nature of a beast. 

bestially (bes'tial-h), adv, in a beast- 
like manner. 

bestir (be-ster'), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. be- 
stirred, p.pr, bestirring], to put into 
brisk or vigorous action. 

bestow (be-sto'), v.t. to lay up in 
store; deposit in safe keeping; use 
or apply; give or confer [followed 
by on or upon], 

bestowment (be-sto'ment) or ^ be- 
stowal ('il), n. the act of giving 
or conferring; that which is given 
voluntarily. 

bestr addle (be-strad'l), v.t. to he* 
stride. 



i^f arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booBi 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BESTREW 



118 



BETWEEN 



bestrew (be-stroo') or bestrow 
(-stro'), vd. to strew or scatter over. 

bestride (be-strid'), v.t. [p.L bestrode 
& bestrid, p.p, bestridden, bestrid, 
p.pr. bestriding], to stand or sit 
on with the legs astride; embrace 
with the legs, as a horse. 

bet (bet), v.L [p.L^ & p.p. bet and 
betted, p.pr. betting], to stake or 
pledge on the event of a future 
contingency: v.i. to lay a w^ager: n. 
the act of wagering; that which is 
laid, staked, or pledged on any event 
or contest the issue of which is un- 
certain; the terms on which a bet 
is arranged. 

betake (be-tak'), v.t. [p.t. betook, 
p.p. betaken, p.pr. betaking], to 
have recourse to; repair; resort; 
take one's self (to). 

beta-rays (ba'ta-ra^), n.pL one of 
the three principal forms of rays 
given out by radio-active sub- 
stances, consisting of streams of 
electrons or unit particles of negative 
electricity. 

betel (be'tl), n. a species of pepper, 
native of the East Indies, the leaves 
of which are chewed with the betel- 
nut and a little lime. 

betel-nut (-nut), n. the nut-seed of 
the East Indian areca-palm. 

bete-noire (bat-nwar), n. bugbear; 
that which is especially repellent. 

bethel (beth'el), n. a hallowed spot; 
a dissenting chapel; a Beaman's 
chapel. 

bethink (be-think'), v.L & v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. bethought, p.pr. bethinking], 
to call to mind; consider; remind 
one's self; to reflect. 

betide (be-tid'), v.t. to happen to; 
befall: v.i. to come to pass. 

betimes (be-tlmz'), cidv. in good sea- 
son or time; before it is too late; 
early; soon. 

betoken (be-to'kn), v.t. to indicate 
by signs; serve as a sign or token 
of; foreshadow by what is visibly 
present. 

beton (bet'un, French ba-t6ng0, n. 
a concrete composed of lime, sand, 



and gravel, used for submarine 
structures. 

betony (bet'o-ni), n. a common name 
for a woodland plant, with purple 
flowers, formerly used in m^cine 
and as a dye. 

betooky p.t. oi betake. 

betray (be-tra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
betrayed, p.pr. betraying], to de- 
liver into the hands of an enemy 
by treachery; violate by fraud or 
unfaithfulness; reveal in breach cf 
confidence; disclose inadvertently; 
deceive; indicate or show. 

betrayal (be-tra'al), n, the act of 
betraying. 

betroth (be-troil/), v.t. to contract 
to give any one in marriage; af- 
fiance; plight or pledge one's troth 
to. 

betrothal (be-troth'il) or betroth- 
ment ('ment), n. the act of en- 
gaging to m.arry; the state of being 
engaged; an engagement to marry 
by mutual promise or otherwise, by 
parental agreement. 

better (bet'er), adj. [used as the 
compar. of good], having good qual- 
ities in a greater degree than an- 
other; preferable or more suitable; 
improved in health; more perfect; 
larger; greater: adv. [used as com- 
par. of well], in a superior or more 
excellent manner; more correctly or 
thoroughly; in a higher degree; 
more in extent: v.t. to improve or 
ameliorate; increase the good quali- 
ties of; surpass; excel; outdo: v.i. 
to become better: n. a superior; 
one who has a claim to precedence 
[usually in the pi.] ; superiority, 
or advantage over [usually with 
of]. 

better or bettor (bet'er), n. one 
who wagers or lays bets. 

betterment (bet'er-ment), n. a mak- 
ing better; the improvement of land 
or houses. 

betting (bet'ing), n. the act of making 
bets. 

between (be-twen'), prep, in the 
space or interval which separates; 



ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BETWEENWHILES 



119 



BIAS 



Sn intermediate relation to; from one 
to another of; shared in common. 

betweenwhiles ('hwilz), adv. at in- 
tervals. 

betwixt (be-twiksf), prep, between; 
in the space which separates. 

bevel (bev'el), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. -ed, 
p.pr. -ing], to cut to a bevel-angle: 
v.i. to slant or incline off to a bevel- 
angle: n. an angle otherwise than 
a right angle (90°); the inclination 
which one surface makes with 
another when not at right angles; 
an instrument used for drawing 
angles: adj. having the form of a 
bevel; aslant. 

bevel-gear (ger), n. a species of 
wheel- work in which the axis or 
shaft of the driving-wheel forms an 
angle with the shaft of the wheel 
driven. 

bevel-wheel (hwcl), n. a cog-wheel 
with its working face oblique to 
the axis. 

bevelment (bev'el-ment), n. the act 
or process of beveling. 

beverage (bev'er-aj), n. drink ^ of 
any description; liquor for drinking. 

bevy (bev'i), a company or assembly 
of persons, especially of ladies; a 
flock of quails or larks. 

bewail (be-wal'), v.t, to mourn or 
weep aloud for; lament: v.i. to ex- 
press grief. 

bewailment (be-wal'ment), n. the 
act of lamenting; a lamentation. 

beware (be-war'), v.i. to be on one's 
guard; be wary or cautious; take 
care. 

bewilder (be-wirder), v.t. to lead 
into perplexity or confusion; puz- 
zle. 

bewilderment (be-wil'der-ment), n. 
the state of being greatly puzzled 
or perplexed; a tangled or confused 
mass. 

bewitch (be-wich'), v.L to cast a 
spell over, subject to witchcraft; 
charm beyond the power of resist- 
ance; fascinate, 

bewitchery (be-wich'6r-i), n. witch- 
ery; fascmation, charm. 



bewitching (be-wich'ing), adj. having 
power to fascinate; captivating; 

alluring, 

bewitchment (be-wich'ment), n. 
fascination; charm; power of be- 
witchiQg. 

bewray (be-ra'), v.t. [p.t. & p,p, 
bewTayed, p.pr. bewraying], to ex- 
pose, reveal. 

bey (ba), n. a governor of a province 
or district in the Turkish dominions; 
a Turkish title of respect; a beg. 

beylik (ba'lik), n. the territory ruled 
by a bey. 

beyond (be-yondO, prep, on the fur- 
ther side of; before; past; out of 
reach of; later than; above; in a 
degree or amount exceeding or sur- 
passing: adv. further away; yon- 
der: n. that state of existence which 
is beyond our present experience. 

bezan (bez'^n), n. a Bengal cotton cloth. 

bez-antler (bez-ant'ler), n. the sec- 
ond branch of a stag's horn next 
to the antler proper. 

bezel (bez'el), n. the slope at the 
edge of a cutting tool; the rim 
which encompasses and fastens a 
gem in its setting; the groove in 
which the_ glass of a watch is fitted. 

bezetta (be-zet't^), n. a dye obtained 
by immersing coarse rags in a col- 
ored solution. 

bezique (be-zek'), n. a modem game 
of cards. 

bezoar (be'zor), n. a calcareous con- 
cretion found in the intestines of 
certain animals. 

bhang or bang (bang), n. an East- 
ern drug prepared from the dried 
3eaves of the hemp plant, having 
Ftrong narcotic and astringent qual- 
ities; hashish. 

biannual (bi-an'u-al), adj. occur- 
ring twice in a year. 

biannually (-li), adv. twice a year. 

biarticulate (bi-ar-tik'u-lat), adj. 
having two joints. 

bias (bi'as), n. [pi. biases (-ez) ], a 
seam formed by uniting the edges 
of two pieces of cloth cut obliquely 
to the texture; a weic^ht on the side 



ate, arm, ^k at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BIAURICULATE 



120 



BICENTENNIAL 



of a bowl which causes it to turn 
from a straight Hne; prepossession 
or undue propensity for; prejudice: 
v.t. [p.L & p.p. -ed, p.pr, -ing], to 
give a bias or particular direction 
to; incline to one side; influence; 
prejudice; prepossess: adv. in a 
slanting manner; obliquely. 

biauriculate (bi-aw^-rik'u-lat), adj, 
having two auricles, as the heart of 
the higher vertebrates; having two 
ear-like projections at the base, as 
a leaf. 

biaxial (bi-aks'i-M) or biaxal ('al), 
adj. having two axes. 

biaxially (-li), adv. wdth two axes. 

bib (bib), n. a piece of cloth placed 
under an infant's chin to protect its 
clothes. 

bibasic (bl-bas'ik), adj. a term ap- 
phed to^ acids which combine with 
two equivalents of a base. 

bibber (bib'er), n. a tippler. 

Bible (bi'bl), n. the Book (or the 
Books) by pre-eminence; the writ- 
ings of the Old and New Testament, 
whether in the original tongue or 
translated. 

Biblical (bib'li-kal), adj. of or per- 
taining to the Bible; scriptural. 

Biblically (-U), adv. according to 
the Bible. 

Biblicist (bib'H-sist), n. one who 
adheres to the strict letter of the 
Bible. 

bibliographer (bib-li-og'ra-fer), n. 
one who is versed in the making of 
books, or writes a history of their 
production. 

bibliographic (bib-li-o-graf'ik) or 
bibliographical (-al), adj. per- 
taining to the history of books.^ 

bibliographically (-li), adv, in a 
bibliographical manner. 

bibliography (bib-li-og'r^-fi), n. the 
science or description of books; a 
list of authorities on any subject. 

biblioklept (bib'li-o-klept), n. a book 
stealer. 

bibliolater (bib-li-ol'^-ter) or bib- 
liolatrist (-trist), n. a book wor- 
shiper; one addicted to bibliolatry. 



bibliolatry (bib-li-or^-tri), n. book 
worship; excessive reverence for the 
letter of the Scriptures. 

bibliological (bib-li-o-loj'ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to bibliology. 

bibliology (bib-li-oro-ji), n. an ac- 
count of books; Bibiical literature 
or doctrine. 

bibliomania (bib-li-o-ma'ni-l,), n. a 
mania for acquiring rare and curi- 
ous books. 

bibliomaniac (bib-li-o-ma'ni-ak) , n. 
one who has a mania for acquiring 
books. 

bibliopegy (bib'li-o-pe'ji), n. art of 
book-binding. 

bibliophile (bib'li-o-fil), n. a lover 
of books. 

bibliophilism (bib-li-of'i-lizm), n. 
love of books. 

bibliopole (bib'li-o-pol), n. a book- 
seller, especially one who deals in 
rare works. 

bibliotheca (bib-li-o-the'ka) , n. a 
library. 

biblus (bib'lus), n. another name for 
the papyrus. 

bibulous (bib'u-lus), adj. readily ab- 
sorbing or im.bibing fluids; spongy; 
addicted to drink. 

bicallose (bi-karos) or bicallous 
('us), adj, having two callosities. 

bicameral (bi-kam'e-ral), adj. per- 
taining to or consisting of two legis- 
lative chambers. 

bicarbonate (bi-kar'bon-at) , n. a 
carbonate or salt containing two 
equivalents of carbonic acid to one 
of a base. 

bicarinate (bi-kar'i-nat), adj. hav- 
ing two keel-like projections. 

bicaudate (bi-kaw'dat), adj. fur- 
nished with or ending in two tails. 

bice or bise (bis), n. name given to 
two pigments used in painting, one 
blue and the other green, called blue 
bice and green bice respectively. 

bicentenary (bi-sen'te-na-ri), n. the 
two hundredth anniversary of any 
event, or its celebration: adj. per- 
taining to a bicentenary. 

bicentennial (bl-sen-ten'i-M), adj. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 




BICEPHALOUS 



121 



BIFACIAL 



comprising two hundred years: n. 
the two himdredth anniversary of 
an event, or its celebration. 

bicephalous (bi-sef'^-lus), adj. hav- 
ing two heads. 

biceps (bi'seps), n. a muscle having 
two heads; the large flexor muscle 
of the arm and thigh. 

bichloride (bi-klo'rid or 'rid), n. a 
compound of two or more atoms of 
chlorine combined with a base. 

bichord (bi'kord), adj, having two 
chords. 

bichromate (bi-kro'mat), n. B, salt 
having two parts of chromic acid to 
one of the base. 

bicipital (bl-sip'it-S-1) or bicipitous 
(-us), cwfy. having two heads; pertain- 
ing to a biceps muscle; dividing into 
two parts at either extremity. 

bicker (bik'er), v.i, to engage in 
petty altercation; move rapidly 
with a noise; quiver; flicker: n. a 
noisy wrangle. 

biconcave ^ (bi-kon'kav), adj, hollow 
on both sides. 

bicon jugate (bi-kon'ju-gat), adf/. twice 
paired, 

biconvex (bi-kon'veks) , adj. rounded 
on both sides. 

bicorn (bi-korn) or bicornus ('us), 
adj, having two horns. 

bicorporal (bi-kor'po-r&l) or bicor- 
porate (-rat) , adj. having two bodies. 

bicuspid (bi-kus'pid) or bicuspi- 
date (-at), adj. having two points 
or prominences : n. one of the double- 
pointed teeth forming the first pair 
of molars on either side of the jaw, 
above and below. 

bicycle (bi'si-kl), n. a vehicular ma- 
chine of various forms, but consist- 
ing primarily of two wheels placed 
in line, connected by a fork and 
backbone, and supporting a saddle 
for the rider, the machine being 
propelled by means of treadles at- 
tached to cranks or levers: v,L to 
ride on a bicycle. ^ 

bicycling (bi'si-kling), or bicyclism 
(-klizm), n. the practice or art of' 
riding a bicycle. (The abbreviation 



cycling is now more generally though 
less accurately used.) 

bicyclist (bi'sik-list), n. one who rides 
a bicycle; a cyclist. 

bid^ (bid), v.t. [p.t. bade (bad) or 
bid, p.p. bidden, bid, p.pr. bidding], 
to make an offer of; propose as a 
price; offer for; invite; request; 
ask; offer or express by words; com- 
mand; order or direct; enjoin; to 
proclaim:^ v.i, to make an offer; 
offer a price: n. an offer of a price; 
a price offered at auction. 

biddable (bid'§,-bl), adj, docile, 
obedient. 

bidder (bid'er), n, one who bids or 
offers a price, as at a sale or auction. 

biddery-ware (bid'er-i-war), n. in- 
laid work made from^ a metallic 
alloy. Called also bidhri-ware. 

bidding (bid'ing), n. an order; com- 
mand; proclamation;^ the act of 
offering a price at auction. 

biddy (bid'i), n. a fowl or chicken. 

bide (bid), v.i. [p.t. &, p.p. bode^ 
bided, p.pr, biding], inhabit; reside: 
v.t. to endure; suffer; wait for. 

bident (bi'dent), n. a two-pronged 
instrument. 

bidental (bi-den'tM) or bidentate 
Ctat), adj. having two teeth, or 
two tooth-like processes. 

bidet (bi-def, French be-da'), n. a 
form of night commode; a portable 
bath; a sitz bath. 

bidhri-ware. See biddery-ware. 

biennial (bi-en'ni-al), adj. happen- 
ing once in two years; continuing 
or existing for two years, as plants: 
n. a plant which produces roots and 
leaves in the first^ year, and in the 
second flowers, fruit, and seed, after- 
ward perishing; something which is 
held once in two years. 

biennially (-H), adv. once in two 
years. 

bier (ber), n. a frame or carriage on 
which a corpse is placed, or con- 
veyed to the grave; a tomb. 

bifacial (bi-f a'shi-al) , adj. having 
two similar faces or the opposite 
surfaces alike. 



ate, arm^ §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BIFARIOUS 



122 



BILGE-WATER 



bifarious (bi-fa'ri-us),^ a^j. two-fold; 
two-rowed; pointing in two ways. 

biferous (bif'er-us), adj, bearing 
flowers or fruit twice a year. 

bifid (bi'fid), adj. partially divided 
into two. 

biiilar (bl-fil'§,r), adj, two-threaded; 
fitted with two threads. 

bifocal (bi-fo'kil), adj, having two 
foci. 

bifold (bffold), adj, two-fold; double. 

bifoliate (bi-fo'H-at), adj. having two 
leaves. 

bifurcate (bi-ferliat), v.i. to divide 
in two directions or branches. 

bifurcate (bi-ier'kat) or bifurcated 
(-ed), adj. divided into two branches. 

bifurcation ^ (bi-fer-ka'shun), n, a 
forking or division into two branches. 

big (big), adj. [compar, bigger, superl, 
biggest], of great bulk or magnitude; 
grown up; pregnant; full of some- 
thing important; full; inflated; pom- 
pous. 

big game (big' gam), n. sl hunter^s 
name for large animals. 

bighorn (big'horn), n. the wild sheep 
of the Rocky Mountains. 

bigamy (big'a-mi), n. the offense^ of 
contracting a second marriage during 
the existence of a former marriage. 

biga (bi'ga), n. a two-horse chariot. 

bigamist (big'§,-mist), n, one guilty 
of bigamy. ^ 

bigamous (big'a-mus), adj, pertaining 
to and involving bigamy. 

bight (bit), n. a loop or bend of a 
rope, in distinction from the ends; 
a bend in a coast-line forming an 
open bay; a small bay between two 
headlands. 

Bignonia (big-no 'ni-i), n. a large 
genus of American tropical climbing 
plants, to which the trumpet- 
creeper belongs. 

bigot (big'ot), n. one who is unrea- 
sonably and blindly attached to a 
particular creed, church, or party; 
one who is intolerant of opinions 
which differ from his own; a fanatic ; 
one illiberal, or hypocritically stub- 
born in creed. 



bigoted (big'ot-ed), adj. characterized 

by bigotry. 
bigotry (big'ot-ri), n. [pi, bigotries 

(-riz) ], the state or condition of a 

narrow-minded, intolerant person; 

blind and obstinate attachment to a 

particular creed, party, or opinion; 

intolerance; fanaticism. 
bigwig (big'wig), 7i, a person of 

importance; usually used ironically, 
bijou (ba-zhooO, n, [pi, bijoux 

(-zhooz) ], a jewel; any small and 

elegantly finished article. 
bijouterie (b5-zhoo'tre), n, jewelry 

or other small articles of vertu. 
bike ^ (bik), n. a bicycle: v.i, to ride 

a bicycle. 
bilabiate (bi-la'bi-at), adj. having 

two lips. 
bilander (bil'an- & bl'lan-der), n. a 

small two-masted Dutch vessel of 

the hoy class. 
bilateral (bi-lat'er-al), adj. pertaining 

to, or having two sides. 
bilaterally (-li), adv. in a two-sided 

manner; on both sides. 
bilberry (birber-ri), n. [pL bilberries 

(-riz)], the whortleberry. 
bilbo (bil'bo), n, [pi. bilboes ('boz)], a 

rapier or sword; pi, sl long bar of 

iron with sliding shackles for the 

feet, and a lock at the end, for- 
merly used as fetters. 
bile (bil), n, a yellow bitter fluid 

secreted by the liver from venous 

blood; ill-humor. 
bile-stone (-ston), n, a gall-stone. 
bilge (bilj), n, the bulging part of a 

bottom, on which the vessel rests 

when aground: 2;. i. to spring a leak 

by a fracture in tL:9 bilge: v.t. to 

stave, or break in, the bottom or 

bilge of a ship. 
bilge-board (-bord), n. one of the 

boards covering the timbers where 

the bilge-water accumulates. 
bilge-keel (-kel), n. a piece of timber 

secured edgewise under the bottom 

of a vessel to prevent heavy rolling. 
bilge-water (-waw-ter), n. water 

which accumulates in the bilge of 

a ship. 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BILGE-WAYS 



123 



BILLIKEN 



bilge-ways (-waz), n.pL the timber 
supporting the cradle of a vessel, 
which upholds it while being built, 
and in launching. 

biliary (biri-i<-ri), adj, pertaining to 
the bile; conveying the bile. 

bilin (bi'lin), n, a yellow gummy 
substance precipitated from bile. 

bilingual (bi'ling'gwal), adj. written 
or expressed in two languages. 

bilingually (-h), adv. in two languages. 

bilious (bil'yus), adj. pertaining to 
the bile; having the system disorder- 
ed by derangement of the bihary 
function; choleric. 

biliousness (-nes), n. the state of 
being biUous. 

biliteral (bi-lit'er-M), oAj. consist- 
ing of two letters: n. a word, root, 
or syllable consisting of two letters. 

bilk (bilk), v.L to spoil the score of 
an opponent at cribbage; deceive 
or defraud, as by evading a pay- 
ment; leave in the lurch: n. the act 
of spoiling the score of an opponent 
at cribbage; a swindler. 

bill (bil), n. the beak of a bird: v.i, 
to join bills, as doves; caress in 
fondness; to issue bills or posters. 

bill (bil), n, a kind of hatchet with 
a blade hook-shaped toward the 
point, used in pruning, &c. ; a battle- 
axe, attached to a long staff, for- 
merly used by infantry ; the extrem- 
ity of the fluke of an anchor. 

bill (bil), n. an account for goods 
sold, services rendered, or work 
done; a document binding the signer 
or signers to pay a specified sum 
at a certain date or on demand; a 
draft of a proposed statute presented 
to a legislature. 

bill-board (bill'-bOrd), n. a level 
surface on which advertisements are 
pasted: a projection at the bow of 
a vessel 

bill-broker (bil'bro-ker), n. one who 
negotiates the discount of bills of 
exchange. 

billet (bil'et), n. a small paper in 
writing; a note or short letter; 
ticket directing soldiers at what 



house to lodge: a soldier's lodging: 
v.t, to quarter or lodge, as soldiers: 
v.i. to be quartered or lodged. 

billet (bil'et), n. a small stick or log 
of wood, as for fuel; an ornament 
in Norman work, resembhng a billet 
of wood. 

billet-doux (bil-le-doo'), n. [pi. billets- 
doux (bil-le-doo') ], a love-letter. 

bill-hook (birhook), n. a small kind 
of hatchet with a hooked point. 

billiards (biFyerdz), n. a game 
played on a rectangular, cloth-cov- 
ered slate table, 5 x 10 feet in size, 
with ivory balls and a cue. (The 
sing, form billiard is used always 
in composition.) 

billiken (biri-ken), n. grotesque im- 
age; symbol of good cheer. 

bill of entry (en'tri), n. a written 
account of goods entered at the cus 
torn house. 

bill of exchange (eks-chanjO, ^. a 
wTitten order from one person or 
house (the drawer) to another (the 
acceptor) to pay to the person des- 
ignated a certain sum at a fixed 
time, in consideration of value re- 
ceived. 

bill of health (-helth), n. a certifi- 
cate given to the master of a vessel, 
under the signature of a consul or 
other authority, specifying the state 
of the health of a ship's company 
or passengers at the time of her 
clearing a port. 

bill of lading (la'ding), n. a docu- 
ment specifying the goods shipped 
on board a vessel, and signed by the 
master of such ship, acknowledging 
the receipt of the goods, and under- 
taking their safe conveyal to the 
consignee, unforeseen perils being 
only excepted. 

bill of mortality (mor-tari-ti), n. 
the ofiicial return of the deaths 
(also births) occurring in a par- 
ticular district within a certain 
period. 

bill of sale (sal), n. a formal in- 
strument for the transfer of goods 
and chattels. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BILLINGSGATE 



124 



BIOGENESIS 



billingsgate (bil'ingz-gat), n, coarse 
or profane language ; virulent abuse. 

billion (biFyun). n in the United 
State? one thousand miUions (1,- 
000,000,000); in England a miUion 
njilhons (1,000,000,000,000). 

billon (biron). n. an alloy of gold 
and silver, with a large proportion 
of copper or other base metal, used 
in coinage of low value. 

billot (bil'ot), n, buUion in the mass 
or bar. 

billow (bil'o), n, a great wave of 
the sea swelled by the wind: v.i, 
to rise and roll in large waves or 
surges. 

billy-goat (bil'i-got), n, a male goat. 

bilobate (bi-lo'bat), or bilobed 
(lobd), adj, divided into two lobes 
or segments. 

bimanous (bi'ma-nus), adj, having 
two hands. 

bimetallic (bi-me-tarik), adj, per- 
taining to two metals; pertaining to 
bimetallism. 

bimetallism (bl-met'M-izm), n, the 
legalized adoption of two metals (as 
gold and silver) in the currency of 
a country, at a fixed ratio. 

bimetallist (bl-met'al-ist), n, an ad- 
vocate for the use of a double 
metallic standard. 

bimonthly (bi-munthli), adj. oc- 
curring once in two months. [Some- 
times incorrectly employed to desig- 
nate semi-monthly periodicals.] 

bin (bin), n, a receptacle for any 
commodity, as corn, coal, &c.; a 
frame for bottles in a wine-cellar. 

binary (bi'na-ri), adj, consisting of 
two things or parts; twofold. 

binary star (star), n, a double star 
or sun whose members revolve roimd 
their common center of gravity. 

binate (bi'nat), adj. growing in 
couples. 

bind (bind), v.L [pi. & p.p. bound; 
p.'pr. binding], to confine or make 
fast with a cord or band; confine 
or restrain by physical force; unite 
by bonds of affection, loyalty, or 
duty; hold by any moral tie; hinder 



or restrain; protect or strengthen 
by a band, border or cover; fasten 
together; cause to cohere; place 
under legal obhgation: v.L to tie 
up; confine by ligature or band; 
be obligatory; grow hard or stiff; 
stick together: n, anything which 
binds or ties; a twining stem; a 
stalk of hops; indurated clay or 
shale forming the roof of a coal- 
seam;^ a musical sign or brace 
grouping notes together. 

bind- weed (-wed), n, a common 
name for plants belonging to the 
genus Convolvulus. 

binding (binding), n, the act of 
making fast; a bandage; the cover 
of a book; something that secures 
the edges of cloth. 

bine (bin), n. the slender stem of a 
twining plant. 

bing (bing), fi, a heap or pile of any- 
thing. 

binnacle (bin'§,-kl), n. a turret- 
shaped box containing a ship's com- 
pass. 

binocle (bin'o-kl or bi'no-kl), n. a 
field or opera glass with two eye- 
tubes for the use of both eyes at 
once. 

binocular (bi-nok- or bin-ok'u-ler), 
adj, having two eyes; pertaining to, 
or suited to, the use of both eyes. 
Also binoculate. 

binomial (bi-no'mi-§,l), n. an expres- 
sion or quantity consisting of two 
terms connected by the sign plus 
( + ) or minus ( — ) : adj, consist- 
ing of two terms; pertaining to bi- 
nomials; having two names. 

binomial theorem (the'o-rem), n, 
the celebrated theorem of Sir Isaac 
Newton, which expresses the law of 
formation of any power of a bino- 
mial. 

binoxide* Same as dioxide. 

bioblast. Another name for bioplast. 

biodynamics (bi-o-di-nam'iks), n. 
the doctrine of vital force or energy. 

biogenesis (bi-o-jen'e-sis), or biog- 
eny (-oj'e-ni), n. the doctrine that 
living organisms can proceed only 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon. 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BIOGRAPH 



125 



BISCUIT 



from, or be generated by, living 
parents or germs; the science of 
fife development. 

biograpl^ 0>i'o-graf), n. a device for 
projecting animated pictures onto a 
screen. 

biographer (bi-og'r^-fer), n. one 
who writes the history of a particu- 
lar person's life. 

biographically (bi-o-graf'i-kal-li), 
adv, in the manner of a life history. 

biography (bi-og'ra-fi) , n. [pZ. biog- 
raphies (-fiz) ], the history of the 
life of a particular person; bio- 
graphical writings in general. 

biologic (bi-o-loj'ik), or biological 
(-il), adj. pertaining to the science 
of life. 

biologically (-li), adv, in accord- 
ance with the principles of biology. 

biologist (bi-oro-jist), n. one who 
studies, or is skilled in, the science 
of living forms. 

biology (bi-or-o-ji), n. the science 
which deals with the origin and life- 
history of plants and animals. 

bioplasm (bfo-plazm), n. • living 
germinal matter or protoplasm. 

bioplast (bi'o-plast), n. a minute 
mass of protoplasm possessing f orma- 
i;ive powers. 

biotaxy (bi'5-tak-si), n. the classifi- 
cation of Uving organisms according 
to their structural characters. ^ 

biparous (bip'a-rus), adj, bringing 
forth two at a birth. 

bipartite (bi-par'tit), adj. divided 
into two similar parts; having two 
correspondent parts. ^ 

bipartition^ (bi-piir-tish'un), n. the 
act of dividing into two parts; the 
etate of being so divided. 

biped (bi'ped), adj. having two feet: 
n. a two-footed animal. 

bipedal ^ (bi'ped-al), adj, pertaining 
to a biped; two-footed. 

bipennate (bi-pen'nat), or bipen- 
nated (-ed), adj. having two wings. 

biplane (bi'plan), n. an aeroplane 
with two planes or sustaining sur- 
faces, as in the Wright or Farman 
machines. 



biplicate (bi'pli-kat), adj, doubly 
folded. 

biquadrate (bi-kwod'rat), or bi- 
quadratic (-rat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to the fourth power: n. the 
fourth power, arising from the mul- 
tiplication of a square niunber or 
quantity by itself. 

birch (berch), n. [p?. birches ('ez) ], 
a tree or shrub belonging to the 
genus Betula; a rod formed of birch 
twigs used for punishment; a birch- 
bark canoe: adj. birchen: v.t, to 
chastise with a birch rod; flog. 

bird (berd), n. a warm-blooded 
feathered vertebrate, furnished with 
wings, and belonging to the class 
Aves; small feathered game, as dis- 
tinguished from water-fowl: v.i. to 
shoot or catch birds. 

birdlime (berd'lim), n. a viscous 
substance prepared from holly-bark, 
and used for entanghng small birds 
in bird-snaring. 

birdmen (berdmen), n. aviators. 

bird*s-eye (berdz'I), adj. seen from 
abo\^, or at a glance, as by a flying 
bird; hence, general, not minute or 
detailed. 

biretta (be-ret'ti), n. a square ec- 
clesiastical cap. Also birretta, be- 
retta, berretta. 

birn (bern), n, that part of a clario- 
net or a similar^ mstrument into 
which the mouthpiece fits. 

birostrate (bi-ros'trat), adj, having 
a double beak, or beak-like process. 

birth (berth), n. the act of coming in- 
to life; the fact of being bom; the 
act of bringing forth ; lineage ; extrac- 
tion; descent; origin; beginning. 

birth-rate ('rat), n. the increase of 
population as shown by the percent- 
age of registered births to the num- 
ber of inhabitants in a district within 
a specified period. 

birth-right Crit), n. any right or 
privilege to which a person is en- 
titled by birth; the right of the first 
born. 

biscuit (bis'kit), n. a kind of un- 
raised bread, baked hard and dry, 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, //len. 



BISECT 



126 



BI-TELEPHONE 



and shaped in flat cakes; pottery- 
after the first baking and previous 
to glazing and burning. 

bisect (bi-sekf), v,L to cut or divide 
into two equal parts. 

bisection (bi-sek'shun), n, division 
into two equal parts. 

bisector (bi-sek'ter), n. one who, or 
that which, bisects; a straight line 
which bisects an angle. 

bisexual (bi-seks'ti-al), adj, combin- 
ing the organs of both sexes in one 
individual; hermaphrodite. 

bishop (bish'up), n. one of the high- 
est orders of an Episcopal Church; 
below in rank to an archbishop, but 
above a priest; a spiritual overseer; 
the spiritual head or ruler of a 
diocese, having the power of ordina- 
tion, confirmation, and consecra- 
tion; the name of one of the pieces 
used in playing chess, having the 
top cleft in resemblance to a miter, 
originally called archer; a beverage 
composed of wine, oranges, lemons, 
and sugar; a woman's dress-im- 
prover; a kind of pinafore: i\L [p.t 
& p.p. -ed, p,pr. -ing], to make a 
horse appear younger by manipu- 
lating its teeth, and hence to 
deceive by improving the appear- 
ance of anything. 

bishop's sleeve (bish'ups-slev), n. 
a wide sleeve worn by women, so 
called from its resemblance to that 
worn by Anglican bishops. 

bishop's staff (bish'ups-staf), n. a 
crosier. 

bishopric (bish'up-rik), n, the office, 
dignity or jurisdiction of a bishop; 
diocese. 

bisk or bisque (bisk) n. soup or 
broth composed of several kinds of 
meat or fish boiled together; craw- 
fish soup; a stroke allowed to an 
inferior player or side at lawn-tennis. 

bismuth (bis,- or biz'muth), n. one 
of the elements, a light reddish- 
colored metal of brittle texture. 

bison (bi'son), n. the aurochs, or 
European bison, still preserved in 
Lithuania; the American bison, in- 



accurately termed the buffalo, 
which is now practically extinct. 

bisque (bisk), n. an unglazed white 
porcelain, used for statuettes, &c. 

bissextile (bifi-seks'til), n, leap-year 
adj. pertaining to leap-year. 

bister (bis'ter), n. a dark brown pig- 
ment extracted from wood-soot. 

bisulphate (bi-suFfat), n. a salt of 
sulphuric acid in which half of its 
hydrogen is replaced by a positive 
element. 

bisulphite (bi-surfit), n. a salt of 
sulphurous acid, half the hydrogen 
of which is replaced by the base. 

bisymmetry (bl-sim'e-tri), n. corre- 
spondence of the right and left 
parts of anything. 

bit (bit), p.t. & p.p. 01 bite. 

bit (bit), n. a tool for boring; the 
metal mouthpiece of a bridle; the 
part of a key which enters the lock 
and acts on the bolts and tumblers; 
the cutting blade of a plane; a 
small piece or fragment of anything; 
any small coin: v.t [p.t. & p.p. 
bitted; p.pr. bitting], to put a bridle 
upon; put the bit in the mouth of. 

bitch (bich), n. the female of the 
dog, or of other canine animals. 

bite (bit), v.t. [p.t. bit, p.p. bitten, 
bit, p.pr. biting], to seize, grip, cut, 
or crush with the teeth; sting, as an 
insect; cause smarting pain to; cut; 
pinch, as with intense cold; blight 
or blast; take fast hold on; to cor- 
rode or eat into; to cheat, trick, take j 
in [now only in p.p.]: v.i. to have 
the habit or exercise the power of j 
biting; inflict injury with the teeth; 1 
cause to sting or smart; take a bait; 
take a firm hold on: n. the act of 
seizing with the teeth; a wound 
made by the teeth, or by a sting; 
a mouthful; a hold or grip; in print- 
ing, a blank on a page due to some 
intervening substance between the 1 1 
paper and the type. I 

bi-telephone (bi-tere-fon), n. a pair I 
of telephones arranged so that they | 
can be applied simultaneously to ■ 
both ears. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; m§, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BITINGLY 



127 



BLACK-COCK 



bitingly (-li), adv, in a sarcastic 
manner. 

bitt (bit), n. a post of wood or iron 
to which cables are made fast 
(generally used in the pL]: v,L to 
put round the bitts. 

bitten, p.p. of bite. 

bitter (bit'er), adj. having a sharp 
or harsh taste; acrid; piercing; 
painful; grievous; poignant; severe; 
reproachful; caustic; sarcastic; 
cruel: n.any substance that is bitter. 

bitter-cup (-kup), n. a cup made of 
quassia wood, which imparts a bit- 
ter taste to liquids poured into it. 

bitter-sweet (bit'er-swet), n. the 
woody nightshade, the roots and 
leaves of which when chewed pro- 
duce first a bitter, then a sweet 
taste. ^ 

bitterish (-ish), odj, somewhat bit- 
ter. 

bittern (bit'ern), n. a wading bird 
of the heron family; the residual 
brine in salt works from which 
Epsom salt is prepared. 

bitters (bit'ers), n.pl. liquor in which 
herbs or roots are steeped. 

bitumen (bi-tu'men), n. mineral 
pitch. 

bituminous (bi-tu'min-us) , adj. hav- 
ing the qualities of, or containing, 
bitumen. 

bivalent (bi'va- or biv'a-lent), n. an 
element, one of the atoms of which 
can replace two atoms of hydrogen. 

bivalve (bi'vaiv), adj. having two 
valves or shells united by a liga- 
ment: n. a mollusk whose shell is 
composed of two parts or valves, 
connected by a ligament or hinge, 
which are opened or closed by 
muscles, as the oyster or mussel. 

bivouac (biv'oo-ak), n. an encamp- 
ment of soldiers in the open air, 
without tents: hence, any open air 
encampment: v.i. to encamp with- 
out tents in the open. 

biwa (be'wa), n. a Japanese musical 
instrument similar to the mandolin. 

biweekly (bi-wek'li), adj. occurring 
or appearing every two weeks; fort- 



nightly [frequently confused with 
semi-weekly = twice in a week], 

bizarre (bi-zar'), adj. odd in manner 
or appearance; fanciful; grotesque. 

blab (blab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blabbed, 
p.pr. blabbing], to tell thoughtless- 
ly: v.i. to talk indiscreetly; tell 
tales: n. one who lets out secrets, 
or tells tales. 

black (blak), adj, destitute of light; 
of the darkest hue; opposed to 
white; enveloped in darkness; dis- 
mal; gloomy or forbidding; desti- 
tute of moral light or goodness; 
atrocious; evil; calamitous; threat- 
ening; clouded with anger; sullen; 
n. the darkest color; the opposite of 
white; a black pigment or dy ; a 
negro; mourning: v.t. to make 
black; blacken; apply blacking to. 

blackamoor (blak'a-moor),?i.a negro. 

black antimony (an'ti-mo-ni), 7i. 
the black sulphide of antimony. 

black art, necromancy, magic. 

blackball (blak'bawl), v.i. to reject 
or exclude (as a candidate) by 
placing black balls in the ballot 
box. 

blackberry (blak'ber-ri), n. the fruit 
of several species of bramble. 

blackbird (blak'berd), n. an English 
song bird, a species of thrush. 
Called also merle, ousel, or black 
thrush; a crow-like bird of North 
America; a name given to a kid- 
napped negro or Polynesian. 

blackbirding (-ing), n. the kidnap- 
ping of such negroes or Polynesians. 

blackboard (blak'bdrd), n. a smooth 
surface, painted with a black com- 
position for use with chalk crayons. 

black-canker (blak-kangk-er) , n. a 
disease in root crops. 

black-cap (blak'-kap), n. the popu- 
lar name of several black-crested 
birds; the cap worn by a judge 
when pronouncing sentence of 
death; the black raspberry. 

black-cattle (blak'-kat'l), n.pl. cat- 

' tie raised for slaughter, irrespective 
of color. 

black-cock (blak'-kok), n. the male 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BLACK-CURRANT 



128 



BLAME 



of the European black grouse or 
black game; the heath-cock. 

black-currant (blak'kur-ent), n. 
the well-known garden bush, and 
its fruit. 

blacken (blak'n), v.i, to grow black 
or dark: v.t, to make black; de- 
fame; asperse. 

black-fish^ (blak'-fish), n. a female 
salmon immediately after spawn- 
ing; a common name for several 
species of English and American fish. 

black-flag (blak'-flag), n. the flag 
of a pirate with a skull and cross- 
bones emblazoned upon it. 

black-fly (blak'-fli), n, a black 
plant-louse; a minute beetle inju- 
rious to turnips. 

black-friar (blak'-fri-ir), n. a friar 
of the Dominican order; so called 
from the black gown adopted by 
members of the order. 

blackguard (blag'ard), n, a man of 
low character, and addicted to the 
use of foul or abusive language; a 
scoundrel: adj, vicious; low; vile; 
scurrilous; abusive: v.t, to revile in 
scurrilous language. 

blackguardism (blag'ard-izm), n. the 
conduct or language of a blackguard. 

black-hole (blak'-hol), n. a dun- 
geon or dark cell in a prison; a 
place of confinement for soldiers. 

blacking (blak'ing), n. a prepara- 
tion for imparting a shining black 
polish to boots. 

blackish (blak'ish), adj, somewhat 
black. 

black-jack (blak'-jak), n. a large 
leathern vessel or drinking-cup of 
old times; the ensign of a pirate; 
dwarf oak, quercus nigra. 

blacklead (blakled), v.t. to cover 
with blacklead or plumbago: n. 
plumbago. 

black-leg (blak'-leg), n. one who 
endeavors to obtain money by cheat- 
ing at races or cards; a rook; an 
opprobrious term for a workman 
who is not a member of any trade 
union; a disease affecting sheep and 
cattle. 



black-letter (blakMet-er), n. the 
old Enghsh or Gothic letter em- 
ployed in the early manuscripts and 
the first printed books: adj, written 
or printed in black-letter. 

black-list (blak'hst), n, a list of 
persons who are deemed to be de- 
serving of punishment, or whom it 
is desirable to exclude from busi- 
ness transactions: v.t, to put in a 
black-list. 

blackmail (blak'mal), n. a tax an- 
ciently paid in money, corn, or cat- 
tle, in the north of England, and in 
Scotland, to the agents of robbers, 
to secure protection from pillage: 
hence extortion by means of intimi- 
dation: v.t. to extort money or 
goods from by intimidation of any 
kind. 

blacksmith (blak'smith), n. a smith 
who works in iron and makes iron 
utensils, horse-shoes, &c. 

blackthorn^ (blak'thorn),' n. the 
sloe; a stick cut from the stem of 
the sloe. 

bladder (blad'er), n. a thin elastic 
membranous bag in animals, in 
which a fluid is collected; any ves- 
icle, blister, or pustule containing 
fluid or air; a hollow membranous 
appendage to some plants: v.t. put 
up in a bladder, as lard. 

bladdery ^ (blad'er-i), adj. resembling 
or containing bladders. 

blade (blad), n. the leaf of a grass; 
the young stalk or spire of a grass; 
the broad expanded part of a leaf; 
the cutting part of an instrument; 
the broad part of an oar; anything 
resembling a blade; a dashing, reck- 
less, rollicking fellow: v.t. to fur- 
nish with a blade: v.i. put forth 
blades. 

blade-bone (blad'bon), n. the scap- 
ula or shoulder-blade. 

blain (blan), n. a pustule or blister. 

blamable or blameable (blam'a-bl), 
adj. deserving of censure. 

blamably (-bli), adv. in a culpable 
manner. 

blame (biStio), v.t. to censure; re- 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; thmk, Jien, 



BLAMEFUL 



129 



BLAZE 



proach: n. an imputation: of a fault; 
censure; responsibility for anything 
wrong. 

blameful (blam'fool), adj, meriting 
blame. 

blamefully (-li), adv. in a censur- 
able manner. 

blanch (bl^-nch), v.t. to take the 
color out; make lustrous; to remove 
the covering of: v.i. become white; 
turn pale: n, lead ore found sepa- 
rate in the rock. 

blanc-mange (bla-monzhO, n. a 
white jelly, composed of isinglass, &c. 

bland (bland), adj, mild; soft; gen- 
tle; affable; soothing. ^ 

blandishment (blan'dish-ment), n. 
winning expressions or actions; art- 
ful caresses. 

blank (blangk), adj. confounded; 
confused; ^ dejected; empty; free 
from writing or printing; without 
result; absolute; complete: n. any 
void space; an unfilled space in a 
written or printed document; a lot- 
tery ticket to which no prize is at- 
tached; a disk of metal prior to 
stamping; the white spot in the 
center of a target: v.t. a euphemis- 
tic form of the oath damn. 

blank verse (vers) , n. unrhymed verse. 

blanket (blang'ket), n. a soft, loose- 
ly woven woolen cloth for a bed or 
as a covering: v.t. to toss in a 
blanket by way of punishment or 
joke; pass to windward to take the 
wind out of the sails of. 

blanketing (blang'ket-ing), n. 
coarse cloth for blankets; the act of 
tossing in a blanket. 

blare (blar), v.i. to bellow; to give 
forth a loud sound like a trumpet: 
v.t. to sound loudly; trumpet forth: 
n. a noise like the blast of a trum- 
pet. ' 

blarney (blar'ni), n, soft, wheedling 
speech; flattery: v.t. [p.t. & p.p, 
blarneyed: p.pr. blarneying], to in- 
fluence or talk over by soft, wheedling 
speeches: humbug with flattery. 

blarney-stone, a stone in the wall 
of Blarney Castle, Cork, on kissing 



which a person is said to become an 
adept in flattery. 

blase (bla-zaO, adj. exhausted by 
excess of pleasure. 

blaspheme (blas-fem'), v.t. to speak 
irreverently of ; mock; revile: v.i. to 
utter blasphemy; use profane lan- 
guage. 

blasphemous (blas'fe-mus), adj. 
uttering, containing, or exhibiting 
blasphemy; profane. 

blasphemy (blas'fe-mi), n. [pi. blas- 
phemies ^ (-miz) ], impious, profane, 
or mocking speech concerning God 
or sacred thmgs; expressed con- 
tempt or contumely for the person- 
ality or authority of God. 

blast (bl§,st), n. a violent or sudden 
gust of wind; a forcible stream of 
air from an orifice; the sound pro- 
duced by blowing a wind instru- 
ment; any sudden pernicious in- 
fluence upon plants or animals; a 
bhght;^ the explosion of gunpowder, 
dynamite, <S:c., in rending or remov- 
ing rocks, or the^ charge so used;^ a 
flatulent disease in sheep: v.t. to in- 
jure; cause to fade or wither by 
some pernicious influence; blight; 
ruin or destroy; to rend or shatter 
by any explosive agent. 

blastema (blas-te'm^), n. [pi. blas- 
temata (-m^-t§,) ], the point of 
growth of an organ as yet unformed, 
from which it is developed. 

blastoderm (blas'to-derm), n. the 
germinal spot in ^ an ovum, from 
which the embryo is developed. 

blastogenesis (blas-to-jen'e-sis), n. 
reproduction by gemmation or bud- 
ding. 

blatant (bla'tS^nt) , ac?/. bawling ; noisy. 

blather (blai/i'er), 71. foolish chatter. 

blatherskite (bla//i'er-skite), n. a 
foolish chatterer; a worthless fellow. 

blaze (blaz), n. a body of flame; bril- 
liant sunlight; a sudden bursting 
out; active display; a white spot on 
the face of a horse or other quad- 
ruped; a white mark cut on a tree, 
' to serve as a guide: v.t. to mark, as 
trees, by removing a portion of the 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 9 



BLAZER 



130 



BLIND 



bark; to indicate, as a path or 
boundary, by blazing trees; publish 
"widely: v,i. to flame; send forth a 
brilliant light; be conspicuous. 

blazer (blaz'er), 7i, that which shines; 
a bright colored striped jacket. 

blazon (bla'zn), n. a coat of arms; 
a description of armorial bearings; 
ostentatious display: v.L to explain 
technically, according to heraldic 
rules; embelHsh; display; proclaim 
boastingly. 

blazonment (bla'zn-ment), n. the 
act of blazoning. 

blazonry (bla'zn-ri), n. a heraldic 
device;^ the art of describing and 
explaining coats of arms; decora- 
tion, as with heraldic devices. 

bleach (blech), v.t, to make white 
by removing color or dirt by the 
action of the sun's rays, or by a 
chemical process: v.L to grow or 
become white. 

bleachery (blech'er-i), n. [pL bleach- 
eries (-iz) ], a place where bleaching 
is carried on. 

bleaching-powder (-poud'er), n. 
chloride of lime.^ 

bleak (blekj, adj. exposed to wind 
and cold; ^ desolate; unsheltered; 
cheerless ; piercing. 

bleak (blek), n, a small river fish, 
remarkable for its brilliant silvery 
scales. 

blear (bier), adj. sore or dim from 
a watery discharge: said of the 
eyes: v.t. to make sore or watery, 
as the eyes; to dim or obscure. 

bleat (blet), v.i. to cry as, or like, a 
sheep : n. a cry, as of a sheep. 

bleb (bleb), n. a blister; a pustule; 
a bubble. 

bleed (bled), v.i. [p.L & p.p. bled, 
p.pr. bleeding], to emit, or lose 
blood; to shed one's blood; to lose 
sap or juice; to pay or lose money 
freely: v,t, to take blood from; take 
money, &c., from. 

blemish (blem'ish), v.t. to injure; 
stain; mar; tarnish; defame: n. 
any defect or deformity, physical or 
moral; a blemish. 



blench (blench), v.i. to start back; 
flinch; quail. 

blend (blend), v.t. to mix together, 
so that the things mixed cannot be 
separated or individually distin- 
guished: v.i. to mingle; shade im- 
perceptibly into each other: n. sl 
mixture, as of colors, liquids, tobac- 
cos, teas, &c.; a shading of one I 
color, &c., into another. 

blende (blend), n. native sulphide of 
zinc. ; 

blenorrhea (blen-nor-re'a), n, leucor- 
rhea; excessive discharge of mucus. 

bless (bles), v.t. [p.t. <fe p.p. -ed & 
blest, p.pr. ;ing], to consecrate; in- ; 
voke a blessing upon; bestow happi- 
ness upon; praise or extol; esteem 
happy. 

blessedness (bles'ed-nes), n. the state 
of being blessed; happiness; heavenly 
joys. 

blessing (bles'ing), n. an invocation 
of happiness on another; a benedic- 
tion; that which promotes prosper- 
ity; a divine benefit or gift; a mercy 
or boon; grateful adoration. 

blest, p.t.y p.p. & p.adj. a contracted 
form of blessed. 

blet (blet), n. a decayed spot in fruit' 
v.i. [p.t. (fep.p.bletted, p.pr. bletting], 
to become internally decayed. 

blew, p.t. of blow. 

blewits (bloo'its), n, the edible pur- 
ple mushroom. 

blight (blit), n. a disease in plants, 
which causes them to wither partly 
or^ wholly; smut; mildew; ^any- 
thing which serves to check, nip, or 
destroy: v.t. to affect with blight; 
to check, nip, destroy, or frustrate. 

blind (blind), adj. destitute of the 
sense of sight; w^ithout light, morally 
or intellectually;^ undiscriminating; 
inconsiderate; hidden; essentially 
incomplete; closed^ at one end; 
without understanding: n. anything 
which serves to hinder or obstruct 
vision, or intercept the passage of 
light; a window-screen; a blinker; 
something to mislead the eye or the 
understanding: v.t. to deprive of 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BLIND-COAL 



131 



BLOCK 



eight; make blind, intellectually or 
morally; obscure; conceal. 

blind-coal (kol), n, a flameless an- 
thracite. 

blind-fish (biind'fish), n. a diminu- 
tive fish of pale color, with rudi- 
mentary eyes, inhabiting the water 
of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. 

blind shell (bllnd'shel), n. a shell 
which falls without exploding, or 
contains no charge. 

blind spot (blind 'spot), n. that 
point in the retina where the optic 
nerve enters the eye, but is not sen- 
sitive to the light. 

blindfold (bllnd'fold), adj, having 
the eyes covered so as to be unable 
to see; having the mental eye or 
understanding darkened: v.t. to 
cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; 
hinder from seeing. 

blindman (blind'man), n. [pi. blind- 
men (-men)], a man who is blind. 

blindman's buff (blind'manz buf), 
w. a game in which one of the players 
is bhndfolded, and tries to catch 
one of the others. 

blindness (-nes), n. want of sight; 
want of discernment; ignorance; 
heedlessness. 

blindworm (blind 'werm), n, a small 
slender, limbless lizard, so named 
from the popular but erroneous sup- 
position that it was blind. Also 
called slow-worm. 

Hink (blink), v.i, to wink with or 
as with the eye; twinkle; to get a 
glimpse; glimmer: v.t, to evade or 
shut one's eyes to ; shirk : n. a glimpse 
or glance; a gleam; a glimmer; a 
twinkle; the gleam reflected from 
an ice-field or -berg at sea: jpl. boughs 
cast in the path of deer to check their 
course. 

blinker (bling'ker), n. one who 
blinks; a leather flap placed one on 
each side of a horse's bridle to pre- 
vent him from seeing any object ex- 
cept in front; that which obscures 
the sight or mental perception: pi, 
colored spectacles to shield the eyes 
from excess of fight. 



bliss (bfis), n. the highest degree of 
happiness; blessedness; the perfect 
joy of heaven. 

blissfully (-H), adv. in a blissful 
manner. 

blister (blis'ter), n, a vesicle or pus- 
tule on the skin containing watery 
matter or serum; an elevation made 
by the raising of an external film 
or skin; an application to the skin 
to produce a blister: v.t, to raise 
a blister or blisters on: v.i, to rise 
in blisters, or become covered with 
bUsters. 

blithe (bli^/i), adj. gay; joyous; glad; 
mirthful; sprightly. 

blithesome (bli^/i'sum), adj, gay; 
merry. 

blizzard (bfiz'ird), n. a furious hur- 
ricane of wind with fine blinding 
snow, and characterized by intense 
cold; a poser. 

bloat (blot), v,t. to cure or dry in 
smoke. 

bloat (blot), v.t, to cause to swell; 
make turgid or swollen, as with 
water or air; inflate; make vain: 
v.i. to grow turgid. 

bloater (blot'er), n. a herring smoked 
and partially dried, but not split 
open. 

blob (blob), n. a blister; a bubble. 

block (blok), n, any unshaped solid 
mass of matter, as of wood, stone, 
&c.; a piece of wood for supporting 
the neck of a person ^ condemned 
to be decapitated; a piece of hard 
wood prepared for the tool of the 
engraver; the piece of hard wood 
to which an electrotype, &c., is se- 
cured; a wooden mold for shaping 
hats; the piece of wood in which 
the wheels of one or more grooved 
pulleys run; a row of buildings; a 
square or portion of a city enclosed 
by streets; an obstruction;^ hin- 
drance; shares bought or sold in the 
mass: v.i. to obstruct so as to hin- 
der the passage of persons or things; 
^ stop up; obstruct; to secure or sup- 
' port by blocks ; to mold oif Shape on 
a block; to stop a train by signal; 



5te, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booUi 
book; hue, hut; think, </ien. 



BLOCK-HEAD 



132 



BLOT 



to give notice of opposition to a bill, 
which cannot then be proceeded with 
after a specified time. 

block-head (blok'hed), n. a stupid 
fellow. 

block-house (blok'hous), n. an edi- 
fice constructed of heavy timber, 
and finished with loopholes for 
musketry. 

block system (blok'sis;-tem), n. a 
system^ of working railway traffic 
by which the line Is divided into 
short sections, no train being al- 
lowed to^ leave a section until the 
next section is signaled clear. 

blockade (blok-adO, n, the shutting 
up^ of a place, as a port, by hostile 
ships or troops, with a view to com- 
pelling a surrender by preventing 
ingress or egress, or the reception of 
supplies: v,t, to surround and shut 
up; obstruct; block. 

blockage (blok'aj), n. an obstruction. 

blond or blonde (blond), adj. of a 
fair color; light colored: n. a per- 
son of very fair complexion and 
light hair (ueually fern, blonde), 

blonde-lace ('las), n. a silk lace. 

blood (blud), n, the fluid which cir- 
culates in the arteries and veins of 
an animal J the juice of anything, 
csjDecially if red; kinship j consan- 
guinity; lineage; extraction; high 
birth; temper; a man of high spirit; 
fleshy nature; blood shed in sacri- 
fice; the atonement: v.t, to give a 
taste of blood; inure to the sight of 
blood. 

blood-heat (bludliet), n. the nor- 
mal heat oi the human blood in 
health (98° F.). 

blood-horse (blud'hors), n. a horse 
of pure breed or pedigree. 

bloodhound (blud'hound), n. a 
breed of large dogs remarkable for 
their acuteness of smell, and em- 
ployed to track woimded game, or, 
as formerly, fugitive slaves and es- 
caped criminals; a blood-hunter. 

blood-money (blud'mun-i), n. mon- 
ey obtained at the cost of another's 
life; the reward paid for discovery 



or capture of a murderer. 

bloods (binds), n. the finest quality of 
ostrich feathers. 

bloodstone (blud'ston), n, a dark 
green variety of quartz spotted with 
red jasper; heliotrope; red hematite 
iron ore. 

blooded, adj. of the best stock ©r 
breed. 

bloodily (blud'i-li), adv. in a bloody 
manner; relentlessly; cruelly. 

bloodiness (-nes),^ n. the state of 
being bloody; disposition to shed 
blood. 

bloody^ (blud'i), adj, pertaining to, 
containing, or resembling blood; 
blood-stained; cruel: murderous; 
attended with bloodshed; a coarse 
intensive expletive. 

bloody-flux (blud'i-fluksO, n, dys- 
entery. 

bloom (bloom), n. a blossom; the 
flower of a plant; the blossoming of 
flowers; a state or period of health 
and^ growth, promising higher per- 
fection, or exhibiting freshness and 
beauty; the blue color upon certain 
newly-gathered fruits; a flush; a 
glow; the powdery appearance on 
new coins, &c., a rough mass of 
iron from the puddling furnace, in- 
tended to be drawn out under the 
hammer or rolled into bars: v.i. to 
produce blossoms; flower; exhibit 
the freshness and beauty of youth; 
glow. 

bloomer (bloom'er), n. a costume 
for women sought to be introduced 
by a Mrs. Bloomer, of New York, 
in 1849-50, and consisting of a short 
skirt, loose trowsers, fastened round 
the ankle, and a broad-brimmed hat. 
[Also used as adj.], ^ 

bloomery (bloom' er-i), or bloomary 
C^-ri), n, a forge in which wrought 
iron is made directly from the ore. 

blossom (blos'um), n, the flower of 
a plant; the state of flowering; 
bloom: v.i, to put forth blossoms; 
flower; flourish. 

blot (blot), n. a spot or stain: an ob- 
literation or erasure; a blemish; 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then* 



BLOTCH 



133 



BLUEJACKET 



disgrace: v.t. [p.t. & p.p, blotted, 
p.pr. blotting], to spot or stain; 
mar; stain with infamy; cancel or 
efface [usually with out]; dry with 
blotting-paper; eclipse; obscure. 

blotch (bloch), n. a large irregular 
spot; a clumsy daub; an eruption, 
or pustule: v.t. to mark or disfigure 
with irregular blots or spots. 

blotchy (bloch'i), adj. having 
blotches. , 

blottesque (blot-esk'), adj. coarsely 
delineated, or marred by a heavy 
touch or blots. 

blotty (blot'i), adj. full of blots. 

blouse (blouz), n. a light, loose over- 
garment, a French workman: such 
artisans usually wearing a blue 
blouse. 

blow (bio), n. a mass of blossoms; 
the state or condition of flowering: 
v.i, [p.t, blew, p.p, blown, p.pr. 
blowing], to blossom; flower. 

blow (bio), n. a stroke with the hand 
or with a weapon ; a knock ; an act 
of hostility; a sudden shock or ca- 
lamity. 

blow (bio), v.i. [p.t. blew, p.p. blown, 
p.pr, blowing], to form or make a 
current of air; pant; breathe quickly ; 
sound by being blown; spout water; 
boast: v.t, to drive a current of 
air upon; impel by a current of air; 
sound a wind instrument by forcing 
air through it; clear JDy forcing air 
through; form by inflation; put 
out of breath by fatigue; scatter 
or shatter by explosives; spread 
by report; deposit eggs in or upon: 
n. a blowing; a blast; a gale of wind ; 
an egg deposited by a fly; the 
spouting of a whale. 

blow-fly (blo'fli), n. any species of 
fly which deposits its eggs upon 
flesh. 

blowing-mold (blo'ing-mold), n. a 
metal mold in which bottles and 
other hollow glass objects are blown. 

blow-pipe (blo'pip), n. a long tube of 
cane or reed used by South Amer-. 
ican Indians and the Dyaks of Bor- 
neo to discharge arrows by the force 



of the breath; a tube through which 
a current of air or gas is driven 
upon a flame so as to concentrate its 
heat upon a substance to fuse it. 

blowy (blo'i), adj. windy, breezy. 

bJowzed (blouzd') or blowzy (blou'- 
zi), adj, ruddy-faced; high-colored; 
coarse-complexioned as by exposure 
to the weather. 

blubber (blub'er), v.i. to weep vio- 
lenty, or so as to disfigure the face: 
v.t. to disfigure with weeping: n. the 
fat of whales and other cetaceans, 
from which train-oil is prepared; a 
jelly-fish or medusa. 

blucher (blooch'er), n. a strong half- 
boot. 

bludgeon (bluj'un), n. a short heavy 
stick, sometimes loaded, used as a 
weapon. 

blue (blu), adj. of the color of the 
clear sky; azure; low-spirited; dis- 
mal; severe; pedantic: ?i. color of 
the clear sky; one of the primary 
colors; azure; a dye or pigment of 
this color; pijle without glare, as a 
flame: v.t. to make, or dye, blue. 

blue-bell ('bel), n. the wild hya- 
cinth; the harebell of Scotland. 

blue-book ('book), n, a governmental 
official report, &c.: so called from 
the blue paper covers. 

blue blood ('blud), n. aristocratic 
hneage. 

bluebottle Cbot-l), n. a common 
field flower; a species of fly. 

bluebonnet ('bon-et), n. a Scotch 
cap of blue cloth; a name given to 
the Scottish troops before the 
Union; a Scotchman. 

bluebuck ('buk), n a name given to 
a small antelope, and the blauwbok 
of South America. 

blue-devils ('dev-ilz), n.pZ. low spirits; 
mental depression; delirium tremens. 

blue-grass Cgras), n. a rich pasture 
grass. 

blue-gum ('gum), n, a lofty tree of 
Australia, valuable for its timber, 
and for its essential oil: used as a 
preventive against influenza. 

bluejacket (blu'jak-et), n. a sailor. 



ate, arm, fck, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BLUELIGHT 



134 



BOARD 



bluelight (bltilit), n. a light of that 
hue used as a signal; a pyrotechnic 
composition. 

blue-mold (blu'mold), n. a minute 
fungus which attacks bread and oth- 
er food-stuffs. 

blue-peter (blu'pe-ter), n. a small 
blue flag with a white square in the 
center used as a signal for sailing, 
&c. 

blue-ribbon (blu'rib-im), n. a priaed 
distinction; mark of success. 

blue-spar (blti'spar), n. lazuHte. 

blue-stocking (blu'stok-ing), n. a 
woman of literary tastes or occupa- 
tion. 

blue-stone (blu'ston), n. sulphate of 
copper. 

blue-sky law (blu-sld-law), n. in the 
U. S. a law to prevent the issue of 
fraudulent securities. 

bluing (blu'ing), n. the process of 
imparting a blue tint; the indigo, 
&c., used by washerwomen. 

bluff (bluf), adj. having a broad, 
flattened front; rising steeply or 
boldly; broad and fuU; rough and 
hearty; surly; gruff: n. a high 
steep bank: a cliff or headland with 
a broad steep face: v.t,to deceive, or 
gain an advantage over, an oppo- 
nent in the game of poker, by in- 
ducing the other players to suppose 
one^s hand is more valuable than it 
is in reality: hence to frighten by 
an assumed possession of strength 
or knowledge, 

bluffer (bluf-fer), n. one who tries to 
frighten another by a pretension to 
power or strength which he has not. 

blufHly (-H), adv. in a blunt, out- 
spoken, or off-hand manner. 

bluffy (bluf' i), adj. having bold steep 
banks, or headlands. 

bluish (blu'ish), adj. somewhat blue. 

blunder ^ (blun'der), v.i. to make a 
gross mistake; err stupidly; to move 
or act clumsily: n. a gross or stupid 
mistake. 

blunderbuss (blun'der-bus), n. a 
short gun or firearm with a large 
bore, now obsolete. 



blunderingly (blun'der-ing-li), odp.ill 
a blundering manner. 

blunt (blunt), adj. having a thick or 
rounded edge or point; not sharp; 
dull in understanding; abrupt in 
address; plain-spoken: n. money, 
especially silver money: v,t. to duJl 
the edge or point of, by making it 
thicker; impair the force, keenness, 
or susceptibihty of. 

blunti|h (blunt'ish), adj. somewhat 
blunt. 

blur (bier), v,t. [p.t. & p.p. blurred, 
p.pr. blurring], to dim; siilly; stain; 
blemish: n. a smudge; a moral stain 
or blemish; a dim confused appear- 
ance. 

blurt (blert), v.t. to speak inadver- 
tently; divulge unadvisedly [usually 
with out]. 

blush (blush), v.i. to become red in 
the face, as from shame or confus- 
ion; bloom; feel shame (for): n. 
the suffusion of the cheeks or face 
with a red color, through shame, 
confusion, modesty, &c.; a red or 
reddish color; a rosy tint. 

blushful (blush'fool), adj. fuU of 
blushes. 

blushfuUy (-li), adv. in a modest, 
blushing manner. 

bluster (blus'ter), v.i. to be windy 
and boisterous, as the weather; talk 
in a noisy, swaggering style; bully; 
use empty threats: v.t. to utter with 
noisy violence [with forth or out]: 
n. the noise and violence of a storm, 
or of the wind in impotent gusts; 
noisy talk; empty menace; swagger. 

blusterous (blus'ter-us), blustrous 
('trus), or blustery ('ter-i), adj. 
noisy; tumultuous; rough. 

boa (b6'&), n. [pi. boas ('Iz)], ahuge 
serpent of South America; a long 
fur tippet. 

boa-constrictor (bo'§,-kon-strik- 

ter), n. a reptile remarkable for its 
length and power of destroying its 
prey by constriction. 

bear (bor), n. the male of swine; the 
wild hog, or wild boar. 

board (bord), n. a piece of timber 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



BOARDING 



135 



BODILY 



sawed thin, and of considerable 
length and breadth compared with 
the thickness; a table for food; pro- 
vision; entertainment; a council or 
court; a number of persons elected 
to the management of some public 
or private office or trust; a table or 
frame on which games are played; 
a thick stiff kind of paper; one of 
the two stiff covers of a book: j)l. 
the stage of a theater; the side, deck, 
or interior part of a ship or boat; 
the hne over which a ship runs be- 
tween tack and tack: v.t. to cover 
with boards; place at a board; fur- 
nish with food, or food and lodging, 
for a compensation; go on board of; 
enter a ship by force: v.i. to be sup- 
plied with meals, or obtain food and 
lodging, at a fixed charge. 

boarding (bord'ing), n. hght timber 
collectively; a covering of boards; 
the act of supplying, or state of be- 
ing suppUed with, food and lodging 
for a stipulated sum; the act of en- 
tering a ship. 

bearish (bor'ish), adj. swinish; bru- 
tal; cruel. 

boast (host), v.i. to brag; to speak 
of one's self or belongings in asser- 
tive and bombastic terms; vaunt; 
exult: v.t, to brag of: n. proud, 
vainglorious speech; a cause of 
boasting; occasion of pride, vanity, 
or laudable exultation; a stroke, in 
tennis, driving the ball at an acute 
angle against the court wall. 

boast (bost), v.t.^ to dress (stone) 
with a broad chisel and mallet; to 
dress (a block) in outline for a 
statue, &c., prior to more detailed 
or deUcate work. 

boastful (bost 'fool), adj. given to 
boasting. 

boastfully (-li), adv. in a boastful 
manner. 

boat (bot), n. a small open vessel 
usually moved by oars but often by 
a sail; a ship; an open dish resem- 
bling a boat in shape: v.t.^ to transr 
port in a boat: v.i. to go in a boat; 
row; sail. 



boatswain (bot'swan, usually bo'sn), 
n. a petty officer of a ship wha 
has charge of the rigging, anchors, 
cables, and cordage, and who sum- 
mons the crew to their duty. 

bob (bob), v,t, [p.t. & p.p. bobbed, 
p.pr. bobbing,] to impart a short 
jerking motion to; to cut short: v.i. 
to have a short jerking motion; 
move or play to and fro, or up and 
down; to angle with a bob: n. any 
small round object playing loosely 
at the end of a cord, chain, &c.; a 
pendant; an ear-drop; the weight at 
the end of a pendulum, plumb-hne, 
&c.; a knot of worms or rags on a 
string, used in angling for eels. 

bobbin (bob 'in), n. one of the pins 
or small cylinders of wood used to 
carry and steady the threads in pil- 
low-lace making; a spool or reel 
with a head at one or both ends, 
used to hold yarn or thread for 
spinning, wea\'ing, or sewing; a ma- 
chine-made cotton netting or lace, in 
imitation of pillow-lace; bobbinet. 

bobolink (bob'o-lingk), n. an Amer- 
ican song-bird. Called also ricebird, 
reedbird, boblincoln. 

bob-stay (bob'sta), n. one of two or 
more ropes or chains to hold the 
bowsprit down toward the stem or 
cut-water. 

bobtail (bob'tal),n. ashorfc tail or a 
tail cut short; the rabble (rag-tag 
and bobtail). 

bobtail (bob'tal), adj. Jiaving the 
tail cut short. 

boche (bosh), n. a French term of 
contempt for Germans. 

bock-beer (bok'ber), n. a variety of 
lager beer of double strength. 

boco-wood (bo'ko-wood), n. the hard 
dark-colored wood of ^a tree of Gui- 
ana, extensively used for furniture, 
turnery, &c. 

bode (bod), v.t. to portend; be an 
omen of: v.i. to augur; presage. 

bodice (bod 'is), n. the close-fitting 
waist or body of a woman's dress. 

bodily (bod'i-h), adj. not mental; 
corporeal: cwiy. corporeally; entirely. 



ate, arm, l-sk, at, awl;' me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



BODING 



136 



BOLAS 



boding (bod'ing), n. an omen; pre- 
sentiment; adj. foreboding; ominous. 

bodkin (bod'kin), n, a pointed in- 
strument for piercing holes; a blunt 
needle for drawing tape, ribbon, &c., 
through a hem or loop; a long pin 
or stiletto to fasten up the hair; an 
awl-like printer's tool. 

body (bod'i), n, [pi, bodies ('iz)], 
the material organized substance of 
an animal, as distinguished from the 
soul, spirit, or vital principle; the 
trunk, or main portion, of an ani- 
mal or tree; the main or principal 
part of anything; a person; a num- 
ber of individuals united by some 
common tie; a corporation; a united 
mass; a general collection; any 
sohd geometrical figure; a material 
thing; a certain consistency or den- 
sity; substance; strength, as wine, 
&c.: v.t. [p.L & p.p. bodied; p.pr. 
bodying], to furnish with a body; 
embody; produce in definite shape. 

body-blow (bod'i-blo), n. a term in 
prize-fightingj meaning a blow struck 
between the neck and the belt. 

body-color (bod'i-ku-er), n. a pig- 
ment possessing body or consistence, 
as distinguished from a transparent 
wash-tint. 

body politic (bod'i pol'i-tik), n. the 
collective body of people living under 
an organized pohtical government. 

body-snatcher (bod'i-snatch-er), n. 
one who removes bodies from graves 
to sell^ them for dissection; resur- 
rectionist. 

Boeotian (be-6'sh^n), adj, pertaining 
to Bceotia in central Greece, noted 
for its moist and heavy atmosphere; 
dull; stupid. 

Boer (boor), n. a Dutch colonist of 
South Africa engaged in farming or 
cattle breeding. 

bog (bog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bogged, p. 
pr, bogging], to sink or submerge in 
a bog or quagmire: v.i. tc. sink or 
stick in a bog: n, a tract of wet, 
spongy ground, composed of de- 
cayed and decaying vegetable mat- 
ter; a quagmire; marsh; morass. 



bogey or bogy (bo'gi), n. [pi. bogeys, 
bogies Cgiz)], a hobgoblin; a spectre. 

boggle (bog'gl), v.i. to hesitate; waver; 
equivocate; act clumsily; bungle: v.t. 
to make a bungle of; embarrass: n. 
the act of hesitating or taking alarm; 
a bungle; botch. 

boggy (bog'i), ac/;. full of bogs; marshy. 

bogie or bogey (bo'gi), n. a four- 
wheeled truck supporting the front 
of a locomotive, or each end of a 
carriage, and turning beneath it by 
a central pivot. 

bogus ^ (bo'gus), adj. counterfeit; 
spurious. 

bohea (bo-he'), n. a kind of black tea. 

Bohemian (bo-he'mi-an), n. a person 
who disregards social conventionaH- 
ties, or^ evinces a wild or roving 
disposition; a gipsy. 

Bohemian glass (bo-he'-mi-an glas), 
n. a glass made in Bohemia, Austria, 
noted for its beautiful ornamenta- 
tion and hardness. 

Bohemianism (bo-he'mi-^n-izm), n. 
the Hfe or habits of a person who by 
natural inclination leads a free and 
easy unconventional existence. 

boil (boil), v.i. to be in a state of 
ebullition through ^ the action of 
heat; seethe; be agitated or excited 
by passion or anger; be subjected to 
the action of boiling water: v.t. to 
heat to the boiling point; cause to 
bubble by heat; collect from, or 
separate, by boihng; subject to the 
action of heat in a boiling liquid. ^ 

boil (boil), n. an inflamed and pain- 
ful suppiu'ating tumor. 

boiler (boil'er), n. one who boils; a 
vessel in which anything is boiled; 
a strong metaUic vessel, in which 
steam is generated for driving en- 
gines or for other purposes. 

boisterous (bois'ter-us), adj. violent; 
rough; stormy; turbulent; noisy. 

bolas ^ (bo'l^s), n. sing, or pi. a hunt- 
ing implement consisting of two or 
more balls of iron or stone attached 
to the ends of a leather cord, used 
by the Gauchos and Indians of 
Southern and Western America. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BOLD 



137 



BOMBAZINE 



bold (bold), adj. courageous; ven- 
turesome; planned or executed with 
courage and spirit; forward; rude; 
impudent; over-stepping conven- 
tional rules; striking to the eye; 
steep; abrupt; prominent. 

bole (bol), n. the trunk or stem of a 
tree; a general term for friable 
cla3^ey shale^ or clay, usually colored 
by oxide or iron. 

bolero (bo-ler'o), n. a lively Spanish 
dance; the music accompanying such 
a dance. 

bolide (bo'lid), n. a large meteor 
which explodes on coming into con- 
tact with the air. 

boll (bol), n. the pod or capsule of a 
plant, as of flax: v.i. to form into a 
boll or seed-vessel; go to seed (Ex. 
ix. 31). 

bollard (bol'I^rd), n. a strong post of 
wood or iron for securing hawsers. 

bolo (bo'l5), n. a large knife, used in 
the Phihppines as a war weapon. 

bolometer (bo-lom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring minute 
quantities of radiant heat. 

bolsheviki (bol-she-veke), n. the 
proletariat political party of Russia, 

bolster (boFster), n. a long pillow or 
cushion used to support the head; a 
pad to ease pressure; a compress; a 
cushioned or padded part of a sad- 
dle: v.i. to support vnth. a pillow or 
cushion; prop; maintain; or sup- 
port [usually with up]. 

bolt (bolt), n. a short, thick arrow 
with a blunt head; a thunderbolt; a 
stout metallic pin or rod used for hold- 
ing objects together; the portion of 
a lock shot or withdrawn by the 
key; a roll or length of certain tex- 
tile fabrics; a refusal to support a 
nomination made by one's party, or 
withdrawal from one's party: adi\ 
straight; suddenly: v.t. to shoot; 
discharge; start or spring; fasten 
or secure with a bolt; blurt out^ 
swallow hurriedly or without chew- 
ing; secede from (a party) or de- 



cline to support (a party nomina- 
tion): v.L to shoot forth suddenly; 
depart with suddenness; start and 
run off. 

bolt (bolt), v.t, to sift or separate-the 
coarser from the finer particles; 
hence to examine with care; sep- 
arate. 

bolt-rope (bolt'rop), ?:. a rope to 
which the edges of sails are sewed. 

bolus (bolus), n, [yl. boluses (-ez) ], 
a medicine in the form of a soft 
rounded mass, larger than an ordi 
nary pill, to be swallowed at once; 
hence anything disagreeable which 
must be accepted. 

bomb (bom or bum), n. a hollow iron 
ball or shell filled with an explosive 
material, fired from a mortar and 
usually exploded by a fuse; any mis- 
sile similarly constructed and thrown 
by the hand. 

bomb-ketch (bomTcetch), n. a strong- 
ly-built vessel, on which one or 
more mortars are mounted for use 
in a naval bombardment. 

bornbard (bom-bard'), v.t, to attack 
with cannon; fire shot or shell at or 
into; assail hotly; fire questions at. 

bombardier (bom-bard-er'), n. a 
non-commissioned officer of the 
Royal Artillery. 

bombardment (bom-bard'ment), n. 
a continuous attack with shot and 
shell; the act of shelling a town or 
fort. 

bombardon (bom-bar 'dun), or bom- 
bardone (-do'ne), n. sl large-sized 
musical instrument of the trumpet 
class. 

bombast (bom'bi,st), n. originally 
cotton or other soft material used 
for stuffing garments: hence, high- 
sounding words; inflated language 
or st3^1e; fustian. ^ 

bombastically (-li), adv. in an in- 
flated manner or style. 

bombazet or bombazette (bom-bl- 
zet'), n. a sort of thin woolen cloth, 
either plain or twilled. 

bombazine (bom- or bum-bi-zen), 
n. a twilled fabric, of which the 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BOMBSHELL 



138 



BOOK 



warp is silk and the weft worsted. 
Written also bombasine, bombasin, 
and bombazeen. 

bombshelL Same as bomb. 

bona fide (bo'n& fi'de), genuine. 

bona fides (bo'n^ fid'ez), good faith; 
honorable dealing. 

bonanza (bo-nan 'zS,), n, a rich vein 
of ore: hence, anything which is a 
mine of wealth. 

bonbon (bong'bong), n. a sugar- 
plum; any confection of sugar; a 
Christmas cracker. 

bond (bond), n. anything that binds, 
fastens, or confines; a ligament: pi. 
fetters; imprisonment; captivity: 
hence a cause of union; duty; obli- 
gation; an instrument imder seal by 
which a person binds himself, his 
heirs, &c., to do, or abstain from 
doing, a certain act; a promise to 
pay a certain sum on or before a 
specified date; a certificate, bearing 
interest, issued by a government, a 
corporation, or company, for the 
purpose of borrowing money; a unit 
of combining power equivalent to 
one atom of hydrogen: v.t.to put in 
bond or into a bonded warehouse, as 
dutiable goods, the duties remaining 
unpaid till the goods are taken out, 
but bonds being given for their pay- 
ment : adj. in a state of servitude or 
slavery; captive. 

bone (bon), n, the ossified tissue 
forming the skeleton of most verte- 

* brate animals; one of the parts or 
pieces of an animal skeleton; some- 
thing made of bone; pieces of bone 
held between the fingers and rattled 
together as an accompaniment to 
music: v.t, to remove^ the bones 
from; put whalebone into; steal; 
appropriate; slangy one dollar. 

bone-black (bon'blak), n. animal 
charcoal. 

bonfire ^ (bon'fir), n. any large fire 
made in the open air to celebrate an 
event, or consume rubbish. 

bonhomie (bon-o-me'), n. goodheart- 
edness; a frank good-natured man- 
ner. 



boniface (bon'i-fas), n. an inn- 
keeper. 

bon-marche (b6ng-mar-sha0, good 
market, 

bonne (bon), n. a French nurse. 

bonnet (bon'et), n, a soft woolen 
cap worn by men in Scotland; a 
woman^s head-covering, varying ac- 
cording to fashion, but distinguished 
from a hat by having no brim; any- 
thing resembling a bonnet in shape 
or use: v.t. to crush the bonnet or 
hat over the eyes of. 

bonny (bon'ni), adj. handsome; beau- 
tiful; pretty; gay; blithe. Written 
also bonnie. 

bonspiel (bon'spel), n. in Scotland, 
a ciu*ling match between players of 
different clubs. 

bon- ton (bong-tong'), n. the style of. 
persons in high fife; good breeding; 
fashionable society; height of fash- 
ion. 

bonus (bo'nus), n. [pi. bonuses (-ez)], 
a sum given, or paid, over and 
above what is required, or actu- 
ally payable; an additional dividend 
out of accumulated profits; a sum 
paid in addition to regular pay or 
wages. 

boo (boo), inter j. an expression of 
aversion or contempt: n. hooting: 
v.i. to low hke an ox; groan: v.t. to 
hoot at. 

booby (boo'bi), n. a dunce; a stupid 
fellow; a species of gannet, a West 
Indian bird. 

booby ish (-ish), adj. stupid; silly. 

boodle (bood'l), n. money paid for 
votes, or undue pohtical influence; 
bribe money. 

boodler (bood'ler), n. one who gives 
or accepts a bribe. 

boo-hoo (boo-hooO, v.i. to cry noisily, 
hke a baby, 

book (book), n. a collection of sheets 
of paper and other material, blank, 
written, or printed, bound together; 
a volume; a treatise; a division, sec- 
tion, or part of a literary composi- 
tion; a register or record: v.t. to 
enter or register in a book; record; 



5te, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BOOKKEEPING 



139 



BORA 



to secure or engage beforehand by- 
registry or payment. 

bookkeeping (book'kep-ing), n. the 
art of recording pecuniary or busi- 
ness transactions in a regular and 
systematic manner. 

bookmaker (book'mak-er), n. one 
who writes and publishes books; a 
compiler; one who bets against the 
success of a horse in a race, and en- 
ters his transactions in a book; a 
professional betting man. 

bookman (book'man), n, a studious 
man; a scholar. 

bookmuslin (book'muz-lin), n, a fine 
kind of transparent muslin. 

bookname (book'nam), n. the name 
of a plant or animal in use only in 
text-books. 

bookworm (book'werm), n. the larva 
or grub of various species of insects 
which infest and injure books; a 
person closely addicted to study. 

booking-oftice (book'ing-of'fis), n. 
in England, an office where tickets 
are sold, for railway or steamship 
traveling, or for seats in a theater. 

bookish (book'ish), adj, given to 
reading; fond of study; better ac- 
quainted with books than with men; 
pedantic. 

booklet (booklet), n. a Httle book. 

boom (boom), n, a long pole or spar 
run out to extend the foot of certain 
sails; a strong chain, cable, or Une 
of spars boimd together, extended 
across a river or harbor to exclude 
an enemy's ships; a deep, hollow 
sound; a sudden demand for a com- 
modity; a rapid rise in price; a 
sudden burst of popular favor: v.i. 
to make a deep, hollow, reverberat- 
ing sound; to go off with a rush: 
v.U to push with energy. 

boomer (boom'er), n. one who starts 
or promotes a boom: the Australian 
name for the male of the great kan- 
garoo. 

boomerang (boom'e-rang), n, a mis- 
sile weapon used by the Austrahan 
aborigines, consisting of a piece of 
flat curved hard wood, which, when 



thrown by the hand in a certain 
manner, describes a series of curves, 
and finally returns to the thrower, 
striking the ground behind him; 
hence any action which may recoil 
on its projector. 

boon (boon), n. prayer or petition; a 
benefit; a gift; a privilege; a favor; 
^3\ gay; kind; jovial; merry, con- 
vivial. 

boon (boon), n. the refuse woody 
matter of flax from which the fiber 
has been dressed. 

boor (boor), n. a rustic; a peasant; 
a South African colonist of Dutch 
descent; a rude, ill-mannered, 
clownish person. 

boorish (boor'ish), adj, Hke a boor; 
clownish; awkward in manner; il- 
hterate. 

boose. See booze. 

boost (boost), v.t. to lift by pushing 
from behind: n. a lift from behind. 

boot (boot), n. profit; that which is 
thrown in as an inducement to a 
bargain, or to make an exchange 
equal. 

boot (boot), v.t, to profit; advantage; 
avail [usually with it], 

boot (boot), n. a leather covering for 
the feet and the lower part of the 
leg; an old instrument of torture; a 
receptacle for luggage at either end 
of a coach; a driving apron of leather 
or rubber-cloth: vX to put boots on; 
kick with the boots. 

booth (booth), n. a temporary struc- 
ture made of boards, canvas, &c. 

bootless Cles), adv, without advan- 
tage. 

boots (b5ots), n. the servant in a 
hotel who cleans the boots of the 
guests. 

boot-tree (boot'tre), n. a wooden 
form, placed in boots or shoes to 
keep their shape. 

booty (boo'ti), n. pi, [booties ('tiz)] 
spoil taken in war; plunder; pillage. 

booze or boose (booz), v,i, to drmk 
immoderately; tipple: ». liquor; 
drink; a carouse; spree. 

bora (bo'ra), n. a fierce, dry N.E, 



ate, arm, i,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



BORACIC 



140 



BOSS 



wind which blows on the coasts of 
the Adriatic Sea. 

boracic (bo-ras'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or produced from, borax. 

boracic acid (as'id), n. sl compound 
of boron with oxygen and hydrogen. 

borax (bo'raks), n. sl salt compounded 
of boracic acid and soda, used as 
a flux in soldering metals, and in 
the manufacture of glass, enamel, 
artificial gems, &c. 

bord (bord), n. the face of coal paral- 
lel to the natural fissures. 

bordage (bord'aj), n, planking of a 
ship's side; the servile tenure by 
which a villein of the lowest rank 
held his cottage. 

Bordeaux (bor-do'), n, red and white 
wines produced in the district of 
Bordeaux, France. 

border (bor'der), n, the outer part 
or edge of anything; a margin; 
brink; boundary; frontier; a nar- 
row fiower bed: v.t. to make a bor- 
der about, or to adorn with a bor- 
der; adjoin: vA. to touch at the edge 
or boundary [with on or upon]. 

border-land (bdr'der-land), n. land 
forming a border or frontier; an 
uncertain or debatable district. 

bore (bor), v.t to pierce or drill a 
hole in; form by piercing or drill- 
ing; to force (as a passage) with 
effort; weary by tedious repetition, 
or by dullness; annoy: v.i. to pierce 
or penetrate by boring, &c.; push 
forward toward a certain point: n. 
a hole made by boring; the caliber 
or internal diameter of a hole; a 
person or thing that wearies by 
prolixity or dullness; anything 
which causes ennui. 

bore (bor), n. a tidal wave which 
breaks in the estuaries of some riv- 
ers, and, being impeded by the 
narrowing channel, rises in a watery 
ridge and courses along with great 
force and noise. 

bore, p.t. of bear. 

borean (bo're-an) or boreal (-al), 
adj. northern; pertaining to the 
North, or to the North wind. 



borecole (bor'kol), n. a variety of 
kale. 

boredom (bor'dum), n. ennui; the 
realm of bores; bores collectively. 

boride (bo 'rid), n. a compound of 
boron with a metallic base. 

born (born), p.adj. innate; inherited. 

born, p.p. of bear, to bring forth. 

borne, p.p. of bear, to carry. 

bornite (bdrn'it), n, a valuable ore 
of copper. 

boroglyceride (bo-ro-glis'e-rid), n. 
an antiseptic containing boric acid, 
glycerine, &c. 

boron (bo'ron), n. a non-metallic ele- 
ment occurring abundantly in borax. 

borough (bur'o),n.a corporate town. 

borough, English (ing'lish), n. a 
custom existent in some parts of 
England, by which an estate 
descends to the youngest son in- 
stead of the eldest, or, if there is no 
son, to the youngest brother. 

borrow (bor'o), v.t. to obtain (a 
thing) on loan; adopt; appropriate; 
copy. 

bort (bort), n. imperfect or inferior 
diamonds used for polishing other 
stones. ' 

boscage or boskage (bos'kaj), n, 
ground covered with trees and 
shrubs; woods; thickets; a wooded 
landscape. 

bosh (bosh), n. absurd or empty talk; 
utter nonsense: inter j. humbug! 

bosket (bos'ket),n.a grove; a thicket. 

bosky (bos'ki), adj. woody; bushy. 

bosom (boo'zum), n. the breast; 
clothing covering the breast; the 
affections or passions; something 
likened to a bosom, as a sustaining 
surface, inmost recess, &c.: adj. 
pertaining to the bosom; intimate; 
cherished; beloved; worn on the 
bosom: v.t. to place or harbor in the 
bosom; cherish; conceal. 

boss (bos), n [pi. bosses ('ez) ],'^a 
protuberant part; a stud or knob; 
an ornamental projection of a ceil- 
ing: v.t. to ornament with studs or 
knobs. 

boss (b5s), n. a, master superintend- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BOSSISM 



141 



BOULE 



ent| foreman; leader: adj, chief; 
most highly esteemed: v.t, to direct; 
manage. 

bossism (bos'izm), n. a political term 
indicating the rule of a boss; gener- 
ally used in a bad sense. 

botanic (bo-tan 'ik), or botanical 
('i-kal), adj, pertaining to botany. 

botanically {-\i),adv. from a bota- 
nist's point of viev/; according to a 
system of botany.^ 

botanist (bot'a-nist), n. one who 
studies or is skilled in a knowledge 
of plants. 

botanize (bot'^-mz), v.i. to seek af- 
ter plants for the purpose of study- 
ing them: v.t, to explore botanically. 

botany (bot'^-ni), n, the science 
which treats of plants. 

botch (boch), n. a swelling on the 
skin; a large ulcerous affection. 

botch (boch), v.t, to mend or patch 
in a clumsy manner; put together 
unskiKully: n. a clumsy patch; bad 
work. 

botchy (boch'i), adj, marked with 
botches. 

both (both), adj, & pron, the one 
and the other; the two; the pair, 
without excepting either: adv, & 
conj, as. 

bother (bo^/i'er), v.t, to annoy; tease; 
worry; give trouble: v.i. to trouble 
one's self; be troublesome: n. worry; 
annoyance; one who, or that which, 
bothers. 

botheration (bo^/i-er-a'shun), n, the 
act of bothering,, or state of being 
bothered. 

bothersome (bo^/i'er-sum), adj, trou- 
blesome. 

bots (bots), n.pL the larvae of several 
species of gadfly, which infest horses, 
oxen, sheep, &c. 

bottle (botl), n. a hollow vessel, us- 
ually with a narrow neck, made of 
glass or earthenware, for holding 
liquids; the contents of a bottle: 
v.t, to put into bottles; a quantity 
of hay or grass bundled up. 

bottle-holder (bot'l-hold'er), n. one 
who waits upon a pugihst in a prize- 



fight, administering refreshment, &c.; 
a backer; a second. 

bottle-nose (bot'1-noz), n. a name 
given to several species of cetaceans 
having bottle-shaped noses. 

bottom (bot'um), n, the deepest part 
of anything; the base; foundation; 
root; the ground under any body of 
water; the buttocks; the seat of a 
chair; low land formed by alluvial 
deposits; a river; a valley; a dale; 
a ship; stamina: adj. lowest; un- 
dermost: v.t. to found or build 
upon; furnish with a bottom; fath- 
om; get to the bottom of: v.i. to 
rest; be base or grounded. 

bottom-lands (bot'um-lanz), n.pL 
rich flat alluvial soil on the river 
banks of the Western States. 

bottomry (bot'um-ri), n, the act of 
borrowing money on the security of 
a ship. 

bouche or bouch (boosh), v.t. to 
drill a new mouth or vent in. 

boudoir (boo'dwar), n. a small room, 
elegantly furnished for a lady's pri- 
vate use. 

bouffe (boof), n, opera-bouffe; comic 
opera. 

bough (bou), n, an arm or branch of 
a tree. 

bought, p.t. & p.p. of buy. 

bougie (boo-zhe'), n. a wax taper or 
candle; a slender flexible tube for 
insertion in the urethra, rectum, 
&c., in cases of stricture. 

bouilli (boo'lye, French bo5-ye'), n. 
meat boiled or stewed with vege- 
tables. 

bouillon (boo'lyon, French boo-yong') 
n. a clear soup produced from boiled 
meat. 

boulangerite (bo5-lan'jer-it), n. a 
sulphide of antimony and lead; blu- 
ish white and lustrous. 

boulder (bol'der), n, a large stone 
worn or rounded by the action of 
water; a portion of rock which has 
been transported to some distance 

. from its native bed. 

boule (boo'le), n. the higher popular 
assembly of ancient Athens; the 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BOULEVARD 



142 



BOWDLERIZE 



modem Greek legislative assembly. 

boulevard (boole-vard), n. a broad 
street, planted with trees. 

bounce (bouns), v.L to cause to 
bomid; to eject summarily; to bully: 
v.i. to strike against anything so as 
to rebound; leap or spring suddenly 
or unceremoniously; boast or blus- 
ter: w, a sudden boimd or spring; a 
heavy sudden thrust or thump; a 
boast; brag; an impudent lie: adv. 
with a spring; suddenly. 

bound (bound), n. a limit; confine: 
extent; boundary: pL territory with- 
in certain boundaries: v.t. to serve 
as a Hmit to; circumscribe. 

bound (bound), v.i. to jump or spring 
suddenly or in succession; leap; re- 
bound: n, a leap; spring; jump; 
rebound. 

bound, p.t. & p.p. of bind. 

bound (bound), adj. ready to go; 
destined. 

boundary (bound'§.-ri) , n. [pL bound- 
aries (-riz) ], the extent or Hmit of 
anything. 

bounder (bound'er), n. an ill-bred 
fellow. 

bounteous (boun'te-us), adj. giving 
freely; liberal in gifts; munificent. 

bountiful (boun'ti-fool), adj. liberal 
in bestowing gifts or favors; gener- 
ous; ample. 

bountifully (-H), adv. in a liberal 
manner. 

bounty (boun'ti), ^ n. [pL bounties 
('tiz) ], liberality in bestowing gifts 
cr favors; generosity; munificence; 
a premium offered by a government 
to induce men to enlist in the army 
or navy, or to encourage some branch 
of industry. 

bouquet (boo-ka'), n. a nosegay; a 
perfume or aroma characteristic of 
some wines. 

bouquetier (bo6-ke-ter'), n. a bou- 
quet-holder. 

bourdon (boor'don), n. the bass 
drone of the bagpipe; a bass stop of 
an organ. 

bourgeois (boor-zhwa') , n. a French 
citizen of the mercantile class; a 



shopkeeper; a size of type between 
long primer and brevier (ber-jois') 
(see type) : adj. of or pertaining to 
the mercantile or middle class. 

bourgeoisie^ (boor-zhw&-ze'), n. the 
French middle classes; the middle 
class connected with the trade of 
any country. 

bourn (boorn), n. a stream; a rivu- 
let; a bound; destination; goal. 

bourree (boor-ra'), a composition of 
a hvely character, aUied to the 
gavotte. 

bourse (boors), n. a stock exchange 
for the transaction of business, es- 
pecially the Bourse or Stock Ex- 
change of Paris. 

bout (bout), n. a turn or bend; a 
going and returning; as much as is 
performed at one time; a trial; 
essay; round; contest. 

boutonniere (boo-ton-nyar'), n. a 
bouquet worn in the button-hole. ^ 

bovine (bo'vin), adj. of, or pertain- 
ing to, oxen; resembhng or possess- 
ing the characteristics of an ox or 
cow; stohd; dull. 

bow (bou), n. the forepart or prow 
of a ship. 

bow (bou), v.t. to bend; make curved 
or crooked; bend or inchne, as the 
head or body in token of respect; 
subdue: v.i. to make a bow: n. an 
inclination of the head or bending 
of the body, as a salute, or in token 
of reverence, respect, assent, or sub- 
mission. 

bow (bo), n. a weapon for discharg- 
ing arrows; anything curved; an 
implement with^ which instruments 
of the violin kind are played; an 
elastic stick with its ends connected 
by string, used for turning a drill, 
&c.; a looped ornamental knot of 
ribbon or other material: v.L to 
bend or curve hke a bow; play with 
a bow: v.i. become bent or curved. 

bow-net (bo'net), n. a conical basket 
for trapping lobsters and crayfish. 

bow-saw (bo 'saw), n. a saw for 
cutting curves. . 

bowdlerize (bodler-iz), v.t. to ex-|| 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



BOWEL 



143 



BOYISH 



purgate, as an editor, everything 
deemed offensive or indelicate. 

bowel (bou'el), n. one of the intes- 
tines of an animal; a gut [generally 
in the pi.]: pL the interior part of 
anything; tenderness; pity (II Cor. 
vi. 12). 

bower (bou'er), ti. a shelter con- 
structed of boughs or twining plants; 
an arbor. 

bower (bou'er), n. anchor carried 
at the bow of a ship; one of the 
two highest cards in euchre, or the 
second and third highest (when the 
joker is used). 

bowery (bou'er-i), adj, like a bower; 
shady. 

bowery (bou'er-i), n. [pL boweries 
(-iz)], a country retreat; farm. 

Bowery (bou'er-i), n. a street in New 
York City, derived from a Dutch 
word meaning farm, 

bowie-knife (bo'e-nlf), n. a sheath- 
knife formerly used in the United 
States as a weapon. 

bowl (bol), n. a circular hollow ves- 
sel for holding liquids; a large 
drinking cup; the hollow or concave 
part of anything. 

bowl (bol), n. a ball of wood used 
in the games of bowls, and skittles : 
pL a game played with bowls: v.i. 
to play with bowls; roll a bowl or 
a cricket ball; move rapidly and 
smoothly Hke a ball: v.t, to roll, as 
a bowl or ball. 

bowline (boTm), n. a rope fastened 
near the middle of a square-sail, to 
keep the ship near the wind. 

bowling alley (bo'hng al-i), n. a 
specially prepared court or * 'alley'' 
for the game of bowls. 

bowse (bouz), v.i. to pull or haul hard. 

bowsprit (bo 'sprit), n, a large boom 
or spar running out from the stem 
of a ship or other vessel to carry 
its sails forward. ^ 

bowstring (bo 'string), n. string of 
a bow; string used by the Turks for 
strangling offenders: v.t, [p.t. & 
p.p. bowstrung, p.pr. bowstringing], 
to strangle with a bowstring. 



box (boks), n, an evergreen shrub or 
small tree, yielding a hard close- 
grained wood: adj, of box, or re- 
sembhng a box-tree. 

box (boks), n. [pi. boxes ('ez)], a case 
or receptacle for holding anything: 
the quantity a box contains; the 
driver's seat on a carriage; a com- 
partment in a theater or other pub- 
lic place; a Christmas present; a 
place of shelter for a man on duty; 
a smaU country house used by sports- 
men ; a, cyhndrical hollow iron in a 
wheel, in which the axle runs; a 
case to protect mechanism from 
injury: v.t. to enclose in a box; con- 
fine; boxhaul. 

box (boks), n. a blow on the head with 
the fist, or on the ear with the open 
hand: v.t. to strike with the fist or 
hand: v.i. to fight with the fists, i 

boxhaul (boksTiawl), v.t. to veer a 
ship round instead of tacking. 

boxiana (bok-si-an'i, or -a'ni), n.pL 
the hterature of prize-fighting. 

boxing-glove (boks'ing-gluv), n. a 
padded glove. 

boxmetal (boks'met-il), n. an an- 
tifriction alloy used for journal- 
boxes, shafting, &c. 

boy (boi), n. a male child; a young 
lad; sometimes used for a man. 

boy (boi), n. a palanquin bearer. 

boyar (boi'ar), n. a Russian landed 
proprietor; the name of the Con- 
servative party in Rumania. 

boycott (boi'kot), v.t. to combine 
against a person so as to ostracize 
socially, and prevent or hinder tho 
conduct of his business or profes- 
sion, as a means of punishment or 
intimidation: n. the act or state of 
boycotting; a combination for such 
a purpose. 

boycottee (boi-kot-e'), n. a boycotted 
person. 

boyer (boi'er), n. a Flemish sloop 
with a raised structure at each end. 

boyhood (boi 'hood), n. the state of 

' being a boy. 

boyish (boi'ish), adj. pertaining to a 
boy or boyhood; childish; puerile. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, but; think, then. 



BOY-SCOUT 



144 



BRAIN-STORM 



boy-scout (boi-skout), n. one of an 
organization for the physical and 
moral development of boys. 

brace (bras), n, that which holds 
anything tightly, or supports it firm- 
ly; a prop; a bandage; a pair; a 
curve connecting two or more lines: 

Tit- / 
thus -g -^g > ; a curved instrument for 

holding and turning boring tools; 
a rope reeved through a block at the 
end of a yard, by which the yard is 
swung from the deck: a timber or 
scantling to strengthen the frame- 
work of a building: pZ. the leathern 
bands clasping the cords at the side 
of a drum; shoulder-straps to sup- 
port the trowsers: v.t, to bind or 
tie closely; strain up; strengthen; 
furnish with supports. 

brace-drill (bras'dril), n. a drill for 
boring metals. 

bracelet (bras 'let), n. an ornamental 
band or ring for the wrist. 

brachial (bra'ki- or brak'i-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or connected with, 
the arm. 

brachiate (bra'ki- or brak'i-at), adj, 
having branches in pairs, nearly 
horizontal, and each pair at right 
angles with the next. 

bracken (brak'en), n, the brake fern. 

bracket (brak'et), n, a supporting 
piece projecting from a wall; a 
single or jointed gas-pipe, burner, 
&c.; one of two marks [], used to 
enclose a word or note, or to indi- 
cate an interpolation; a brace: v.t, 
to furnish with or enclose within 
brackets; connect by brackets; 
couple together. 

brackish (brak'ish), adj, saltish. 

bract (brackt), n; a modified leaf 
growing from the flower stem, or 
enveloping a head of flowers. 

bracteate (brak'te-at), adj. fur- 
nished with bracts; made of thin 
beaten metal. 

bracteolate (brak'te-o-lat) , adj. 
furnished with bracteoles. 

bracteole (brak'te-ol), n. a, small 
bract. 



brad (brad), n. a slender flat nalL 
having a projection on one side: v.U 
[p.t. & p.p. bradded, p.pr. bradding], 
to nail or secure with brads. 

brae (bra), n. a hillside; sloping 
ground. 

brag (brag), vd. [p.t. & p.p. bragged, 
p.pr. bragging], to boast; speak 
vaingloriousiy: n. a boast; a thing 
to boast of; ostentatious pretense; 
a game of cards. 

braggadocio (brag-§,-do'shio), n. a 
boaster; a braggart; empty boasting. 

braggart (brag'art), n. a boaster; a 
vain fellow: adj. boastful. 

bragger (brag'er), n. one who brags. 

brahma (bra'mS,), n. a useful varie- 
ty of large domestic fowl. 

Brahma (bra'ma), n. the chief god 
of Brahminism, worshipped by the 
Brahmins. 

Brahmin (bra'min) n. [pi. Brahmins 
(-minz)], a member of the Hindu 
priestly caste. 

Brahminee (bra'min-e), n. a female 
Brahmin. 

Brahminism (bra'min-izm), n. the 
religion or doctrines of the Brah- 
mins. 

Brahminist (bra'min-ist), n. an ad- 
herent of Brahminism. 

braid (brad), v.t. to weave or inter- 
twine; plait : n. a plaited band or fillet. 

braidism (bra'dizm), n. hypnotism. 

brail (bral), n.pl. certain ropes used 
to gather up the foot and leeches of 
a sail prior to furling: v.t. to haul 
in by the brails [usually with up], 

braille (bral), n. a system of printing! 
for the blind, by means of raised! 
characters. 

brain (bran), n. the soft whitish con- 
voluted mass occupying the cranium 
of a vertebrate, constituting the cen- 
ter of the nervous system, and the 
seat of consciousness and volition; 
the understanding; intellectual pow- 
er: v.t. dash out the brains of. 

brain-storm (bran'storm), n, a tem- 
porary abnormal condition^ of the 
brain, presumably causing insanity , , 
while existing. |{ 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 



BRAIN-WAVE 



145 



BRAT 



brain-wave (branVav), n, a tele- 
pathic vibration by which it is sup- 
posed a thought is conveyed from 
one mind to another. 

brainy (bran'i), ddj, possessed o f 
brains; acute; sharp witted. 

braise (braz), v.t. to stew (as meat) 
in a covered vessel: n, braised meat. 

brait (brat), n. a rough diamond. 

brake (brak), n. an instrument or 
machine to break flax; the handle of 
a pump; a baker's kneading trough; 
a sharp bit or snaffle; a frame for 
confining refractory horses while 
shoeing; a heavy vehicle without a 
body, for breaking in young horses 
to harness; a kind of wagonette; 
a heavy harrow for breaking clods; 
a mechanical device for checkmg the 
motion of a vehicle or machine; a 
brake van. 

brake (brak), n. a place overgrown 
with bracken, brushwood, &c.: the 
common fern. 

brake-shoe (brak'shoo), n. that part 
of a brake which presses against the 
wheel. 

braky (brak'i), adj, full of bracken, 
brushwood, &c.; rough; thorny. 

bramble (bram'bl), n. the English 
blackberry; any prickly bush or 
shrub. 

brambly (bram^Dh), adj, full of 
brambles. 

bran (bran), n, the husks of wheat, 
rye, &c., separated from the flour 
by bolting. 

branch (branch), n. {pi. branches 
('ez)], pj shoot or limb from a main 
bough; anoff-shoot; any member or 
part of a body or system;^ a depart- 
ment; a section or subdivision; ^ any 
part of a family descending in a 
collateral line: adj. deviating from 
the trunk or main body: v.i. to 
ramify; diverge; spread diffusely 
[wdth out\\ v.t. to divide. 

branchiae (brang'ki-e), n.pl. the res- 
piratory organs of fishes and some 
amphibia; gills. 

branchial (brangTa-S-l), adj. per- 
taining to the branchiae or gills. 



branchiate (brangld-at), adj. having 
permanent gills. 

branchlet (branchlet), n, a little 
branch. 

branchy (br§,n'chi), adj, full of 
branches. 

brand (brand), n. a burning piece of 
wood, any form of trade-mark: 
hence, quahty or kind; a stigma or 
mark of infamy; a fungoid disease of 
plants. 

brandish (bran'dish), v.t. to move, 
wave, or shake, as a raised weapon. 

brandling (brand'ling), n. a salmon 
of the first year; a small red w^orm 
used for bait by fresh-water anglers. 

brandy (bran'di), n. [j)l, brandies ('diz)], 
an ardent alcoholic liquor distilled 
from wine or the husks of grapes. 

brand-new (brand'nu) , adj. quite new. 

branny (bran'i), adj. having the ap- 
pearance of bran; consisting chiefly 
of bran. 

brant. Same as brant-goose. 

brant-fox (brant 'foks), n. a variety 
of fox found in Sweden. Cafled 
also brent-fox. 

brant-goose (brant 'goos), n. the 
smallest species of the wild goose. 

brash (brash), adj. brittle, as wood. 

brash (brash), n. a, rash or eruption; 
broken, loose, and angular fragments 
of rock underl>dng alluvial deposits: 
small broken pieces of ice. 

brasque (brask), n. a paste used for 
fining crucibles, &c.; v.t. to line 
with brasque. 

brass (br^s), n. [pi. brasses ('ez)I, 
an alloy of copper and zinc ; a uten- 
sil, ornament, or other article made 
of brass; a monumental tablet of 
brass; money; impudence: pL the 
brass instruments of a band: v.t, to 
cover with brass. 

brassard (bras'sard), 7t. an emblem 
denoting some j5articular distinction. 

brassie^ (bras'i), n. a stick or club 
used in the game of golf. 

brassy (br&s'i), adj. pertaining to, or 
resembhng, brass; impudent, brazen. 

brat (brat), n. a child [used con- 
temptuously]. 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BRATTICE 



146 



BREAK 



brattice (brat'is), n. a partition or 
separation-wall in a level or shaft 
to form an air passage: v.t. to divide 
by a brattice. 

bratticing (brat'is-ing) , n. ornamental 
open-work cresting; rich open work 
in metal; a brattice; a boarded pro- 
tection against machinery. 

bravado (br^-va'do), n. [pi. brava- 
dos & -does Cdoz)], arrogant men- 
ace; defiance. 

brave (brav), adj. bold; courageous; 
intrepid; making a fine show: n. an 
Indian warrior; one indiscreetly 
bold: v.t. to encounter with courage 
and fortitude; defy. 

bravery (braVer-i), n. the quality 
of being brave; fearlessness; mag- 
nificence. 

bravo (bra'vo), inter j. well done! 
good! n. a cheer. 

bravo (bra'vo), n. [pi. bravos or -voes 
(Voz)], a daring villain; a bandit; 
an assassin. 

bravura (br§,-voo'ra), n. an air of 
florid, brilliant style, adapted to dis- 
play the skill of the performer, or 
the range and flexibility of a sing- 
er's voice: acy. brilliant, florid; per- 
taining to a bravura. 

brawl (brawl), v.i. to quarrel noisily 
and outrageously; make a noise 
as of water rushing over a rocky or 
pebbly bed: n. a noisy quarrel; an 
uproar; a row. 

brawn (brawn), n. boards flesh, espe- 
cially when prepared by collaring, 
boiling, and pickling; muscular 
strength. 

brawniness (-nes), n. hardness; 
strength. 

brawny (braw'ni), adj. muscular; 
tough. 

braxy (brak'si), n. a name given to 
a variety of diseases of sheep; a 
diseased sheep, or* its mutton: adj, 
affected with braxy. 

bray (bra), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brayed, 
p.pr. braying], to pound or beat fine 
or small: v.i. to utter a loud, harsh 
cry, as the ass: n, the harsh cry of 
an ass. 



braze (braz), v.t. to solder with brass; 
cover or ornament with brass. 

brazen (bra'zn), adj. made of brass; 
pertaining to brass; impenetrable; 
impudent; shameless: v.t. to carry 
off or behave with insolence or ef- 
frontery. 

Brazen Age (aj), n. the age that 
succeeded to the Silver Age, charac- 
terized by violence. 

brazier (bra'zher), n. an open pan 
for burning charcoal. 

brazil-nut (br^-zirnut) , n. the seed 
of a palm of tropical America. 

Brazil-wood (bra-zil'wood), n. a very 
heavy wood of a red color from 
Brazil, used for dyeing red. 

braziletto (braz-i-let'o), n. an in- 
ferior sort of brazil-wood brought 
from Jamaica. 

Brazilian pebbles (peb'lz), n.pL 
lenses made from rock crystal from 
Brazil. 

brazilin (braz'i-lin), n. the coloring 
substance extracted from brazil- 
wood. 

breach (brech), n. the act of break- 
ing* the violation of a law, contract, 
or any other engagement; a gap; a 
difference; quarrel; injury; surf: 
v.t. to make an opening in. 

bread (bred), n, food made from 
ground grain; food in general. 

bread-fruit (-froot), n. the fruit of 
a tree growing in the Pacific Islands, 
which, when roasted, is eaten as 
bread. 

bread-stuff (-stuf), n. bread-corn; 
flour; meal from which bread is 
made. 

breadth (bredth), n. the measure of 
any surface from side to side; free- 
dom from narrowness; broad effect. 

break (brak), v.t. [p.t. broke, p.p. 
broken, p.pr. breaking], to sepa- 
rate with violence; interrupt; frac- 
ture; weaken or destroy; disperse; 
violate; make bankrupt; make a 
first disclosure of; dismiss, cashier, 
or reduce to the ranks; tame or 
subdue: n. a breach; rupture; an 
interruption; change of direction; 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; thihk, then. 

89 



BREAKAGE 



147 



BREVE 



a first appearance; a pause; an 
opening in the circuit causing in- 
terruption to an electric current; a 
twist of the ball in cricket; a play- 
er's turn in biUiards; the number of 
points scored successively; altera- 
tion of the male voice at puberty; a 
sudden fall in prices. 

breakage (bra^kaj), n. the act of 
breaking; allowance for accidental 
fracture. 

breakdown (brak'doun), n, a col- 
lapse; failure; downfall, as of a 
carriage; a lively, noisy dance. 

breaker (bra'ker), n. one who, or 
that which, breaks; a machine to 
crush rocks, &c.; a wave broken 
against the shore, or a rock [usually 
in the pZ.]; a small water cask; 
a trainer of horses, &c. 

breakfast (brek'f^st), n. the first 
meal in the day: v,t. to provide with 
or entertain at breakfast; v.i, to 
eat breakfast. 

breakneck (brak'nek), adj. excessive- 
ly speedy; endangering one's neck 
by haste. 

breakwater ('waw-ter), n. any struc- 
ture to break the force of the waves. 

bream (brem), n. a broad-shaped 
fresh-water fish of the carp family; 
v.t, to clear of shells, seaweed, &c., 
by fire. 

breast (brest), n. the fore part of the 
body between the neck and the ab- 
domen; one of the organs in wom- 
en, and some other mammaha, for 
the secretion of milk; the affec- 
tions; the conscience; the front of 
anything: v.t. to present the front 
to; meet or oppose manfully or 
openly; stem. 

breast fast ('f^t), n. a large rope 
or chain to secure the midship part 
of a ship to a dock, wharf, or to 
another vessel. 

breastplate Cplat), n. a portion of 
armor covering the front of the 
body; a part of the vestment of the 
Jewish high priest. 

breastwork ('werk), n. a hastily 
constructed work thrown up breast- 



high for defense; the parapet of a 
building. 

breath (breth), n. the air inhaled 
and exhaled in respiration; life; the 
power or capacity to breathe freely; 
respite; a pause; a respiration; an 
instant; air in gentle motion; a 
mere word; a trifle; an odorous ex- 
halation; fragrance; an aspirate. 

breathe (breth) y v.i. to inhale air 
and expel it from the lungs; Hve; 
take breath; rest frona action; pass, 
as air; blow softly; insinuate: v.t. 
to inhale and exhale; inspire; whis- 
per; exercise; blow into. 

breathing (bre'//zing), n. respiration; 
air in gentle motion; a gentle in- 
fluence; a pause; ardent desire; 
an accent [']. 

breathless (breth'les), adj. out of 
breath; panting. 

breccia (brech'iS), n. angular rock 
fragments united by a matrix. 

bree (bre), n. broth; sauce; moisture. 

breech (brech), n. the buttocks; the 
hinder part of anything; the part 
of a cannon or other firearm behind 
the bore or chamber: v.t. to put into 
breeches; furnish with a breech; 
fasten by a breeching. 

breeches (brich'ez), n.pl. a garment 
worn by men, covering the legs from 
the knees to the hips; trowsers or 
pantaloons. 

breeching (brich'ing), n. the harness 
which passes round a horse's breech; 
a strong rope to check the recoil of 
a gun. 

breed (bred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bred, 
p.pr. breeding], to procreate; hatch; 
produce; train; rear: v.i. to bear 
young; be fruitful; be produced: n. 
a race or progeny from the same 
parents or stock. 

breeze (brez), n. a gadfly or horsefly; 
a gentle gale; a fresh soft wind; 
an excited quarrel or %\Tangle; house 
sweepings; sifted ashes and cinders 
used xu burning bricks. 

brethren (brei/i'ren), n. plural of 
brother. 

breve (brev), n. a note of time equal 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BREVET 



148 



BRIEF 



to two semibreves or four minims; 
a mark (w) used to indicate a short 
vowel. 

brevet (bre-vef), n, a commission to 
an officer in the army conferring a 
higher rank, but without increase 
of pay; a patent; a warrant; a li- 
cense: adj. conferred by brevet: v.t. 
[p.t, & p.p, brevetted, p.pr. brevet- 
ting], to confer brevet rank upon.^ 

breviary (bre'vi-a-ri, or brev'i-a-ri), 
n, [pL breviaries (-riz)], a book con- 
taining the daily offices and prayers. 

brevier (bre-ver), 7^. a size of type 
between bourgeois and minion. (See 
type.) 

brevity (brev'i-ti), n. [pi, brevities 
(-tiz)], shortness; conciseness. 

brew (broo), v.L to make liquors 
from malt or other materials; plot. 

brevium (breVi-um), n. new radio- 
active element discovered in Ger- 
many, 1915. 

brewery (broo'er-i), n. a brew-house. 

briar-root (bri'er-root), n. the root 
of the white heath, used in the 
manufacture of tobacco-pipes. Also 
brier-root. 

bribe (brib), n, a gift or considera- 
tion in money given or promised 
with the object of corrupting or un- 
duly influencing the judgment or 
conduct of the recipient: v.t.^ to 
gain over or influence by a bribe: 
v.i. to practice or attempt bribery. 

bribery (brib'er-i), n, ^ [pL briberies 
(-iz)], the act or practice of bribing. 

bric-a-brac (brik'^-brak), n. an- 
tique articles of vertu; fancy ware. 

brick (brik), n. an oblong block of 
kneaded^ clay dried in the sun or 
burned in a kiln; a jolly, good-na- 
tured fellow: adj, made of, or re- 
sembling, brick: v.t, to lay or build 
with bricks; make like brickwork. 

brick-kiln (-kil), n. a kiln or furnace 
in which bricks are baked or burnt. 

bricole (bri-kol'), n. harness worn 
by men for dragging guns or loads. 

bridal (brld'M), ri. a marriage; nup- 
tials: adj, pertaining to a bride, or 
wedding. 



bride (brid), n, a woman newly mar- 
ried, or about to be married. 

bridegroom ('groom), n, a man new- 
ly married, or about to be married. 

brideman (brid 'man), n. a man who 
attends a bridegroom and bride at 
a wedding. 

bridesmaid (-z'mad), n, a young 
unmarried woman who attends on 
a bride. 

bridewell (brid'wel), n, a house of 
correction for the confinement of 
disorderly person^. 

bridge (brij), n. a structure of iron, 
stone, or wood, spanning a river, 
road, valley, &c.; anything resem- 
bling a bridge in form or use; an 
apparatus for measuring the resist- 
ance of a conductor, called Wheat- 
stone^s bridge;^ a game of cards: v.t, 
to build a bridge; make a passage; 
find a way of overcoming, 

bridge-board ('bord), n. a notched 
board into which the ends of the 
steps of wooden stairs are fastened. 

bridge-deck ('dek), n, a partial 
deck extending from side to side of 
a vessel amidships. 

bridge-head ('hed), n. a covering 
work to protect the end of a bridge 
nearest the enemy; a tete-de-pont. 

bridge-rail ('ral), n. a railroad rail 
with an arched tread and lateral 
foot-flanges. 

bridge-train ('tran), n, a pontoon 
train, 

bridging (brij'ing), n, a piece of 
wood between two beams to keep 
them apart. 

bridle (bri'dl), n. the headstall, bit, 
and reins by which a horse is con- 
trolled; a restraint: v.t, to put a 
bridle on; control; guide: yd. to 
hold the head up, as an indication 
of pride, scorn, or anger [with up]. 

bridoon (bri-doon'), n. the ^ light 
snaffle and rein of a military 
bridle. 

brief (bref), adj, short; concise; con- 
tracted; narrow: n. an epitome; an 
abridged statement of a case for 
the instruction of counsel; a writ; 



Bte, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinks then. 



BRIER 



149 



BRITANNIA METAL 



' a Papal letter: v,L to shorten; make 

an abstract of. 
i brier (bri'er), n. a thorny plant or 
! shrub. 

brig (brig), n. a two-masted, square- 
, rigged vessel. 

I brigade (bri-gad'), n. a subdivision 
of an army, consisting of several 
regiments, squadrons, or battalions 
(cavalry, infantry, milita, or volun- 
teers), imder the command of a 
brigadier-general ; an organized body 
acting imder authority: v.t. to form 
into a brigade or brigades. 

brigadier (brig-i,-derO, n, a general 
officer commanding a brigade, and 
ranking next below a major-general. 
Also brgadier-general. 

brigand (brig'and), n, a robber; a 
member of a gang of freebooters 
infesting mountainous districts; a 
highwayman: a bandit. 

brigandage (Drig'i,nd-aj), n. the life 
and practices of a brigand; organ- 
ized robbery. 

brigantine (brig'^n-tin or -tin), n. 
a small two-masted vessel, square 
rigged like ^ a brig, but with fore- 
and-aft mainsail and raking masts. 

bright (brit), adj. [comp. brighter, 
superh brightest], luminous; bril- 
liant; shining; sparkling; illustri- 
ous; glorious; witty; clever; lively; 
auspicious; alert; glowing. 

brighten (brit'n), v.i. to grow bright; 
clear up: v.t, to make bright or 
luminous; make gay or cheerful; 
make acute. 

Bright's disease (brit's-diz-ez'), n. 
a form of kidney disease character- 
ized by the presence of albumin in 
the urine. 

brill (bril), n. a flat fish resembhng 
the turbot. Also prill. 

brilliancy (briry^n-si), n. splendor. 

brilliant (briFyint), adj. sparlding; 
lustrous; glittering; distinguished 
n. a diamond, cut to exhibit its re- 
fracting qualities to the best ad- 
vantage; the smallest size of type. 
(See type.) 

brilliantine (bril'y§,n-tin), n. a cos- 



metic preparation for imparting a 
gloss to the hair. 

brilliantly (-h), adv. in a briUiant 
manner. 

brim (brim), n. the edge of any- 
thing:^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brimmed, p. 
pr. brimming], to fill to the brim: 
v.i. to be full to the brim. 

brimful (brim 'fool), adj. overflowing. 

brimstone (brim'ston), n. sulphur: 
adj. made of brimstone; of the color 
of sulphur. 

brine (brin), n. salt water; pickle; 
the ocean; tears: v.t. to steep in 
brine. 

bring (bring), vlt. \p.t. & p.p. brought 
p.pr. bringing], to fetch or convey 
from another place; fetch; cause to 
come; produce; procure; conduct; 
persuade; lead. 

brink (bringk), n. the edge; verge. 

briny (bri'ni), adj. very salt. 

briquette (bri-ket', French bre-ka'), 
n. coal-dust molded into the shape of 
bricks. 

brisk (brisk), adj. lively; active; 
swift; vivacious; effervescing vigor- 
ously; sparkling; burning freely : v.i. 
to become brisk [generally with up]. 

brisket (bris'ket), n. that part of 
an animal's breast where the ribs 
join the breast-bone. 

bristle (bris'l), n. a short stiff, coarse 
hair, especially upon the back and 
sides of swine; any stiff, sharp hair: 
v.t. to erect Hke bristles; fix a 
bristle to. 

bristly (brisli), adj. covered with 
bristles. 

bristol board (bris'tol bord), n. a 
thick, smooth, white pasteboard. 

bristol paper (pa'per), n. a kind of 
stout drawing paper. 

bristol stone (ston), n. a transpar- 
ent rock-crystal. Called, when pol- 
ished, bristol diamond. 

brit (brit), n. the young of the her- 
ring and sprat; small animals upon 
which whales feed. ^ 

britannia metal (bri-tan'i-^-met'M), 
' n. a white metal alloy of tin, copper, 
antimony, and bismuth. 



ite, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut: think, then. 



BRITE 



150 BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM 



brite (Jbtit), v.i. to be over-ripe. 

British (brit'ish), adj. of, or pertaining 
to, Great Britain or its inhabitants; 
pertaining" to the ancient Britons. 

Britisher (brit'ish-er), n, a British 
subject, especially one belonging to 
the British army or navy. 

Briton^ (brit'un), n. a native of Great 
Britain. 

brittle (brit'l), adj. apt to break; not 
tough. 

britzska (brits'ki.), n. an open car- 
riage used in Russia. 

broach (broch), n. an awl; spike; 
skewer; any boring bit or drill; a 
stonecutter's chisel; a spire rising 
directly from a tower without a 
parapet: v.t. to tap or pierce; be- 
gin a discussion about. 

broad (brawd), adj. [comp. broader, 
st/perZ. broadest], wide; ample; vast; 
liberal; comprehensive; widely dif- 
fused; open; unrestrained; evident; 
characterized by breadth of treat- 
ment; bold; indelicate: n. a flooded 
fen; an expansion of a river over 
low-lying land. 

broad-arrow (-ar'o), n. a British 
government mark to distinguish its 
property. 

broad-cloth ('klawth), n. a fine 
woolen cloth with a smooth finished 
Burface. 

broad-seal ('sel), n. the great seal 
of England. 

broadside ('sid), n. the entire side 
of a ship above the water-hne; a 
simultaneous volley from one side 
of a warship; a sheet printed on one 
side, and containing information of 
a popular character, or an attack 
on some pubhc person. 

broadsword ('sord), n. a cutting 
sword with a broad blade. 

broaden (brawd'n), v.i. to grow 
broad: v.L to make broad or com- 
prehensive. 

Brobdingnagian (brob'ding - nag'i - 
^n), adj, resembling an inhabitant 
of the fabled country of Brobding- 
nag in Swift's ^'Gulhver's Travels," 
hence, gigantic: n, a giant. 



brocade (bro-kad') n. a silk stuff 
variegated with gold and silver flow- 
ers, &c. 

brocatelle (brok'§,-tel), n. a beauti- 
fully variegated marble obtained 
from Italy and Spain; a figured fab- 
ric of silky texture. 

broccoli (brok'o-H), n. a variety of 
cabbage. 

broch (brok), n, a prehistoric roof- 
less round tower, with massive walls 
of unhewn stone: found chiefly in 
Scotland. 

brochure (bro-shoor'), n. a pamphlet 
dealing with a subject of passing 
interest. 

brock (brok), n. a badger. 

brogue (brog), n. a coarse, rough 
shoe; a dialectic pronunciation. 

broil ^ (broil), v.t, to cook upon a 
gridiron: v.i. to be subjected to 
great heat; to be heated with pas- 
sion: n. a noisy quarrel. 

brokage (bro'kaj), n. the premium 
or commission of a broker; broker- 
age. 

broke, p.t. & p.p. of break, 

broken (bro'kn), p. adj. not entire; 
in pieces; rough; hilly; transgressed; 
bankrupt; crushed; infirm; imper- 
fect; interrupted. 

broker (bro'ker), n. one who acts as 
agent or middleman for another; a 
dealer in second-hand furniture. 

brokerage (bro'ker-aj), n. the busi- 
ness of a broker; his fee or commis- 
sion. 

broma (br6'm§,), n. aliment; a light 
preparation of cocoa or chocolate. 

bromal (bro'm§,l), n. a colorless, oily 
fluid ^ obtained by the action of 
bromine on alcohol. 

bromate (bro'mat), n. a salt of 
bromic acid. 

brome-grass (brom'gri,s), Vi. a name 
for the oat-like grasses of the genus 
Bromus. 

bromic acid (bro'mik as'id), n. a 
compoimd of bromine and oxygen. 

bromide (bro'mid or 'mid), n. a com- 
pound of bromine. 

bromide of potassium (of po-tas'- 



ate, arm, S,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BROMIDIA 



151 



BROTHER-IN-LAW 



' i-um), n, a compound of bromine, 
used largely in medicine as a seda- 
tive. 

bromidia (bro-mid'i-a), n. a com- 
pound of certain drugs used to 
relieve headache. 

bromine (bro'min or 'min), n, a non- 
metaUic element related to chlorine 
and iodine. 

bromize (bro'miz), v.t, to prepare or 
treat with a bromide. 

bromochloralum (bro-mo-klo'ra- 
j lum), n, a disinfectant fluid, com- 
i posed of the bromide and chloride 
of aluminium. 

bromogelatin (bro-mo-jel'§,-tin) yadj, 
prepared from certain bromides, 
nitrate of silver, and gelatine, and 
used for the sensitive emulsions em- 
ployed for dry photographic plates. 

bronchi, n. ; pL of bronchus. 

bronchia (brongld-i,), n. pi. the 
bronchial tubes. 

bronchitic (brong-kit'ik), adj, of or 
pertaining to bronchitis. 

bronchitis (brong-ki'tis), n. an in- 
flammation, acute or chronic, of the 
mucous lining of the bronchial tubes. 

broncho (brong'ko), n. an unbroken 
Mexican or Californian horse. 

broncho-busting (brong^ko-bus'ting) 
n. slang phrase for breaking bronchos 
to be ridden. 

bronchopneumonia (brong-ko-nu- 
mo'ni-^), n, inflammation of the 
lungs and bronchi. 

bronchotomy (brong-kot'o-mi), n, 
the operation of making an incision 
into the windpipe or larynx to af- 
ford a passage of air to the limgs. 

bronchus (brong'kus), n,. [pi. bron- 
chi Cki)], one of the two principal 
branches of the windpipe or trachea. 

brontograph (bron'to-graf), n. an 
apparatus to record sound waves. 

bronze (bronz), n. an alloy of copper 
and tin, to which other metallic sub- 
stances are sometimes added ; a work 
of art cast or wrought in bronze; a 
pigment used to imitate bronze; im- 

Eudence: adj, made of or resembling 
ronze: v.t. to make of the color of 



bronze; tan by exposure to the sun; 
apply bronze pigment or leaf to. 

Bronze Age (aj), n. the age succeed- 
ing the Stone Age, the ornaments 
and weapons of that period being 
made of bronze. 

bronze-steel (bronz'stel), n. an alloy 
of copper, tin and iron, sometimes 
used as gun-metal. 

bronzine (bronz 'in), n, a metal re- 
sembhng bronze. 

brooch (broch), 7i. an ornamental 
dress-clasp. 

brood (brood), n. offspring; a hatch; 
the young birds hatched at one time: 
v.i, to sit on eggs, as a hen; linger 
over sorrowfully [with on or over]: 
v.t. to sit over, cover, and cherish; 
ponder over. 

brood-food (brood'food), n. an ar- 
tificial food to feed bees while im- 
mature. 

broody (brood'i), adj. inclined to sit; 
adapted for breeding. 

brook (brook), n. a small stream. 

brook (brook), v.t. to bear; put up 
with. 

brooklet (brooklet), n. a small 
brook. 

brook-runner (brook-run-er), n. pop- 
ular name for the bird known as the 
water-rail. 

broom (broom), n. a shrub, bearing 
large yellow flowers; a besom or 
brush. 

brose (broz), n. a kind of porridge, 
made by pouring boiling water, or 
milk, or meat liquor, on oatmeal. 

broth (broth), n. a kind of thin soup. 

brothel (broth'el), n. a house of ill- 
fame. 

brother (bru^/i'er), n. [pi. brothers 
(-erz), & brethren (bre^A'ren) ], a 
male born of the same father and 
mother; one closely united by a com- 
mon interest; a member of a re- 
ligious order; a fellow creature; one 
who resembles another. 

brother-german (-jer'mi.n), n. a 
, brother on both the father's and the 
mother's side. 

brother-in-law (-in-law), n. the 



ate, arm, S.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hiie, hut; think, then^ 



BROTHER JONATHAN 



152 



BRUTE 



brother of one's husband or wife; 
sister's husband. 

Brother Jonathan (jon'li-then), n. 
a humorous personification of the 
United States. 

brother-uterine (-u'ter-in), n, one 
born of the same mother, but of a 
different father. 

brotherhood (bru^^/er-hood), n, the 
state or quahty of being a brother; 
a fraternity. 

brotherly (bru^/i'er-li), adj, as be- 
comes a brother; affectionate. 

brougham (broo'am or broom), n. a 
closed four-wheeled carriage ; a limou- 
sine without roof over driver's seat. 

brought, p.L & p.p. of bring. 

brow (brou), n. the arch of hair over 
the eye; the forehead; the general 
aspect of the countenance; the edge 
of a steep place; the upper portion 
of a hill. 

browbeat (brou'bet), v,t [p.L brow- 
beat, p.p. browbeaten, p.pr brow- 
beating], to depress or bear down 
arrogantly; bully. 

brown (broun), adj. of a dusky or 
dark color: n. a dark color, inclined 
to red or yellow; a halfpenny: v.i. 
to become brown: t;.^. to make brown. 

brownie (brou'ni), n. a beneficent 
spirit supposed to haunt old farm- 
houses [Scotch]. 

browse (brouz), n. the tender shoots 
or twigs of shrubs and trees: v.t. 
to feed on; pasture on; graze: said 
of cattle, deer, &c. 

bruin (brdo'in), n. the brown bear. 

bruise (brooz), n. an injury to the 
flesh of an animal or to a plant or 
other body, caused by a blow: v.t. 
to injure, crush, or indent by a blow 
or pressure without laceration; con- 
tuse; bray, as drugs, &c.: v.i. to 
fight with the fists; box. 

bruit (broot), n. report; rumor; 
fame: v.t to report; noise abroad. 

brumal (broo'mM), adj. pertaining 
to winter; foggy; misty. ^ 

brummagem (brum'm^-jem), adj. 
sham; counterfeit; showy, but worth- 
less. 



brunette (broo-nef), n. a woman 
with a brown or dark complexion, 
usually with dark hair and eyes: 
adj. having such a color. 

brunt (brunt), n. a violent shock; a 
furious onslaught; a brief and sudden 
effort. 

brush (brush), n. a thicket of small 
trees; the small trees and shrubs of 
a wood; an instrument composed of 
bristles, &c., used for cleaning, ap- 
plying paint, &c.; the brushy tail 
of a ^ fox; a shght encounter; a 
brushing; ^ thin metaUic plates or 
flexible wires bound together, em- 
ployed to conduct a current to or 
from an electric motor, &c.; a brief 
trial of speed: v.t, to sweep, cleanse, 
or rub with a brush; touch lightly in 
passing; renovate; ruffle [with up]: 
v.i. to move with haste; skim over 
with a light touch. 

brush-wheel ('hwel), n. a tooth- 
less wheel used to turn a similar 
wheel by means of bristles, leather, 
cloth, &c., attached to the circum- 
ference; a circular wheel for polish- 
ing, used on a lathe. 

brushwood (brush' wood), n. rough, 
close bushes; a thicket; a coppice; 
small wood, suitable for the fire. 

brusque (brusk), adj. abrupt in man- 
ner. 

Brussels-carpet (brus'elz-kar'pet), n. 
a strong kind of woollen carpet. 

Brussels-lace (-las), n. various kinds 
of expensive lace made originally 
at Brussels. 

Brussels-sprouts (-sproutz), n.pL a 
variety of the common cabbage. 

brutal (broo'tal), adj. pertaining to 
or resembling a brute; savage; cruel. ' 

brutality (broo-tari-ti), ri. the qual- 
ity of being brutal; pitiless cruelty. | 

brutalize (broo't§,l-iz), v.t, to make 
brutal; sensuaHze. ^ t 

brutally (broo'tM-i), adv. in a cruel 
or brutal manner; inhumanly. 

brute (broot), adj. without reason or j 
intelligence; rough; brutal; unciv- 
ilized: n. a beast; an irrational, ir- 
responsible animal; a brutal person. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, , 
book; hue, hut; think* then. 



BRUTIFY 



153 



BUD 



brutify (broo'ti-fi), v.t. [p,t. & p.p, 
brutified, p.pr, brutifjdng], to make 
like a brute; degrade morally or 
physically. 

brutish (broot'ish), adj. pertaining 
to, or resembUng, a brute; savage; 
sensuous. 

bub (bub), n, a boy. Also bubby. 

bubble (bub'l), n. a small bladder of' 
water or other fluid filled with air 
or gas; anything unreal or unsub- 
stantial; a swindling speculation: 
v.L to rise in bubbles; run with a 
gurgling sound: v.t. to cause to bub- 
ble; cheat. 

bubo (bu'bo), n. [pL buboes ('boz) ], 
an inflammatory swelling in the 
groin or armpit. 

bubonocele (bu-bon'o-sel), n, rup- 
ture or hernia in the groin. 

buccal (buk'M), adj, pertaining to 
the cheek. 

buccaneer (buk-^-ner'), n. a pirate; 
a sea-robber; one of the piratical ad- 
venturers who, during a part of the 
17th century, made depredations on 
the Spaniards in America: v.i, act 
the part of a buccaneer. 

buccinator (buk'si-na-ter), n. sl mus- 
cle of the cheek called the trumpet- 
er's muscle from its use in blowing 
wind-instruments. 

buccinum (buk'sin-um), n. the genus 
of moUusks to which the whelk be- 
longs. 

bucentaur (bu-sen'tawr) , n. a fabu- 
lous monster, half man and half 
bull; the state barge of Venice used 
by the doge in. the annual ceremony 
of espousing the Adriatic. 

buchu (bu'ku), n. the name of cer- 
tain species of Barosma, employed 
as a medicine. 

buck (buk), v.t. to break or pulver- 
ize, as ore. 

buck (buk), n. the male of the fallow- 
deer, goat, rabbit, hare, &c.; a gay 
fellow; a fop; a male Indian or negro. 

buckboard (buk'bord), n. a vehicle 
formed by placing long boards or 
slats on front and rear axles and 
seating the driver in the front. 



buck-eye ('i), n. a name of the 
American horse-chestnut. 

Buckeye State (-stat), n, a popular 
appellation for Ohio. 

buck-hound ('hound), n, a stag- 
hound. 

buck-jumper ('jump'er), n. a vic- 
ious untrained horse that en- 
deavors to throw the rider by arch- 
ing its back and drawing its feet 
together. 

bucko (buk'o), n. a bully; a bluster- 
ing fellow. 

buck-shot ('shot), shot of a large 
size. 

buck-wheat ('hwet), n. a plant cul- 
tivated for its triangular seeds, 
which are ground into meal and 
used for food. 

bucket (buk'et), n. a vessel for draw- 
ing or holding water; the scoop of 
a dredging-machine or of a grain 
elevator; a receptacle on a water- 
wheel which receives the force of the 
water. 

bucket-shop (-shop), n. an office for 
gambling in stocks, grain, <fec. in 
small amounts. 

buckle (buk'l), n. a metal clasp con- 
sisting of a frame with movable 
tongue or catch, used for securing 
straps, bands, &c.: v.t. to fasten 
with a buckle; twist; bend; confine; 
join; to prepare for action: v.i. to 
curl; apply one's self with vigor 
[with to]. 

buckle (buki), n. a bend, or kink, 
as in a blade; a curl of hair; the 
condition of being curled, as hair. 

buckler (buk'ler), n. a kind of an- 
cient shield. 

buckra (buk'r^), n. negro term for 
a white man. 

buckram (buk'rim), n. coarse linen 
cloth stiffened with dressing: adi. 
made of, or resembUng, buckram; 
hence, stiff; precise. 

bucolic (bu-korik), adj. pastoral: n. 
a pastoral poem; a rustic. 

bud (bud), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. budded, 
p'.pr. budding], to graft: v.i. to put 
forth or produce buds; begin to 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BUDDHA OR BOODHA 



154 



BULK 



grow: n. the rudimentary, unde- 
veloped stage of a branch, leaf, or 
flower; a gemmule. 

Buddha or Boodha (bood'a), n. the 
founder of the Buddhistic sect, died 
about 500 B.C. 

Buddhist (bood'ist), n, one who ac- 
cepts the^ doctrines of Buddhism: 
adj, pertaining to Buddha or Bud- 
dhism. 

budge (buj), v,i. to move from one's 
position: v.U change the position of. 

budge (buj), n, lambskin dressed 
with the wool outwards. 

budget (buj'et), n, a bag with its 
contents: hence a stock or store; 
the annual financial statement of the 
Chancellor of the Exchequer. 

budlet (budlet), n. a small bud. 

buff (buf), n, a thick leather pre- 
pared from the skin of the buffalo, 
ox, &c., dressed with oil; a Hght 
yellow; the bare skin: adj. made of 
buff-leather; buff-colored. 

buffalo (buf'§,-lo), n, [pi. buffaloes 
(-loz)], a ruminant mammal of the 
ox family! a name given to various 
wild oxen, especially to the North 
American bison. 

buffalo-bird (-berd), n, bird which 
perches on the buffalo to catch 
parasites. 

buffer (buf'er), n. any contrivance 
which serves to deaden the concus- 
sion caused by the impact of two 
bodies; a good-tempered, somewhat 
foolish person. 

buffet (buffet), n. a blow with the 
hand: v.t. to strike with the hand; 
box; beat; contend against: v.i. to 
exercise or contend with blows; 
struggle. 

buffet (buf'et & boo-fa'), n. a cup- 
board or sideboard; a counter for 
refreshments. 

buffo (boof'5), n. the comic actor in 
an opera: adj. comic; burlesque. 

buffoon (buf-oonO, n. one who 
amuses others by low jests, antics, 
odd gestures, &c. 

buffoonery (buf-oon'er-i), n. [pL 
buffooneries (-iz)], the arts and 



practices of a buffoon; viilgar tricks 
and postures. 

buffy (buf'i), at^ buff-colored, 

bug (bug), n, name in England for 
the bedbug^ an insect. 

bugaboo (bug'^-boo^, n. a bugbeat. 

bugbear (bug'bar), n. a frightful ob- 
ject; a vain terror. 

buggy (bug'i), n. a light four-wheeled 
carriage drawn by one horse. 

bugle (bu'gl), 71. a hunting horn; a 
military wind-instrument. 

bugle bu'gl), n. an elongated glass 
bead. 

buhl (bul), n. decorative inlaying for 
cabinet work, consisting of brasi? or 
other metal, tortoise-shell, &c., 
worked into scrolls or other pat- 
terns; the articles so ornamented. 

build (bild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. built, 
builded, p.pr. building], to con- 
struct; erect, as a house; form by 
art; raise anything on a support or 
foundation; estabhsh: v.i. to con- 
struct an edifice; depend, base, or 
reckon [with on or upon]: n. mode 
or style of construction. 

building (bild'ing), n. the act of con- 
structing, raising, or estabhshing; 
an edifice. 

bukshish (buk'shesh) , n. See bakshish. 

bulb (bulb), n. an onion-shaped root; 
a kind of leaf bud; any protuberance 
or expansion on a stem or tube: v.i. 
to project as a bulb [with out]. 

bulbiferous (bul-bif'er-us), adj. pro- 
ducing bulbs. 

bulbous (burbus), adj. pertaining to 
or resembUng a bulb. 

bulbul (boorbool), n. the Persian 
nightingale. 

bulbule (bulb'ul), n. a little bulb; 
a bulblet. 

bulge (bulj), n. the bilge or widest 
part of a cask; a bending outwards; 
the bilge of a ship : v.i. to jut out; 
be protuberant. 

bulk (bulk), n. magnitude or size; 
complete dimensions; the main mass 
or body; the cargo of a ship when 
stowed; volume: v.i. to increase in 
size; swell out. 



,ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



BULK-HEAD 



155 



BUMMER 



bulk-head (-bed), n. a partition in 
a vessel which separates one part of 
it from another. 

bulky (bul'ki), adj. of great size or 
bulk. 

bulkiness (-nes), n. greatness in 
bulk* 

bull (bool), n. the male of any bovine 
mammal; the male of various large 
animals, as the whale, elephant, &c.; 
one who endeavors to raise the price 
of stock in order that he may sell 
dear: the opposite of a bear: adj. 
male, or of large size [in composi- 
tion]: v.t. to endeavor to raise the 
market value of. 

bull (bool), n. Sb Papal letter, edict, 
or rescript, having a leaden seal 
{bulla) affixed to it. 

bull (bool), n. a ludicrous inconsis- 
tency in language. 

bull-baiting (bool'bat-ing), w. the 
sport of baiting or attacking bulls 
with dogs. 

bull-calf (bool'kaf), n. a male calf. 

bulldog (bool'dog), n. a variety of 
dog of strong muscular build, and 
remarkable for its courage and feroc- 
ity, formerly used for baiting bulls: 
pi. a pair of pistols; a proctor's at- 
tendant: adj. characterized by the 
courage of a bulldog, as bulldog 
tenacity. 

bulldoze (bool'doz), v.t. to bully; to 
attempt to intimidate. 

bullet (booFet), n. a small ball or 
projectile. 

bulletin (bool'e-tin), n. an official 
report regarding some matter or 
event of pubhc interest; a periodi- 
cal pubhcation: v.t. to publish or an- 
nounce by bulletin. 

bullfight (boorfit), n. a combat be- 
tween armed men and a bull. 

bullfinch (boolffinch), n. a common 
British song bird. 

bullfrog (boorfrog), n. a large 
North American species of frog 
abounding in marshy places, re- 
markable for its loud, bellowing 
croak. 

bullhead (booFhed) , n. a broad headed 



scaleless fish of North America: 
catfish. 

bullion (bool'yim), n. uncoined gold 
or silver; foreign coin; a heavy 
twisted fringe covered with fine 
gold or silver wire. ^ 

buUionist (bool'yim-ist), n. an ad- 
vocate for an exclusive metalhc cur- 
rency, or a metalhc currency com- 
bined with convertible paper. 

bullock (bool'ok), n. an ox or cas- 
trated bull; a full-grown steer. 

bull's-eye (boolz'i), n. a boss of 
glass; a sweetmeat ;^ any circular 
opening for light or air; a small ob- 
scm-e cloud, with a ruddy center; a 
lantern with a convex lens; a plano- 
convex lens for concentrating the 
light, attached to a microscope; the 
center of a target; a shot that hits 
the bull's-eye. 

bull-terrier (bool'ter'i-er), n. a 
cross-breed between the bulldog and 
the terrier. 

bully (bool'i), n. [pi. bullies ('iz)], 
one who domineers by insolence or 
threats: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bullied, p. 
jyr. bullying], to overbear with 
bluster and menaces: v.L to be in- 
solently noisy and quarrelsome. 

bully (bool'i), adj. good; fine: interj. 
an exclamation of satisfaction. 

bullyrag (boori-rag), v.t. to attempt 
to intimidate by bluster and threat. 

bulrush (bool'rush), n. a rush-like 
aquatic plant. 

bulse (buls), n. a bag or purse used 
in the East Indies to carry or meas- 
ure valuables; a packet of diamonds 
or gola dust. 

bulwark (bool'werk), n. a rampart; 
a fortification; the boarding round 
the sides of a ship, above the level 
of the deck; any means of protec- 
tion or defense. 

bumblebee (bum^bl-be), n. a large 
bee. 

bumboat (bum'bot), n. a boat used 
for the conveyance of provisions, 
• fruit, &c., for sale to vessels lying 
off the shore. 

bummer (bum'er), n, sl loafing fel- 



§.te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BUMP 



156 



BURDEN 



low who sponges on others; a low 
politician. 

bump (bump), n. a shock from a 
blow; a swelling protuberance; the 
striking of a boat by the prow of 
another following it in college boat- 
races: v.L to bring in violet con« 
tact; thump: v,i. to come in colli- 
sion; strike heavily. 

bumper (bump'er), n. an overflowing 
cup. 

bumpkin (bump 'kin), n. an awk- 
ward, clumsy, rustic; a country lout. 

bumptious (bump'shus), adj. self-- 
assertive. 

bun (bun), n, a small light cake. 

bunch (bunch), n. a cluster; a col- 
lection of things of the same kind 
growing or fastened together; a 
tuft; a small mass of ore: v.i. to 
swell out; cluster: v,L to form into 
a bunch; to present (a lady) with 
a bouquet. 

bunchiness (-nes), the state of being 
bunchy. ^ ^ i 

bunchy (bunch'i), adj, gathered into 
a bunch. 

bunco (bung'ko), n, a confidence 
game. 

buncombe or bunkum (bunglium), 
n. idle or showy speech, especially 
if intended to secure votes or satisfy 
one's constituents. 

bund (bund), n, an embankment to 
protect the land against inundation. 

bundesrath (boon'des-rat), n. the 
federal counml of the German Em- 
pire; bund. 

bundle (bun'dl), n. a number of 
things bound together; a roll or 
package; two reams of printing or 
brown paper: v.t, to tie or bind in a 
bundle or roll; to dismiss uncere- 
moniously [with off or out]: v.i. to 
depart without ceremony [with off]. 

bung (bung), n. a large cork for stop- 
ping the hole in a cask; a publican; 
v.t. to stop with a bung; close or 
shut up. 

bungalow (bung'g§,-lo), n. a single- 
storied house, Hghtly built, and gen* 
erally surrounded by a veranda. 



bungle (bung'gl), w.i. to botch; man- 
age awkwardly: v.t. to perform 
clumsily: n. a clumsy performance; 
a botch. 

bunion (bun'yun), n. a>^ swelling on 
the foot, usually over the joint of 
the great toe. 

bunk (bungk), n. a box or recess 
serving for a sleeping-berth in a ves« 
sel, sleeping-car, &c. : v.i. to sleep in 
a bunk. 

bunker (bung'ker), n. a large bin or 

bunkiey a soldier who shares a shelter 
with another. 

, receptacle; a sandhole on golf links. 

bunt (bunt), n. the middle part or 
belly of a square sail: v.i. to swell 
out: v.t. to haul up, as the middle 
part of a sail in furling. 

bunt (bunt), n. a species of fungus 
which produces the smut disease in 
wheat. 

bunting (bunt'ing), n, a bird alHed 
to the finches and the sparrows; a 
thin woolen stuff used for making 
flags; flags collectively. 

buntline (bunt'lln), n. one of the 
ropes attached to the foot-rope of a 
square sail to draw the sail up to 
the yard. 

buoy (boi), n. a floating body moored 
at a certain place to indicate the 
position of something beneath the 
water; a hfe-buoy: v.t. to keep 
afloat in a fluid [with up]] to mark 
with a buoy; support. 

buoyancy (boi'an-si), n. ^ relative 
lightness; elasticity of spirits. 

buoyant (boi'^nt), adj. having the 
quality of floating in a fluid; not 
easily depressed. 

bur (ber), n. the rough prickly seed- 
case of certain plants; a partially 
burnt brick; the guttural pronuncia- 
tion of the rough r; the rough 
ridges of metal left by the graver 
in cutting metal. 

burbot (ber'bot), n. the eel-pout. 

burden (ber'dn), n. that which ^ is 
borne or carried; a load; something 
grievous, wearisome, or oppressive; 
a ship's capacity for carrying a 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BURDOCK 



157 



BURSA 



cargo; a chorus or refrain; a topic 
on which one dwells: v,L to load; 
lay a weight upon. 

burdock (ber'dok), n. a large way- 
side weed with rough broad leaves. 

bureau (bti-ro), n. [pi. bureaus 
or bureaux ('roz)], a desk or writ- 
ing-table furnished with drawers; 
an ofl5ce; a governmental depart- 
ment for the transaction of piiblic 
business. 

bureaucracy (bu-ro'kra-si), n, the 
system of centralized government by 
means of bureaus or departments; 
the officials administering such bu- 
reaus, as a body. 

bureaucrat (bu'ro-krat), n. an ad- 
vocate or supporter of bureaucracy. 

burg (berg), n. a borough. 

burgess (ber'jes), n, a citizen or free- 
man of a borough. 

burgher (ber'ger), n. a citizen or 
freeman of a burg or borough. 

burglar ^ (berg'l^r), n. one who 
JDreaks into a house at night with 
intent to commit a felony. 

burglarious (berg-la'ri-us), adj, per- 
taining to, or constituting, burglary. 

burglary (berg'la-ri), n. the act or 
crime of breaking into a house at 
night with intent to commit a fel- 
ony. 

burgomaster (ber'go-mis-ter), 7i. the 
chief magistrate of a municipal 
town in Holland, Flanders, and Ger- 
many. 

Burgundy (ber'gun-di), n. a wine, 
red and white, made in Burgundy in 
France. 

burgundy-pitch (-'pitch), n. spruce- 
fir resin. 

burial (ber'i-M), n. the act of bury- 
ing. 

burin (bu'rin), n. a cutting tool. 

burl (berl), n. a small knot or lump 
in thread or cloth; a knot in wood: 
v.U to pick knots, &c., from, as in 
finishing cloth. 

burlap (ber'lap), n. a coarse fabric 
made of jute, hemp, &c., used for - 
bagging or in upholstery [commonly 
in the pi.]. 



burlesque (ber-lesk), adj. tending to 
excite laughter by extravagant con- 
trast or caricature: n. a ludicrous, 
grotesque representation; a literary 
composition or dramatic piece com- 
posed in burlesque style: v.t. to ridi- 
cule or make ridiculous by carica- 
tured representation; travesty; par- 
ody. 

burletta (ber-let'S-), n. a comic 
opera; a musical farce. 

burliness (-nes), n. the quality of 
being burly. 

burly (berli), adj. bulky; large; cor- 
pulent. 

Burmese (ber'mez), adj. pertaining 
to Burma. 

burn (bern), v.t. [p.t. burnt & burned, 
p.pr. burning], to consume or injure 
with fire; reduce to ashes; scorch; 
expose to the action of fire; produce 
by means of fire; affect with a burn- 
ing sensation; cauterize: v.i. to be 
on fire; suffer from or be injured 
by excess of heat; glow; shine; be 
inflamed with passion or desire: n. an 
injury to the flesh caused by fire. 

burn (bern), n. a rivulet; a brook. 

burner (ber'ner), n. one who burns 
or sets fire to anything; the part of 
a lamp or gas fixture from which 
the flame issues. 

burning-glass (-gl&s), n. a double- 
convex lens used to focus the rays 
of the sun upon combustible sub- 
stances to ignite them. 

burnish (ber'nish), v.t. polish by 
friction; make smooth and lustrous: 
n. poHsh; gloss; brightness. 

burnt offering (of'er-ing), n. some- 
thing offered and burnt upon an 
altar as a sacrifice or an atonement 
for sin. 

burrow (bur'o), n. a hole in the 
ground excavated by a rabbit or 
other animal, as a refuge and habita- 
tion: v.i. to excavate; work a way 
into or under something; lodge in 
a deep or concealed place; hide. 

burry (bur'i), adj. full of burs; rough. 

bursa (ber's4), n. a sac or sac-like 
cavity. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BURSAR 



158 



BUTCHER-BIRD 



bursar (ber'ser), n. the treasurer of 
a college; a university student who 
receives an allowance for his sup- 
port. 

bursary (ber'ser-i), n. the treasury 
of a college or monastery; the al- 
lowance paid to a student in a Scot- 
tish university. 

burst (berst), v.i. [p.L & p.p. burst, 
p.pr. bursting], to rend or break 
open with violence; yield to internal 
force or pressure; explode; give way 
under excess of grief or pain; ap- 
pear or disappear suddenly: v.t. to 
rend or break by violence; open sud- 
denly: n. a violent or sudden break- 
ing forth; a sudden explosion; a 
rush; a strenuous effort; a spurt. 

bury (ber'i), n. a manor-house; a 
borough. 

bury (ber'i), v.t. [p.L & p.p. buried, 
p.pr. burying], to deposit and cover 
in a grave or tomb, or in any final 
resting-place; entomb; keep secret; 
hide. 

burying (ber'i-ing), n. burial (John 
xii. 7). 

bus (bus), 71. a shortened form of 
omnibus. 

bush (boosh), n. a thick shrub; a 
forest region; wild, uncleared coun- 
try; the tail of brush of a fox; a 
branch of a tree formerly hung out 
as a tavern sign: v.i. to grow thick 
or bushy: v.t. to set bushes about; 
use a bush-harrow on. 

bush (boosh), n. a lining or tube of 
hard metal inserted in an orifice, to 
reduce wear by friction: v.t. to fur- 
nish with a bush. 

Fushman (boosh'm^n), n. [pi. bush- 
men ('men)], one of a tribe of ab- 
originals near the Cape of Good 
Hope; a Bosjesman. 

bushranger (boosh'ranj-er), n. one 
who leads a predatory life in the 
bush country; originally a criminal 
who escaped and Uved a lawless 
life in the bush. 

bushwhacker (boosh'hwak-er), n. 
a backwoodsman; an implement 
for cutting brushwood. 



bushel (boosh'el),' n. a dry measure 
containing eight gallons or four 
pecks; a vessel of such a capacity; a 
large quantity. 

bushiness (-nes), n. the quality of 
being bushy. 

bushy ^ (boosh'i), adj. thick and 
spreading like a bush; overgrown 
with shrubs. 

busily (biz'i-h), adv. in a busy man- 
ner. 

business (biz'nes), n. employment; 
trade; profession; something to be 
transacted or required to be done; 
right of action; affair; matter: adj. 
pertaining to business; practical. 

busk (busk), n. a strip of flexible ma- 
terial worn in the front of corsets. 

buskin (bus'kin), n. kind of half -boot 
oj high shoe reaching to the middle 
of the calf; a high shoe (cothurnus) 
worn by ancient actors in tragedy to 
increase their height. 

buss (bus), n, a small two-masted 
vessel used in herring fishing. 

bust (bust), n. the chest or thorax; 
the head, shoulders, and breast of a 
person represented in sculpture. 

bustard (bus'terd), n. a bird of the 
genus Otis, of which there are many 
species, as the great bustard of 
Europe and Africa. 

bustle (bus'l), v.i. to be busy, with a 
certain amount of noise; move 
quickly: n. tumult; noisy activity; 
a pad or cushion worn by women 
beneath the skirt. 

busy (biz'i), adj. earnestly or closely 
employed; bustling; diligent; of- 
ficious; meddlesome: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. busied, p.pr. busying], to keep 
constantly engaged; occupy one's 
self actively. 

busybody (biz'i-bod-i), n. [pi. busy- 
bodies (-iz)], a meddling, officious 
person. 

butcher (booch'er), n. one who 
slaughters animals for food; one 
who delights in slaughter: v.t. to 
slaughter for food; to murder in a 
barbarous manner. 

butcher-bird (herd), n. a name 



ate, arm, S^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BUTCHERY 



159 



BUZZ 



given to various shrikes, from their 
habit of suspending their slaughtered 
prey upon thorns. 

butchery (booch'er-i), n. the busi- 
ness of slaughtering cattle; bar- 
barous murder. 

butler (but'ler), n. a manservant in 
a household who has the care of the 
plate, wines, &c.; the chief servant 
in a large household. 

butt (but), n. a push or thrust de- 
livered by the head of an animal; a 
thrust in fencing: v.t, to strike by 
thrusting the head against. 

butt (but), n. the extremity of a 
thing; the thicker end of anything; 
a target; a rifle or gunnery range; 
a goal; a limit; the thickest part of 
tanned ox-hides; an object of ridi- 
cule. 

butt (but), n. a large cask of 117 
gals, of Lisbon wine, or 108 gals. 
of beer. 

butte (but), n. an abrupt isolated hill 
or ridge. 

butter (but'er), n. an oily unctuous 
substance obtained from cream or 
milk by churning; any substance of 
butter-like consistence; gross flat- 
tery: v.t. to spread or smear with 
butter; to flatter grossly. 

butter-bird (-herd), n. the rice-bunt- 
ing. 

butte/cup (-kup), 7i. a plant bearing 
yellow cup-shaped flowers. 

butter-fingers (-fing'gerz), n.pl. one 
who lets a ball slip through his 
fingers. 

butterfly (but'er-fli), n. [pi. butter- 
flies (-fliz)], a general name for any 
species of diurnal lepidopterous in- 
sects; a gay, showily-dressed, tri- 
fling person. 

butterine (-in), n. an imitation but- 
ter. 

buttermilk (but'er-milk), n. whey 
separated from the cream in butter- 
making. 

butternut (but'er-nut), n. the fruit 
of a North American tree allied to, 
the walnut. 

buttery (but'er-i), n. [pZ. butteries 



(-iz)], an apartment in which pro- 
visions, wines, &c., are kept; a room 
in some (Colleges where liquors and 
provisions are kept for sale. 

butting (but'ing), n. an abuttal; a 
boundary. 

buttock (but'ok), n. the rump or pro- 
tuberant hinder part of a man or 
animal [used usually in the pi.]] 
the convex part of a ship under the 
stern. 

button (but'n), n. any small rounded 
object used to secure different parts 
of a garment, or attached for orna- 
ment; something resembling a but- 
ton; the knob at the end of a foil; 
a ball of gold, <S:c., worn on the hats 
of Chinese officials to indicate their 
rank: pi. young mushrooms; a page 
boy: v.t. to fasten or furnish with 
buttons. 

buttonhole (but'n-hol), n. a slit to 
receive and hold a button: v.t. to 
detain in conversation against the 
will; bore. 

buttonwood (-wood), n. the plane- 
tree. 

buttress (but'res), n. masonry or 
brickwork built on to an outside 
wall to afford support; a support: 
v.t. to support by a buttress; prop. 

butyrate (bti'ti-rat), n. a salt of 
butyric acid. 

butyric (bu-tir'ik), adj. pertaining to 
or derived from butter. 

butyric acid (as'id), n. a colorless 
hquid obtained from butter: it is 
present also in cod-hver oil and in 
sweat glands. 

buxom (buk'sum), adj. cheerful; Jol- 
ly; robust; plump and comely. 

buy (bi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bought, p.pr. 
buying], to acquire by paying an 
agreed price; purchase; bribe. 

buyer's option (bi'erz op'shun), n. a 
purchaser's privilege of taking an 
agreed amount of stock within a cer- 
tain period. 

buzz (buz), n. a continuous humming 
noise, as of bees; a confused or 
blended murmur, as of many voices; 
a whispered report or rumor: v.i. to 



ate, firm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



BUZZ-SAW 



160 



BYZANTINE 



make a low humming sound; speak 
with a low humming voice: v.t. 
spread secretly. 

buzz-saw (-saw), n. a circular saw. 

buzzard (buz'erd), n, the name of 
several species of hawks; a stupid, 
dull fellow. 

buzzer (buz'er), n. an electric push- 
button for summoning or calling 
attention, or signaling to stop or 
start. 

buzzingly (-li), adv. with a hum- 
ming sound. 

bj^e (bi), n. a run scored at cricket 



when the ball passes the wicket- 
keeper and long-stop, and has not 
been struck by the batsman; a goal 
at football. 

by-law (-law), n. a private law or 
statute framed by a corporate body. 

by-word (bi'werd), n. a proverb; 
nickname; an object of derision. 

Byzantine (biz-an'tin), adj. of, or 
pertaining to, Byzantium (Constan- 
tinople), the ancient capital of the 
Eastern Roman Empire. Indicat- 
ing a species of architecture; also of 
the Fine and Industrial Arts. 



ate, axm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



c 



C, usually the third letter of the al- 
phabet in the language of Europe. 
Also a symbol for the Centigrade 
thermometric scale; also for Carbon. 

cab (kab), n. a public carriage with 
four or two wheels, drawn by one 
horse; the shelter for the driver of 
a locomotive: v.t, [p.t, & p.p. cabbed, 
p.pr, cabbing], to pass over in a cab : 
as, to cab he distance. 

cabal (ka-bal'), n. a secret combina- 
tion of a few persons for carrying 
out some specific design; an in- 
trigue: v.i. ^ [p.t. & p.p. caballed, 
p.pr, caballing], to unite in secret 
with others to effect some design. 

cabala (kab'a-l§.), n. a secret science 
of the Jewish rabbins to interpret 
the hidden meaning of the Penta- 
teuch; esoteric doctrine. 

cabalism (kab-§I'izm), n. occult doc- 
trine. 

cabalist (kab'M-ist), n. one versed 
in the Jewish cabala; an occultist. 

caballero (ka-ba-la'ro), n. a Spanish 
knight or gentleman; a stately 
Spanish dance. 

cabaret (kab'a-ra), n. originally an 
ale house or tavern; now a place of 
refreshment where dancing and sing- 
ing are provided, 

cabbage (kab'aj), n. a well-known 
vegetable: v.U to appropriate to 
one's own use. 

cabbage-tbrips (kab'aj-thrips), n. 
a species of insect that infests the 
cabbage. 

cabeca (k^-ba's^), n. the finest qual- 
ity of Indian silk. 

cabeza (ka-ba'tha), n. the name 
given a chief in the Phihppine Is- 
lands. 



cabin (kab In), n. a small hut, cot* 
tage, or room; a room in a ship foe 
officers or passengers: v.t. to confin 
in a cabin: v.i. to five in a cabin. 

cabin-boy (kab'in-boi), n. a general 
utihty boy on shipboard. 

cabinet (kab'in-et), n. a small apart- 
ment; a private room; a piece of 
furniture to hold objects of vertu, 
&c.; a cabinet photograph; a delib- 
erative committee of the principal 
members of the Ministry. 

cabinet picture (pik'tiir), n. a val- 
uable picture of small dimensions. 

cabbing (kab'ing), n. owning cabs 
for hire. 

cable (ka^bl), n. a large strong rope 
or chain; a submarine telegraph line; 
a molding resembling a cable; a 
measure of distance = 100 to 140 
fathoms: v.t. to fasten with a cable; 
transmit by telegraph cable. 

cablegram (ka'bl-gram), n. a mes- 
sage sent by a submarine cable. 

cabocbon (kab'oo-shon), n. a pre- 
cious stone polished but not faceted. 

caboose (ka-boos'), n. a ship's galley 
or kitchen; the trainmen's car at- 
tached to a freight train. 

cabriolet (kab-ri-o-la'), n. a covered 
carriage with two or four wheels 
drawn by one horse. 

cacaine (ka-ka'in), n. the essential 
principle of cacao. 

cacanthrax (ka-kan'thraks) , n. a 
malignant disease that infects cattle 
and may be acquired by men. 

cacao (ka-ka'o), n, a small evergreen 
tree of tropical America and West 
Indies, from the seeds of which 

' cocoa and chocolate are prepared. 

cache (kash), ?i. a place of conceal- 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bocnt 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



Dlo.ll 



161 



CAGHELOT 



162 



CAISSON 



ment for food for future use: v.L to 
hide (provisions) in the ground. 

cachelot (kash'a-lot & -lo'), n, the 
sperm whale, which yields sperma- 
ceti. 

cachet (M-sha'), n. a seal. 

cachexy (ka-kex'i), n, a perverted or 
depraved habit of thought. 

cachinnation (kak-i-na'shun), n. loud 
or unrestrained laughter. 

cacholong (kash'o-long) , n. a milk 
or greyish-white variety of opal; 
pearl opal. 

cachou (ka-shooO, n. a pill for sweet- 
ening the breath. 

cacique (ka-sek), n. the name or 
title of the aboriginal chiefs of the 
West Indies and some parts of 
South America. 

cackle (kakl), v.i. to cry like a hen 
or goose: specifically used of the cry 
made by a hen which has laid an 
egg; giggle; prattle: n. the cry of 
a hen or goose; silly talk. 

cacography (ka-kog'ra-fi), n. er- 
roneous ^ spelling; cramped, indis- 
tinct writing. 

cacographer (ka-kog'ra-fer), n. one 
who writes or spells badly. 

cacomagician (kak'o-ma-jish'an) , n. 
a person supposed to be skilled in 
the black arts. 

cacophonous (ki.-kof'o-nus), adj. dis- 
cordant. 

cacotrophia (kak-o-trof'i-a), n. suf- 
fering from defective nutrition. 

cacotype (kak'o-tip), n. a bad type 
or defective production, literally or 
figuratively. 

cactus (kak'tus), n. [pL cacti ('ti) & 
cactuses (-es) ], a spiny fleshy plant 
with showy flowers. ^ 

cad (kad), n, a vulgar, ill-bred fellow; 
an omnibus conductor. 

cadaver (ka-daVer), n. a dead body; 
a corpse. 

cadaverous (ka-dav'er-us), adj. re- 
sembhng a corpse; pale; ghastly. 

caddie (kad'i), n. a lad who carries 
golf clubs. 

caddis^ (kad'is), n. the larva of the 
caddis-fly. 



caddy (kad'i), n. [pL caddies ('iz) ], 
a small box for keeping tea. 

cade (kad), n. a barrel or cask of 500 
herrings, or 1,000 sprats. 

cadence (ka'dens), n. the full modu- 
lation of the voice in reading or 
speaking; rhythm; a musical run or 
trill. 

cadenza (ki,-den'z^), n. a vocal or 
instrumental flourish, 

cadet (k^-def), n. a younger son; 
student in a naval or mihtary acad- 
emy. 

cadi (ka'ch), n. a Mohammedan judge. 

Cadmean (kad-me'an), adj. of or be- 
longing to Cadmus; Theban. 

cadmium (kad'mi-um), n. a bluish- 
white ductile metal, resembling tin. 

caducean (ki-du'se-an), adj. pertain- 
ing to the caduceus, the winged staff 
of Mercury, entwined with serpents. 

caecum ^ (se'kum), n. [pi, caeca ('ka) ], 
the blind gut; a pouch-Hke appen- 
dage of the large intestine, having 
one end closed. 

Caesarian (se-za're-§,n), adj. pertain- 
ing to Caesar. 

Caesarian^ operation (op-er-a'shun), 
n. a delivery of a foetus by cutting 
through the walls of the abdomen. 

Caesar ism (se'zar-izm), n. imperial- 
ism; absolute rule or government. 

caesium (ses'i-um), n. a rare metal 
associated with rubidium. 

cafe (kaf-a'), n. a restaurant. 

cafeteria (caf-et-e're-a), n. a cafe' for 
self-help or quick service. ^ 

caffeine (kaf'e-in), n, a bitter alka- 
loid extracted from coffee; theine. 

cage (kaj), n. a box or inclosure 
furnished with metal bars for confin- 
ing birds, or other animals; a con- 
trivance for raising and lowering 
men in a mine shaft: v.L to confine 
in a cage; hut up. 

cairn (karn), n. a conical heap of 
stones erected as a monv.ment. 

cairngorm (karn'gorm), 7t. a yellow 
or brown variety of quartz or rock- 
crystal. 

caisson (ka'sun), n. an ammunition- 
wagon or chest; a box filled with 



ate, arm, i,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CAITIFF 



163 



CALENDAR 



explosives for firing a mine; a water- 
tight box or casing used for building 
structures in water; a sunken panel 
in a ceiling; a structure for raising 
and floating sunken vessels. 

caitifiF (ka'tif), n. a despicable or 
cowardly wretch: odj. despicable; 
vile; cowardly. 

cajole (ka-jol'), v.t. to coax or de- 
ceive by flattery; wheedle; cheat. 

cake (kak), n. a small mass of dough, 
sweetened, and baked; a compressed 
or solidified mass of any substance, 
especially if thin or flat; a simpleton: 
v.t. to form into a cake: v.i, to con- 
solidate into a hard mass. 

cake-walk (kak'wawk), n, a grotesque 
or fantastic march or parade, usual- 
ly by negroes, in competition. 

calabash (kal'^-bash), n, the fruit 
of the calabash tree of tropical 
America, used when dried as a 
vessel for liquids, &c. 

calaboose (kal-^-boos'), n, a jail; a 
lockup. 

calamin (kal'a-min), v.t. to wash or 
coat pottery with a zinc compound 
known as calamin. 

calamitous (k§,-lam'i-tus) , adj. pro- 
ducing, or resulting from, calamity. 

calamity (k^-lam'i-ti), n. [pi. calam- 
ities (-tiz) ], any cause that produces 
evil, disaster, or extreme misfortune; 
distress; affliction. 

calamus (kaFi-mus), n. {pi. calami 
(-mi) ], a genus of palms producing 
the rattan canes; the sweet flag. 

calash (k§,-lash'), n. a light carriage 
with low wheels and a folding re- 
movable top; a hood formerly worn 
by women. 

calcareous (kal-kar'e-us), adj. of the 
nature of, or containing, hme. 

calcify (karsi-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
calcified: p.pr. calcifying], to con- 
vert into lime: v.i. to become strong 
by conversion into lime. 

calcimine (kal'si-min), n. white or 
tinted wash for walls or ceilings. 

calcination (kal-si-na'shun), n. the 
act or process of reducing to powder 
by heat. 



calcine (kal-sin'), v.t. to reduce a 
substance to powder by heat; oxi- 
dize : v.i. to undergo calcination. 

calcite (kal'slt), n. crystallized car- 
bonate of Hme. 

calcium (kal'si-um), n, the metallic 
base of lime. 

calcium carbide (kar'bid), n. a 
compound of quicklime and carbon, 
from which acetylene is generated 
by subjecting it to the action of 
water. 

calcography (kal-kog'ri,-fi), n. the 
art of drawing with colored chalks 
or pastels. 

calc-spar (kalk-spar), n. a crystal- 
line carbonate of lime or calcite. 

calculary (karku-ler-i), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, calcuh. 

calculate (karku-lat), v.t. to com- 
pute; ascertain or determine by any 
process of reasoning; estimate: v.i. 
to make a computation; suppose or 
think. 

calculation (kal-ku-la'shun), n. the art 
of reckoning by numbers; computa- 
tion; something deduced by reason- 
ing or inference; estimate; opinion. 

calculative (karku-la-tiv), adj. tend- 
ing to calculate. 

calculator (kalTcu-la-ter), n. one 
who, or a machine that, computes or 
reckons. 

calculous (kal'ku-lus), adj, stony; 
gritty. 

calculus (kalTvU-lus), n. [pi. calculi 
(-li) ], a stony concretion in the 
body; one of the higher branches of 
mathematics; the differential calcu- 
lus. 

caldera (kal-da'r§,), n. a deep cal- 
dron-like cavity on the summits of 
extinct volcanoes. 

calderite (karde-rit), n. a variety of 
garnet found in India. 

caldron. See cauldron. 

calendar (karen-der), n. a register 
of the days, weeks and months of 
the year, &c.; a register or list; a 
' list of criminal causes arranged for 
trial: v.t. to register or place on a 
list. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



CALENDAR MONTH 



164 



CALLING 



calendar month (munth), w. a solar 
month reckoned according to the 
calendar, as distinguished from the 
lunar month. 

calender (kal'en-der), n, a machine 
consisting of heated rollers, used for 
smoothing and glazing paper or 
cloth: v.t, to press in a calender. 

calender-roller (kal'en-der-ro'ler), n. 
a roller used in the manufacture of 
cloth to smooth and condense the 
material. 

calends (kal'endz), n.pl, in the Ro- 
man calendar, the first day of each 
month. Also kalends. 

calenture (kal'en-tur), a violent fever 
affecting sailors in hot latitudes. 

calescent (ka-les'ent), adj, increasing 
in temperature. 

calesin (ka-la-sen), n. a two-wheeled 
vehicle used in the Philippine Islands. 

calf (kaf), n, [yl, calves (kavz) ], a 
young bovine quadruped, especially 
of the cow; the young of certain 
marine mammaha, as the whale; 
leather made from the skin of a calf; 
a small island, or iceberg near a 
larger one; a stupid or silly person; 
the thick fleshy part of the leg behind. 

caliber (kari-ber), n, the diameter of 
a cylindrical body; mental capacity. 

calibrate (kal'i-brat), v.t. to deter- 
mine the caliber of; graduate. 

calibrater (kari-bra-ter), n. an in- 
strument to determine the size or 
caliber of a tub; used in machinery 
and in medicine. 

calibration (kal-i-bra'shxm), n. the 
act of calibrating. 

calicle (kal'i-kl), w. a small cup- 
shaped cell. 

calico (kari-ko), n. [pi, caHcoes & 
OS (-koz) ], white cotton cloth, or 
with printed design on one side. 

caligraph (kaFi-graf), n. a form of 
typewriter. 

caligraphy (k§,-Ug'r§;-fi), n. callig- 
raphy. 

calipash (kal'i-pash), n, the part of 
a turtle belonging to the upper shell, 
inclosing a dull greenish gelatinous 
substance. 



calipee (kal'i-pe), n, the part of a 
turtle belonging to the lower shell, 
inclosing a light yellow gelatinous 
substance. 

calipers (kal'i-perz), n.'pL compasses 
for measuring the diameters of cylin- 
drical bodies. 

caliph (kal' or kalif), n. a title of 
the successors of Mohammed. Also 
calif. 

caliphate (kal'i-fat), n. the ofMce, 
dignity or government of a caliph. 

calisthenic (kal-is-then'ik), adj, per- 
taining to calisthenics. 

calisthenics (kal-is-then'iks), n.pl, 
the art of promoting health by phys- 
ical exercise; simple gymnastics. 

calk or caulk (kawk), v,t, to drive 
oakum into the seams of (a ship). 

calk (kawk), v.t. to copy (a drawing) 
by covering the back with chalk or 
lead, and trace over the lines with 
a style for transfer. 

calk (kawk), n. that part of a horse- 
shoe which projects downward to 
prevent slipping; a semi-circular 
piece of iron nailed to the heel of a 
boot: v.t. to furnish with a calk. 

call (kawl), v.t. to summon from, or 
invite to, any place; convoke judi- 
cially or officially; designate for an 
office; name; characterize as; ex- 
hort; utter in a loud voice; rouse 
from sleep: n. a summons or invi- 
tation; a request or command; a 
short visit; the cry or note uttered 
by certain animals; a demand for 
payment due on shares; the option 
of claiming stock at a certain time 
at a stipulated price. 

calligraph (kal'i-graf), n. a specimen 
of elegant penmanship. 

calligrapher (kal-lig'ra-fer), or cal- 
ligraphist (-fist), n. one skilled in 
handwriting. 

calligraphy (kal-lig'r^-fi), n. ele- 
gant or beautiful writing, 

calling (kawl'ing), n. the act ^ of 
summoning; a summons or invita- 
tion; a vocation, trade or profes- 
sion; the state of being divinely 
called (II Pet. i. 10). 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



CALLIOPE 



165 



CALX 



calliope (kal-li'o-pe) , n, the first of 
the Muses; an organ with steam- 
whistles for pipes or reeds. 

callityping (kaFi-tl-ping) , n, the 
process of producing plates for 
printing purposes by means of type- 
writing and photo-engraving. 

callosity (kal-os'i-ti), n. [pL callosi- 
ties (-tiz) ], the state or quality of 
being hardened; a callus. 

callous (kal'us), adj. hardened; in- 
sensible. 

callow (karo), adj, unfxedged. 

callus (kal'us), n, [pi. calli (-i) ], the 
hardening of the skin from pres- 
sure; bony matter which unites the 
ends of fractured bones. 

calm (kam), adj. tranquil; still; un- 
disturbed: n. stillness; serenity: v.t. 
to quiet; still; pacify: v.i. to be- 
come calm (with down). 

calomel (kaFo-mel), n. mercurous 
chloride: used as a purgative medi- 
cine. 

caloric (ka-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to 
heat. 

caloricity (kaI-6-ris'i-ti), n. the power 
in animals of developing and main- 
taining heat. 

calorie (karo-re), n. the unit of heat 
(metric system) to express the 
amount of heat required to raise 
one kilogramme of water from 0° 
to 1° centigrade. Also calory. 

calorif acient (ka-lor-i-f a'shi-ent) ,adj. 
heat-producing: said of food-stuffs. 

calorific (kal-o-rif'ik), adj. heating. 

calorification (ka-lor-i-fi-ka'shun), n, 
the production of heat. 

calorific rays (raz), n.pl. the invisi- 
ble heating rays emanating from 
the sun and heated bodies. 

calorimeter (kal-o-rim'i-ter), n. an 
apparatus for measuring heat pro- 
duced or given off by a body. 

calorimetry (kal-o-rim'i-tri), n. the 
art or process of determining the 
amount of heat contained in, or 
given off by, bodies. 

calorimotor (kal-o-ri-mo'ter), n. a- 
galvanic apparatus for producing 
heat in a short external circuit. 



calorizator (karo-ri-za'tor), n, a 
heating cyhnder used in the manu- 
facture of sugar from beets. 

calotte (ka-lof), n, a plain skull-cap 
of satin, &c.) a cap or hood on the 
heads of certain birds. 

calotype (kaFo-tip), n. a photo- 
graphic process in which the image 
is received on paper prepared with 
iodide of silver. Also called Talbo- 
type, from the name of the inventor. 

caltrop (kal'trop), n. an iron instru- 
ment with four spikes, placed in 
ditches, &c., to hinder the advance 
of troops; a name for various plants 
with prickly fruit. 

calumet (kaVu-met), n. the tobacco- 
pipe of the North Am.erican Indians, 
smoked as a symbol of peace, or to 
ratify treaties. 

calumniate (ka-lum'ni-at), v.t. to 
accuse falsely and maliciously: v.L 
to utter calumnies. 

calumniation (ka-lum-ni-a'shun), n. 
the act of calumniating. 

calumnious (ka-lum'ni-us), adj. 
slanderous; defamatory. 

calumny (karum-ni), n. [pi. calum- 
nies (-niz) ], a false accusation; a 
slander. 

Calvary (ka'lva-ri), n. the place 
where Christ was crucified; in Ro- 
man Catholic countries a represen- 
tation of the crucifixion erected in 
the open air. 

calve (kav), v.i. to bring forth a 
calf; become detached from: said 
of glaciers when icebergs break off 
from them. 

Calvanism (kal'vin-izm), n. the doc- 
trines of John Calvin [1509-64], the 
French theologian and reformer, 
especially those relating to pre- 
destination and election. 

Calvinist (kaFvin-ist) , n. one who 
holds the doctrines of Calvin. 

Calvinistic (kal-vin-is'tik), adj. per- 
taining to Calvin or his doctrines. 

calx (kalks), n. [pi. calxes ^kalk'- 
sez), or calces (kal'sez) ], lime or 
chalk; the residuum of a metal left 
after calcination. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CALYX 



166 



CAMPEACHY WOOD 



calyx (ka'liks), n. [pi, calyxes (ka'- 
lik-sez), calices (kall-sez) ], the 
whorl of a flower. 

cam (kam), n. a projecting part of a 
wheel or other moving piece of ma- 
chinery for imparting an eccentric 
or alternating motion. 

cam-gear (kam'ger), n. a gear not 
centered on the shaft, useful in 
many forms of machinery where 
discontinuous action is required. 

camber (kam'ber), n. a convexity on 
an upper surface; a piece of timber 
thus bent; a small dock for unload- 
ing timber: v,L to curve or bend; 
arch. 

camber- window (-win 'do), n. a 
window arched^ at the top. ^ 

cambist (kam'bist), n, one who deals 
• in notes or bills of exchange; a 
money-changer. 

cambium (kam'bi-um), n, the forma- 
tive layer of cellular tissue which 
lies between the *young wood and 
the bark of exogenous trees. 

cambrasine (kam'br§,-zen), n. a fine 
kind of cambric; batiste. 

cambric (kam'brik), n. a very fine 
thin linen: adj. pertaining to, or 
made of, cambric. 

cambric -muslin (-muz'lin), n. a fine 
cotton imitation of cambric. 

came, p.L of come. 

camel (kam'el), n. a large ruminant 
quadruped, of which there are two 
species, the Arabian camel or drome- 
dary, with a single Kump, and the 
Bactrian camel, with two humps; a 
water-tight structure placed beneath 
a vessel to raise and float it over a 
shoal or bar. 

Camellia (k^-mel'i-^), n. a genus of 
Asiatic evergreen shrubs, cultivated 
for their^ beautiful rose-Uke flowers 
and shining foliage. 

camelopard (ki^-mel'o-pard & kam'- 
el-o-pard), n, the giraffe. 

camelry ^ (kam'el-ri), n. [pi. camel- 
ries (-riz) ], troops mounted on 
camels; a camel corps; a place for 
loading or unloading camels. 

cameo (kam'e-o), n. a precious stone 



or shell on which figures are engraved 
in relief. 

camera (kam'er-^), n, [pi. cameras 
(-i-z) ], a camera obscura, especially 
that employed in photography. 

camera lucida (loo'si-dl.), n. an 
optical instrument for reflecting dis- 
tant objects on paper by means of a 
solid glass prism. 

camera obscura (ob-sku'r§<), n. a 
darkened chamber or box in which, 
by means of lenses, external objects 
ase exhibited on paper, glass, &c. 

cameraphonc (kam'e-ra-phon), n. 
a combined phonograph and kineto- 
graph. 

camofare (Italian), to muffle and con- 
ceal the face. 

camomile (kam'o-mil), n. a plant of 
the genus Anthemis. 

Camorra (ca-mor'ra), n. an Italian 
secret society, ostensibly political, 
but largely employed for extortion 
and violence. 

camote (ka-m5-'te), n the South 
American name for the sweet potato. 

camouflage (kam-oo-flaj), n. a cover- 
ing of any kind to hide or deceive. 

camp (kamp), n. the ground occupied 
by an army at rest, with tents, huts, 
&c.; an encampment; v.i. to live in 
a camp; encamp. 

camp-meeting (-met'ing), n. an out- 
door religious gathering. 

camp-stool (-stool), n, a folding 
stool or seat. 

campaign (kam-pan'), n. an open 
tract of land; the period during 
which ^ an army carries on active 
operations in the field: v.i. to serve 
in a campaign. 

campanile (kam-p^-ne'le), n. [pi. 
campaniles (-'lez) ], a bell-tower 
detached from the body of a 
church. 

campanology (kam-p^-nol'o-ji), n. 
the principles or art of bell-ringing, 
bell-founding, &c. 

campanulate (kam-pan'yu-lat), adj. 
bell-shaped. 

campeachy wood (kam-pech'i 
wood), n. another name for logwood. 



Bte, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; b55n» 
book] hue, hut; think, then. 



CAMPHENE 



167 



CANDYTUFT 



camphene (kam-fen'), n. rectified oil 
of turpentine. Also camphine. 

camphor (kam'fer), n, a volatile aro- 
matic whitish substance, obtained 
from various trees and plants of 
Eastern Asia. 

camphor-tree (-tre), n. a species of 
laurel yielding the camphor of com- 
merce. 

camphorate (kam'fer-at), v.L to 
saturate or treat with camphor. 

camwood (kam'wood), n. a red dye- 
wood. 

can (kan), v.i, [p.t. could], to be able; 
possess power physically, morally, 
or mentally (used as an auxihary 
verb). 

can (kan), n. a metal vessel of small 
size, for holding liquids or preserv- 
ing solids: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canned: 
p.pr, canning], to put up in cans for 
preservation. 

Canadian balsam (bawl-sum), n. a 
resin obtained from a species of fir. 

canaille (kS^-naF), n, the lowest orders 
of the populace. 

canal (k§,-nar), n. an artificial navi- 
gable waterway; a duct or tube for 
the passage of fluids; a channel or 
groove. 

canal-ray (kan-al' ra), n. a flight of 
corpuscles going in the opposite 
direction to the cathode rays in a 
vacuum bulb through which elec- 
tricity passes. 

canard (k^-nard', French k§,-nar'), n, 
an absurd story or report; a hoax. 

canary (k^-na'ri), n, sl light wine; a 
pale or bright yellow color; a small 
singing bird with yellow plumage, a 
native of the Canary Islands: adj, 
bright yellow. 

cancan (kan 'kan), n. a vivacious and 
indelicate French dance. 

cancel (kan'sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. can- 
celed, p.pr. canceling], to deface 
writing by drawing lines across it; 
annul; strike out common factors: 
n. the part of a book deleted and 
reprinted before publication. 

cancer (kan'ser), n. a genus of crus- 
taceans, including the crabs; one 



of the twelve zodiacal signs, the 
sign of the summer solstice; a ma- 
lignant tumor or growth. 

cancer ate (kan'ser-at), v.i. to grow 
into a cancer. 

cancerous (kan'ser-iis), adj. like a 
cancer; affected with cancer. 

cancrine (kang'krin), adj. having 
the form or qualities of a crab. 

cancroid (kang'kroid), adj. resem- 
bling a cancer. 

candelabrum (kan-de-la'brum), n. 
[pi. candelabra ('brl.) ], a lamp- 
stand; an ornamented branched 
candlestick. 

candent (kan 'dent), adj. glowing 
with a white heat. 

candescence (kan-des'ens), n. a state 
of glowing. 

candid (kan 'did), adj. honest; out- 
spoken; sincere; free from undue 
bias; open; fair. 

candidate (kan'di-dat), n. one who 
offers himself, or is proposed by 
others, to fill some office: v.i. to 
become a candidate. 

candidature (kan'di-dat-tur), n. the 
state of being a candidate. 

candied (kan'did), p. adj. preserved 
or incrusted with sugar. 

candle (kan'dl), n. a cylindrical body 
of tallow, wax, or other fatty ma- 
terial, inclosing a wick of cotton, 
and used to furnish light. 

candle-power (-pou'er), n. the il- 
luminating power of a candle taken 
as a unit in determining the lumi- 
nosity of any flame. 

Candlemas (kan'dl-m^s), n. the 
feast of the Purification of the 
Virgin Mary (Feb. 2nd). 

candor (kan'der), n. openness; frank- 
ness. 

candy (kan'di), n. 2b solid confection 
of sugar, combined with flavoring 
or coloring substances: t^.^ [p.t. & p.p. 
candied, p.pr. candying], to conserve 
with sugar; incrust with crystals: 
v.i. to become candied. 

candytuft (kan'di-tuft), n. a plant 
bearing tufted flowers, originally 
from Candia. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CANE 



168 



CANON 



cane (kan), n. the stem of certain 
palms, grasses, and other plants, as 
the bamboo, sugar-cane, rattan, &c.; 
a walking-stick :^ v.U to beat with a 
cane; furnish with cane. 

cane-brake ('brak), n. a thicket of 
canes. 

canella (kSrnella), an aromatic and 
tonic bark of a West Indian tree. 

canine (ka-nin'), ddj, pertaining to 
dogs; having the nature or qualities 
of a dog. 

canine teeth (teth), n.pl, two sharp- 
pointed teeth on each side of the 
upper and lower jaws of most mam- 
mals. Also canines. 

canister (kan'is-ter), n, a metal box 
or case for tea, coffee, &c.; a CLse 
containing shot which explodes when 
fired from a gun. 

canker (kang'ker), n, a cancerous or 
ulcerous disease; ^ an eating or cor- 
roding agency which causes decay or 
rot; anything that insidiously cor- 
rodes, corrupts, or destroys :^ v,t. to 
corrode or corrupt; infect with poi- 
sonous influence: v.i. to grow cor- 
rupt; be infected with, or become 
maUgnant. 

canker-worm (werm), n, a cater- 
pillar destructive to trees or plants; 
something, as sorrow, evil, &c., that 
insidiously destroys one's happiness. 

cankerous (kang'ker-us), adj, cor- 
roding. 

cannabin (kan'§.-bin), n. a narcotic 
resin extracted from hemp. 

cannabis (kan'^-bis), n. Indian 
hemp. 

canned (kand), adj. preserved in tins. 

cannel-coal (kan'el-kol), n, a hard 
bituminous coal burning with a 
clear bright flame; candle-coal. 

cannery (kan'e-ri), n. [pi. canneries 
(-riz)], an establishment for pre- 
serving meat, fish, &c., in cans her- 
metically sealed. 

cannibal (kan'i-bM), n. a human be- 
ing who eats human flesh; any ani- 
mal that eats the flesh of its own 
kind;^ adj. pertaining to, or charac- 
teristic of, cannibalism. 



cannibalism (kan'i-b§-l-izm), n the 
act or practice of eating human 
flesh by human beings, or of animals 
by those of Uke kind. 

cannibalistic (kan-i-b§,-lis'tik), adj. 
characterized by cannibahsm. 

cannon (kan'un), n, {pi. cannons 
('unz), or cannon (collectively)], a 
large gun; a piece of ordnance. 

cannonade (kan-un-ad'), n. the act 
of discharging cannon against a 
town, fort, &c.; v.i. to attack with 
cannon or ordnance: v.i, to dis- 
charge cannon. 

cannoneer (kan-un-er'), n. an artil- 
leryman. 

cannoneering (kan-un-er 'ing), n. 
the act or art of using the cannon. 

cannot ;kan'ot), {can and not), to 
be unable. 

cannula (kan'u-la), n. a small tube 
for injecting or withdrawing fluids. 

cannular (kan'u-lar), adj. tubular. 

canny or cannie (kan'i), adj. shrewd; 
knowing; cautious; wary; artful; 
reasonable; quiet; easy; safe: adv. 
in a canny manner. 

canoe (ka-noo'), n. [pi. canoes 
(-nooz')], a light boat of bark, 
hide, or the hollow trunk of a tree; 
any light boat propelled by paddles: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. canoed, p.pr. canoe- 
ing], to sail or paddle a canoe^ 

canoeist (k§,-noo'ist), n. one who 
paddles a canoe. 

canon (kan'un), n, a law or rule in 
general; a law or rule regarding 
doctrine or discipline enacted by a 
council and confirmed; the books of 
the Holy Scriptures received as au- 
thoritative by the Christian Church 
(called the Sacred Canon) ; a cata- 
logue of saints; one of the largest 
kinds of type; the part by which a 
bell is hung; a cathedral dignitary; 
a bone in a horse's foreleg. 

canon law (law), n. rules or laws 
relating to faith, morals, and disci- 
pline that regulate Church govern- 
ment, as laid down by popes and 
councils. 

canon (ka-ny5n'), or canyon (kan'- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, murge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, th^ji. 



CANONIC 



169 



CANTILEVER 



yun), n. a narrow deep gorge having 
more or less perpendicular sides. 

canonic (ka-non'ik), or canonical 
(-al), adj, pertaining to a rule or 
canon; according to, or established 
by, ecclesiastical laws; belonging to 
the canon of Scripture. 

canonically (-li), adv. in conformity 
with a canon or rule. 

canonicals (ka-non'ik-alz), n.pL the 
dress prescribed by the canons to be 
worn by a clergyman when officiat- 
ing- 

canonicity (kan-o-nis'i-ti), n, the 

quality of being canonical. 

canonist (kan'on-ist), ?i. one skilled 
in the study and practice of eccle- 
siastical law. 

canonization (kan-on-iz-a'shun), n. 
the act of canonizing. 

canonize (kan'on-Iz), v.t. to enrol in 
the catalogue or canon of the saints. 

canonry (kan'on-ri), n, [pi, canon- 
ries (-riz)], the benefice filled by a 
canon. 

canopy (kan'5-pi), n. [pi. canopies 
(-piz) ], a covering fixed above a 
bed, or suspended over a throne or 
dais; any similar covering; a decora- 
tive cover above an altar, pulpit, 
niche, &c.: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canopied, 
p.pr. canopying], to cover with a 
canopy. 

cant (kant), v.i. to speak in a whin- 
ing voice, or with an affected or 
h^'pocritical tone; make whining 
pretensions to goodness; to use the 
conventional phraseology of a par- 
ticular sect, party, &c.: n. a whin- 
ing manner of speech ; the speech af- 
lected by those soliciting alms* the 
jargon or slang spoken by thieves, 
gipsies, beggars, &c.; the words and 
phrases characteristic of a certain 
party, sect, &c.; the employment of 
certain phrases and forms of speech 
without sincerity, especially the as- 
sumption of a religious character or 
the hj'pocritical use of sacred words: 
adj. of the nature of cant. 

cant^ (kant), n. an external angle; 
an inclination from the level ; a sud- 



den jerk producing a change in di- 
rection: v.t. to incline; tilt; give a 
fresh direction to; cut o2 an angle 
of. 

can't (kant), a colloquial contraction 
of can not. 

cantaliver (kan'ti,-liv-er). Same as 
cantilever. 

cantaloup (kan'ta-loop), n. a va- 
riety of small musk-melon of dehcate 
flavor. 

cantankerous (kan-tang^ker-us), 
adj. ill-tempered; cross-grained; con- 
tentious. 

cantata (kan-ta'ta), n. a short choral 
composition in the manner of an 
oratorio; a poem or story set to 
music. 

cantatrice (kan'ti-tres, Italian k^n- 
t^-tre'cha), n. a female singer, es- 
pecially one who sings in operas. 

canteen (kan-ten'), n. a kind of shop 
in barracks or camp where liquors 
and provisions are sold; a vessel 
used by soldiers for carrying water 
or hquor when on the march; a box 
containing mess utensils, &c., for 
officers when on foreign service. 

canter (kan'ter), n. an easy gallop; 
a Canterbury gallop: v.i. to move in 
an easy gallop: v.t. to cause to can- 
ter. 

canterbury (kan'ter-ber-i), n. a stand 
with divisions for holding music, &c. 

cantharides (kan-thar'i-dez), n.pl. a 
preparation of Spanish flies used for 
blistering. 

canthus (kan'thus), n. [pi. canthi 
Cthi) ], the angle made by the meet- 
ing of the eyelicls. 

canticle (kan'ti-kM), n. a song; one 
of the non-metrical hymns of the 
Bible arranged for chanting ' in 
church service: pi. the Song of 
Songs, or Song of Solomon. 

cantilever (kan'ti-lev-er), n. a 
bracket or block projecting from the 
wall of a house, to support a bal- 
cony, cornice, &c.; one of two arms 
projecting from opposite banks serv- 
ing to form a bridge: adj. construct- 
ed on the principle of a cantilever. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinks then. 



CANTILLATION 



170 



CAPE 



cantillation (kan-ti-la-shun), n. in- 
toning, especially in Jewish syna- 
gogue worship. 
canting (kan'ting), p.adj, affectedly 

pious; whining. 
canto (kan'to), n. [pi, cantos ('toz) ], 
a part of a poem of some length; the 
highest vocal part in concerted 
music; soprano. 
canto-fermo (-f er'mo), n. plain song. 
canton (kan'ton), n. a district or 
division of a territory; one of the 
Swiss federal states; in France, a 
subdivision of an arrondissement; a 
division of a painting or flag: v.t, to 
divide into districts or parts; to al- 
lot separate quarters to troops. 
cantonment (kan-ton'ment), n. a 
part of a town or village allotted to 
a body of troops; in India, a perma- 
nent military station. 
can toon (kan-toon'), n. a cotton 
stuff having one side satiny, and the 
other corded. 
cantor (kan'ter), n. a choir-master or 
leader of singing; a precentor; an 
official in a Hebrew synagogue who 
intones the psalms. 
Canuck (k§,-nukO, n. a Canadian. 

Also Kanuck. 
canvas (kanVi-s), n. a coarse heavy 
cloth of hemp or flax, used for tents, 
sails, &c., and also for painting on; 
sails in general; a painting: adj. 
made of canvas. 
canvas-back (-bak), n. a North 
American duck, esteemed for the 
delicacy of its flesh. 
canvass (kan'vas), v.t. to examine; 
sift; discuss; solicit votes or opin- 
ions: v.i. to traverse a district for 
the purpose of soliciting votes, in- 
terest, orders, &c. : n. a close inspec- 
tion or scrutiny; discussion; a so- 
licitation of votes, interest, orders, 
&c. 
cany (ka'ni), adj, consisting of cane; 

full of canes. 
canyon (kan'yun). Same as canon. 
canzona (kan-tzo^na) or canzone 
('ne), n. a song or air somewhat 
resembling the madrigal; an instru- 



mental piece in the style of a mad- 
rigal. 
canzonet (kan-tzo-nef), n. a short 

song. 
caoutchin or caoutchine (koo'- 
chin), n, an inflammable volatile oil 
distilled from caoutchouc. 
caoutchouc (koo'chook), n. an elas- 
tic gummy substance obtained from 
the milky juice of several tropical 
trees, and much used in the indus- 
trial arts; india-rubber. 

cap (kap), n. a covering for the head, 
usually without a brim; anything 
resembling a cap; a percussion cap; 
the top or summit; a particular 
size of writing-paper: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. capped, p.pr. capping], to put 
a cap on; cover with, or as with, a 
cap; cover the top end of; complete; 
crown ; place a cap on the head when 
conferring a university degree. 

capability (ka-pa-biri-ti), n. the 
quahty of being capable: pL intel- 
lectual attainments. 

capable ^ (ka'pi,-bl), adj. receptive; 
susceptible; having power, skill, or 
capacity; competent; legally quali- 
fied. 

capacious (k§;-pa'shus), adj, roomy; 
spacious. 

capacitate (k§,-pas'i-tat), v.t, to make 
capable; enable; qualify. 

capacity (k^-pas'i-ti), v.t. to make 
capable; enable; qualify. 

capacity (kl,-pas'i-ti), n. [pi, ca- 
pacities (-tiz) ],^ the power of re- 
ceiving or containing; the power of 
containing a certain quantity ex- 
actly; cubic contents; intellectual 
ability; legal qualification; profes- 
sion; function; position. 

cap-a-pie (kap-^-pe'), adv, from 
head to foot. 

caparison (k§,-par'i-son), n, an or- 
namental covering for a horse; gay 
or rich clothing: v.t. to cover with 
rich clothing, as a horse; adorn 
with rich dress. 

cape (kap), n. a covering for the 
shoulders, worn separately or at- 
tached; a headland. 



ate,, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CAPER 



171 



CAPRIC 



caper (ka'per), v.i, to skip; jump: 
n. a frolicsome leap or spring; a 
skip; a prank. 

caper (ka'per), n. a plant, the flower- 
buds of which are pickled and used 
as a condiment under the name 
capers. 

capful (kap'fool), n. as much as fills 
a cap; a small quantity; a passing 
gust. 

capias (ka'pi-as), n. a writ author- 
izing the arrest of the person named 
in it. 

capillarity (kap-i-lar'i-ti), n, the 
state of being capillary; capillary 
attraction. 

capillary (kap'il-a-ri & k^-piri,-ri), 
adj, resembling a hair; minute; 
slender; possessing a very small 
bore; pertaining to the capillary 
vessels of the body: n. sl tube with 
a small bore: pi. one of the minute 
blood-vessels connecting the arteries 
with the veins. 

capillary attraction (a-trak'shun) , 
n. the power possessed by porous 
bodies of drawing up a fluid. 

capilliform (ka-pil'i-form), adj, hav- 
ing the form of a hair. 

capital (kap'i-tM), adj, affecting the 
head or life; punishable with death; 
first in importance; chief; princi- 
pal, good, excellent; first-rate: n. 
the chief city or town in a kingdom 
or state; a capital letter, 

capital (kap'i-t^l), n. the sum in- 
vested in any particular business; 
stock in trade; stock or resources 
of any kind, moral or physical; that 
part of wealth which is saved and 
is available for, or employed in, 
future production; the head or top 
of a column, pilaster, or pillar. 

capitalism (kap'it-al-izm), n. the 
possession of capital, especially its 
concentration in the hands of a 
few; the power of combined capital. 

capitalist (kap'i-t^l-ist), n, one who 
possesses capital. 

capitalization (kap-i-til-iz-a'shun) ,' 
n. the act of capitalizing. 

capitalize (kap'i-tal-Iz), v.t. to con- 



vert into capital; compute or real- 
ize the present value of in money, 
as a periodical payment print with 
a capital. 
capitally (-h), adv. in a manner in- 
volving the forfeiture of life; in an 
excellent manner. 

capitate (kap'i-tat), adj, growing in 
a head. 

capitation G5:ap-i-ta'shun), n, a tax, 
fee, or grant per head. 

Capitol (kap'i-tul), n. the temple of 
Jupiter at Rome, situated on the 
S.W. summit of the Capitoline Hill; 
the building occupied by the United 
States Congress at Washington; the 
legislative building of a State. 

capitular (k§.-pit'u-lar), or capitu- 
lary (-l§,r-i), adj, pertaining to a 
chapter; growing in a head: n, a 
statute passed in a chapter, as of 
knights or canons: pi. the body of 
statutes of a chapter or of an ec- 
clesiastical council; a member of a 
chapter. 

capitulate (k^-pit'u-lat), v.i. to sur- 
render to an enemy on conditions 
agreed upon. 

capitulation (k§,-pit-u-la'shun), n. the 
act of capitulating; the instrument 
containing the terms of surrender. 

capitulator (k§,-pit'u-la-ter), n. one 
who capitulates. 

caplin (kap'lin), n, a small fish of 
the smelt family, largely used as 
bait for cod. 

capon (ka'pon), n. a castrated cock; 
a cock-chicken castrated for the 
purpose of improving the flesh for 
table. 

caponiere or caponniere (kap-0- 
ner'), n. a covered lodgment; a pas- 
sage from one part of a defensive 
work to another, protected b}^ a par- 
apet. 

capote (ka-potO, n. a kind of long 
coarse cloak; a long mantle for 
women. 

capouch (k^-pooshO, n. a monk's 
hood or cowl; the hood of a cloak. 

capric (kap'rik), adj, pertaining to a 
goat. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CAPRIC ACID 



172 



CAR 



capric acid (as'id), n. an acid found 
in the butter of cow's and goat's 
milk, cocoanut-oil, &c., united with 
glycerine, and having a smell like 
that of a goat. 

caprice (k^-pres'), n, a sudden im 
pulse of the mind; a whim; a freak. 

capricious (ka-prish'us), adj, char- 
acterized by caprice; unsteady; 
fickle. 

capriform (kap'ri-form), adj. hav- 
ing the form of a goat. 

caprin (kap'rin), n. a substance in 
butter giving to it its characteristic 
taste and smell. 

caprine (kap'rin), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, a goat. 

capriole (kap'ri-ol), n, a leap of a 
horse made without advancing: v.i. 
to execute a capriole. 

capsicin or capsicine (kap 'si-sin), n. 
an alkaloid extracted from several 
species of Capsicum. 

Capsicum (kap'si-kum), n. a genus 
of South American plants, the pods 
of several species of which are used 
as a condiment (chillies), and when 
dried and ground form cayenne pep- 
per. 

capsize (kap'siz), v.i. to be over- 
turned; upset: v.t. to turn over or 
upset: n. an upset or overturn. 

capstan (kap'stan), n. an upright 
drum or cylinder revolving upon a 
spindle, and worked by bars or 
levers. 

capsular (kap'su-l§,r), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, a cap- 
sule. 

capsulated (kap'su-lat-ed), adj. fur- 
nished with, or enclosed in, a cap- 
sule. 

capsule (kap'sul), n, a metallic seal 
or cover for a bottle; a small en- 
velope of gelatine inclosing a nau- 
seous drug; a seed-vessel or pod 
which at maturity opens by valves; 
a small shallow vessel; a membra- 
nous sac inclosing some part or or- 
gan. 

captain (kap'tan, or 'tin), n, one 
who has command of, or authority 



over, others; a chief; a commander; 
in the army, the commander of a 
company; in the navy, an officer 
commanding a ship bf war; the 
master of a merchant vessel; the 
head of a team or side; the chief 
boy in a school. 

captaincy (kap'tan-si or 'tin-si), n. 
the rank, post, or commission of a 
captain. 

caption (kap'shun), n. a certificate 
of arrest. 

captious (kap'shus), adj. ready to 
catch at faults or take offense; 
quibbhng; sophistical; fitted to har- 
ass or perplex; carping. 

captivate (kap'ti-vat), v.t. to en- 
slave or hold captive by beauty or 
excellence; charm or lure; fascinate. 

captivation (kap-ti-va'shun), n. the 
act of charming; the state of being 
charmed. 

captive (kap'tiv), adj. made prisoner; 
held in bondage; fascinated; of or 
pertaining to bondage: n. one who 
is taken prisoner, especially one so 
taken in war; one held in bondage 
or fascinated. 

captivity (kap-tiv'i-ti), n. the state 
of being held in bondage or con- 
finement; servitude; imprisonment. 

captor (kap'ter), n. one who cap- 
tures or takes any person or thing 
by force or stratagem. 

capture (kap'tur), n. the act of seiz- 
ing or taking, as a prisoner or a 
prize; arrest; the thing taken: v.t. 
to take or seize by force, surprise, 
or stratagem; make a prisoner or 
prize of. 

Capuchin (kap'u-shen or -oo-shen'), 
n. a Franciscan monk of the men- 
dicant order; so named from the 
long pointed cowl or capouch worn 
by the members; a woman's cloak 
and hood. 

caput (kap'ut), n. [pi, capita ('i-ti) ], 
the head. 

car (kar), n. a wheeled vehicle, espe- 
cially one having only two wheels; 
a coach running upon rails; the bas- 
ket suspended beneath a balloon to 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CARACK OR CARRACK 



173 



CARBON-DIOXIDE 



contain the aeronaut; a chariot of 
war or state; an automobile. 

carack or carrack (kar'ak), n. a 
large round-built vessel formerly- 
used by the Portuguese and Span- 
iards in the East Indian and Ameri- 
can trade. 

caracole Q^ar'^-kol), n, a half turn 
which a horseman makes, either to 
the right or left; a spiral staircase. 
Also caracol: vd. to move in a cara- 
cole; wheel. 

caramel (kar'd-mel), n. burnt sugar, 
used for coloring spirits, gravies, 
soups, &c.; a sweetmeat; a candy. 

carapace (kar'^-pas), n, the upper 
shell of the tortoise, turtle, &c.; 
the upper covering of the Crustacea. 

carat (kar'^t), n. the weight of 3.17 
grains, used for weighing precious 
stones and pearls; a twenty-fourth 
part, a term used to express the 
fineness of gold used in jewelry; 
thus, gold 22 carats fine contains 22 
parts of pure gold and 2 of alloy 
(copper or silver) ^ Also spelled 
karat. 

caravan (kar'&-van or kar-i-van'), n. 
a company of travelers, merchants, 
or pilgrims, associated together for 
mutual security, especiadly when 
traveling through deserts or regions 
infested by robbers; a large covered 
wagon or carriage for the convey- 
ance of traveling exhibitions or 
passengers; a van. 

caravaneer (kar-i,-van-erO, n, one 
who leads the camels, &c., of a 
caravan. 

caravansary O^ar-i-van'si-ri), n. [pL 
caravansaries (-riz) ], in the 
East, a kind of inn consisting of a 
large unfurnished building surround- 
ing a spacious court, where caravans 
rest at night. Also caravanserai. 

caravel (kar'^-vel) or carvel (kar'- 
vel), n. a name given to several 
kinds of ships, as a small 16th cen- 
tury vessel, used by the Spaniards 
and Portuguese, with broad bows, 
narrow high poop, four masts, and 
lateen sails. 



caraway (kar'§,-wa),^ n. a biennial 
plant with aromatic and pimgent 
seeds, used medicinally and as a 
condiment. 

carbazotic (kar-ba-zot'ik), adj\ per- 
taining to or composed of carbon 
and nitrogen. 

carbazotic acid (as'id), w. an acid 
obtained by the action of nitric acid 
on indigo and other vegetable and 
animal substances: used in dyeing. 

carbide (kar'bid), n. a compound 
of carbon with a metal: formerly 
called a carburet. 

carbide of calcium, n. calcium 
carbide. 

carbine (kar^bin), n. a short rifle 
adapted to the use of cavalry. Also 
carabine. 

carbineer C^ar-bi-ner'), n, a soldier 
armed with a carbine. Also cara- 
bineer. 

carbohydrate (kar-bo-hi'drat), n. 
one of a group of organic com- 
pounds of carbon, hydrogen, and 
oxygen. 

carbohydrous (kar-bo-hi'drus), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, a 
carbohydrate. 

carbolated (kar 'bo-la-ted), adj. im- 
pregnated or treated wdth carbohc 
acid. 

carbolic (kar-bol'ik), adj. pertaining to, • 
or derived from, carbon or coal-tar. 

carbolic acid (as'id), n. an acid ob- 
tained from coal-tar by distillation: 
largely used as an antiseptic in sur- 
ger>^, and as a disinfectant. Also 
called phenic acid. 

carbclize (kar'bol-iz), v.t,^ to treat 
or impregnate with carbolic acid. 

carbon (kar'bon), n. an elementary 
substance present in ^ aU organic 
compounds, and occurring in nature 
in two distinct forms, as the dia- 
mond and graphite. The action of 
heat on vegetable and animal tis- 
sues produces carbon in the form of 
charcoal, lampblack, coke, &c.: v,t. 
to place carbons in (an arc-lamp). 

carbon-dioxide (-di'oks-id), n, car- 
bonic acid gas. 



5te, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not: booo. 
book; hue, hut; think, thtu^ 



CARBON-LIGHT 



174 



CARDIAC 



carbon-light (-lit), n, a brilliant 
light produced by passing an elec- 
tric current through carbon-points. 

carbon-point (-point), n. the rod 
of an arc-lamp, moved forward by 
clockwork to maintain its position 
to another opposing rod as it is 
burned away. 

carbonaceous (kar-bo-na'shus), adj. 
pertaining to, consisting of, or con- 
taining carbon. 

carbonate (karlDon-at), n, a com- 
pound of carbonic acid with a base. 

carbonated (kar'bon-a-ted), adj. 
combined, or impregnated, with 
carbonic acid. 

carbonic (kar-bon'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or obtained from, carbon. 

carbonic acid (as'id), n, (carbon- 
dioxide) a gaseous colorless ^ com- 
poimd of carbon and oxygen in the 
proportion of 12 parts of carbon to 
32 of oxygen. It is a heavy irre- 
spirable gas, and acts as a narcotic 
poison. 

carboniferous (kar-bo-nif'er-us), adj. 
containing or yielding carbon or 
coal. 

carbonization (kar-bo-ni-za'shun), n. 
the process of carbonizing organic 
substances. 

carborundum (kar-b5-run'dum), n. 

. an exceedingly hard abrasive made 
in the electric furnace through com- 
bination of silicon and carbon. 

carbonize (kar'bo-niz), v.t, to con- 
vert into carbon by combustion, by 
the action of fire, or an acid. 

carboy (kar'boi), n. a large globular 
bottle of glass, protected by a bas- 
ket-work, used to contain or con- 
vey corrosive acids. 

carbuncle (kar'bung-kl), n. a beau- 
tiful gem of a deep red color; an in- 
flammatory tumor, boil, or ulcer. 

carbuncular (kar-bimg'ku-ler), adj. 
pertaining to, or resembling, a car- 
buncle; red; inflamed. 

carburet, an old form of carbide. 

carburetted ^ (kar'bu-ret-ed), p.adj. 
combined with carbon in the man- 
ner of a carbide. 



carbureter (kar-bu-ret'er), n. a de- 
vice which mixes vaporized oil w^ith 
air and feeds it to the cyhnder of 
a gasoHne engine. 

carcase or carcass (kar'k§,s), n. [pi. . 
carcases (-ez) ], the dead body of an 
animal; a corpse; the decaying re- 
mains of a bulky thing; the frame- 
work or skeleton of a building, ship, 
&c.; a perforated shell filled with 
combustibles, used to set fire to 
buildings ships, &c. 

carcel-lamp ^ (kar'sel-lamp), n. a 
lamp the oil in which is raised me- 
chanically: used in hghthouses, and 
as a table-lamp. 

carcinology (kar-si-nol'o-ji), n. that 
department of zoology which treats 
of the Crustacea, as crabs, shrimps, 
&c. 

card (kard), n. a printed piece of 
pasteboard used for various social 
or business purposes; such a piece 
printed bearing certain devices or 

' figures, used for playing games; a 
short business advertisement in a 
newspaper; the dial of a mariner's 
compass; an instrument for comb- 
ing the fibers of wool, flax, or cotton, 
preparatory to spinning. 

card-sharper (-shar'per), n. one 
who cheats at cards, and fleeces 
those he traps into playing with 
him. 

Cardamine (kar'd§,-min), n. sl genus 
of herbs, which includes the cuckoo- 
flower, &c. 

cardamom (kar'd§,-mum-), n, the 
capsule of several species of plants 
of the ginger family with its aro- 
matic seeds, used medicinaUy and 
as a condiment. 

cardia (kar'di-§.), n. the heart; the 
upper or cardiac end of the stomach 
where the oesophagus or gullet en- 
ters it. ^ 

cardiac (kar'di-ak), adj. pertaining 
to the heart; stimulating the heaTt's 
action: n. a medicine which excites 
action in the heart through the me- 
dium of the stomach, and stimulates 
the spirits; a cordial; stimulant. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CARDIALGIA 



175 



CARLOCK 



cardial^ia (kar-di-arji-i), n. heart- 
burn. 

cardigan (kar'di-gin), n. a knitted 
woolen Jacket or waistcoat. 

cardinal (kar'di-nal), adj, chief; pre- 
eminent; fundamental. 

cardinal (kar'di-nal), n, an ecclesi- 
astical prince ranking in dignity 
next to the Pope; a woman's short 
cloak with a hood. 

cardinal numbers (num'berz), n. 
pL the numbers one, two, three, 
&c., in distinction from first, sec- 
ond, third, &c., which are called 
ordinal numbers, 

cardinal points (pointz), n.pl, N., 
S., E., W. 

cardinal signs (sinz), n.pl. Aries, 
Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. 

cardinal virtues (ver'tuz), n.pl. 
justice, prudence, temperance, and 
fortitude. 

cardinal-winds (windz), n.pl, winds 
which blow due N., S., E., or W. 

carditis (kar-di'tis), n. inflammation 
of the muscular tissue of the heart. 

cardol (kar'dol), n. an oily hquid ex- 
tracted from the pericarp of the 
cashew-nut, and used for blistering. 

care ^ (kar), n. concern; soUcitude; 
anxiety; a burdensome responsibil- 
ity; caution; charge or oversight; 
attention, watchfulness; an object 
of watchful attention and regard: 
v.i. to be anxious or solicitous; be 
concerned, troubled, or interested. 

careen (kS,-ren'), v.t. to bring (a 
ship) on one side for the purpose 
of calking, cleansing, or repairing: 
vd. to incline on one side, as a ship 
under press of sail. 

career (k§.-rer'), n. a run at full 
speed; general course of action; an 
occupation or calling: v.i, to move 
or run rapidly. 

careful (kar 'fool), adj. full of care; 
anxious; attentive; watchful; cau- 
tious; provident, thoughtful. 

carefully (-h), adv, in a careful 
manner. 

careless ^ (kar'les), adj, wanting in 
care or interest; neglectful. 



caress (ki-res'), ^. any act or ex- 
pression of affection; an embrace: 
v.t, to treat with tokens of affec- 
tion; bestow caresses upon. 

caret (ka'ret or kar'et), n. a mark 
(a) used in writing, or in correcting 
proofs, to indicate the place where 
something is omitted or is to be added. 

cargo (kar'go), n. [pi, cargoes ('goz)], 
the lading or freight of a ship. 

Carib (kar'ib) or Caribbee ('i-be), 
n, a native of the Caribbee Islands, 
or one of a tribe inhabiting certain 
regions of Central America and the 
north of South America. 

caribou or cariboo (kar'i-boo), n. 
the North American reindeer. 

caricature (kar'i-k§,-tur) , n. a. pic- 
torial or descriptive representation 
of a person or thing, in which the 
defects or peculiarities are exag- 
gerated so as to produce a ludicrous 
effect; parody: v.t. to represent in 
a ridiculous or exaggerated style; 
parody; burlesque. 

caricaturist (kar'i-k§,-tur-ist), n. one 
who represents others in caricature. 

caries (ka'ri-ez), n. decay of bones, 
teeth, or vegetable tissue. 

carillon (kar'i-lon), n. a chime of 
bells diatonically tuned and played 
by hand or machinery; a simple air 
adapted for playing on a set of bells. 

cariole Qvar'i-ol), n. a small open 
carriage; a light covered cart. 

cariosity (ka-ri-os'i-ti), n. the state 
of being carious. 

carious (ka'ri-us), adj, affected with 
caries. 

cark (kark), v.i. to be anxious or 
concerned: v.t. to vex; load with 
care or grief. 

carl or carle (karl), n, a strong, 
sturdy fellow; a rustic; a churl. 

carline (kar'lin), n. sl ship's timber 
running fore and aft from one trans- 
verse deck-beam to another, serving 
as a foundation for the planks of the 
deck. 

'car lock (karlok), n. a kind of isinglass 
made of the sturgeon's bladder, and 
used in clarifying wine. 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CARMINATIVE 



176 



CARRIER-PIGEON 



carminative (kar-min'i,-tiv), n. a 
medicine, which expels wind and re- 
lieves colic and flatulence: adj, ex- 
pelling wind. 

carmine (kar'min or 'mm) n, the 
essential coloring principle of coch- 
ineal; a rich crimson pigment. 

carnage (kar'naj), n. slaughter; great 
destruction of life by violence; 
massacre. 

carnal (kar'nM), adj. pertaining to 
the body, its passions and its ap- 
petites; animal; fleshly; sensual, im- 
pure; not spiritual, but essentially 
human; secular. 

carnalism (kar'n§,l-izm) or car- 
nality (kar-nal'i-ti), n, the state 
of being carnal; sensuality. 

carnalist (kar'nal-ist), n. a sensualist. 

carnally (-li), adv. in an animal or 
fleshy manner. 

carnation (kar-na'shim), n. a light 
rose-pink; flesh color; the parts of 
a picture in which flesh is repre- 
sented; a pink. 

carnationed (kar-na'shund), adj, 
having a pink color like that of 
flesh. 

Carney (kar'ni), n. a disease of horses, 
in which the furred condition of 
the mouth prevents eating. 

carnification (kar-ni-fi-ka'shun), n. 
tissue so altered as to resemble 
flesh. 

carnival (kar'ni-vM) n. the season 
of rejoicing before Lent: observed 
in Roman Catholic countries; feast- 
ing or revelry. 

carnivorous (kar-niv'o-rus), adj, eat- 
ing or feeding on flesh. 

carob (kar'ob), n. an evergreen tree 
which yields a nutritious pod known 
as St. John's-bread. 

carol (kar'ul), n. a song of joy or 
praise, especially one in honor of the 
Nativity: v.i. [p.t, & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
-ing], to sing in joy; warble: v.t. 
to praise or celebrate in song. 

carotid (k^-rot'id), n. one of the 
two principal arteries, one on either 
side of the neck, which convey the 
blood from the aorta to the head: 



adj, pertaining to the two great 
arteries of the neck. 

carouse (k§.-rouz'), n. a feast or fes- 
tival; a noisy drinking bout di 
revel. Also carousal: v.i. to drink 
heartily and with jollity; revel. 

carp (karp), v.i. to cavil or find fault. 

carp (karp), n. a fresh-water fish. 

carpal (kar'pM), adj. pertaining to 
the carpus or wrist. 

carpel (kar'pel), n. a simple pistil, 
or one of the parts of a compound 
pistil or ovary of a flower. 

carpenter (kar'pen-ter), n. an artif- 
icer who works in timber and pre- 
pares the woodwork of houses, 
ships, &c.: v.i. to perform car- 
penter^s work. 

carpentry (kar'pen-tri), n. the art 
of cutting, framing, and joining 
timber; work done by a carpenter. 

carpet (kar'pet), n. a thick woven 
or felted fabric, with a pattern, used 
for covering floors or stairs; a soft 
covering, resembling carpet: v.t. to 
cover with a carpet; bring under 
consideration; reprimand. 

carpet-bag (-bag), n. traveling bag. 

carpet-bagger (-bag'er), n. a pohti- 
cal adventurer. 

carpet-knight (-nit), n. one upon 
v/hom the honor of. knighthood or 
other distinction has been conferred 
for other than active service. 

carpeting (kar'pet-ing), n. cloth for 
carpets; carpets in general. 

carriage (kar'ij), n. the act of car- 
rying or transporting; cost of con- 
veyance; behavior; deportment; a 
wheeled vehicle; the wheeled stand 
or support of a gun; the frame- 
work of a wooden staircase. 

carrier (kar'i-er), n. one who, or 
that which, carries or conveys; one 
whose business is to carry goods 
for hire; a portion of various ma- 
chines; a frame for holding photo- 
graphic plates or magic-lantern 
sUdes. 

carrier-pigeon (-pij'un), n. a va- 
riety of pigeon trained to convey 
letters, &c. 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CARRION 



177 



CASE 



carrion (kar'i-on), n. dead or putre- 
fying flesh; filth; garbage: a Jj. per- 
taining to, or feeding on, carrion. 

carrion-crow (-kro), n. the com- 
mon crow of Europe: also the 
American crow. 

carronade (kar-on-ad'), ^. a short 
cannon of large bore for close range, 
formerly used in the nav}^ 

carron-oil (kar'on-oil), n, linseed- 
oil and lime-water: used as a lini- 
ment for burns. 

carrot (kar'ot), n. the well-known 
plant with an edible root; the root 
itself. 

carry (kar'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. car- 
ried, p.pr. carrying], to convey from 
one point to another; bear; have on 
one's person; convey by force ; lead; 
transfer; accomplish; gain posses- 
sion of; extend or continue in time 
or space [with up or back]; exhibit; 
imply; have in charge or conduct; 
to take by assault: v.i. to act as a 
bearer; propel a projectile to a 
distance; hold the head in a par- 
ticular manner. 

cart (kart), n, a carriage for the con- 
veyance of heavy goods; a hght 
two-wheeled vehicle used by trades- 
men, &c.: v.t. to carry or convey in 
a cart. 

cartago (kart'aj), n. the charge 
made for conveyance by a cart; 
the act of carting. 

carte (kart), n. a bill of fare. 

carte blanche (kiirt bl^ngsh), a 
blank paper; a signed sheet of 
paper given to another to be filled 
up as he pleases: hence, uncondi- 
tional terms or authority. 

carte-de-visite ^ ^ (kart'-de-vi-zef), 
[pL cartes-de-visite], a photograph 
of a person mounted on a card of a 
size formerly used as a visiting card. 

cartel (kar'tel), n. an agreement be- 
tween hostile states regarding the 
exchange of prisoners; a challenge 
to single combat. 

cartilage (kar'ti-laj), n. elastic animal 
tissue, forming bone; gristle. 

cartilaginous (kar-ti-laj'i-nus), adj. 



pertaining to, or in the form of, 
cartilage; gristly. 

cartographer, cartographic, car- 
tography, &c. See chartographer, 
&c. 

cartoon (kar-toon'), n. a study or 
design executed on strong paper, 
and of the size to be reproduced in 
fresco or tapestry; a pictorial 
sketch dealing with a poHtical or 
social subject. 

cartouch^ (kar-toosh'), n. a cartridge; 
a cartridge-box; an ornam.ent in 
the form of an unrolled scroll; on 
Egyptian monuments, ike, an oval 
figure containing the name or title 
of a sovereign or deity. 

cartridge (kar'trij), n. a case of 
cardboard, metal, or other material, 
containing the charge of a firearm. 

caruncle (kar'ung-kl), n, a small 
fleshy excrescence; the comb or 
wattle of a fowl; an appendage 
surrounding the hilum of a seed. 

carve (kiirv), v.t. to form a design; 
shape by cutting; cut into sHces: 
v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculp- 
tor or carver; cut up meat. 

caryatid (kar-i-at'id), n. sl figure of 
a woman in long robes, serving to 
support an entablature. 

cascarilla (kas-k^-ril'S,), n. the bark 
of a West Indian shrub, possessing 
aromatic and bitter properties; the 
shrub itself, from which is obtained 
a white bitter crystalline substance, 
cascarillin. 

case (kas), n. a covering or recep- 
tacle; a sheath; a box with its con- 
tents; a frame or casing; a divided 
tray for tj^pes; 225 sq. ft. of crown 
glass: v.t. to cover with, or enclose 
in, a case. 

case (kas), n. that which happens or 
befalls; the matters involved in a 
question under discussion or inves- 
tigation; a certain form or instance 
of disease; a suit or action at law; 
one of the forms or inflections in 

' the declension of a noun, pronoun, 
or adjective, which indicates its 
relation to other words. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CASE-HARDEN 



178 



CAST 



case-harden (kas-har'dn), v,t, to 
harden the surface of (as iron) by 
conversion into steel. 

caseic (ka'se-ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or derived from cheese. 

casein (ka'se-in), n, the curd-matter 
of milk, forming the main part of 
cheese. 

casemate (kas'mat), n, a shell-proof 
vault or battery, having embrasures 
for cannon; a hollow molding. 

casement (kas'ment), n, sl hinged 
window-frame made to open out- 
ward. 

cash-and-carry, store system of cash 
payments without deliveries. 

cash (kash), n. money; ready money: 
v.L to turn into, or exchange for, 
money. 

cash-book, a book in which a regis- 
ter is kept of money received or 
paid out. 

cashew (k§,-shoo'), n, a tree native 
of tropical America which produces 
the cashew-nut, a kidney-shaped 
fruit containing an edible kernel 
from which a caustic oil is obtained. 

cashier (kash-er'), n. one who has 
charge of the money, and superin- 
tends the pavments and receipts of 
a bank or^ trading establishment: 
f;.^ to dismiss from service or place 
of trust; discharge. 

cashmere (kash'mer), n, a soft 
woolen fabric for shawls, &c., orig- 
inally made in Cashmere, from the 
downy hair of the wild goat of 
Tibet and the Himalayas; a soft 
woolen dress fabric made in imita- 
tion of real cashmere: adj. made of 
cashmere. 

cash-register (kash-re'jis-ter), n. a 
machine for registering cash receipts. 

casing (kas'ing), n. the act of cov- 
ering with or placing in a case; a 
covering. 

casino (ki,-se'no), n. [pi, English 
casinos ('noz), Italian casini ('ne) ], 
a small country house; a public 
room or building used for social 
meetings, dancing, gaming, &c. 

cask (k^sk), n. a vessel composed of 



wooden staves, bound by iron hoops, 
for holding liquors; the quantity 
contained in a cask. 

casket (k^s'ket), n. a small chest or 
box for jewels, &c.; a costly cofl^: 
v.t, to place or preserve in a casket. 

casque (k§,sk), n, a helmet. 

cassation (kas-a'shun), n. abroga- 
tion. 

cassava (kas'§,-v§,), n. a plant of 
tropical America and Africa, culti- 
vated for its tuberous roots, which 
yield a nutritious starch, from 
which cassava-bread and tapioca 
are made. 

casserole (kas'er-5l), n. a heat-proof 
earthenware vessel in which meat, 
etc., is cooked and served. 

cassia (kash'i^,), n. a genus of legu- 
minous plants, the leaves of several 
species of which constitute the drug 
senna. 

cassia-oil (-oil), ». oil extracted 
from cassia-bark and cassia-buds. 
Called also oil of cinnamon. 

cassimere (kas'i-mer), n, a thin 
twilled woolen cloth, used for men's 
garments. Also casimire, and ker- 
sej^mere. 

cassinette (kas-i-nef), n. a cloth 
with a cotton warp and a woof of 
very fine wool, or wool and silk. 

cassock (kas'uk), n, a long, close- 
fitting vestment worn by clergymen, 
choristers, &c. 

cassowary (kas'6-wa-ri), n, [pi. cas- 
sowaries (-riz)], a large^ bird^ re- 
sembling the ostrich, inhabiting 
Australia and the Papuan Islands. 

cast (k^st), v.L [p.t. & p.p. cast; 
p.pr. casting], throw; hurl; shed, 
direct or turn; thrown down; cal- 
culate; defeat at law; condemn; 
form into a certain shape; assign to 
various actors: v.i. to throw the 
line in angling; ponder; to warp or 
twist; receive form or shape in a 
mold: n. the act of casting; the dis- 
tance to which a thing may be 
thrown; motion or turn (of the 
eye); direction, glance; the form or 
shape; manner; appearance; a tinge; 



flte, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^&en. 



CAST-IRON, OR -STEEL 



179 



CAT-HARPINGS 



the company of actors to whom the 
parts of a play are assigned. 

cast-iron, or -steel (-im, br -stel), 
n, iron or steel melted and run into 
molds. 

castanets (kas'ta-nets), n.pL small 
spoon-shaped shells of hard wood or 
ivory, fastened loosely at the top, a 
pair of which is fastened to each 
thumb and shaken with the fingers 
to beat time. 

castaway (k^st'§,-wa), n, one who is 
cast away or lost; a person or vessel 
wrecked on an unfrequented coast; 
an outcast; reprobate (I Cor. ix. 27): 
adj, shipwrecked; rejected. 

caste (kast), one of the artificial or 
hereditary divisions into which Hin- 
dus are restricted by Brahmin re- 
Hgious law. 

castellated (kas'te-la-ted), adj, fur- 
nished with turrets and battlements, 
as a castle. 

caster (kis'ter), n. one who, or that 
which casts; a computor; a cruet or 
small vessel for holding condiments 
at table; a small swiveled wheel. 
Also castor. 

castigate (kas'ti-gat), v.t. to cor- 
rect; chastise; punish; subject to 
severe criticism. 

castigation (kas-ti-ga'shun), n. the 
act of castigating. 

castigator (kas'ti-ga-ter), n. one who 
castigates. 

castigatory (kas'ti-ga-to-ri), adj. pu- 
nitive. 

Castile-soap, a superior kind of 
refined soap, originally made at 
Castile, Spain. 

Castilian (kas-tiriin), adj, of, or 
pertaining to, Castile. 

casting (k^st'ing), n, the action of 
the verb to cast; the act or process 
of founding or molding; the process 
of taking impressions of stataes, 
medals, &c.; a worm-cast. 

casting-vote (-vot), n. the deciding 
vote of a chairman when the votes 
are equal. 

castle (k§,s1, or kasi), n. a fortified 
residence; a fortress; a strong and 



imposing mansion of a noble or 
wealthy person; one of the pieces at 
chess, called also rook: v.i, to move 
the king two squares to the right or 
left, and bring the castle to the 
square the king has passed over. 

castrate (kas'trat), v.t, emasculate; 
geld; expurgate; deprive a flower 
of its anthers: adj, emasculated; 
gelded: n. one who has been emascu- 
lated; a eunuch. 

castration (kas-tra'shun), n. the act 
of castrating. 

casual (kazh'u-1,1), adj, happening 
by chance; accidental* occasional; 
fortuitous: n. one who receives re- 
lief for a night in a parish to which 
he does not belong. 

casualty (kazh'u-Il-ti), n. [pi, casu- 
alties (-tiz)], an accident, especially 
if resulting in bodily injury or death. 

casuist (kazh'u-ist) n. one skilled in 
casuistry; one who studies or re- 
solves cases of conscience. 

casuistic (kazh-ti-is'tik), or casuis- 
tical (-^1), adj, of or pertaining to 
casuistry. 

casuistry (kazh'u-ist-ri), n, [pL 
casuistries (-riz) ], the science or 
doctrine which deals with cases of 
conscience as determined by theolog- 
ical dogmas or ethical rules; sophis- 
tical or equivocal reasoning. 

cat (kat), n. a carnivorous animal of 
the family Felidae, especially the 
domesticated quadruped, Felis do- 
mesiica; a cat-fish; a cat-o^-nine- 
tails; the game of tip-cat; a strong 
tackle; to raise an anchor to the 
cat-head; a stoutly built vessel with 
a narrow stern, projecting quarters, 
and a deep waist; a double tripod 
which always lands on its feet: v.t, 
[p,t, & p.p. catted, p.pr. catting], to 
draw up (an anchor) to the cathead. 

cat-block (-blok), n. a two- or three- 
fold block used to cat the anchor. 

cat-boat (-bot), n. a small boat with 
one sail on a mast near the bows. 

cat-harpings^ (-har'pings), n.pl. short 
ropes or iron clamps used for 
tightening the shrouds. 



ate, arm, §<sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, them. 



CAT-O'-NINE-TAILS 



180 



CATAVv^BA 



cat-o*-nine-tails, n. a whip with 
nine lashes of knotted cord, former- 
ly used as a punishment in the 
Enghsh army and navy. 

cat's-eye (-i), n, a hard semi-trans- 
parent variety of quartz. 

cat's-paw (-paw), n, a dupe, from 
the fable of the monkey who used 
the cat's paw to get the roasted 
chestnuts from the fire; a light air 
that slightly ripples the surface of 
the water. 

catabolism (ka-tab'o-lizm), n. a 
downward series of changes by 
which complex bodies are broken 
down 'into simpler forms. Also 
katabolism. 

cataclysm (kat'§,-klizm), n, a del- 
uge;^ flood; a violent or sudden 
physical change of the earth's sur- 
face. 

catacomb (kat'a-kom), n, a subter- 
raneous burial place with niches 
hollowed out for the dead. 

catacoustics (kat-§.-kous'tiks), n, 
that part of the science of acoustics 
which treats of reflected sounds. 

catadioptric (kat-^-di-op'trik), adj» 
refracting and reflecting light. 

catafalque (kat'^-falk), n, a tem- 
porary structure erected, usually in 
a church, to support the coflin of a 
distinguished person on the occasion 
of a ceremonious funeral. 

Catalan (kat'^-lan), adj, of, or per- 
taining to, Catalonia, a former prov- 
ince of Spain, or to its inhabitants 
or language. 

catalepsy (kat'§--lep-si), n, a sudden 
suspense of voluntary sensation. 
Also catalepsis. 

cataleptic ^ (kat-§;-lep'tik), adj, of, 
or pertaimng to, catalepsy. 

catalogue (kat'a-log), n, an ar- 
ranged list: v.t, to enter in, or 
make, a catalogue of. 

catalysis (k§,-tari-sis), n. [pZ. ca- 
talyses (-sez) ], a decomposition 
and new combination supposed to 
be effected by one substance acting 
upon a compound boay, itself re- 
maining unchanged. 



catamaran (kat-^-mi.-ran'), n, a 
raft or float propelled by paddles, 
consisting usually of three or more 
logs lashed together, the third or 
middle one being longer than the 
rest; any vessel with twin hulls; a 
flat-bottomed boat; a vixen. 

catamount (kat'a-mount), n. the 
wild cat; ^ the puma, cougar, or 
mountain lion. 

cat and mouse act, n. British law 
(1913) providing that militant suf- 
fragettes released from jail on 
hunger strikes may be rearrested 
and made to serve out their sen- 
tences. 

cataphonics (kat-§--fon'iks), n. that 
branch of acoustics which treats of 
the theory of reflected sounds; cata- 
coustics. 

cataphoric (kat-i-for'ik), adj. pos- 
sessing the power of producing mo- 
tion through a diaphragm: said of 
a liquid, or electric current. 

cataplasm (kat'a-plazm), n. a poul- 
tice. 

cataplexy (kat'§.-plek-si) , n. a sudden 
shock to the nerves causing paralysis. 

catapult (kat'a-pult), n. an ancient 
military engine for hurling darts 
and stones; a forked stick with an 
elastic band by which small mis- 
siles are propelled. 

cataract (kat'a-rakt), n. a large 
waterfall; a furious rush or down- 
pour of water; a disease of the 
eye in which the crystalline lens 
becomes opaque, and the vision be- 
comes impaired or is lost. 

catarrh (kl,-tarO, ^- ^n inflamma- 
tory affection of any mucous mem- 
brane accompanied by increase of 
the mucus, especially from the nose; 
a violent cold in the head. 

catarrhal (k^-tar'al), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or produced by, catarrh. 

catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-fe), n. a 
great calamity or disaster; an 
event subversive of the order of 
things; the unfolding and winding 
up of a plot; a cataclysm. 

catawba (ka-taw'b^), n. a light-red 



atp. arm^ ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^^en. 



CATCALL 



181 



CATHODE-RAY 



variety of American grape; a light 
wine made from this grape. 

catcall (kat'kawl)y n. a squeaking 
instrmnent used in theaters to ex- 
press disapproval: v.t. to express 
disapproval of by a catcall. 

catch (kach), v.L [pi. & p.p. caught, 
p.pr. catching], to seize or grasp; 
lay hold of suddenly; intercept; 
take captive; apprehend by the in- 
tellect or senses; take, by conta- 
gion, infection, or sympathy; at- 
tack, or communicate to, as a fire; 
come upon unexpectedly; come up 
to; reach in time: n. the act of seiz- 
ing or grasping; that which is 
caught or taken; gain; something 
desirable to be caught; anything 
that seizes or checks motion; a 
song, the parts of which are caught 
up by different voices. 

catchpenny (kach'pen-i) , n. {pi. 
catchpennies (-iz) ], an article of 
little value got up attractively to 
effect a quick sale. 

catchup (kach'up), n. a sauce made 
from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, 
&c. Also catsup, ketchup. 

catechetical (kat-e-ket'ik-§I), adj. 
consisting of questions and answers. 

catechetically (-h), adv. by way of 
question and answer. 

catechetics (kat-e-ket'iks), n. the 
art or practice of instructing by 
means of question and answer. 

catechin (kat'e-kin), n. a tannic 
acid extracted from catechu. 

catechism (kat'e-kizm), n. an ele- 
mentary manual of instruction in 
the form of question and answer, 
especially in the principles of the 
Christian rehgion. 

catechist (kat'e-kist), n. one who 
instructs by question and answer; 
a catechizer. 

catechize (kat'e-kiz), v.t. to instruct 
by means of questions and answers, 
and offering explanations, especially 
to instruct on points of Christian 
dogma; interrogate or examine. 

catechu (kat'e-ku), n. a brown 
astringent extract used in the arts 



and as a _ medicine. Called also 
terra japonica and cutch. 

catechumen (kat-e-ku'men), n. one 
who is under religious instruction 
prior to receiving baptism ; a beginner 
in the first principles of knowledge. 

categorical (kat-e-gor'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to a category; absolute; 
unconditional. 

categorically (-li), adv. in a cate- 
gorical manner; absolutely. 

category (kaV^-go-ri), n." [pi. cate- 
gories (-riz) ], one of the highest 
classes to which the objects of 
knowledge or thought can be re- 
duced, and by which they may be 
arranged into a system. 

cater (ka'ter), v.i. to supply food, 
amusement, &c. [w4th for and to]. 

caterpillar (kat'er-pirer), n. the hairy 
worm-like larva of a butterfly or 
lepidopterous insect. 

caterwaul (kat'er-wawl), v.i. to cry, 
as cats at night; to utter harsh 
discordant sounds. 

catfish (kat'fish), n. a fish remark- 
able for its voracity; bullhead; pout. 

catgut (kat'gut), n. a kind of cord 
made from the intestines of animals, 
usually sheep, and used as strings 
for musical instruments and some 
other purposes; a string of this 
kind; a kind of open canvas. 

cathartic (ka-thar'tik), adj. purga- 
tive: n. a purgative medicine. 

cat-head (kat'hed), n. a beam pro- 
jecting from a ship's bows to which 
the anchor is secured. 

cathedral (ki-the'drM), n. the chief 
church in a diocese in which is the 
throne of a bishop: adj. pertaining 
to a cathedral. 

catheter (kath'e-ter), a tubular in- 
strument to withdraw urine from 
the bladder. 

cathion (kath'i-on), n. the electro- 
positive ion evolved at the cathode 
in electrolysis. 

cathode (kath'od), n. the negative 
' pole of a current : opposed to anode. 
Written also kathode. 

cathode-ray (kath'od-ra), n. the 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut* think, ih^u. 



CATHOLIC 



182 



CAUSE 



stream of electrons in an electric 
bulb which generates the X-ray. 

catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. universal; 
general; embracing all; liberal; 
large-hearted; free from prejudice; 
including all mankind. 

Catholic (kath'o-hk), adj, pertain- 
ing to the Church of Rome: n, a 
member of the Universal or Cath- 
olic Church, or of the Roman 
Church. 

Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm), n. the 
belief of, or adherence to, the Cath- 
olic Church or faith, especially to 
that of the Roman Catholic Church. 

catholicity (kath-ol-is'i-ti), n, the 
quality of being catholic. 

Catholicize (k^-thori-siz), v.t. to con- 
vert to the Roman Catholic Church. 

catkin (kat'kin), n, the pendulous 
inflorescence of the willow, birch, &c. 

catling (kat'ling), n, a little cat; 
kitten; the down or moss resem- 
bling cat's hair which grows on cer- 
tain trees. 

catmint (kat'mint), catnip (kat'- 
nip), n. a strong-scented perennial 
herb, much liked by cats. 

catopsis (ki,-top'sis), n, morbidly 
keen vision. 

catoptric (k^-top'trik), adj, relating 
to catoptrics. 

catoptric light (lit), n. form of 
light, used in lighthouses, in which 
reflectors are used in the place of 
prisms and lenses. 

catoptrically (-li), adv, by reflec- 
tion. 

catoptrics QcS^-top'triks), n. that 
branch of optics which treats of 
the principles of reflected light. 

cattle (kat'l), n. sing. & pi, live 
stock, especially oxen, bulls and 
cows. 

cattle-plague (-plag), n. a popular 
name for the rinderpest. 

Caucasian (kaw-ka'shi-^n or kaw- 
kash'i-§,n), adj. of or pertaining to 
the Caucasus, a mountainous range 
between the Black and the Caspian 
Seas; of or pertaining to the Euro- 
pean Aryans. 



caucus (kawlius), n. a preliminary 
meeting of representatives of a po- 
litical party, to decide upon a line 
of Dolicy to be submitted to a con- 
vention or larger meeting; a party 
combination for influencing elec- 
tions: vd, to hold, or meet in, a 
caucus. 

caudal (kaw'dal), adj. pertaining to 
a tail. 

caudate (kaw'dat), adj. having a 
tail; having a tail-like appendage. 

caudle (kaw'dl), n. a warm drink 
made of wine or ale, spiced or sug- 
ared, and mixed with bread, eggs, 
&c., for sick persons, or for women 
in childbed. 

caught, p.t. & p.p. of catch. 

caul (kawl), n. a net or covering for 
the head; a small net; a mem- 
brane covering the lower intes- 
tines; a part of the amnion or mem- 
brane of the fetus, sometimes inclos- 
ing a child's head at birth. 

cauldron (kawl'dron), n. a large 
kettle or boiler 

cauliflower (kawli-flou-er), n. a 
garden variety of cabbage with an 
edible flowering head. 

caulk. See calk. 

causal (kaw'zM), adj. relating to or 
expressing cause; creative: n. a 
word that expresses a cause, or in- 
troduces a reason. 

causally (-li), adv. as a cause.' 

causality (kaw-zal'i-ti), n. [pi. cau- 
salities (-tiz) ], the relation of cause 
to effect; the supposed faculty of 
tracing effects to causes. 

causation (kaw-za'shun), n. the act 
of causing or producing; relation 
between cause and effect. 

causative (kaw'za-tiv), adj. that 
causes; effective as a cause; ex- 
pressing causation. 

cause (kawz), n. that which pro- 
duces or contributes to a result; a 
reason; motive; principle; subject 
in debate; a side or party; a suit i 
or action; a case for judicial de- 
cision: v.t. to act as an agent in 
producing an effect; produce. 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQn. 



p 



CAUSEWAY 



183 



CEASE 



causeway (kawzVa), or causey 
('zi), n, Sb pathway raised and 
paved with stone; a highway. 

caustic (kaws'tik), adj, burning; hot; 
corrosive; sarcastic; cutting; pun- 
gent: n. a substance which burns. 

caustic-potash (pot 'ash), n. potas- 
sium as a powerful cautery, much 
used in medicine, the arts, and 
manufactures. 

caustic-soda (so'dS.), n. sodium hy- 
drate, a white sohd substance, 
largely used in soap-making. 

caustically (-li), adv, in a caustic 
mannei. 

caust.city (kaws-tis'i-ti), n, the 
quality of being caustic. 

cauterant (kaw'ter-^nt), n. a cau- 
terizing substance. 

cauterization (kaw-ter-i-za'shun), n. 
the act of cauterizing. 

cauterize (kaw'ter-iz), v.t, to burn 
or sear with a hot iron, or with 
cauterants. 

cautery (kaw'ter-i), n. [pi. cauteries 
(-iz)], a burning or searing; an in- 
strument or drug used for such a 
purpose. 

caution (kaw'shun), n, heedfulness; 
prudence in regard to danger; 
watchfulness; an admonition; some- 
thing to occasion amazement or 
fear: v.t, to warn. 

cautionary (kaw'shun-a-ri) , adj, con- 
taining a caution; given as a pledge 
or security. 

cautious (kaw'shus), adj. exercising 
caution; heedful; wary; vigilant; 
circumspect. 

cavalcade (kav-§;l-kad'), n. a train 
or procession of persons, chiefly on 
horseback. 

cavalier (kav-a-ler'), n. an armed 
horseman, especially a knight or 
gentleman soldier; a gallant; a gay 
military man; a beau or attendant 
upon a lady; a partisan of Charles 
I. in his struggle with the Parlia- 
ment; an elevation for cannon with- 
in a bastion: adj. gay; sprightly; 
frank; careless; haughty; supercili- 
ous. 



cavalierly (kav-i^-lerli), adv. in a 
haughty or supercilious manner. 

cavallard (kav-al-yard'), a drove of 
horses or mules. 

cavalry (kav'al-ri), n. horse soldiers. 

cavatina (kav-a-te'na), n. a short 
simple melody. 

cave (kav), n. a hollow place in the 
earth; a large natural cavity; a 
den; cavern: v.t. to hollow out. 

caveat (kaVe-at), n. Sb notice filed 
to stop procedure, except after 
warning to the caveator; notice of 
intention to apply for a patent. 

cave-bear (-bar), n. a fossil bear be- 
longing to the Quarternary epoch. 

cave-man (-man), n. a man belong- 
ing to the prehistoric race who 
inhabited caves. 

cavern (kav'ern), n. a large natural 
hollow under the earth; a den; cave. 

cavernous (kav'er-nus), adj. hollow 
hke a cav^n; filled with small 
cavities. 

caviare (kav-i-ar'), or caviar (-i-ar'),^. 
the roes of certain large fish, especially 
the sturgeon, salted and dried. 

cavil (kav'il), v.i. [p.L & p.p. cav- 
iled, p.pr. caviling], to raise cap- 
tious or frivolous objections; carp 
[followed by at]: n, a captious or 
frivolous objection. 

cavity (kav'i-ti), n, [pi. cavities 
(-tiz)], a hoUow place or part. 

cavo-rilievo (ka'vo-re-lia-vo), n. a 
relief in which the highest surface 
only is level with the plane of the 
original stone. Also cavo-relievo. 

cavort (ki.-v6rt0, v.i. to prance about, 
as a horse; to bustle around briskly 
or eagerly. 

caw (kaw), v.i. to cry like a crow, 
rook, or raven: n. the cry of the 
crow, &c. 

cayenne (ki-en' or ka-enO, n. a kind 
of pepper made from the seeds and 
fruit of various species of the genus 
Capsicum. 

cease (ses), v.i. to come to an end; 
' stop; desist [followed by from be- 
fore a noun]: v.t. to put a stop to; 
end. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CEDAR 



184 



CEMETERY 



cedar (se'dix), n, the name of sev- 
eral evergreen trees, having wood 
of great durability and fragrance: 
adj, pertaining to, or made of, 
cedar. 

cede (sed), v.t, give up or surrender. 

cedilla (se-dil'S), n, a mark placed 
under c to indicate the sound of Sj 
as in French lecon, 

ceii (sel), v.t, to overlay or cover the 
inner surface of a roof; furnish 
with a ceiling. 

ceiling (sealing), n. the inner roof 
of an apartment. 

celandine (seran-din), n. the name 
of two perennial plants of the pop- 
py family, the greater celandine and 
lesser celandine. 

celebrant (sere-bri.nt), n. one who 
celebrates, especially the principal 
officiating priest in offering mass or 
celebrating the Eucharist. 

celebrate (seFe-brat), v.t. to praise, 
extol, or honor; commemorate; dis- 
tinguish by solemn ceremonies. 

celebration (sel-e-bra'shun), n, the 
act of celebrating ; an observance or 
ceremony to celebrate anything. 

celebrity (se-leb'ri-ti), n, [yl. celeb- 
rities (-tiz) ], fame; renown; dis- 
tinction; a renowned person. 

celerity (se-ler'i-ti), n. rapidity; swift- 
ness. 

celery (sel'e-ri), n, a plant cultivated 
for a salad and vegetable. 

celeste (se-lesf), n. sky-blue. 

celestial (se-les'tial), adj. of or per- 
taining to the sky or heavens: 
heavenly; supremely excellent. 

Celestial (se4es'ti§.l), n. an inhabi- 
tant of heaven; a native of China. 

Celestial Empire (em'pir), n, China. 

celestially (-li), adv, in a celestial 
or heavenly manner. 

celibacy (sel'l-ba-si), n, the state of 
being unmarried; single life, espe- 
cially that of a bachelor, or one 
bound by vows to an unmarried 
life. 

celibate (sel'i-bat), n. one who is 
unmarried or practices celibacy: adj, 
unmarried. 



cell (sel), n, a small room in a mon- 
astery, convent, or prison; a small 
or mean place of residence; a small 
cavity; a minute mass of contractile 
protoplasm forming the structural 
unit of every organized body; a sin- 
gle element or jar of a galvanic bat- 
tery; a small religious house at- 
tached to a monastery or convent; 
the interval between the ribs of a 
vaulted roof. 

cellar (ser§,r), n. a vault for storing 
provisions, wine, fuel, &c. 

cello (chero), n, [pi, cellos ('oz), 
ItaKan celli ('le) ], a violoncello. 

cellon (kel'on), n, transparent mate- 
rial designed for German aeroplane 
wings to render the machines in- 
visible. 

cellular (seru-l§,r), adj. formed of 
cells. 

celluloid (sel'u-loid), n. a compound 
of camphor and gun-cotton, resem- 
bling ivory. 

cellulose (sel'u-los), or celluline 
(-Hn), n, the substance resembling 
and allied to starch which forms cel- 
lular plant tissue: adj, containing 
or composed of cells. 

celt (selt), n. an instrument or weapon 
of stone or metal, resembling a 
chisel or blade of an axe, found in 
ancient tumuli. 

Celtic (sel/tik), or Keltic (kel'-), 
adj. pertaining to the Kelts. 

celticism (sel'ti-sizm), or kelticism 
(kel'-), n. a Keltic custom or idiom. 

Celtist (sel'tist), or Keltist (kel'-), 
a student of Keltic antiquities, lan- 
guages, &c. 

cement (se-menf or sem'ent), n, any 
adhesive substance which makes two 

, bodies cohere; mortar; a bond of 
union; the bony layer which forms 
the outear substance! of the fang of a 
tooth: v,t, to unite with cement; unite 

• firmly or closely : , v.i. become solid. 

cementation (sem-en-ta'shun), n, the 
act of cementing; a process for 
converting iron into steel, glass into 
porcelain, &c. 

cemetery (sem'e-ter-i), n, [pL ceme- 



&te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not^ boom, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



CENOBITE 



185 



CENTER OF GRAVITY 



teries (-iz) ], a public burial ground. 

cenobite (sen'o-bit), n. one of a re- 
ligious order living in a convent or 
in community, 

cenotaph (sen'o-taf), n, an empty 
tomb, or a monument erected in 
honor of a person buried elsewhere. 

censer (sen'ser), n. a covered cup- 
shaped vessel pierced with holes, in 
which incense is burned; a thurible. 

censor (sen'ser), n. one of two mag- 
istrates of ancient Rome who im- 
posed taxes and regulated the mor- 
als and manners of the community; 
an ofificial appointed to examine 
books, manuscripts, plays, &c., prior 
to publication or performance to as- 
certain there is nothing immoral or 
offensive in them ; one who censures 
or blames; a critic; at Cambridge 
University, a collegiate official sim- 
ilar to a dean. 

censorial (sen-so'ri-il), adj. pertain- 
ing to a censor; censorious. 

censorious (sen-so'ri-us), adj. ad- 
dicted to, or expressing, censure; 
carping; critical. 

censurable (sen'shur-i-bl), adj. blam- 
able. 

censure (sen'shur), n. blame; re- 
proof; the act of finding fault; a 
sentence or penalty of an ecclesias- 
tical court: v.t. to find fault with or 
condemn; criticise adversely. 

census (sen'sus), n. a quinquennial 
registration of the numbers and 
property of Roman citizens for the 
purpose of taxation; in modern us- 
age, an off cial enumeration of the in- 
habitants of a country, with details 
of sex, age, occupation, &c., taken 
in the United States decennially. 

cent (sent), n, the 1-100 th part of a 
dollar. 

cental (sen'ti.1), adj. pertaining to or 
consisting of a hundred : n. a weight 
for corn = 100 lb. avoirdupois. 

centare (sang-tar'), n. in the metric 
system, one hundredth part of an 
are; one square meter. 

centaur (sen'tawr), n. a fabulous 
being, half man and half horse. 



centeneuian ^ (sen-te-na'ri-§,n), adj. 
of, or pertaining to, a centenary or 
of a person a hundi'ed years old : n, 
a person of such an age or older. 

centenary (sen'te-na-ri), n, [pZ. cen- 
tenaries (-riz) ], the space of a hun- 
dred years; the commemoration of 
the himdredth anniversary of an 
event: adj. relating to, or consisting 
of, a hundred; recurring once in a 
century. 

centennial (sen-ten 'i-M), adj. con- 
sisting of, or enduring, a hundred 
years; taking place once in a hun- 
dred years: n. the commemoration 
of a 100th anniversary. 

centennially (-li),ad v. once in a 100 
years. 

center (sen'ter), n. the middle point 
of anything; the nucleus around 
which things are collected; a title of 
the leaders of certain organizations; 
the name of certain members of a 
legislative assembly who hold mod- 
erate views and occupy a place be- 
tween the Conservative party on the 
right, and the Radicals on the left; 
the circle or square next to the 
bull's-eye; a shot which hits such 
a division; a conical pin, by which 
the work is secured and around 
which it revolves; troops in a hne 
between the wings; in a fleet, the 
column or division between the van 
and the rear, or between the weath- 
er division and the lee: v.t. to place 
on a center; collect to a point; to 
form a recess for the reception of a 
center: v.i. to be placed in the cen- 
ter; meet in one point or focus. 

center-bit (-bit), n. a carpenter's 
tool turning upon a center for bor- 
ing holes. 

center-board (bord), n. a keel so con- 
structed that it maybe raised within 
the vessel or lowered at pleasure: 
it is extensively used by racing craft. 

center of gravity (of grav'i-ti), n. 

that point of a body through which 

' the resultant of all the forces acting 

upon it in consequence of the earth's 

attraction will pass. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CENTERING 



186 



CEPHALIC 



centering (sen'ter-ing), n. the wood- 
work or timber framing by which 
vaulted work is supported during 
construction. 

centesimal (sen-tes'i-mal), adj. hun- 
dredth : n. a hundredth part. 

centiare (sen'ti-ar, French sang-ti-ar'), 
n, a centare. 

centigrade (sen'ti-grad), adj. gradu- 
ated or divided into a hundred de- 
grees. 

centigram or centigramme (sen'- 
ti-gram), n. a measure of weight = 
100th of a gramme (.15432 of a 
grair troy). 

centiliter (sen'ti-le-tr, French sang'-), 
n. a measure of capacity = the 
hundredth part of a hter (.6102 of 
an inch). 

centime (sang-tem'), n, a small 
French coin = the hundredth part 
of a franc. 

centimeter (sen'ti-me-tr, French 
sang'-), n. a measure of length = 
100th of a meter (.3937 inch). 

centiped (sen'ti-ped), or centipede 
(-ped), n. the term applied to an 
articulated animal with numerous 
feet belonging to the class Myriap- 
oda, popularly supposed to have a 
hundred feet, whence the* name. 

cento (sen'to), n. [pL centos ('toz) ], 
a literary or musical composition 
formed by selections from various 
authors or composers, and arranged 
in a new order. 

central (sen'tr§,l), adj. relating to, or 
situated in, the center. 

centrally (- li) , adv. in a central manner. 

centralism (sen'tr§,l-izm), n. the 
state or quality of being central; 
centralization. 

central! ty (sen-tral'i-ti), n. the quali- 
ty of being central. 

centralization (sen-trM-i-za'shun), n. 
the act of bringing all local ad- 
ministrations under one central gov- 
ernment. 

centralize (sen'trM-iz), v.t. to draw 
or bring to a center; bring all ad- 
ministrations under one central gov- 
ernment. 



centre (sen'ter), n. same as center. 

centric (sen'trik), or centrical (-M), 
adj. placed in the center; central. 

centricity (sen-tris'i-ti), n. the state 
of being centric. 

centrifugal (sen-trif'u-gal), adj. tend- 
ing or causing to fly off from the 
center; radiating from a central 
focus; expanding first at the sum- 
mit and later at the base. 

centrifugally (-li), adv. from the 
center. 

centrifugence (sen-trif'u-jens), n. a 
tendency to fly off from the center. 

centripetal (sen-trip 'e-tM), adj. 
tending or causing to approach the 
center: opposed to centrifugal; ex- 
panding first at the base and then 
at the summit. 

centripetal railway (ral'wa), n. a 
railway constructed with a single 
rail to support the carriage, and two 
side rails to steady it. 

centripetally (-li), adv. in a cen- 
tripetal manner. 

centumvir (sen-tum'ver), n. [pL 
centumvirs (-verz); Latin centum- 
viri ('vi-rl) ], one of a body of 105 
Roman judges, appointed annually 
to try civil causes. 

centumvirate (sen-tum'vi-rat), n. 
the office of a centumvir, or the cen- 
tum viri; a body composed of a hun- 
dred men. 

centuple (sen'tu-pl), adj. hundred- 
fold: v.t. to multiply or increase a 
hundredfold. 

centurion (sen-tu'ri-un), n. a mili- 
tary officer commanding a hundred 
men. 

century (-sen'tti-ri), n. [pi. centuries 
(-riz) ], a hundred; a hundred years, 
especially of the Christian era; a 
division of the Roman people; a 
sub-division of a legion. 

century-plant (-plant), n. a name 
of the American aloe, from the sup- 
position that it flowered once only 
in a hundred years. 

cephalalgia (sef-§.-lal'ji-&), n. head- 
ache. 

cephalic (sef'^-lik or se-fal'ik), adj. 



ite, arm, S;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,j 
book; hue, hut; think, then. I 



CEPHALITIS 



187 



CERTAINTY 



pertaining to the head; forming the 
front or forepart of a body or organ. 

cephalitis (sef-a-li'tis), n, inflamma- 
tion of the brain or its membranes. 

i oephalopod (sef 'a-lo-pod), adj. of or 
pertaining to the Cephalopoda: n, a 
member of the Cephalopoda. 

Cephalopoda (sef-a-lop'o-di), n.pl. 
the highest class of the Mollusca, 
having a distinct head with tenta- 
cles attached. The nautilus and oc- 
topus belong to this class. 

ceraceous (se-ra'shus), adj. having 

the texture and color of new wax. 
j ceramic (se-ram'ik), or keramic 
(ke-), adj. of or pertaining to pot- 
tery or the fictile arts: n.j)l. work 
executed wholly or partly in clay 
and baked ; the fictile arts. 

cerate (se'rat), n. a thick ointment 
of wax, &c. 

ceratin (ser'§<-tin) , n. homy tissue. 

ceratoid (ser'a-toid), adj. horny. 

ceratoplasty (ser'a-to-plas-ti), n. the 
replacement of the cornea by one 
taken from an animal. 

cere (ser), n. the naked skin at the 
base of the bill of many birds, as the 
parrot. 

cere (ser), v.t. to cover or close with 
wax. 

cereal (se're-M), adj. pertaining to, 
or producing, wheat or edible grain; 
n. edible grain. 

cerebellum (ser-e-bel'um), n. [pi. 
cerebella ('§.)], the hinder and low- 
er part of the brain in vertebrate 
animals; the little brain. 

cerebral (ser'e-br&l), adj. of or per- 
taining to the brain. 

cerebral hemisphere (hem'is-f er) , 
n. one of the two lateral halves of 
the cerebrum. 

cerebralism (ser'e-br^l-izm), n. the 
theory that mental operations arise 
from activity of the brain or cere- 
brum. 

cerebrate (ser'e-brat), v.i. to have 
the brain in action. Also cerebrize. 

cerebration (ser-e-bra'shun), n. the 
conscious or unconscious action of 
the brain. 



cerebric (ser'e-brik), adj. pertaining 
to, or derived from, the brain. 

cerebrin (ser'e-brin), n. a name for 
several nitrogenous substances ob- 
tained from brain- and nerve- matter. 

cerebritis (ser-e-bri'tis), n. inflam- 
mation of cerebrum or brain. 

cerebrum (ser'e-brum), n. [pi. cere- 
bra (-bra)], the superior and larger 
part of the brain: the seat of the 
mind and will. 

cerecloth (ser'kloth), n. a cloth sat- 
urated with wax or some gummy 
substance, used for wrapping em- 
balmed bodies in. 

cerement (ser'ment), n. a grave-cloth 
or shroud: pi. grave-clothes. 

ceremonial (ser-e-mo'ni-al), adj. re- 
lating to, or performed with, exter- 
nal rites or ceremonies: n. the pre- 
scribed order for a ceremony or 
function. 

ceremonialism (ser-e-mo'ni-il-izm), 
n. adherence to, or fondness for, 
ceremonial observance; ritualism. 

ceremonially (-li), adv, according 
to rites and ceremonies. 

ceremonious (ser-e-mo'ni-us), adj. 
full of ceremony; punctilious of pre- 
scribed formahties; according to pre- 
scribed form or usage; fond of 
using ceremony; precise. 

ceremony (ser'e-mo-ni), n. [pi. cere- 
monies (-niz)], a sacred rite or ob- 
servance; a prescribed rite or for- 
mality; behavior regulated by the 
laws of strict etiquette. 

ceriph (ser'if), n. one of the fine 
lines of a printing type, especially a 
stroke at the bottom or top of a 
letter. Also serif . 

cerium (se'ri-um), n. a rare metalUc 
element. 

cereography (se-rog'r^-fi), n. the art 
of writing or engraving on wax; 
wax painting; encaustic painting. 

certain (ser 'tin), adj. sure; beyond 
a doubt; fixed or stated; indefinite. 

certainly (ser'tin-H), adv, surely; 
. without any doubt. 

certainty (ser'tin-ti) , n. [pi. certain- 
ties (-tiz)], full assurance. 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tk&n. 



CERTES 



188 



CHAGRIN 



certes (ser'tez), adv, certainly; as- 
suredly. 

certificate (ser-tif'i-kat), n. writ- 
ten testimony to the truth of any 
fact; a testimonial as to character 
or ability; a statement written and 
signed and legally authenticated: 
v.t, to give a certificate to; to at- 
test or vouch for by certificate. 

certification (ser-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of certifying. 

certify (ser'ti-fi), v.t. [pd, & p.p, 
certified, p.pr» certifying], to testify 
to or to make known in writing; as- 
sure. 

certiorari (ser-shi-o-ra'rl), n. a writ 
issuing from a superior court calling 
for the records of an inferior court, 
or to remove a case from a court 
below. 

certitude (ser'ti-tud), adj. certainty; 
freedom from doubt; assurance. 

certosina-work (cher-to-se'n^-werk) , 
n, a kind of inlaid work of light 
and dark woods, or ivory and wood. 

cerulean (se-roole-^n), adj, sky-col- 
ored. 

cerulin (se'roo-lin), n. an olive-green 
dye. 

cerumen (se-r66'men), yellow matter 
secreted in the outer ear-tube. 

ceruse (se'roos), n. white-lead, used 
as a pigment.^ 

cervical (serVi-ki,l), adj. of or per- 
taining to the neck. 

cervine (ser'vin), adj. of, or per- 
taining to, the deer family; of a 
tawny or fawn color. 

cess (ses), v.t, to impose a tax; as- 
sess: n. a rate or tax, especially 
the land tax. 

cessation (ses-sa'shun), n. the act of 
ceasing. 

cession (sesh'un), n. a yielding up, 
as of territory, property, or rights; 
the surrender of a benefice by an 
incumbent who has accepted another 
living. 

cessionary (sesh'un-a-ri), adj. a giv- 
ing or yielding up. 

cesspool (ses'pool), n. a deep hole in 
the ground, or the well of a drain. 



for the reception of filth; any foul 
receptacle. 

cestus (ses'tus), n. [pi. cestus (ses'- 
tus) ], a kind of glove used by an- 
cient boxers, frequently loaded with 
lead or iron, and secured by leathern 
thongs to the hands and arms. 

cetacean (se-tti'shun), adj. pertain- 
ing to the Cetacea, formerly a group 
of marine mammalia which included 
the whales: n. a whale; an animal 
belonging to the order Cete. 

cete (se'te), n.pL an order of the 
mammalia, containing the true 
whales, dolphins, &c. 

cetic acid (se'tik as'id), n. an acid 
obtained from spermaceti. 

cetin (se'tin), n. a white waxy sub- 
stance forming the essential part of 
spermaceti. 

chafe ^ (chaf), v.t to make warm by 
friction; to wear away or make sore 
by rubbing; ^ irritate; annoy: n. 
mental irritation caused by contin- 
ued annoyance; vexation: v.i. to be 
worn by friction; be irritated or an- 
noyed; fret. 

chafer (cha'fer), n. the cockchafer. ^ 

chaff (chaf), n. the husk of grain, 
especially when separated by thresh- 
ing, &c.; straw or hay cut fine for 
cattle; anything worthless. 

chafE (chaf), v.t. to banter; make 
game of: v.i. to use bantering lan- 
guage: n. banter. 

chaffer (chafer), n. the act of bar- 
gaining: v.i. to haggle about a pur- 
chase. 

chaffinch (chaf 'inch), n. a bird, so 
named from its feeding on grain. 

chaff weed (chaf 'wed), n. a plant al« 
lied to the pimpernel. 

chaffy (chafi), adj. resembling, or 
full of, chaff; anything light or 
worthless. 

chafing-dish (-dish), n. a small 
portable grate for coals; a vessel to 
hold live coal to keep meat, &c., hot, 

chagrin (sh§;-grin' or -gren'), vexa- 
tion due to disappointment; ill- 
humor; mortification: v.t. to excite 
vexation in; mortify. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut: think, then. 



CHAIN 



189 



CHANCE 



chain (chan), w. a connected series 
of links or rings fitted into one an- 
other; a bond; a measure of 100 
links = 66 ft. ; the warp threads of 
a web: v.t. to fasten, secure, or con- 
nect with a chain; enslave; to unite 
firmly; fasten. 

chain-gang (-gang), n. Sb gang of 
convicts working together in chains. 

chain-mail (-mal), n. flexible armor 
formed of metal links interwoven. 

chain-stitch (-stich), n. an orna- 
mental stitch resembling a chain; a 
loop-stitch made by a sewing ma- 
chine. 

chair (char), n. a movable seat with 
a back for one person; an official 
seat; a professorship; the presiding 
officer of an assembly; an iron 
socket fastened to the sleeper w^hich 
receives and secures railroad metals: 
v,t, to carry publicly in a chair in 
triumph; to install. 

chairman (char'min), n. [pi. chair- 
men ('men) ], the president of an 
assembly, meeting, public company, 
&c. 

chaise (shaz), n. a light two-wheeled 
carriage; a carriage in general. 

chalcedony (kal'se-do-ni or kal-sed'- 
o-ni), a cryptocrystalline variety of 
quartz, resembhng diluted milk. 
Also calcedony. 

chaldron (chawl'dron) , ?i. a measure 
for coke = 36 bush. (253^ cwt.). 

chalet (sh^-laO, n, a Swiss cottage 
or herdsman's dwelling; a small 
country house built in such style. 

chalice (chal'is), n, a cup; a Euchar- 
ist cup. 

chalk (chawk), n. a soft limestone 
rock composed of carbonate of lime ; 
prepared chalk for drawing: v.t. to 
mark, rub, or manure with chalk. 

chalkstone (-ston), n. a chalky con- 
cretion in the joints. 

chalkiness (chawk'i-nes), n. the 
state of being chalky. 

chalky (chawk 'i), adj. containing, or 
resembhng, chalk. 

challenge (chaFenj), n. an invitation 
to a contest ; a summons to fight ; a 



duel; an objection taken to a voter 
or juror; the demand of a soldier on 
sentry: v.t. to smnmons to a con- 
test; invite to a duel; defy; take 
exception to. 

challengeable (charenj-§,-bl), adj, 
that may be challenged. 

challis (shal'e), n. a Hght all-wool 
fabric. 

chalybeate (k§.-lib'e-at), adj. im- 
pregnated with iron. 

chalybite (kari-bit), n. native car- 
bonate of iron; siderite. 

chamber (cham'ber), n. an apart- 
ment; especially a bedroom; a pri- 
vate room; a political or commercial 
body; a cavity; that part of a gun, 
&c., which contains the charge: pi. 
a suite of rooms; a judge's private 
room: v.t. to inclose; furnish with 
a chamber. 

chamberlain (cham'berlan), n. an 
officer who has charge of the private 
apartments of a sovereign or noble- 
man; a male serv^ ant who lias charge 
of a suite of rooms ; the treasurer of 
a city or corporation. 

chameleon (k^-me1e-un), n. an in- 
sectivorous lizard-Uke reptile, pos- 
sessing the power of changing its 
color. 

chamfer (cham'fer), n. a small fur- 
row cut in wood or metal; a bevel: 
v.t. to groove, channel or flute. 

champ (champ), v.t. to bite with the 
teeth repeatedly and impatiently: 
n. the act of champing. 

champagne (sham-pan'), n. a light 
sparkling effervescent wine. 

champaign (sham-pan'), n. flat open 
country: adj. level, open. 

champerty (cham'per-ti), n. the 
maintenance of a party in a suit on 
condition that, if successful, the 
property is to be shared. 

champion (cham'pi-un), n. one who 
defends the cause of another, by 
combat or other means; a hero; 
valiant warrior; a successful com- 
-petitor against all rivals: v.t. to de- 
fend or support a cause. 

chance (chans), n. an unforeseen 



ate, arm, S^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CHANCEL 



190 



CHAPLAIN 



event; an accident; a possibility; 
opportunity; risk: v,i, to happen; 
occur without design or expectation: 
v.L to risk (with it), 

chancel (chan'sel), n. that part in a 
church where the altar stands; the 
sanctuary. 

chancellor (chan'sel-er), n. b, judge 
of a court of equity or chancery; 
the president or highest official of 
a university; a vicar-general; the 
president of the German Federal 
Council. 

chance-medley (-medii), n. justi- 
fiable homicide in self-defense. 

chancery (chan'ser-i), n. originally 
in England, next to Parliament, the 
highest Court of Justice, since 1873 
a division of the High Court of Jus- 
tice; a court of Equity. 

chandelier (shan-de-ler'), n, a hang- 
ing frame with branches for lights. 
. chandler (chand'ler), n, a maker or 
vendor of candles; a dealer or mer- 
chant. 

change (chanj), vd. to alter; sub- 
stitute; exchange or give an equiva- 
lent for; render acid or tainted: 
v,i, undergo change; suffer altera- 
tion; pass from one place to another ; 
deteriorate: n. an alteration or 
variation; a passing from one state 
or form^ to another; vicissitude; 
small coin; balance returned after 
deduction of amount paid. 

changeability (chanj-^-bil'i-ti), n. 
liability to change. 

changeable (chanj 'a-bl), adj, fickle. 

changeling (chanj 'Hng), n, a child 
left in place of another; an idiot; a 
waverer. 

channel (chan'el), n. the bed of a 
stream; a watercourse; the deepest 
part of a strait, bay, harbor, &c.j a 
wide arm of the sea extending in- 
land; a groove; a medium of con- 
veyance: yl. planks bolted to the 
outside of a ship to extend the rig- 
ging: v,U to cut into a channel; 
groove. 

chant (ch§,nt), v.U to sing; intone: 
v.i. make melody with the voice; go 



in full cry, as hounds: n. a song; a 
solemn or monotonous song. 

chanter (chan'ter), n. one who 
chants; the drone of a bagpipe; a 
horse-coper. 

chantey (chan'ti), n. a song sung 
by sailors at work; marked by a 
strongly defined measure or accent. 

chanticleer (chan'ti-kler), n, a cock. 

chaos (ka'os), n, the confused matter 
out of which the universe was 
formed; confusion. 

chaotic (ka-ot'ik), adj. resembling 
chaos. 

chaotically (-il-H), adv. in a chaotic 
manner. 

chap (chap), 2;i. [p.t, & p.p. chapped: 
p.pr. chapping], to cause to crack or 
open longitudinally: v.i. to have the 
skin crack: n. a longitudinal crack 
or slit. 

chap (chap\, n. a fellow. 

chap (chap, or chop), n, one of the 
jaws or its fleshy covering (usually 
pZ.); the mouth of a channel. 

chaparral (chap-a-ral'), n. a dense 
tlncket. 

chap-book (chapl^ook), n. a small 
book, usually of fairy tales, ro- 
mances, &c., formerly hawked about 
by chapmen. 

chapeau (sha'po), n. {pi, chapeaux 
(-poz)], a hat or head covering.^ 

chapel (chap 'el), n. a subordinate 
place of public worship; a place of 
worship in a palace, institution, &c.; 
a nonconformist place of worship; 
an association of journeymen in a 
printing house. 

chapelry (chap'el-ri), n. [pi, chapel- 
ries (-riz)], the district legally as- 
signed to a chapel dependent upon 
the mother church. 

chaperon (shap'er-on), n, a married 
lady who accompanies young ladies 
in public: v,t, to act as a chaperon 
to. 

chapf alien (chap'faw-len), adj. de- 
jected. 

chapiter (chap'i-ter), n, the upperj 
part or capital of a pillar. 11 

chaplain (chap'lin), n. a clergyman* 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&a, I 



CHAPLAINCY 



191 



CHART 



who performs service in the army, 
navy, a public institution, a royal or 
private household. 

chaplaincy (chap'lin-si), n, the office 
or status of a chaplain. 

chaplet (chap 'let), n, a wreath or 
garland encircling the head; a 
rosary; a round molding carved into 
beads, oHves, &c. 

chapman (chap 'man), n. [pi. chap- 
men ('men)], formerly a merchant 
or trader; a hawker. 

chappie (chap'i), n, familiar for 
chap. 

chapter (chap'ter), n. a division of a 
book; the clergy of a cathedral or 
collegiate church; a meeting of cer- 
tain organized societies or orders. 

char (char), n. work by the day; a 
single job; a chore: v.i. to work in 
the house of another by the day; do 
odd jobs; do chores. 

char (char), y.^. fpJ. <fe p.p. charred, 
p.pr. charring], burn or reduce to 
charcoal; bum partially. 

character (kar'ak-ter), n. a letter, 
sign, or figure; distinctive quahties 
or traits; moral excellence; a cer- 
tificate as to conduct or ability. 

characteristic (kar-ak-ter-is'tik), 
adj. pertaining to or indicating the 
character. 

characteristically (-al-H), adv. in a 
characteristic manner. 

characterization (kar-ak-ter-i-za'- 
shun), n. the act of characterizing. 

characterize (kar'ak-ter-iz), v.t. de- 
scribe by pecuUar qualities; mark 
or distinguish. 

characterless (kar'ak-ter-less), adj. 
wanting in character or moral excel- 
lence. 

charade (sha-rad'), n. an acted 
enigma. 

charcoal^ (char'kol), n. wood partially 
burnt; impure carbon. 

charge (charj), v.t. to rush on or at- 
tack; load; fill up; impose; com- 
mand or enjoin; instruct; accuse; 
place on the debit side: v.i. to make 
an attack; demand a price: n, an 
onset; quantity with which a fire- 



arm or apparatus is charged; an of- 
fice or obligation; an order or com- 
mand; authoritative instruction or 
direction; an entry on the debit side. 

chargeability (char-ja-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being chargeable. 

chargeable (char'ja-bl), adj. liable 
to be charged; ratable; burdensome. 

charge d'affaires (shar-zha'da-far'), 
n. [pi, charges (-shar-zha-) ], a 
government official who acts for an 
ambassador in his absence, or at a 
court to which no ambassador is ac- 
credited. 

charger (charj 'er), n. a cavalry horse; 
a large dish. ^ 

chariot (char'i-ot), n. an ancient two- 
wheeled car for war, state pro- 
cessions, racing, &c.; a four-wheeled 
pleasure carriage. 

chariotee (char-i-o-te'), n. a light 
four-wheeled covered pleasure car- 
riage with two seats. 

charioteer (char-i-o-ter'), n. one who 
drives a chariot. 

charitable (char'i-t^-bl), adj, benevo- 
lent in disposition; kind and liberal. 

charity (char'i-ti), n. [pi. charities 
(-tiz) ], the disposition to think well 
of others; liberality; alms; univer- 
sal love; an institution for the poor; 
a gift in trust for a benevolent 
object. 

charivari (shar-i-va'ri), n. a mock 
serenade of discordant music. 

charlatan (shar'l^-tan), n. a quack. 

charlatanism (-izm), n. quackery. 

charlotte russe (shar'lut rus), n. 
whipped cream enclosed in sponge- 
cake. 

charm (charm), n. a spell or en- 
chantment; an allurement; a trinket: 
v.t. influence by magic; subdue 
or fascmate; give exquisite delight 
to: v.i, to work by magic powers; 
act as a spell. 

charmeuse (shar'moos), n. a soft, 
clinging satin. 

charnel (char'nel), adj, containing 
flesh or dead bodies. 

cTiart (chart), n. a map of any part 
of the sea, river, &c., for the use of 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



CHARTER 



192 



CHECK 



mariners; the representation of a 
ship's course; a mariner's compass; 
a sheet giving information in tabu- 
lar form: v.U to lay down, or de- 
lineate on a chart; map out: vd, to 
make a chart or map. 

charter (char'ter), n. a document be- 
stowing certain rights and privi- 
leges: v.L to charter-party. 

charter-party (-par'ti), n. a written 
agreement relating to the hire of 
a vessel and its cargo: v.t, to let 
or hire by charter-party. 

chartographer (kar-tog'r§,-fer), n, 
one who prepares charts and maps. 

chartography (kar-tog'ra-fi) , n. the art 
or business of drawing charts or maps. 

Chartreuse (shar-trez'), n, a cele- 
brated liqueur made by the monks of 
La Grand Chartreuse, France. 

chary (char'i), adj, cautious; sparing. 

chase (chas), v.U to pursue; capture 
or kill; hunt; drive away: v,i. to 
ride or hunt rapidly: n.^ eager or 
vehement pursuit; hunting; open 
ground for preserving deer. 

chase (chas), n. a groove; an iron 
frame for securing types; that part 
of a cannon in front of the trun- 
nions: v.t, to work or emboss (pre- 
cious metals); cut, as the thread of 
a screw. 

chasm (kazm), n. a deep gap or open- 
ing in the earth; a void space. 

chassepot (shas'po), n. a French 
breech-loading rifle. 

chasseur (sha-ser'), n, a domestic 
dressed in military or hunting cos- 
tume; a French light-armed foot or 
cavalry soldier. 

chassis (shas-se')» n. the mechanical 
parts of an automobile. 

chaste (chast), adj, morally pure; 
modest; pure in style; refined. 

chasten (chas'n), v.t. to punish for 
the purpose of reformation; purify; 
refine. 

chastise (chas-tiz'), v.t. to correct by 
punishment; reduce to order or obe- 
dience. 

chastisement (chas'tiz-ment), n, 
punishment. 



chastity (chas'ti-ti), n. moral and 
sexual purity. 

chasuble (chas'u-bl), n. a rich vestment 
worn over the alb by a celebrating 
priest. 

chat (chat), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. chatted, 
T^.pr. chatting], to talk in an easy 
familiar manner: n. familiar or in- 
formal speech. 

chateau (sha-to'), n. [pi. chateaux, 
(-toz') ], a castle; a manor house or 
country seat; the name of various 
French wines. 

chatelaine (shat'e-lan), n. a bunch 
of chains to which are attached trin- 
kets, &c., worn at the waist by la- 
dies. 

chattel (chat 'el), n. personal prop- 
erty except freehold (usually in pi.). 

chatter (chafer), v.i. to utter 
sounds rapidly, as a monkey; rattle 
the teeth, as in shivering or from 
fright; talk idly or carelessly; jab- 
ber: v.t. to utter rapidly, idly, or 
indistinctly: n. sounds like those of 
the magpie, &c.; idle, rapid talk. 

chatterbox (chat'er-boks), n. an in- 
cessant talker. 

chattiness (chat'i-nes), n. the qual- 
ity of being chatty. 

chatty (chat'i), adj. talkative, uncon- 
ventional. 

chauffeur (sho-fer'), n. an operator 
of an automobile; an automobiiist: 
fern, chauffeuse (sho-fez'). 

chauvinism (sho'vin-izm), n. bhnd 
and unreasoning attachment to a 
fallen cause; exaggerated poHtical 
or party fanaticism. 

cheap (chep), adj. pm*chasable for a 
low price; common; of small value. 

cheapen (chep'en), v.t. to lessen the 
price of. 

cheat (chet), n. a fraud or decep- 
tion; one who cheats: v.t. to deceive 
or defraud; impose upon: v.L to act 
as a cheat. 

check (chek), 7^. a restraint; a re- 
proof; a pass, ticket, or token; a » 
term in chess; cloth woven in || 
squares of alternate patterns; an - 
order or draft on a bank or banker 



ate, arm, §<sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; nute, mit; note, north, not; boon, l| 
book; hue, hut; think, th^VL. ■ 



CHECKER 



193 



CHERUBIC 



for money: v.t. to restrain; stop; 
reprove; examine by comparison; 
mark as having been examined; to 
place an opponent's king in danger 
at chess; mark in small squares. 

checker (chek'er), n, checker-board; 
one of the squares of a checkered 
pattern; piece with which to play 
checkers: pi. game played on a 
checker-board; draughts: v.t. to 
mark or decorate with checkers; 
variegate. 

checker-board, n. board on which 
the game of checkers is played. 

checkmate (chek'mat), n. the win- 
ning move at chess when the oppo- 
nent's king cannot move out of 
check; a complete defeat from 
which there is no escape: v.t. to 
give checkmate to; defeat utterly; 
thwart. 

cheek (chek), n, the side of the face 
beneath either eye; one of two cor- 
responding sides; cool impudence: 
v.t, face in an impudent manner. 

cheep (chep), n. a shrill noise, as 
that of a young chicken, or a 
mouse: v.i. to make such a noise. 

cheeper (chep'er), n. a young game 
bird. 

cheer (cher), ?t. temper or state of 
mind; a state of gladness or joy; a 
shout of applause; tidings; luck: 
ri. to gladden ; encourage; applaud. 

cheerful (cher 'fool), adj. full of good 
spirits. 

cheerfully (-li), adv. in a cheerful 
manner. 

cheerily (cher'i-li), adv. heartily. 

cheeriness (cherl-nes), n. the state 
of being cheery. 

cheery (cher'i), adj. cheerful; gay. 

chee^se (ches), n. the curd or casein 
of milk coagulated, pressed and al- 
lowed to dry in a mold; anything 
resembling cheese. 

cheese-cake ('kak), n. a confection 
of soft curds, butter, and sugar. 

cheese-paring (-par'ing), adj, nig- 
gardly. 

cheetah (che'tS,), n. the hunting 
leopard of India. Also chetah. 



cheetal (che'tM), n. the Indian spot- 
ted deer. 

chef (shef), n. a head or professional 
cook. 

chef-d'ceuvre (sha-de'vr), n. [pi. 
chefs-d'oeuvre (sha-de'\T) ], a mas- 
terpiece. 

Cheiranthus (ki-ran'thus), n. a ge- 
nus of plants, which mcludes the 
wallflower. 

chemical (kem'i-kM), adj. pertain- 
ing to chemistry: n. a chemical sub- 
stance. 

chemically (-li), adv. according to 
chemical principles or operations. 

chemico-electric (kem-i-ko-e-lek'- 
trik), adj. depending upon electric 
activity produced by chemical 
means. 

chemise (she-mez'), 7i. a woman's 
undergarment; a wall lining an 
earthwork. 

chemisette (shem-i-zef), n. a short 
chemise worn over the breast. 

chemist (kem'ist), n. one skilled in 
chemistry; a dealer in drugs and 
medicines; an analyst. 

chemistry (kem'is-tri), n. the sci- 
ence whicn treats of the properties 
of elementary and compound su]>- 
stances and the laws which govern 
their molecular and atomic relations. 

chenille (she-nel'), n. silk or worsted 
cord. 

cheque (chek), ?i. an order or draft 
on a banker or bank, payable to 
the bearer; check. 

cherish (cher'ish), v.t. to hold or 
esteem dear; treat with tenderness; 
protect and aid; encourage; harbor 
in the mind. 

cheroot (she-roof), n. a kind of 
cigar. 

cherry (cher'i), n. [pi. cherries ('iz)], 
the fruit of a tree alUed to the plum; 
a cordial made from cherries: adj. 
of a cherry color; ruddy. 

cherub (cher'ub), n. [pi. cherubs 
'ubz), cherubim ('oo-bim)], an angel 
'next to a seraphim in rank; a beauti- 
ful child [pi. cherubs]. 

cherubic (che-roo'bik), adj. angelic. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 13 



CHESS 



194 



CHIKARA 



chess (ches), n, a game played by- 
two persons with 16 pieces each on 
a checkered board divided into 64 
squares. 

chest (chest), n. a large box; the 
quantity such a box contains; the 
breast or thorax; a certain quantity 
of goods. 

chested (ches'ted), adj, having a 
chest. 

chestnut (ches'nut), n. the nut or 
seed o^ trees of the genus Castanea; 
the cnestnut-tree with its edible 
fruit; a reddish-brown color; a horse 
of such color; an old or stale joke: 
adj, reddish-brown. 

chesty (ches'ti), adj, vain; conceited; 
strutting with chest thrown out; 
supercilious. 

cheval-glass (she-val'gli.s), w. a large 
swing looking-glass. 

chevalier (shev-a-ler'), n. a knight; 
a horseman; a member or knight of 
an honorable order; the lowest title 
of rank of the old French nobility; 
a gallant. 

chevaux-de-f r ise (shev-oo-de-f r ez ') , 
n.pL a fence constructed of a bar 
armed with long spikes. 

Cheviot (chev i-ot), n. a sheep bred 
on the Cheviot Hills; a rough cloth 
made from its wool. 

chevron (shev'ron), n, sl term in 
heraldry; the badge on the coat 
sleeve of a non-commissioned officer, 
indicative of his rank; a variety 
of fret ornament. 

chew (choo), v.L to crush and grind 
with the teeth; masticate; meditate 
upon: v.i. grind tobacco between the 
teeth: n. that which is chewed; a 
quid of tobacco. 

chiaroscuro (Id-ar-os-koo'ro), n. the 
treatment of light and shade in 
painting, ^ drawing, or engraving: 
adj, pertaining to such treatment. ^ 

chic (shek), adj, stylish: n, Parisian 
elegance in dress; manual dexterity. 

chicane (shi-kan'), n, mean or un- 
fair artifices to obscure the truth; 
sophistry. Also chicanery: v.t, to 
cheat: v.i, use artifices. 



chick (chik), n. the young of a bird, 
especially of the domestic hen: hence 
a child. 

chickadee (chik'i,-de), n. the Ameri- 
can black-cap titmouse. 

chicken (chik'en), n, the young of a 
fowl, especially the domestic fowl. 

chicken-hearted (-hart'ed), adj. timid. 

chicken-pox (-poks), n, a mild erup- 
tive disease of children; varicella. 

chick-pea (chik'pe), n, a plant the 
roasted seed of which forms the 
pulse of the East. 

chickweed (chik'wed), n. a common 
wild plant with white blossoms. 

chicory ''chik'o-ri), n, a perennial 
plant with bright blue flowers and 
a tapering root, which, when roast- 
ed and ground, is used to mix with 
coffee. 

chide (chid), v.t, [p.L & p.p, chid, 
chode, p,p, chidden, chid, p.pr, chid- 
ing], to find fault with; scold: vd. 
to clamor. 

chiding ly (chid'ing-li), adv. in a 
chiding manner. 

chief (chef), n. a commander or 
leader; a head or principal person; 
the principal or most important 
part: adj. principal; most eminent; 
of the first order, rank, or estima- 
tion; leading; main. 

chieftain (chef'tS,n), n, a captain, 
leader, or commander; the head of 
a class or tribe. 

chiffon (shif 'un, French she-fong'), 
n, a kind of thin gauze fabric. 

chiffonier (shif-o-ner'), n. a piece of 
furniture fitted with drawers and 
shelves used as a sideboard; a ragj 
gatherer. 

chignon li^she-nyong'), n, a roll of j 
natural or artificial hair worn by ^ 
women over a pad at the back of 
the head. 

chigoe (chig'6), n, a species of West 
Indian and South American flea 
which burrows beneath the skin of 
the feet, and breeding there produces 
ulcers. Also jigger. 

chikara (chi-ka'r^), n, the four- 
horned antelope of Bengal. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CHILBLAIN 



195 



CHIPMUNK 



chilblain (chil'blan), n. a sore or 
inflammation caused by frost or 
cold: v.t. to afflict with chilblains. 

child (child), n. [pi. children (chil'- 
dren) ], a son or daughter; a very 
young person; a descendant; one 
immature in judgment. 

childbirth ^ ('berth), n. the act or 
time of bringing forth a child. 

childe (child), n. a term formerly 
applied to the scions of knightly 
houses before their admission into 
knighthood. 

childhood (child 'hood) , n. the period 
from infancy to puberty. 

childish ('ish), adj. like a child; 
puerile. 

childless (child'less), adj, without 
children. 

children, pi. of child. 

chiliad (kiFi-ad), n. 1,000; a thou- 
sand years. 

chill (chil), n. a sudden coldness; 
the absence of heat in a substance; 
the hardened part of a casting: adj. 
having the sensation of cold; de- 
pressing; discourteous, v.t. to make 
cold; blast with cold; deject; 
harden cast iron by sudden cooling. 

chilli (chil'i), n. [pi. chillies (-iz) ], 
the dried pod of a capsicum. Also 
chile, chili. 

chilopiasty (ki'lo-plas-ti), n. the 
transplantation of healthy skin to a 
diseased lip. 

chimera (ki-me'ra), n. an incon- 
gruous conception of the fancy; a 
cartilagmous fish of remarkable ap- 
pearance. 

chime (chim), n. the musical har- 
mony produced by striking a set of 
bells with hammers; a set of bells 
tuned to the musical scale and 
struck with hammers: v.i. to sound 
in consonance or harmony; be in 
harmony or agree with; join in: 
v.t. to cause to sound in harmony. 

chimerical (ki-mer'ik-al), 2dj. mere- 
ly imaginary; fantastic; unreal. 

chimerically (-h), adv. in a chimer- 
ical manner. 

chimney (chim'ni), n. [pi. chimneys 



('niz) ], the flue, vent, or passage 
through which smoke or heated air, 
&c., escapes; a glass tube for a 
lamp to intensify combustion. 

chimpanzee (chim-pan'ze), a large 
West Indian anthropoid ape aUied 
to the gorilla. 

chin (chin), n. the part of the face 
below the under Up. 

china (chi'ni,), n. a fine kind of 
porcelain: adj. of, or from, China; 
of, or made of, china. 

chinch (chinch), n. a fetid insect 
destructive to com crops; the bed- 
bug. 

chinchilla (chin-chil'^) , n. a small 
South American rodent with a soft 
fine fur. 

chine (chin), n. the backbone or 
spine of an animal; a piece of the 
backbone of an animal with adja- 
cent parts cut for cooking; a rocky 
ravine or large fissure in a cliff, 

Chinese (chi-nez'), ddj* of, or per- 
taining to, China. 

chink ^ (chingk), n. a small fissure 
opening lengthwise; a narrow aper- 
ture: v.i. to crack; to form into or 
close up cracks. 

chink (chingk), n. a sharp metallic 
or jingling sound; money: v.t. to 
cause to make a sharp metallic 
sound; jingle. 

chinkapin (ching'k^-pin), n. the 
dwarf chestnut of the United States, 
or its nut. 

chinse (chins), v.t. to force oakum 
or tow in (the chinks or seams be- 
tween the planking of a ship); calk 
temporarily. 

chintz (chints), n. cotton cloth, 
usually glazed, printed in various 
colors. 

chip (chip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chipped, 
p.pr. chipping], to cut into small 
pieces; bet at cards: v.i. break or 
fly off into small pieces: n. a small 
piece of stone, wood, &c., cut or 
broken off; a bonnet, &c., made 
of thin split wood or Cuban palm 
leaf. 

chipmunk (chip'mungk), n. a small 



ate, arm. ^k at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CHIPPER 



196 



CHOP 



squirrel of North America, having 
dark and light stripes on its back. 

chipper (chip'er), adj, active; pert. 

chirography (ki-rog'r§,-fi), n, the art 
of writing or engrossing; judgment 
of character by the handwriting. 

chiromancy (ki'ro-man-si), n, palm- 
istry. 

chiropodist (ki-rop'o-dist), n. one 
who removes corns, bunions, &c., 
and is skilled in diseases of the feet 
and hands. 

chiropractic (ki-ro-prak'tik), n. a 
treatment to cure disease by manipu- 
lation of the spine. 

chirp (cherp), n. a short, shrill, cheer- 
ful note: v.i. to utter such a note. 

chisel (chiz'el), n. an edged instru- 
ment of iron or steel for cutting 
wood, stone, or metal: y.L [p.t. & 
p.p. chiseled, p.pr. chiseling], to cut, 
pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; 
to take an unfair advantage of in a 
transaction. 

chit (chit), n. a child; a pert forward 
girl. 

chit-chat (-chat), n, familiar talk. 

chivalresque (shiv-M-resk') , adj, of, 
or pertaining to, chivalry; chival- 
rous. 

chivalrous (shiv'M-rus), adj. relating 
to chivalry; warlike; high-spirited; 
gallant. 

chivalry (shiv'^l-ri), n, the mediaeval 
system of knighthood; knights col- 
lectively: the qualifications of a 
knight, as bravery, nobleness, 
courtesy, respect tor womanly dig- 
nity and chastity, &c.; tenure of 
land by knight's service. 

chloral (klo'rM), n. a strong narcotic. 

chloralism (klo'ral-izm), n, the habit 
of using chloral; a diseased condi- 
tion caused by the use of chloral. 

chloralize (klo'ral-iz), v.t. to bring 
under the influence of chloral. 

chloralum (klo'rM-um), n. an anti- 
septic. 

chlorate (klo'rat), n. a salt of chlo- 
ric acid. 

chloric (klo-rik), adj, pertaining to, 
or containing, chlorine. 



chloric acid (as'id), n. an acid con- 
taining hydrogen, oxygen, and chJo- 
rine. 

chloride (klo'rid), n, a compound of 
chlorine with another element. 

chloride of lime (of lim), n. a com- 
pound of chloride with lime, used 
in bleaching. 

chlorine (klo'rin), n. a greenish- 
yellow gas possessing great bleach- 
ing powers. 

chlorodyne (klo'ro-din), n, a popu- 
lar anodyne. 

chloroform (klo'ro-form), n, a vola- 
tile liquid used for producing in- 
sensibility to pain: v.t, to adminis- 
ter chloroform to. 

chlorophyll (klo'ro-fil), n, the green 
coloring matter in plants. 

chlorosis (klo-ro'sis), n, a disease 
affecting young women, character- 
ized by anemia. 

chocolate (chok'6-lat), n. a paste 
made from the roasted kernels of 
the cacao-nut, used in making the 
beverage so called: adj, having the 
color of, or made of, chocolate. 

choice (chois), n, the act of choosing; 
option; the thing chosen; the best 
or preferable part: adj. select; care- 
fully chosen. 

choir (kwir), n, a band of singers in 
a church; the place where they smg. 

choke (chok), v.L to suffocate by 
obstructing the windpipe; block up. 

choke-damp (-damp), n, carbonic 
acid generated in mines. 

choker (cho'ker), n, one who, or 
that which, chokes; a necktie. 

choler (ko'ler), n. bile; irascibility. 

cholera (kol'er-i,), n. a disease with 
violent vomiting and purging. 

choleric (kol'er-ik), adj. quick-tem- 
pered; prone to anger; bilious. 

choose (chooz), v.t. [p.t. chose, p.p. 
chosen, p.pr. choosing], to take by 
preference; select: v,i. to make a 
choice; prefer. 

chop (chop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chopped, 
p.pr. chopping], to cut with re- 
peated blows; hew; mince; to ex- 
change: v.i. to do anything with a 



ate; arm, i^k, at awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, theiL 



CHOP 



197 



CHROMIUM 



quick motion; turn or vary sud- 
denly: n. the act of chopping; a 
piece chopped off. 

chop (chop), n, a mark or brand de- 
noting quahty. 

chops (chops), n.pl, the sides of the 
mouth of a river, channel, &c. 

chopsticks (chop'stiks), n.pl, two 
small sticks used in China for eating. 

chop-suey (chop-soo'i), n, a favorite 
dish of the Chinese; made of stewed 
meats, flour or^ meal; with sauces 
cooked in the mixture. 

choral (ko'ral), ac?;. of, or pertaining to, 
a choir; chanted or sung by a choir. 

chorale (ko'ral), n, a simple sacred 
melody or hymn sung in unison. 

chorally (-li), adv. in the manner of 
a chorus. 

chord ^(kord), n, the string of a musi- 
cal instrument; notes in harmony; 
harmony of color; a straight line join- 
ing the ends of the arc of a circle: v.t, 
to string, as a musical instrument. 

chores (chorz), n.pl. the daily light 
work of a farmyard or household. 

chorister (kor'is-ter), n. a member 
of a choir. 

chortle (chort'ul), v. to chuckle 
loudly. 

chorus (ko'rus), n. a number singing 
in concert; that part of a musical 
cdtaposition in which the company 
join the singer; a concerted piece 
of music. 

chosen (cho'zen), adj. selected; choice. 

chough (chuf), n. a bird like a jack- 
daw. 

chouse (chous), v.t. to cheat; swindle. 

chow-chow (chou'chou), adj. an East 
Indian mixed pickle. 

chowder (chou'der), n. a dish of 
fresh fish; clams stewed together 
with pork and biscuits, &c. 

chrism (krizm), n. consecrated oil. 

christen (kris'n), v.t. to baptize in 
the name of the Holy Trinity; give 
a Christian name to. 

Christendom (kris'n-dum), n. coun- 
tries whose inhabitants profess the' 
Christian faith; Christians collec- 
tively. 



Christian (kris'chan), n. a profes- 
sor of the religion of Christ: adj» 
professing the religion of Christ. 

Christian era (e'rl,), n. the present 
era reckoned from the birth of 
Christ. 

Christian Science (si 'ens), n. a 
religious system founded by xvlary 
Baker Eddy in 1866; taking as its 
fundamental doctrine the Scriptures 
and teachings of Jesus; elucidated 
and set forth in the text-book of 
the Christian Scientists, * 'Science 
and Health." 

Christianity (kris-chi-an'i-ti) , n. the 
precepts and doctrines taught by 
Christ. 

Christianization (kris-ch§.n-iz-a'- 
shun), n. the act or process of con- 
verting to Christianity. 

Christianize (kris'chin-iz), v.t. to 
convert to Christianity. 

Christmas (kris'm^s), n, the festival 
(Dec. 25) celebrating the birth of 
Christ. 

Christmastide (-tid), n. Christmas 
Eve (Dec. 24) to Epiphany (Jan. 6). 

chromascope (kro'm^-skop), n. an 
instrument to show the optical ef- 
fects of color. 

chromate (kro'mat), n. a salt of 
chromic acid. 

chromatic (kro-mat'ik), adj. relat- 
ing to colors; including notes not 
belonging to the diatonic scale: n. 
a note affected by an accidental; pL 
that branch of optics which treats 
of colors. 

chromatically (-al-li), adv. in a 
chromatic manner. 

chromatometer (kro-ma-tom'e-ter), 
n. a scale for measuring colors. 

chromatrope (kro'm^-trop), n. a 
revolving magic-lantern slide. 

chromatype (kro'mi.-tip), n. a proc- 
ess for obtaining a colored photo- 
graphic picture. 

chrome (krom), n. chromium: v.t. 
to dye in a bath of bichromate of 
potash. 

chromium (kro'mi-um), n. a steel- 
gray metal, one of the elements. 



ate, arm, §<sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CHROMO 



198 



CHURCHMAN 



chromo (kro'mo), n. [pi. chromos 
('moz) ], a chromo-lithograph or pic- 
ture produced by chromo-lithog- 
raphy. 

chromogen (kro'mo- j en), n, the col- 
oring matter of plants. 

chromograph (kro'mo-graf), n. an 
apparatus for duplicating circulars, 
oil-paintings, &c. ; a hectograph. 

chromolithic (kro-mo-lith'ik), adj, 
executed in chromo-hthography. 

chromo-lithography (kro-mo-lith- 
og'r^-fi), n. the art of printing in 
colors from stone. 

chromosphere (kro'mo-sfer), n, the 
rose-colored outer envelope of the 
sun. 

chronic (kron'ik), adj, continuing a 
long time, or recurring; said of a 
disease. 

chronically (-al-li), adv. in a chronic 
manner. 

chronogram (kron'o-gram), n, an 
inscription which includes in it the 
date of some event. 

chronograph (kron'o-graph), n, an 
instrument for recording minute in- 
tervals of time. 

chronological (kron-o-loj'i-kal), adj. 
relating to or containing an ac- 
count of, past events in the order 
of time. 

chronologically (-li), adv. in a chron- 
ological manner. 

chronologist (kro-nol'6-jist), n. one 
versed in chronology. Also chronol- 
oger. 

chronologize (kro-nol'6-jiz), v.U to 
arrange in historical sequence. 

chronology Co-ji), n. [pi. chronol- 
ogies (-jiz)], the science that treats 
of events and arranges their dates 
in proper sequence. 

chronometer (kro-nom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring time with 
extreme accuracy. 

chronopher (kron'o-fer), n. an in- 
strument for signaling by electricity 
the exact time to distant stations. 

chronoscope (kron'o-skop), n. an 
instrument for measuring by elec- 
tricity the velocity of a projectile. 



chrysalis (kris'^-lis), n. the final 
stage through which a lepidopterous 
insect, or a butterfly, passes prior 
to its winged state. _ 

chrysanthemum (kris-an'the-mum) , 
n. a composite plant with large 
heads of showy flowers; a flower of 
this plant. 

chrysolite (kris'o-lit), n. a green- 
colored and sometimes transparent 
gem. 

chrysoprase (kris'o-praz), n. a va- 
riety of chalcedony of apple-green 
color. 

chub (chub), n. a fresh- water fish. 

chubbiness (chub'i-nes), n. plump- 
ness. 

chubby (chub'i), adj, plump; fat 
and round. 

chuck (chuk), v.U to make a noise 
Hke a hen calling to her chickens : n. 
a hen's call. 

chuck (chuk), v.i, to pat in a play- 
ful manner; throw smartly to a 
short distance; hold in a chuck: n. 
a light blow under the chin; a short 
toss; an appendage to a lathe to 
secure the work to be turned. 

chuckle (chuk'l), n. a quiet, sup- 
pressed laugh: v.L to laugh in such 
a mannei . 

chum (chum), n. one who lodges in 
the same apartment; a college stu- 
dent; an old or intimate friend: v.i. 
[p.t, & p.p. chummed; p.pr, chum- 
ming], to occupy the same room. 

chump (chump), n. a short, thick, 
heavy piece of wood. 

chunk (chungk), n. a short, thick 
piece; a thick-set strong person or 
animal. 

chunky (chungk'i), adj. short and 
thick. 

church 'cherch), n. a building set 
apart or consecrated for divine wor- 
ship. 

Church (cherch), n. the collective 
body of Christians; a particular 
body of Christians; the clergy. 

Churchman (-m^n), n. an adherent 
of the Established Church; an Epis- 
copalian. 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



CHURCHWARDEN 



199 



CINQUE 



churchwarden ('wawT-dn), n, in 
the Anglican Church, one of tvro 
officers chosen at Easter in every 
parish to attend to the secular af- 
fairs of the church, and to act as 
the legal representatives of the 
parish; a long clay pipe. 

churl (cherl), 7i. formerly ono of the 
lowest orders of freemen; a peasant; 
a surly ill-bred person; a niggard. 

churlish ('ish), adj, ill-bred; nig- 
gardly. 

churn (chern), n. a vessel in which 
milk or cream is agitated to form 
butter: v.t, to make (butter) by agi- 
tating milk or cream; agitate by 
violent motion. 

chute (shoot), n. an inclined trough 
for sending articles dovrn; an aquat- 
ic switch-back; a river-fall over 
which timber is floated; a stampede; 
a bayou. 

chyle (kil), n, a milk-like fluid sepa- 
rated from digested matter in the 
stomach, absorbed by the lacteal 
vessels, and assimilated into blood. 

chyme (kim), n, the pulpy mass of 
digested food prior to the separa- 
tion of the chyle. 

cicada (si-ka'di), n. [pZ. cicadse 
('de) ], a genus of insects having 
the power of producing a shrill 
sound. 

cicatrix (sik'i-triks) , n. [pZ. cicatrices 
(-trl-sez) ], the scar remaining after 
a w^ound has healed. 

cicatrize (sik'^-triz), v.t. to heal (a 
wound) by inducing the skin to 
form a cicatrix. 

cicerone (sis-e-ro'ne; Italian che-cha- 
ro'ne), n. [pi. cicerones (-nez), cice- 
roni ('ne) ], a guide who explains 
the antiquities and chief features 
of a place. 

Cid (sid), n, a chief or commander, 
especially in Spanish literature; the 
hero, Ruy Diaz, the Christian cham- 
pion against the Moors; the name 
of a Spanish epic. 

cider (si'der), n. the juice of apples 
expressed and fermented. 

ci devant (se-de-vangO, adj, former: 



used w^th reference to an office 
^ pre\iously held. 

cierge ^ (serg), n. a wax candle used 
in rehgious processions. 

cigar (si-gar'), n, a small roll of to- 
bacco-leaf used for smoking. 

cigarette (sig-a-ref), n. a small ci- 
gar made of tobacco rolled in thin 
paper. _ 

cilia (sil'i-a), n.pl. the hair of the 
eyeUds; long minute hair-like ap- 
pendages on the margins of vege- 
table bodies; the very minute vibra- 
tile filaments lining or covering 
certain organs. 

ciliated ^ (sLl'i-i,-ted), adj, covered 
with ciha. 

Cimmerian (kim- or sim-e'ri-an), 
adj. pertaining to the Cimmerii, a 
fabulous people mentioned by Homer 
as hving in perpetual darkness: 
hence intensely dark; gloomy. 

cinch (sinch), n, a saddle girth firm- 
ly fastened in place by loop and 
knots; a sure grip or hold. 

cinchona (sin-ko'na), n. a South 
American tree which yields quinine. 

cinchonism (sin'ko-nizm), n. a con- 
dition of the system characterized 
by buzzing in the ears, ^ deafness, 
&c., caused by the excessive use of 
quinine. 

cincture (singk'tur), n. a belt or 
girdle worn round the waist; a 
raised or carved ring at the bottom 
and top of a pillar. 

cinder (sin'der), n. any piece of a 
body thoroughly burnt but not re- 
duced to ashes: yl. volcaAic scoriae; 
slag. 

cinematograph (sin-e-mat'o-graf), n. 
a French device similar to the 
biograph. 

cinerary (sin'e-ra-ri), adj. pertaining 
to, or containing, ashes: applied to 
sepulchral urns. 

cinnabar (sin'a-bar), n. red sulphide 
of mercury. 

cinnamon (sin'§,-mun), n. the inner 
aromatic bark of an East Indiaii 
' tree : adj. light-reddish brown. 

cinque (singk), n. a five. 



ate, arm, ^k, at^ awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



CINQUE-FOIL 



200 



CIRCUMLOCUTORY 



cinque-foil C-foil), n. a plant of the 
genus Potentilla; five fingers; an 
architectural ornamentation resem- 
bhng five leaves. 

cipher (si'fer), n, the symbol 0: 
hence a person or anything without 
value or power; a monogram; a 
secret manner of writing, or the key 
to it; a code: v.i, to practice arith- 
metic ; to sound independently of the 
player: v.t, to express in cipher. 

circle (ser'kl), n. a round body; a 
plane figure bounded by a single 
curved fine called^ its circumference, 
every part of which is equally dis- 
tant from a point within it, called 
the center; an orb; an enclosure; a 
sphere or position in society; a 
number of persons or things united 
by a common bond; a coterie; an 
administrative division of a coun- 
try; an inconclusive form of argu- 
ment: v,t. to encompass: v.L move 
in a circle; to revolve. 

circlet (serk'let), n, a small circle.^ 

circuit (ser'ket), n. the act of going 
round anything; the space enclosed 
in a circle; the journey of a judge 
from one place to another to hold 
assizes; a district assigned to an 
itinerant preacher; the arrangement 
by which an electrical current is 
kept up between the two poles of a 
battery or machine; the path of the 
electric current. 

circuitous (ser-ku'i-tus), adj, round- 
about. 

circular (ser'ku-lir), adj. round like 
a circle; ending in itself; intended 
for circulation: n, a printed or 
written letter or notice. 

circularize (ser'ku-lar-iz)', v.t. to 
make circular; send circulars to. 

circulate (ser'ku-lat), v.t, to cause 
to pass from point to point or from 
one person to another: v.i, move 
round and return to the same point; 
pass from hand to hand; be diffused 
or distributed ; travel. 

circulation (ser-ku-la'shun), n. the 
act of moving round; passing or 
transmitting from place to place; 



the extent to which a thing is cir- 
culated; currency of money. 

circulator (ser'ku-la-ter), n, a cir- 
culating decimal. 

circulatory (ser'ku-la-to-ri), adj, cir- 
culating. 

circuni (serT^um), a prefix =around, 
forming compounds the meaning of 
many of which is obvious, as cir- 
cumpolsiTf around the pole, &c. 

circumambient (ser-kum-am'bient), 
adj, inclosing, or being surrounded, 
on all sides. 

circumcise (serTium-siz), v.t. to cut 
off the foreskin or prepuce; purify 
the heart. 

circumcision (ser'kum-sizh-un), n, 
the act of circumcising; spiritual 
purification. 

circumference (ser-kum'fer-ens), n. 
the line that bounds a circle; a pe- 
riphery. 

circumferential (ser-kum-fer-en'- 
shal), adj, pertaining to the circum- 
ference. 

circumferentially (-li), adj, in a 
circumferential manner. 

circumflect (ser-kum-flekt'), v.t. to 
bend around. 

circum flection, n. Same as circum- 
flexion. 

circumflex (ser'kum-fleks), n, a mark 
( ^ ^ A ) over a vowel or syllable 
to denote accent or contraction: 
adj. marked with such an accent; 
curved or winding: v.t. to pro- 
nounce or mark with the circumflex. 

circuiriflexion (ser-kum-flek'shun), n. 
the act of marking with a circumflex. 

circumfuse (ser-kum-ftiz'), v.t, to 
pour or spread around. 

circumjacent (ser-kum-Ja'sent), adj, 
lying around; bordering on every 
side. 

circumlocution (ser-kum-lo-ku'- 
shun), n. a roundabout way of speak- 
ing; an indirect mode of statement.; 

circumlocutionary (-a-ri), adj^ 
roundabout. 

circumlocutory (ser-kum-lok'u-to- 
ri), adj, expressing few words in 
many. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CIRCUMNAVIGABLE 



201 



CIVILIAN 



circumnavigable (ser-kum-nav'i-g&- 
bl), adj, capable of being circum- 
navigated. 

circumnavigate (ser-kum-nav'i-gat) , 
v.t. to sail round: usually the globe. 

circumnavigator (ser-kum-nav'i-ga- 
ter), n. one who circumnavigates. 

circumscribe (ser-kum-skrib'), V.L 
to inclose within certain lines or 
boundaries; restrict. 

circumscriptive (-skrip'tiv), adj. 
limiting. 

circumspect (ser'kum-spekt), ad}, 
cautious; prudent; watchful on all 
sides. 

circumspection (ser-kum-spek'- 
shun), n. caution; watchfulness on 
every side; prudence. 

circumstance (ser'kum-stans), n, 
something relative or appendent to 
a fact; an incident: pZ. state of af- 
fairs: y.U to place in a particular 
situation [only in p.p.]. 

circumstantial ^ (ser-kum-stan'sh&l), 
n. something incidental and sub- 
ordinate to the main subject: pi, 
incidentals:^ adj. accidental; de- 
tailed ; proving indirectly. 

circumstantiality (-shi-al'i-ti), n, 
the state of being circumstantial; 
fullness of detail. 

circumstantially (-li), adv. inci- 
dentally; not essentially; minutely; 
exactly. 

circumstantiate ^ (ser-kum-stan'shi- 
at), vd. to verify in every particular. 

circumvallation (ser-kum-val-a'- 
shun), n. the act of throwing up 
walls or fortifications. 

circumvent (ser-kum-venf), n. to 
gain an advantage over by strata- 
gem or deception. 

circumvention (-ven'shun), n. the 
act of circumventing; a stratagem. 

circumventive ('tiv), adj, deceiving 
by artifice. 

circumvolution (s er-kum-vo-lu'- 
shun), n. the act of rolling round; 
the state of being rolled round. 

circus (ser'kus), n. [pi. circuses 
(-ez) ], a large level oblong spaced 
for feats of horsemanship, &c., with 



seats for the spectators arranged 
^ in tiers; a semi-circular space. 

cisalpine (sis-arpin), adj, this side 
of the Alps with regard to Rome; 
south of the Alps. 

cisatlantic (sis-at-lan'tik), adj. on 
this side of the Atlantic Ocean. 

cistern (sis'tem), n. a natural or ar- 
tificial receptacle for storing water; 
a reservoir. 

citable (sit'a-bl), adj, capable of 
being cited. 

citadel (sit'§,-del), n, a fortress, a 
castle. 

citation (si-ta'shun), n. an oflBcial 
summons to appear before a court; 
a quotation; in the World War, offi- 
cial report on heroic service. 

citatory (si'ta-to-ri), adj. having the 
form or nature of a citation; citing. 

cite (sit),^ v.t. to summon oflScially to 
appear in court; quote. 

cithara (sith'a-r^), n. an ancient IjTe. 

citizen (sit'i-zen), n. a. native or in- 
habitant of a town or city; a free- 
man; a member of a state or na- 
tion who enjoys pohtical rights and 
privileges; a tradesman. 

citrate (sit'rat), n. a salt of citric acid. 

citric acid (sit'rik as'id), n. an acid 
found in the lemon and orange. 

citron (sit 'run), n. a tree with a 
fruit like the lemon. 

city (sit'i), n. [pi. cities ('iz) ], a large 
and important town; a corporate 
town. ^ 

civet (siv'et), n. a musky secretion 
of the anal glands of the civet cat. 

civic (siv'ik), adj. pertainmg to a 
^city. ^ 

civil (siv'il), adj. relating to the affairs 
of a city or government; intestine; 
non-international; not military or 
criminal; complaisant; wellbred. 

civil service (ser'vis), n, the paid 
service of the State not exclusively 
naval or military. 

civil war^ (wawr)., n, war between 
two factions of the same country. 

civilian (si-viFyan), n. one engaged 
in the pursuits of civil life: adj, oc- 
cupied in civil pursuits. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CIVILITY 



202 



CLARET 



civility (si-viri-ti), ^ n, [pi. civilities 
(-tiz) ], good breeding; courtesy. 

civilization (si v-i-li-za'shun) , n . 
the act or state of being civilized; 
culture; refinement. 

civilize (siv'i-liz), v.t. to reclaim from 
a savage state; instruct in the arts 
and refinements of civilized life. 

civilly (siv'il-h), adv. in a civil manner. 

clack (klak), v.i. to make a sudden, 
sharp sound; chatter rapidly and 
continuously: n. a sudden, sharp 
sound; continual prattle; a variety 
of ball- valve; a mechanical contri- 
vance in a corn-mill. 

clad, p.t. of clothe. 

claim (klam), v.i. to demand as a 
right, or by authority: v.i. to be 
entitled to anything; assert or put 
forward a claim: n. a demand; a 
right or title to anything; the thing 
claimed; a piece ^ of land which a 
miner marks out in accordance with 
mining law. 

claimant (kla'm^nt), n. one who 
demands anything as his right. 

clairaudience (klar-aw'di-ens), n. the 
supposed power of ^ hearing in a 
trance sounds otherwise inaudible. 

clairvoyance (klar-voi'ans), n. ^ the 
power attributed to persons in a 
mesmeric state of seeing objects not 
usually perceptible. 

clairvoyant ('ant), adj. pertaining to, 
or characterized by, clairvoyance : n. 
one who professes to have the power 
of clairvoyance: fern, clairvoyante. 

clam (klam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clam- 
med, p.pr. clamming], to clog with 
any glutinous matter: v.i. to be 
moist and cold. 

clam (klam), n. an edible bivalve 
mollusk. 

clam-bake (-bak), n. clams baked 
with sea- weed; a picnic at which 
baked clams form the chief dish. 

clamber (klam'ber), v.t. to ascend 
or chmb with difficulty. 

clammily (-li), adv. in a clammy 
manner. 

clamminess (klam'i-nes), n. the state 
of being clammy. 



clammy (klam'i), adj. soft and sticky. 

clamor (klam'er), n. a loud and con- 
tinued noise; popular outcry: v.t. 
shout with a loud voice: v.i. make 
importunate demands. 

clamorous (klam'er-us), adj. vocif- 
erous. 

clamp (klamp), n, anything that 
fastens or binds; a piece of wood, 
metal, &c., used to bring two things 
together: v.t. to fasten or bind with 
clamps. 

clan (klan), n. a tribe or association 
of families united under one chief- 
tain, having one common ancestor, 
and the same surname. 

clandestine (-des'tin), adj. secret; 
private. 

clandestinely (-li), adv, in a secret 
manner. 

clang (klang), n, a loud, sharp, ring- 
ing metallic sound: v.t. to cause to 
resound with a clang: v.i. give out a 
clang. 

clangor ('ger), n. a sharp clang. 

clank (klangk), n. a sharp, hard 
metallic sound: v.t. & v.i. to rattle 
and sound, as chains. 

clannish (Idan'ish), adj. pertaining 
to a clan; closely adherent. 

clap (klap), v.t, & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
clapped, p.pr. ^ clapping], to strike 
one thing against another with a 
quick, sharp noise; indicate approv- 
al by striking the hands together; 
put on quickly: n. a loud noise 
made by a sudden collision ; applause 
expressed by clapping; a sudden act 
or movement. 

clapboard (klab'ord), n. a thin, 
narrow board, used for the covering 
of the sides of frame houses. 

clapper ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, claps; the tongue of a bell; 
the clack of a mill-hopper.^ 

claque (klak), n. an organized body 
of men who applaud or express dis- 
approval at theaters: hence inter- 
ested admirers. 

claquer (kl^-ker'), n. a member of a 
claque. 

claret (klar'et), n. a light bodied 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CLARIFICATION 



203 



CLEANLINESS 



wine of a dark-red color; blood: adj. 
claret-colored. 

clarification (klar-i-fi-ka'shiin), n. 
the act of clarifying. 

clarify (klar'i-fi), v.t. ^ [pi. & p.p. 
clarified, p.pr* clarifying], to make 
clear from impurities: vd, to be- 
come bright. 

clarinet (klar'i-net), n. a keyed reed 
instrmnent of the ob^^ class. Also 
clarionet. 

clarion (klar'ri-im), n, a kind of 
trmnpet. 

clash (klash), v.i, to make a loud 
harsh noise by mutual collision: v.U 
to strike violently together: n. the 
noise so produced. 

clasp (kl^sp), v.t, to shut or fasten 
together with, or as with, a clasp: 
n. a hook to hold anything close; a 
close embrace. 

clasper ('er), n, one who, or that 
which, clasps; a tendril. 

class (cl^), n. a rank or order of 
persons or things; a number of 
students of the same status; a group 
of animals or plants next in rank 
above an order: v.t.Uy classify. 

class meeting (met'ing), n. a class, 
under a class-leader, for rehgious 
instruction. 

classic (klas'ik), adj, of, or relating 
to, the highest class or rank in lit- 
erature or art; pertaining to, or 
having the characteristics of, the 
Greek or Roman authors ;^ relating 
to locahties associated with great 
authors or events; pure; refined; 
clear-cut. Also classical: n, an 
author of the first rank whose 
works serve as a standard; one 
versed in Greek and Latin litera- 
ture: pi. ancient Greek and Latin 
literature. 

classically (-al-li), adv. in the style 
or manner of a classic. 

classification (klas-i-fi-ka'shun),^ n. 
the art of forming or dividing into 
classes. 

classificatory (klas'i-fi-ka-to-ri), adj. 
relating to, or forming the basis 
of, classification. 



classifier (klas'i-fi-cr), n. one who 
classifies. 

classify (klas'i-fl), v.t. [pi. & p.p. 
classined; p.jyr. classifying], to ar- 
range in classes; systematize. 

classman (klas'man), n. a student who 
has gained honors at an examination. 

classy (klas'e), adj. colloquialism for 
ultra-stylish appearance. 

clatter (Matter), vd. to make a noise 
by knocking two sonorous bodies 
frequently together; talk idJy and 
noisily: vi. to strike anything to 
make a clatter: n, a continuous or 
confused noise; idle gossip. 

clause (klawz), n. a separate part of 
a written composition, or a sentence; 
a special proviso in a document. 

claustr?.! (klaws'trM), adj. pertaining 
to a doister. 

clavate (klaVat), adj. club-shaped. 

clavichord (klav'i-kord), n. a medi- 
aeval stringed instrument. Also clari- 
chord. 

clavicle (klav'i-kM) , n. the collar-bone. 

clavier (kli-ver'), n. the key-board of 
an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium. 

claw (klaw), n. a sharp hooked nail 
in the foot of an animal, as the cat; 
the whole foot of a bird; anything 
resembhng a claw; the narrow part 
at the base of a leaf or foot-stalk of 
a petal: v.t. to tear or scratch wdth, 
or as if with, claws. 

clay (kla), n. anything easily mold- 
ed; soft plastic earth; the bodily or 
earthly nature of man: adj. made of 
or like clay: v.t. to purify, cover, or 
manure with clay. 

claymore (kla'mor), n. a Highland 
broad-sword. 

clean (klen), adj. free from dirt or 
extraneous matter; morally or cere- 
monially pure: adv. in a clean man- 
ner; entirely; cleverly: v.t. to ren- 
der clean. 

clean-cut (-kut), adj. clear-cut; well- 
shaped. 

cleanlily (klen'fi-li), adv. in a cleanly 
' manner; adroitly. 

cleanliness (-nes), n. the state of 
being clean. 



fite, arm, fisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^en. 



CLEANLY 



204 



CLIMATE 



cleanly (klen'li), adj. neat; pure: adv. 
wholly clean. 

cleanness (klen'nes), n, moral or 
physical purity; neatness. 

cleanse (klenz), v.t. to make clean; 
purify from mora.' impurity or guilt. 

clear (kler), adj. bright; pure; un- 
dimmed; translucent; manifest to 
the understanding; unobstructed; 
audible: unadulterated: 2;.^. to make 
bright; render evident; free from 
obstructions; render more acute or 
quick; prove or declare innocent; 
free from legal detention, as im- 
ported goods: v.i. leave a port; ex- 
change cheques, bills, &c., at a bank. 

clear-cut (kut), adj, having a sharp, 
clearly-defined outline, as if chiseled. 

clearance (kler'ans), n. the act of 
clearing. 

clearing (Ider'ing), n. the act of 
making clear; land cleared of tim- 
ber. 

clearing-house (kler'ing-hous), n. 
an institution by which banks ad- 
just their balances. 

clearstarch (kler 'starch), v.t, to stif- 
fen or dress with starch. ^ 

cleat (klet), n. a thin piece of iron 
worn on boots to make them more 
durable; a piece of wood or iron on 
the yard-arm of a ship to keep the 
ropes from slipping; a strip of wood 
nailed across a board: v.t. to secure 
or strengthen with a cleat. ^ 

cleavable (kle-va-bl), adj. divisible. 

cleavage (kleVaj), n. the act of 
spHtting; the property of some min- 
erals and rocks of being broken in 
one or more directions. 

cleave (klev), v.i. [p.t. clave, cleaved, 
p.p, cleaved, p.jpr. cleaving], to ad- 
here to; be attached strongly to. 

cleave (klev), v.t. [p.t. cleft, clove, 
'p.p, cleft, cloven, cleaved, p.pr, 
cleaving], to divide with violence; 
part naturally. 

cleaver (kle'ver), n. a butcher's 
heavy hatchet for dividing carcasses. 

cleavers (kle'verz), n. goose. 

clef (kief), n. a figure at the begin- 
ning of each staff in music to indi- 



cate the pitch of all the notes on 
one particular line or space. 

cleft, p.t. & p.p of cleave, to split. 

cleft (kleft), n. a crack crevice. 

clematis (klem'§;-tis), n. a perennial 
plant of the crowfoot family. 

clemency (klem'en-si), n. [pL clem- 
encies (-siz) ], compassion; remis- 
sion. 

clement (klem'ent), adj. compassion- 
ate; forgiving; gentle; forbearing. 

clergy (kler'ji), n. a body of men set 
apart by ordination for the service 
of the Church. 

clergyman (-man), n. [pi. clergymen 
(-men) ], a minister. 

clerical (kler'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
to the clergy; pertaining to a clerk, 
writer, or copyist. 

clerical-error (er'er), n, an error 
in copying. 

clerk (klerk), n. a parish clerk; a 
scholar; one engaged in an office to 
conduct correspondence, keep books, 
or transact business^ generally; an 
assistant salesman in a store or 
shop: v.i. to act as clerk or salesman. 

clever (klev'er), adj. possessing skill 
or ability; dexterous; expert; good 
natured and obHging. 

clew (kloo), n. a ball of thread; one 
of the corners of a sail: v.t. to truss 
up (sails) to the yard of a ship. 

click (klik), v.i. to^ make a short 
sharp successive noise: v.t. to move 
with a clicking sound: n. a slight 
sharp sound; a catch for retaining 
a bolt. 

client (kli'ent), n. one who employs 
a lawyer; one dependent upon an- 
other's patronage. 

clientele (kli 'en-tele'), n. the condi- 
tion of being a cHent; clients col- 
lectively. 

cliff (klif), n. high steep rock or bank. 

climacteric (kli-mak'ter-ik), n. one 
of the critical periods in human life 
when some great change is supposed 
to take place in the constitution. 

climate (kli'mat), n. the temperature 
and meteorological conditions of a 
country, &c. 



ace, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



CLIMATIC 



205 



CLOSE 



climatic (kli-mat'ik), adj, relating 
to, or connected with, climate. 

climatize (kli'mi-tiz), vd. to accus- 
tom to a new climate. 

climatography (kli-m§,-tog'r§,-fi), n. 
a description of climates. 

climatology (-toro-ji), n. meteor- 
ology. 

climatometer (kli-m§.-tom'e-ter). n. 
an instrument for recording varia- 
tions of temperature in any given 
region, 

climax (kli'maks), n. the summit; 
acme. 

climb (klim), v.i. to mount or as- 
cend, as by the hands and feet: v.t. 
ascend laboriously: n. an ascent by 
climbing. 

clime (klim), n. a country, region, or 
tract. 

clinch (klinch), v.t, to rivet; fix 
firmly by folding over; double up 
tightly, as the fingers; to hold fast: 
n. anything that holds both ways; a 
mode of fastening large ropes. 

cling (kling), v.i. [p.t, & p.p. clung, 
v.pr. clinging], to adhere closely; 
hold fast by embracing or entwining. 

clinic (klin'ik), n. a medical lecture 
at the bedside or in the presence of 
patients. 

clinical^ (klin'ik-M), adj, pertaining 
to a clinic. 

clinically (-li), adv, in a clinical 
manner. 

clink (klingk), v.t, to strike so as to 
make a slight sharp sound: v.i. to 
make a clinking noise: n. a slight 
sharp successive vibrating noise. 

clinker ('er), n, a mass of partly 
vitrified brick; slag. 

clip (klip), v.t, [p.t, & p.p. chpped, 
dipt: 'p.pr. clipping], to cut with 
shears or scissors; cut off; formerly 
to debase coin by cutting off the 
edges: v.i. move quickly: n, the wool 
of a season's shearing; a spring 
holder for holding papers; a shght 
blow with the hand. 

clipper Cer), one who, or that which, 
chps; an instrument for cutting 
the hair of horses; a sailing vessel 



with very sharp lines and great 
spread of canvas; a person or ani- 
mal that runs swiftly; a firstrate 
person or thing. 

clique (klek), n, a group of persons 
united for some common purpose 
(usually sinister); a coterie; a ring. 

cloak (klok), n, a sleeveless, loose 
outer garment worn by both sexes: 
hence, a pretext; disguise: v.t. to 
cover with, or as with, a cloak; 
cover up or conceal. 

clock (klok), n. a machine for meas- 
uring and indicating the divisions of 
time by^ means of hands moving 
over a dial-plate. 

clock (klok), n. a woven or embroid- 
ered ornament upon a stocking. 

clockwise {'Wvz), adv. in the direc- 
tion of the rotation of the hands of 
a clock. 

clod (klod), n. a lump of earth, turf, 
or clay; a bait used in eel-fishing; 
the shoulder part of the neck-piece 
in beef. 

clog (klog), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. clogged; 
p.pr, clogging], to load with any- 
thing that may impede motion; em- 
barrass: v.i. to stick or cluster to- 
gether: n, a load or weight; a hin- 
drance; a kind of wooden shoe. 

clogginess ('i-nes), n, the state of 
being clogged. 

cloggy (klog'i), adj, clogging; ad- 
hesive. 

cloister (klois'ter), n, a place of re- 
hgious retirement; a monastery or 
nunnery: pi. an arched way or cov- 
ered walk running round an ecclesi- 
astical building or college:^ v.t, to 
confine in, or as in, a cloister or 
convent; seclude from the world. 

cloistral (klois'trM), adj. pertaining 
to, or confined in, a cloister; secluded. 

close (kloz), v.t. to shut; surround 
closely; unite together; consoHdate; 
end: v.i. to come together; shut in; 
coalesce; engage in hand-to-hand 
conflict; grapple: n, an inclosed 
space; the precincts of a cathedral 
or abbey; an alley: adj, (klos) hav- 
ing no outlet; confined; without 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CLOSE CORPORATION 



206 



CLUMBER 



ventilation; oppressive; minute; con- 
cise; reticent; niggardly: adv, near. 

close corporation (klos kor-po-ra'- 
shun), n. a corporation in which 
vacancies are filled by it3 members. 

close-hauled (-hawld), adj» kept as 
near to the wind as possible. 

close port (port), n. a river port. 

close-reef (-ref), n. the last reef in 
a sail. 

close season (se'zun), n. certain 
months in the year in which it is il- 
legal to kill game, protected wild 
birds, fish, &c. 

closet (kloz'et), w. a small room for 
privacy or retirement; a place for 
storing valuable things or household 
requisites: adj, private; secluded: 
v.t, to receive in a private room for 
confidential consultation. 

closure (klo'zhur), n, the act of shut- 
ting up; that which closes; the end; 
the closing of a debate by the vote 
of the majority (the cloture): vd. 
to end (a debate) by closure. 

clot (klot), v.L [p.t. & p.p. clotted, 
p.pr. clotting], to coagulate; v.t. to 
make, form into, or cover with, 
clots: n. a concrete or coagulate 
mass of soft or fluid matter. 

cloth (kloth), n, [pL cloths (kloi/iz)], 
a woven fabric of some fibrous ma- 
terial, especially wool; a table cover- 
ing; the distinctive dress of any 
profession, especially the clerical. 

clothe (klo^/i), v.t. to put raiment 
on; cover with, or as with, a gar- 
ment. 

clothes (klo^/iz), n. pZ. covering for 
the body; dress; bedclothes. 

clothier (klo^/i'yer), n. one who manu- 
factures or sells clothes. 

clothing (klo^/i'ing), n, garments in 
general. 

cloture. See closure. 

cloud (kloud), n. a mass of visible 
vapor floating in the atmosphere ; a 
volume of smoke or dust; the dark 
markings in marble or precious 
stones; a diffused body of anything; 
a multitude; a light woolen shawl: 
v,t, to overspread with, or as with. 



a cloud; render gloomy; blacken or 
sully: vd, to grow cloudy. 

cloud-burst ('berst), n. a violent 
downpour of rain over a very lim- 
ited area. 

clough (kluf), n. a ravine in a rock or 
hillside; a gorge; a kind of sluice. 

clout (klout), n, a piece of cloth or 
leather for patching; a cloth for any 
mean use; the center mark of an 
archery target; an arrow that has 
hit the center; a blow on the head 
with the hand: v.t. to patch or mend 
coarsely; strike with the hand. 

clove, pJ. of cleave. 

clove (klov), n, a pungent aromatic 
spice. 

cloven (klo'ven), 'p.adj. divided into 
two parts. 

clover (klo'ver), n. a species of grass. 

clown (kloun), n. a rustic; an ill- 
bred fellow; a professional jester or 
buffoon. 

clownish ('ish), adj. like a clown. 

cloy (kloi), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. cloyed, 
p.pr. cloying], to fill to repletion; 
surfeit. 

club (klub), n. a heavy stick; one of 
the suits of cards marked with tre- 
foils; a number of persons associ- 
ated for a common purpose or mu- 
tual benefit; a joint expense: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. clubbed, p.pr. clubbing], 
to beat with a club; unite in a solid 
mass: v.i, contribute to a common 
expense. 

clubbable ('i.-bl), adj. having the 
qualities which fit a man to associ- 
ate in a club. 

club-foot ('foot), n. a deformed foot. 

club-haul ('hawl), v.t, to tack (a 
ship) by dropping the lee anchor as 
soon as the wind is out of the sails, 
bringing the ship's head to the wind. 

club-moss ('mos), n. the lycopodium. 

cluck (kluk), v.i, to cry or call like 
a hen to her chickens: n. a hen's 
call; the peculiar click uttered by 
some South African tribes. 

clue (kloo), n. a hint; a clew. 

clumber (klum'ber), n, a field 
spaniel. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon> 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



CLUMP 



207 



COATEE 



clump (klump), n. a cluster of trees, 
&c.; a thick sole: pi. a social game: 
v,t arrange n a clump: v,i. tread 
clumsily. 

clumsily (klum'zi-li), adv. awkward- 
ly; heavily. 

clumsy (klum'zi), adj. awkward; 
heavy. 

clung, p.t, ot cling. 

cluster (klus'ter), n. a number of 
things of the same kind growing or 
collected together; a bunch: v,u to 
grow or gather into bunches; con- 
gregate. 

clutch (kluch), v.t. to grasp, seize, or 
grip strongly: v.i. to snatch or seize 
[with at]: n. a grasp; seizure: pi. 
hands; claws. 

clyster (klis'ter), n. a liquid injected 
into the lower intestines by a s^t- 
inge; an enema. 

CO- (ko), a prefix, meaning with, to- 
gether, entering into the composi- 
tion of many words, the sense of 
which is gen er all}' self-evident, as 
CO- trustee, a joiut trustee. 

coach (koch), n. a large covered four- 
wheeled pubhc or private carriage; 
a tutor who especially prepares an- 
other for an examination or an ath- 
letic contest: v.t. to instruct or 
train for an examination, &c. 

coagulant (ko-ag'u-lant), n. a sub- 
stance that produces coagulation. 

coagulate (ko-ag'u-lat), v.t. to clot 
or curdle. 

coagulation (-u-la'shun), n. the act 
of coagulating; the state of being 
coagulated. 

coagulative (-tiv), adj. causing co- 
agulation. 

coagulator (-ter), n. that which 
causes coagulation. 

coagulum ('u-lum), n. [pi. coagula 
(-la) ], a clot of blood; a curdled 
mass. 

coal (kol), n. mineralized vegetable 
matter, used in its hardened form 
as fuel: v.t. to furnish with coals: 
v.i. take in coal. 

coal-oil ('oil), n. petroleum. 

coal-tar ('tar), n. a thick opaque 



liquid distilled from bituminous coal, 
and from which many rich dye col- 
ors are obtained. 

coalesce (ko-a-les'), v.t. to grow to- 
gether; combine; unite. 

coalescence ('ens), n. the act of 
coalescing. 

coalescent Cent), adj. growing to- 
gether. 

coalition (ko-§.-lish'im), n. union in 
a body or mass; a combination of 
persons. 

coamings (kom'ings), n.pl. the raised 
wood or iron borders of the hatches 
of a vessel. 

coaptation (ko-ap-ta'shim), n. the 
adjustment or adaptation of parts to 
one another. 

coarse (kors), adj. large in texture 
or size; not refined; rough; rude; 
inaelicate. 

coarse-grained ('grand), adj having 
a coarse grain ; ill-tempered. 

coarsely (kors'H), adv. in a coarse 
manner. 

coarseness ('nes), n. the quahty of 
being coarse. 

coast (kost), n. the margin of the lana 
next the sea; a frontier; a slide in 
a sledge down an incline : v.i. to sail 
near or along the coast; descend 
an incline in a sledge, or on a bicycle 
without working the pedals: v.t. to 
sail close or near to. 

coaster ('er), n. a home-trading ves- 
sel; one who coasts on a sled. 

coastguard ('gard), n. a member of 
the ^ service for watching the sea, 
originally to check smuggling. 

coasting-trade ('ing-trad), the trade 
carried on from port to port of the 
same country. 

coastwise ('wiz), adv. by, or along, 
the coast. 

coat (kot), n. an outer garment cov- 
ering the upper part of the body; an 
external covering, as fur, &c.: a thin 
layer; an integument: v.t. to cover 
or spread over. 

coat-card (-kard), n. a comi>-card. 

coatee (ko-teO, n. a close-fitting coat 
with short tails. 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ih^n. 



COAT OF ARMS 



208 



COCOA 



coat of arms (of armz), n. the em- 
blazonment of armorial bearings on 
an escutcheon. 

coat of mail (mal), n. chain-mail. 

coax (koks), v.t. to wheedle; cajole. 

coaxial (ko-ak'si-^1), adj, having a 
common axis. 

cob ^ (kob), n, a roundish piece of any- 
thing; the spike of Indian corn; a 
strong thickset pony; a young her- 
ring; a spider; a pellet for feeding 
fowls; the bull-head ^ or miller's 
thumb; a sea-gull; a kind of wicker 
basket; a kind of breakwater:^ v.L 
[p.t, & p.p. cobbed, p.pr, cobbing], 
to punish with a strap; break (ore). 

cobalt (ko'bawlt), n. a steel-grey 
metal. 

cobble (kobi), n, a pebble; a round 
medium-sized stone; clumsy work; 
v.t, to mend or patch up coarsely: 
vd, work clumsily. 

cobbler (ler), n. one who mends 
boots and shoes; a clumsy work- 
man; a cooling summer drink of ice, 
wine, &c. 

cobra-de-capello (ko'br^-de-k^r-pel'- 
o), n, a large and mooi venomous 
hooded snake. 

cobweb (kobVeb), n. a spider's web: 
hence, a net or snare; old musty 
rubbish: adj, made of, or like, a 
cobweb ; flimsy. 

coca (ko'ka), n. the dried leaf of a 
small South American shrub : a pow- 
erful tonic. 

cocaine (-in), n. a powerful alkaloid 
extracted from coca leaves. 

cocainism' (-izm), n. the morbid hab- 
it of using cocaine to excess. 

cocainize (-Tz), v.t. to subject to, or 
render insensible by cocaine. 

cocculus indicus I'kok'u-lus in-di'- 
kus), n, an East Indian climbing 
shrub possessing acrid narcotic prop- 
erties. 

cochineal ^ (koch'i-nel) , n. a scarlet 
dye obtained from the dr ed body 
of an insect. 

cochlea (kok'le-^), n. [pi, cochleae 
(-e)], the spiral-shaped cavity of 
the inner ear. 



cochleate (kokle-at), adj. screw-like. 

cock (kok), n. the male of birds, es- 
pecially the domestic fowl; the male 
of certain animals other than birds; 
a vane in the shape of a cock; a 
leader or chief; a turn-valve for reg- 
ulating the flow of a liquid or gas; 
a small conical heap of hay. 

cock (kok), v.t, to turn up oi set (the 
hat or head) jauntily on one side; 
erect: n, the action of the verb to 
cock. 

cock-eyed ('id), adj, having squint- 
ing-eyes. 

cockade (-ad'), n, a badge or ribbon 
worn on the hat. 

cockatoo (-§,-tooO, n, a crested bird 
of the parrot family. 

cockatrice ('a-tris, or -tris), n. a fab- 
ulous serpent said to have been 
hatched in a cock's egg, and possess- 
ing the power of killing by a glance 
of its eye. 

cockboat Cbot), n. a small boat. 

cockchafer ('cha-fer), n. the Maybug. 

cockcrow Ckro), n, early morning. 

cockee (-e'), n. the spot where a curl- 
ing player stands to hurl. 

cockerel ('er-el), n, a young cock. 

cockle ('1), v.t. to contract into 
wrinkles. 

cockle ('1), n. an edible shell-fish with 
two heart-shaped wrinkled shells; 
the plant corncockle or darnel; a 
kiln for drying hops; a stove for 
drying biscuit-ware. 

cockney (kok'ni), n, sl Londoner: 
traditionally one born within sound 
of the bells of Bow Church, Cheap- 
side. 

coctneydom (-dum), n. London and 
its suburbs. 

cockpit (kok'pit), n. an enclosed 
space for cockfighting. 

cockroach ('roch), n. a black beetle. 

cocktail (kok'tal), n, a mixed alco- 
holic drink, American in its origin. 

cocoa (ko'ko), n, a palm which pro- 
duces the cocoanut. Also coco. 

cocoa (ko'ko), n. the ground seeds of 
the cacao or chocolate tree; the bev- 
erage made from it. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



COCOANUT 



209 



COHERER 



rocoanut (-nut), n. the fruit of the 
cocoa palm. 

^ocoon (ko-koon'), n. the silky ob- 
long case covering the larvae of 
many spinning insects while in the 
chrysalis state. 

cocoonery ('er-i), n. a building where 
silk-worms are fed when forming 

I cocoons. 

jcocotte (ko-kof), n, a Parisian cour- 
tezan. 

cod (kod), n, the husk or pod of a 
seed; the scrotum; the narrow part 
of a trawl-net. 

cod (kod), n, a large edible fish found 
in the northern seas, and especially 
on the banks of Newfoundland. 

coddle (kod'l), v.L to make effemi- 
j nate by pampering; treat tenderly; 
i to stew gently: n, an over-indulged 
pampered person. 

code (kod), n, a body of classified 
laws or regulations; a system of 
signals. 

codeine (ko-de'in), n, an active me- 
dicinal principle extracted from the 
poppy. 

codex (ko'deks), n, [pi. codices ('di- 
sez) ], a volume of statutes; a man- 
uscript volume, especially of the sa- 
cred Scriptures. 

codger (koj'er), n. a miser; an old 
man. 

codicil (kod'i-sil), n. an appendix to 
a will. 

codify (ko'di- or kod'i-fi), v.t, [p.t. 
& p.p. codified, p.pr. codifying], to 
reduce to a code or digest. 

codling (kod'ling), n. a young cod; 
a kind of stewing apple. 

coefficient (ko-e-fish'ent), adj. co- 
operating* n, that which cooperates 
with another: a number or known 
quantity prefixed in algebra as a 
multiplier to a variable or an im- 
known quantity. 

coerce (ko-ers'), v.L to restrain or 
constrain by force, especially legally 
or morally; compel. 

coercible {'i-hl)^ adj. able to be coerced. 

coercion ('shun), n. the act of coerc- 
ing. 



coercive Csiv), adj. having power to 
coerce. 

coeval (ko-e'vM), adj. contempora- 
neous. 

coextensive (ko-eks-ten'siv), adj, 
equally extensive. 

coffee (kof'e), n. the seeds of a plant 
which, roasted and ground, form the 
well-known beverage. 

coffer (kof er), n. a chest; a kind of 
caisson or floating dock; a sunken 
panel: pi. sl treasury: v.L to inclose 
in a coffer. 

cofHn Cin), n. a case for the dead; 
the hollow part of a horse's hoof. 

cog (kog), n, the tooth of a wheel; a 
trick: v.L [p.t. & p.p. cogged, p.pr. 
cogging], to furnish with cogs. 

cogent (ko'jent), adj. forcible; not 

* easily resisted. 

cogitate (koj'i-tat), vd. to meditate: 
v.t. to devise or plan. 

cogitation (-ta'shun), n. the act of 
cogitating. 

cogitative (-ta-tiv), adj, meditative. 

cognac (ko'nyak), n. a French 
brandy. 

cognate (kog'nat), adj. allied by 
blood; of the same stock, nature, or 
quality. ^ • 

cognition (kog-nish'im), n. knowl- 
edge. 

cognitive (kog'ni-tiv), adj. having 
power of mental apprehension. 

cognizable (kon'iz-^-bl), adj. that 
may be known. 

cognizance (kon'i-z§,ns), n. Judicial 
knowledge or notice; perception. 

cognizant (kon'i-zant), adj. having 
knowledge of anything. 

cognomen (kog-no'meu), n. a sur- 
name. 

cohabit (ko-hab'it), v.i. to dwell to* 
gether as husband and wife.^ 

cohere (ko-her'), v.i. to stick to- 
gether. 

coherence ('ens), n. the state or 
quaUty of cohering. Also coherency. 

coherent ('ent), oc^. cohering togeth- 
er; consistent; logical. 

coherer (ko-her-er), n. a device for 



6te, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 
Dlo. 14 



COHESION 



210 



COLLATION 



detecting electro-magnetic waves, 
used in wireless telegraphy. 

cohesion^ (ko-he'zhun), n, the force 
that unites together molecules of the 
same material; coherence. 

cohesive ('siv), n, causing to cohere. 

cohort (ko'hort), n, a body of an- 
cient Roman soldiers, the tenth part 
of a legion. 

coif (koif), n, 2l close cap. 

coiffeur (koi'fer), n. a hairdresser. 

coiffure (koif'ur, French kwo-fer'), 
n. a head dress. 

coign (koin), n. a comer. 

coii (koil), n, a rope gathered into a 
ring; anything resembling it: v.t.to 
gather or wind into a circular heap: 
v.i. to wind. 

coin (koin), n, money stamped with 
a legal impression; a corner or 
angle: v.U to convert into money; 
invent, 

coinage ('^j), n, the process of coin- 
ing; the thing coined; invention. 

coincide (ko-in-sid'), v.i, correspond 
exactly; occur at the same time; 
fall upon, or meet, in the same point. 

coincidence ^ (ko-in 'si-dens), n. the 
act of coinciding. 

coincident (ko-in'si-dent), adj, coin- 
ciding. ^ ' 

coiner (koin'er), n. one who stamps 
coins, especially one who makes 
counterfeit money. 

coir (koir), n, the prepared fiber of 
the husks of cocoanuts. 

coition (ko~ish'un), n, copulation; 
conjunction: said of the moon. 

coke (kok), the residue of coal after 
the gas, &c., has been expelled: v,L 
to convert into coke. 

colander (kul'an-der), n, a vessel 
with a perforated bottom. 

cola-nut (kola-nut),^ n, the large 
bitter seed of an African tree. 

colchicum (korchi-kum), n. the 
meadow-saffron, the seeds and bulbs 
of which are used in medicine. 

cold (kold), adj, without heat or 
warmth; frigid; without passion or 
zeal; indifferent; insensible; blue in 
tone: n, the opposite of heat; the 



sensation produced by the loss of 
heat; a catarrh. 

cold-blooded (-blud'ed), adj, having 
the blood below 90° Fahr. in tem- 
perature; heartless; brutal. 

coldish (kold'ish), adj. somewhat 
cold. 

cole (kol), n, cabbage plants in general. 

cole-slaw ('slaw), rio cabbage salad. 

Coleoptera^ (kol-e-op-ter-^), n.pZ. an 
order of insects having the wmgs 
covered with a sheath t the beetles. 

colewort (koFwert) , n. young cabbage. 

colic (kol'ik), ?z. acute spasmodic pain 
in the abdomen or bowels: adj, per- 
taining to, or affecting, the bowels. 

colicky (-i), adj, pertaining to cohc. 

coliseum* See colosseum. 

collaborate (ko-lab'o-rat), v,i, to 
work jointly, especially in hterary 
or scientific work. 

collaboration (-o-ra'shim), n, united 
labor. 

collaborator (-lab'o-ra-ter), n. one 
who assists another, especially in lit- 
erary or scientific work : [more usu- 
ally collaborateur (-ter'), the French 
form of the word]. 

collapse (kol-aps'), ^. a falling in or 
together; sudden and complete fail- 
ure; general prostration of the vital 
powers: t\L to fall in or together; 
shrink up; break down. 

collapsible (-ap'si-bl), adj. collapsing. 

collar (kol'er), n, anything encircling 
the neck, worn for use, restraint, or 
ornament; a round ring or flan.^c: 
v,to to seize by the collar; put a col- 
lar on; roll up. 

collarette (-et), w. a fichu of lace, &c. 

collate (kol'at), v,t, compare crit- 
ically one thing with another of the 
same kind, as manuscripts or text of 
books; place in an ecclesiastical 
benefice. 

collateral (kol-at'er-M) , adj. side by 
side; auxiliary; concurrent; de- 
scended from the same stock, but in 
a different line. 

collaterally (-h), adv. in a collat- 
eral manner. 

collation (kol-a'shun), n. compari- 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



COLLATOR 



211 



COLONY 



son; a light repast; the presentation 
to a benefice by a bishop, who is the 
patron. 

collator ('ter), n, one who collates 
manuscripts or books; the bishop 
who collates. 

colleague (kol'eg), n, an associate in 
the same office, employment, or com- 
mission. 

collect (kol'ekt), n, a short compre- 
hensive prayer. 

collect (kol-ekt'), v.t, gather togeth- 
er; assemble; demand and obtain 
payment of: v.i. to meet together; 
accmnulate. 

collected (kol-ekt'ed), adj, self-pos- 
sessed. 

collection ('shun), n. the act of 
gathering together; a mass; a 
crowd; an assemblage of works of 
art, natural objects, &c. ; a contribu- 
tion to a special object; a private 
college examination. 

collective (kol-ek'tiv), adj, accumu- 
lative. 

collectivism (-izm), n. the socialis- 
tic theory that land and capital 
should be owned by society collec- 
tively. 

collectivist (-ist), n. an advocate of 
collectivism: adj. pertaining to col- 
lectivism. 

collector (kol-ek'ter), n. one who 
collects. 

college (korej), n. a society of men 
possessing certain powers and rights, 
and engaged in some common pur- 
suit, especially literary studies; the 
house founded for such a society. 

collegian (kol-e'ji-^n), n, a member 
of a college. 

collegiate (-at), adj. pertaining to, 
or containing, a college; instituted 
like a college. 

collet (kol'et), n. the part of a ring 
in which the stone is set. 

collide (kol-id'), t).i. to come into col- 
lision. 

collie (kol'i), n. a Scotch sheep-dog. 

ocUier (kol'ver), n. a digger of coal; 
a coal-dig^^r; a vessel in the coal 
trade. 



colliery (-i), ». [pZ. collieries (-iz) ]^ 
a coal mine. 

collision (kol-izh'un), n. the act of 
striking two bodies violently to- 
gether; concussion. 

collocation ^ (kol-o-ka'shun), n, the 
act of placing; arrangement. 

collodion (kol-o'di-un), n. a prepara- 
tion of soluble gim-cotton with 
ether. 

colloquial (kol-oliwi-M), adj, used 
in ordinary conversation. 

colloquialism (-izm), n. a colloquial 
form of speech ;^ slang. 

colloquy ('o-kwi), n. [pi. colloquies 
(-kwis) ], a conversation; a dialogue. 

collusion (kol-u'zhun), n. a secret 
agreement for a fraudulent or evil 
purpose. 

collusive C'siv), adj, fraudulently 
concerted. 

collusory ('s6-ri), adj. carrying on 
fraud by secret agreement. 

cologne water (waw'ter), n. eau-de- 
cologne. 

colon (kolon), n. a mark of punctua- 
tion [:]; the largest of the intes- 
tines. 

colonel (ker'nel), n. the chief officer 
of a regiment. 

colonelcy (-si), n. the rank of a 
colonel. 

colonial (ko-lo'ni-§,l), adj. pertaining 
to a colony. 

colonialism (-izm), n. the character- 
istics of colonial hfe; a colonial 
habit or phrase. 

colonialize (-iz), v.t. to render colo- 
nial in character. 

colonist (koro-nist), n, an inhabitant 
of a colony. 

colonization (koro-ni-za'shim), n. the 
act of colonizing or state of being 
colonized; the temporary settle- 
ment of men in a voting district 
to quahiy them as electors. 

colonize (koro-mz), v.t, to settle or 
establish a colony in. 

colonnade (kol-on-ad'), w. a series of 
columns. 

colony (kol'o-ni), n. [pi, colonies 
(-niz)], a body of people from thei^ 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



COLOR 



212 



COMBUSTION 



native country who settle in another 
land, but are under the jurisdiction 
of, or connected with, the parent 
country; the country thus settled; 
a number of animals or plants liv- 
ing or growing together. 

color (kul'er), n, the hue or appear- 
ance that a body presents to the 
eye; a pigment or paint complex- 
ion; redness; an apparent right or 
reason; pretense; false show ph a 
miUtary or naval flag: v.U to im- 
part a color to; tint; dye; give a 
specious appearance to; make plaus- 
ible. 

Colorado-beetle G^ol-o-ra'do-befl) , 
n. a yellowish ^ beetle, having its 
back marked with ten longitudinal 
black stripes: it is very destructive 
to potato crops. 

color-blind (kurer-blind), adj, a de- 
fect in one's vision, which renders 
one unable to differentiate one color 
from another, 

coloring ^ (kul'er-ing), n, the act or 
art of giving a color to; the color so 
applied. 

colorist (-ist), n. an artist whose 
works are characterized by beauty 
of color. 

colossal (ko-los'M), adj. like a colos- 
sus; gigantic. 

Colosseum (kol-o-se'um), n. the Fla- 
vian amphitheater at ancient Rome. 
Also coliseum. 

colossus (ko-los'us), n, [pi. colossi 
(-i)], a statue of gigantic size. 

colportage (korpor-taj), n, the sys- 
tem of distributing Bibles, reUgious 
books, &c., by colporteurs. 

colporteur (-ter), n. one engaged in 
colportage. 

colt (kolt), n, a young male horse; a 
young foolish fellow; one who plays 
cricket for the first time for his 
county; a knotted rope's-end: v.L 
punish with a rope's-end. 

colter (kol'ter), n. plowshare; also 
spelled coulter, 

coltish Cish), ad], like a colt; frisky. 

colts-foot (-s'foot), n. a medicinal 
herb. 



Columbian (ko-lumnDi-S-n), n. a size 
of printing-type. (See type.) 

columbine (kol'um-bin), adj, per- 
taining to, or like, a dove or pigeon: 
n, a plant with flowers of five petals. 

column (koFum), n, a round pillar 
to support or adorn a building; any 
body of certain dimensions pressing 
vertically on its base; a division of 
the page of a book, &c.; a formation 
of troops in deep files. 

columnar (ko-lum'n§,r), adj, having 
the form or shape of a column. 

coma (ko'mi,), n. insensibihty; stu- 
por. 

coma (ko'mS,), n, {pi. comae ('me)], 
the nebulous hair-like envelope sur- 
rounding the nucleus of a comet; 
the aggregate of branches forming 
the leafy head of a tree. 

comatose (ko'ma-tos), adj. torpid; 
lethargic. 

comb (kom), n. a toothed instrument 
to separate and adjust the hair; the 
crest of a cock; the crest of a wave 
or hill; a honeycomb: v.t, to dress 
the hair with a comb; grain: v,i. to 
roll over, as the crest of a Vv^ave. 

combat (kom'bat), v,i, to fight; act 
in opposition: v,t. to fight with; 
oppose by force: n. a contest by 
force; a struggle. 

combatant (-Snt), n, one who com- 
bats: adj. disposed to fight; bearing 
arms. 

combative (-iv), adj, pugnacious. 

combination (kom-bi-na'shun), n. 
the union of bodies or qualities; an 
association of persons for a com- 
mon object: pi. underclothing woven 
in one piece. 

combine (kom-bin'), v.t, to unite or 
join; link closely together: v.i, to 
unite, agree, or coalesce: n, a secret 
combination, generally for fraudu- 
lent purposes. 

combustibility (kom-bus-ti-bil'i-ti), 
n. the property oi being combustible. 

combustible (kom-bus'ti-bl), adj. in- 
flammable: n. an inflammable sub- 
stance. 

combustion (-bust'yun), n. the act 



ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQu. 



COME 



213 



COMMENSURABLE 



of burning; the union of an inflam- 
I mable substance with oxygen, &c. 

i come (kum), v.i. [p.t. came, p.p. 
come, p.pr. coming], to move to- 
ward; draw near; reach; happen; 
arrive at some state or condition. 

come-back (kon'bak), n. an after 
claim, demand, or condition. 

comedian (ko-me'di-in), n. an actor 
or player in comedy: fern, comedi- 
enne (ko-ma-di-en'). 

comiedy (kom'e-di), n. [pi. comedies 
(-diz)], dramatic representation of 
the humorous or ridiculous side of 
human hfe. 

comeliness (kum'li-nes), n. grace; 
beauty. 

comely (kumli), adj, graceful; hand- 
some. 

comet (kom'et), n. a luminous celes- 
tial body, with an eccentric orbit, 
consisting, when perfect, of a nu- 
cleus, coma, and a tail. 

cometary ('e-ta-ri), adj, pertaining 
to a comet. 

comfit (kum'fit), n. a dry sweetmeat. 

comfort (kum'fert), v.t. to console; 
strengthen; inspirit: n. a state of 
quiet enjoyment; consolation; en- 
couragement; a quilted bed-cover. 

comfortable ('fer-ti-bl), adj, im- 
parting or enjoying comfort. 

comforter (kum'fer-ter), n. one who 
comforts; a long woolen scarf. 

comfrey (kum'fri), n, sl rough hairy 
plant. 

comic (kom'ik), or comical (-&1), 
adj. exciting mirth. 

comicality ('i-ti), n. the state of 
being comical. 

comically (-li), adv, in a comical 
manner. 

coming (kum'ing), n, an arrival: 
adj, expected; future. 

comique (ko-mek'), n, a comic actor 
or singer. 

comity (kom'i-ti), n, civility; polite- 
ness; acts of international courtesy. 

comma (kom'^), n. a punctuation 
point [,]. 

command (kom-and', or -and), v.t. 



to order or charge with authority; 
control; exercise supreme authority 
over; lead: v.i. act as a commander; 
exercise power or authority: n. au- 
thority; an order or mandate; a 
dominating situation; a naval or 
military force under the command 
of a particular oflSicer. 

commandant (-anf), n. an officer 
in command of a fortified place or a 
body of troops. 

commandeer (kom-man-der), v.t. to 
seize for the benefit of military needs 
without process of law. 

commander (^er), n. one who com- 
mands; a naval officer next below a 
captain. 

commandment G^om-ind'ment), n. 
a command; a precept; a law, es- 
pecially any one of the Decalogue. 

commando ('do), n, a mihtary ex- 
pedition by private individuals; the 
quasi-military expeditions of the 
English farmers and Boers of South 
Africa against the natives. 

commemorate (kom-em'o-rat), v.t. 
to call to remembrance by a solemn 
act; celebrate with honor. 

commemoration (-a'shun), n, the 
act of commemorating. 

commemorative (-em'o-ra-tiv), adj, 
preserving the memory of. 

commemorator ('o-ra-ter), n, one 
who commemorates. 

commence (kom-ens'), v.i, to come 
into existence; begin: v.t. to enter 
upon; perform the first act of. 

commencement ('ment), n. begin- 
ning; origin; the annual festival 
when degrees, &c., are conferred at 
colleges. 

commend (kom-end'), v.t. recom- 
mend as worthy of notice; praise] 
bring to mind. 

commendation (-en-da'shun), n, the 
act of commending; approval. 

commendatory ('4-to-ri), adj, serv- 
ing to commend; containing praise. 

commensurability (kom-en-su-ra- 

' biri-ti), n, the state of being com- 
mensurable. 

commensurable (kom-en'su-r^-bl), 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book: hue. hut: think, then. 



COMMENSURATE 



214 



COMMON LAW 



adj, having or reducible to, a com- 
mon measure. 

commensurate ('su-rat), adj, re- 
ducible to a common measure; 
equal. 

comment (kom'ent), n, a spoken or 
written remark, especially a written 
note by way of explanation, &c.; 
criticism: v.i, (kom- or kom-ent'), 
to write notes or explanations on 
the text of an author. 

commentary ('en-ta-ri), n, {ph com- 
mentaries (-riz)], a series of ex- 
planatory notes or annotations, 

commentative (-tiv), adj, making 
commentaries. 

commentator (-ter), n. one who 
writes notes to explain an author. 

commerce (kom'ers), n. interchange 
of merchandise on a large scale be- 
tween nations or individuals; inter- 
course. 

commercial (-er'shM), adj. pertain- 
ing to trade or commerce; mercan- 

tne. 

commercialism (-izm), n. commer- 
cial habits, methods, or principles. 

commercially (-li), adv. in a com- 
mercial manner. 

commingle (ko-mihg'gl), v.t. & v.i. 
to mix; blend. 

comminute (kom'i-nut), v.t. to make 
small or fine by grinding: adj. di- 
vided into small parts. 

commiserate (kom-iz'er-at), v.t. feel 
pity for; sympathize with in dis- 
tress. 

commiseration (-er-a'shun), n. pity. 

commiserator ('er-§,-ter), n. one who 
pities. 

commissariat (kom-is-a'ri-at), n. the 
department of an army concerned 
with the supply of transports, pro- 
visions, &c. 

commissary ('is-§<-ri), n. [pi. com- 
missaries (-riz)], one to whom some 
charge is committed by a superior; 
a delegate; an official in the com- 
missariat department. 

commission (kom-ish'un), n. a dele- 
gation of business to anyone; the 
act of doing or committing; a trust; 



a charge; the warrant by which any- 
thing is done; one or more persons 
appointed to perform certain speci- 
fied duties; brokerage or allowance: 
v.t. empower; send with authority. 

commissioner (-ish'un-er), n, a per- 
son empowered by a commission or 
warrant; an officer in charge of some 
department of the public service. 

commission-government (kom-ish'- 
un-guv'ern-ment), n. a form of munic- 
ipal government by a board of ex- 
perts appointed, or of commissioners 
elected at large to serve under speci- 
fied restrictions. 

commissure ('ish-ur), n. a joint or 
seam; the point of union between 
two bodies. 

commit (kom-if), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
committed, p.pr. committing], to 
give in charge or trust; surrender; 
consign; perpetrate; learn by heart; 
send for trial, or to prison. 

commitment (-it'ment), n. the act 
of committing. Also committal. 

committee (-it'e), n. persons ap- 
pointed to consider or manage any 
matter. 

commode (kom-od'), n. a high head- 
dress formerly in vogue; a chest of 
drawers or bureau; a night-stool. 

commodious (-o'di-us), adj. useful; 
convenient; roomy. 

commodity (-od'i-ti), n. [pi. com- 
modities (-tiz)], that which is use- 
ful; an article of commerce: pL 
goods; merchandise. 

commodore ('o-dor), n. a captain 
commanding a squadron; the lead- 
ing ship in a fleet of merchantmen. 

common (kom'un), adj. belonging 
equally to more than one; pubhc; 
usual; frequent; inferior; of low 
birth or origin; applied to nouns 
that are both masculine and femi- 
nine: n. a tract of open pubhc land. 

common council (koun'sil), n. the 
representative body of a city or mu- 
nicipal corporation. 

common law (law), n. the unwrit- 
ten law of England based on imme- 
morial usage. 



ate, a-m, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut; think, //ten. 



COMMONAGE 



215 



COMPANION 



! commonage (-aj), n. the right of 

' pasturing on common land. 

, commonalty (-al-ti), n, the common 
people. 

commoner (-er), n, one not a peer; 
a member of the House of Com- 
mons; one who has a joint right in 
common land; at Oxford, a student 
not on the foundation. 

commonly (-h), adv. usually; mean- 
ly. 

commonplace (-plas), n. a memo- 
randum for ready reference; an 
obvious remark; an^^thing ordinary: 
adj, uninteresting; trite; common; 

common-sense (-sens), adj, charac- 
terized by sound practical judgment. 

commonweal (-wel), n, the public 
good. 

commonwealth (-welth), n. the 
whole body of people in a state; a 
republic. 

commotion (-5 'shun), n. violent agi- 
tation. 

communal ('u-nM), adj. pertaining 
to a commune. 

communalism (-izm), n. govern- 
ment by communes or corporations 
of towns and districts. 

commune (-un'), v.t. to converse to- 
gether: impart; take counsel; par- 
take oi the Eucharist, or Holy Com- 
munion. 

communicability (-u-ni-k^-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the quality of being communica- 
ble. 

communicable (u'ni-k^-bl), adj. im- 
partible. 

communicant (-u'ni-kant) , adj. 
communicating: n. a partaker, es- 
pecially of the Eucharist. 

communicate (-kat), v.t. to impart; 
reveal: t;.i, to share; partake of the 
Eucharist. 

communication (-k&'shun), n. the 
act of communicating; means of 
passing from one place to another; 
news; intercourse. 

communicative (-ka-tiv), adj. un- 
reserved. 

communicator (-kl,-ter), n. one who 
or anything which, communicates. 



communicatory (-t5-ri), adj, im- 
parting knowledge. 

communion (-un'yim), n. inter- 
course; fellowship; common pos- 
session; a reUgious body; the partak- 
ing of the Eucharist. 

communism (kom'u-nizm), n. the 
doctrine of having property in com- 
mon; sociahsm. 

communist ('u-nist), n. a supporter 
of communism; a socialist; a mem- 
ber of the Commune of Paris (1871). 

communistic (-is'tik), adj, relating 
to communism. 

community (-u'ni-ti), n. [pi. com- 
munities (-tiz) ], a body of persons 
having^ common rights, interests, 
and privileges; a corporation; so- 
ciety generally; common character. 

commutability (u-ta-biri-ti), n. the 
cjuality of being commutable. 

commutable (-ut'^-bl), adj. inter- 
changeable. 

commutation (-u-ta'shun), n. the 
act of commuting; change or ex- 
change. 

commutation ticket (kom-u-ta'- 
shun), 71. a ticket issued to a frequent 
passenger, paid for in advance for 
a hmited time, by which he obtains 
lower rates. 

commutative ('ta-tiv), adj. pertain- 
ing to exchange. 

commutator (kom'u-ta-ter) , n. an 
electrical de\ace for making an 
alternating current continue or dis- 
continue; also for increasing or 
diminishing the strength of the 
same. 

commute (kom-ut'), v.t. to exchange; 
substitute; reduce the severity of; 
regulate the direction of an electric 
current: v.i. to pay in gross amount. 

commuter (kom-u-ter), n. the user 
of a commutation ticket. 

compact (kom'pakt), n. an agree- 
ment or covenant; v.t. (kom-pakt'), 
to press or pack closely; consohdate. 

companion (kom-pan'yun), n. a 
conu'ade; an associate or partner: 
. the hut over a ship's ladder: adj. 
attendant. 



ate, arm, §^, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



COMPANIONSHIP 



216 



COMPLAISANCE 



companionship (-ship), n, fellow- 
ship. 

company (kum'pi,-ni), n. [pL com- 
panies (-niz) ], an assemblage of 
people; a body of persons associated 
together; ^ society; fellowship; a 
firm; a ship's crew; a subdivision of 
a regiment; v.i. associate with. 

comparable (kom'p^-ra-bl), adj, ca- 
pable of being compared; of equal 
regard. 

comparative (-par'^-tiv), adj. esti- 
mated by comparison; not positive: 
n. the comparative degree of gram- 
mar. 

compare (-par'), v.t. to make one 
thing the measure of another; in- 
flect so as to form the degrees of 
comparison: v.i, to bear a com- 
parison. 

comparison (-par'i-sun), n. the act 
of comparing; an illustration or 
simile. 

compartment (-part'ment) , n. a 
division by a partition, as of a car- 
riage, &c.; a panel. 

compass (kum'pas), v.t. to encircle; 
walk around; besiege: n. sl circular 
course; a circumference; extent; 
grasp; an instrument indicating the 
magnetic meridian: pi. a mathe- 
matical instrument for dividing and 
drawing circles. 

compassion (kom-pash'un) , n. sor- 
row for the sufferings of others; 
sympathy; pity. 

compassionate (-at), v.t. to have 
compassion for: adj. sympathetic; 
merciful. 

compatibility (kom-pat-i-biri-ti) , n. 
the quality of being compatible; 
congruity. 

compatible ('i-bl), adi. congruous; 
suitable. 

coi-npatriot (-pa'tri-ot), n. a fellow 
countryman. 

compeer (kom-per'), n. an equal. 

compel (kom-per), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
compelled, p.pr, compelling], to 
urge irresistibly; force. 

compend (kom'pend), n. an abridg- 
ment. 



compendious (-pen'di-us), adj. suc-i 
cinct. 

compendium ('di-um), n. an abridg- 
ment. 

compensate (kom'pen- or kom-pen'- 
sat), v.t. to recompense; make 
amends for: v.i. to make compensa- 
tion. 

compensating-gear (com-pen-saf- 
ing-ger), n. si. gear that enables the 
two re'ar wheels of an automobile 
to rotate ^ at different speeds for 
easy turning. 

compensation (-sa'shun), n. amends; 
recompense; a set-off. 

compensation-balance (-bal'i^ns), n. 
a watch balance-wheel, constructed 
to counteract variations in tem- 
perature. 

compensative ('sa-tiv), adj. making 
compensation. Also compensatory. 

compensator Cpen-sa-ter), n. one 
who compensates. 

compete (kom-pet'), v.i. enter into 
competition with another; rival. 

competence (kom'pe-tens), n. the 
state of being competent; suffi- 
ciency. Also competency. 

competent (-tent), adj. fit; able; 
suitable; qualified; moderate. 

competition (-tish'un), n. rivalry. 

competitive (kom-pet'i-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to competition; emulous. 

competitor ('i-ter), n. a rival. 

compilation (-i-la'shun), n. the act 
of compiling; the thing compiled. 

compile ^ (kom-piF), v.t. to put to- 
gether in fresh form existing mate- 
rials. 

complacence (l<:om-pl§,'sens), n. in- 
ward satisfaction. Also compla- 
cency. 

complacent ('sent), adj. affable. 

complain (kom-plan'), v.i. to express 
grief, pain, or resentment; charge 
formally. 

complainant ('ant), n. a plaintiff. 

complaint (-plant'), n. an accusa- 
tion; an expression of grief or pain; 
ailment. 

complaisance (-pla-sans'), n. cour- 
tesy. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



COMPLAISANT 



217 



COMPOUNDER 



complaisant (-sanf), odj. courteous. 

complected (-plek'ted), adj. inter- 
woven; complexioned. 

complement ('ple-ment), n. full 
number or quantity; a complete set. 
v.L to supply a deficiency. 

complemental {'kl), adj, completing. 
Also complementary. 

complete (kom-plet'), odj, free from 
deficiency; entire; absolute; fin- 
ished: v.U to supply what is lacking; 
finish. 

completely (1i), adv, in a complete 
manner. 

completion (-ple'shun), n, accom- 
plishment. 

complex (kom'pleks), adj. composed 
of various parts of things; compos- 
ite; intricate. 

complexion (-plek'shun), n. the 
color of the skin, especially the face; 
aspect. 

complexional (-M), adj, pertaining 
to the complexion. 

complexioned ('shund), adj, having 
a complexion. 

complexity Ci-ti), n. the state of 
being complex. Also complexncss. 

complexly ('li), adv, in a complex 
manner. 

compliable (kom-pli'S,-bl), adj. com- 
phant. 

compliance ('ans), n. acquiescence. 

compliant ('4nt), adj, yielding. 

complicacy ('pli-k^-si), n. the state 
of being complicate. 

complicate ('pli-k^t), v.t, to make 
intricate; involve: adj, intricate; 
folded together. 

complication^ (-ka'shun), n. the act 
of complicating; the state of being 
complicated. 

complicity (-plis'i-ti), n, partnership 
in crime. 

compiler (-pli'er), n. one who complies. 

compliment ('pli-ment), n. a formal 
act or expression of courtesy; deli- 
cate flattery: v.t, to flatter; con- 
gratulate; praise. 

complimentary ('t§,-ri), adj, con-* 
veying a compliment. Also com- 
pUmental. 



comply (kom-pliO, v.i, \j).t. & p.p. 
compHed, p.pr complying], to yield 
assent; agree to. 

compo (kom'po), n, a kind of con- 
crete; a material for printing-rollers. 

coniponent (kom-po'nent), adj. con- 
stituent : n, an elementary part of a 
compound. 

comport (-port'), v.i. to agree: har- 
monize: v.t. to behave. 

compose (-poz'), v.t. to form by 
combination; write as an author; 
calm; adjust; arrange in proper 
order; put together. 

composed (-pozd'), adj. tranquil; 
quiet. 

composer (-poz'er), n. one who com- 
poses; one who calms; a musical 
author. 

composing (-poz'ing), adj, tending 
to calm; pertaining to, or used in, 
composition. 

composite (-poz'it), adj. compound. 

composition (-po-zish'un), n, the 
act of composing; the tiling com- 
posed; a mass formed by mingling 
'''arious ingredients; mutual settle- 
ment or agreement; a musical or 
literary work; the art of forming 
sentences. 

compositor (-poz'i-ter), n, one who 
sets types. 

compost ('post), n. a mixture of 
various substances for fertilizing the 
ground; builders' compost: v.t. to 
manure with compost; plaster or 
stucco. 

composure (-po'zhur), n. tranquillity. 

compote Cpot), n. stewed fruit. 

compound (-pound'), v.t. to mix or 
combine together; settle by mutual 
agreement ; discharge a debt by pay- 
ing a part: adj. (kom'pound), com- 
posed of two or more elements or 
ingredients or words: n, a mixture 
of two or more elements or ingredi- 
ents. 

compounder ('er), n, one who com- 
pounds medicines, &c.; one who 
compounds a debt or felony; one 
who pays for certain charges by a 
fixed sum. 



5te, arm, i^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



COMPREHEND 



218 



CONCEIVABLE 



comprehend (kom-pre-hend'), v,t, to 
include or comprise; grasp with the 
mind; conceive. 

comprehensibility (-hen-si-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the quaUty or state of being com- 
prehensible. 

comprehensible ('si-bl), adj, intel- 
ligible. 

comprehension (-hen 'shun), n. the 
act of comprehending; extent, un- 
derstanding. 

comprehensive (-hen'siv), adj. in- 
cluding much; full. 

compress (kom-pres'), v,t. to press 
together; condense: n, (kom'pres), 
a soft pad used in surgery to main- 
tain pressure. 

compressibility ^ (-pres-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of yielding to pressure. 

compressible (-pres'i-bl), n. con- 
densable. 

compression (-presh'un), n, con- 
densation. 

compressive (-pres'iv), adj, that 
compresses. 

compressor (-pres'er), n. one who, 
or that which, compresses. 

comprisal (kom-pri'z41), n. the act 
of comprising. 

comprise (-priz'), v.L to compre- 
hend. 

compromise (Icom'pro-mTz), n. a set- 
tlement by mutual concessions: v.t, 
to settle by compromise; expose to 
risk. 

comptroller (kon-troFer). See con- 
troller. 

compulsion (kom-pul'shun),' n. the 
act of compelling; force; constraint. 

compulsive (-pul'siv), adj. forcible. 

compulsorily (-pul'so-ri-li), adv, 
forcibly. 

compulsory (-pul'so-ri), adj, exer- 
cising compulsion; obligatory. 

compunction (-pungk'shun), n, con- 
trition. 

compurgation (-per-ga'shun), n. the 
practice of justifying one man's ve- 
racity by the testimony of another. 

computable (kom-put'§,-bl), adj, 
that may be computed. 

computation (-pu-ta'shun), n. the 



act or process of computing; esti- 
mate. 

compute (-put), v.L to number; 
reckon. 

Comptist (con'tist), n, a follower of 
Auguste Compte, a French philoso- 
pher; also termed a positivist, from 
Compters ^ system of philosophy 
called Positivism. 

comrade (kom'rad), n. a companion. 

con (kon), v.L [p.L & p.p. conned, p. 
pr. conning], to peruse carefully; 
fix in mind by constant repeti- 
tion; to direct (a helmsman) how 
to steer. 

conation (ko-na'shun), n. the fac- 
ulty of voluntary agency, including 
voUtion and desire. 

conative (ko'n§,- or kon'i-tiv), adj, 
pertaining to the faculty of cona- 
tion; expressing endeavor or effort. 

concatenation (kon-kat-e-na'shun) , 
n. a series of things united like 
links. 

concave (kon'kav), adj, hollow and 
curved. 

condave lens (lenz), n. a lens one 
side of which is flat and the other 
slrghtly concave. 

concavity (-kav'i-ti), n. [pi. con- 
cavities (-tiz) \y the state of being 
concave; the inner surface of a 
rounded hollow body. 

concavo-concave (kon-ka'vo-kon'- 
kav), adj, hollow on both surfaces, 
as a lens. 

concavo-convex (-kon'veks), adj. 
concave on one side, convex on the 
other. 

conceal (kon-sel'), v.t, to hide; keep 
secret; disguise. 

concealment ('ment), n. the act of 
hiding or keeping secret; a place of 
hiding; shelter. 

concede (-sed'), v.i. to yield; admit. 

conceit (-set'), n. an idea; an over- 
estimate of one's own abihties; a 
quaint fancy. 

conceivability (-sev-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the quaUty of being conceivable. 

conceivable (-sev'a-bl), adj, imag- 
inable. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



CONCEIVE 



219 



CONCOCT 



conceive (-sev'), v.t. imagine: un- 
derstand; develop in the womb: v.i, 
to think; become pregnant. 

concentrate (kon-sen'trat), v.t, to 
bring to one point or common cen- 
ter; intensify the action of; con- 
dense: adj. reduced to a pure or 
dense state. 

concentration (-sen-tra'shun) , n. 
the state^ of being concentrated; 
condensation. 

concentrativeness ('tra-tiv-nes) , n. 
the power of fixing the mind on a 
particular subject. 

concentrator (-tra-ter), n. a pneu- 
matic apparatus for separating dry 
ores when comminuted. 

concentric (-sen'trik), adj, having a 
common center. 

concentricity (-sen-tris'i-ti), n, the 
state of being concentric. 

concept (kon'sept), n. an abstract 
general motion or conception. 

conceptacle ^ (-sep't§,-kl), n. that 
which contains anything; a follicle. 

conception (-sep'shun), n. the im- 
pregnation of the ovum; the act or 
power of conceiving in the mind; 
an idea or notion. ^ 

conceptive ^ (-sep'tiv), adj. capable 
of conceiving mentally or physically. 

conceptualist ('tu-al-ist), n. one 
who holds the theory (conceptual- 
ism) that the mind can form for 
itself general conceptions. 

concern (kon-sern'), v.t, to relate or 
belong to; interest or engage; make 
uneasy: n. business; affair; inter- 
est; anxiety; a firm. 

concerning ('ing), prep, relating to. 

concernment ('ment), n. solicitude; 
affair. 

concert (kon-sert'), v.t, to contrive 
or devise together; adjust or ar- 
range mutually: n. (kon'sert) a mu- 
sical entertainment; cooperation; 
harmony, or mutual agreement. 

concerted ('ed), adj, mutually 
planned or agreed upon; arranged 
in parts. 

concertina (-ser-te'n§,), n. a musical 
instrument of the accordion class. 



concertino (-te'no), n. a small con- 
certo. 

concerto (-ser'to, Italian -char 'to), n, 
[pi. concertos ('toz) ], a musical 
composition for a solo instrument, 
with an orchestral accompaniment. 

concession (kon-sesh'un), n, the act 
of conceding; the thing conceded; 
land, privileges, &c., granted by a 
government to a company, &c., for 
some specific purpose. 

concessionaire (-im-ar'), n. a person 
holding a concession. 

concessive (-seslv), adj, implying 
concession. 

concessory (-ses'o-ri), adj. conceding. 

conch (kongk), n, a marine shell. 

concha (kong'k^), n, [pi. conchas 
(-ke) ], the outer ear; auricle; the 
dome of an apse. 

concho-grass ('ko-gr§.s), n, a valua- 
ble forage grass of the southern 
United States. 

conchoid ('koid), n. a shell-like 
curve. 

conchology (Ivol-o-ji), n, the branch 
of zoology which treats of mollusks 
and their shells. 

concierge (kong-si-arzh'), n. in 
France, a door-keeper or janitor. 

conciliate (kon-siri-at), v.t. to rec- 
oncile; win or gain the affections of. 

conciliator (-a-ter), n, one who 
conciliates. 

conciliatory (-to-ri), adj, tending 
to conciliate or reconcile. Also con- 
ciliative. 

concise (kon-sis'), «^i. condensed, terse. 

concisely ('li), adv. tersely; briefly. 

conciseness ('nes), n. brevity. 

conclave (kon'klav), n. a private 
meeting, as of cardinals for the 
election of a Pope. 

conclude (kon-klud'), v.t, to infer; 
determine; settle; end: v.i, draw 
an inference. 

conclusion ^ (-klu'zhun), n. a final 
determination; result; end. 

conclusive (-klu'siv), adj. decisive; 

' final. 

concoct (kon-koktO, v.t. to digest; 
cook; assimilate mentally; plot. 



&te, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CONCOCTION 



220 



CONDONATION 



concoction (-kok'shiin), n, the act 
of concocting; a plan or plot; a 
compound of various ingredients. 

concomitance (-kom'i-tans), n, the 
state of being concomitant. Also 
concomitancy. 

concomitant ('i-tS-nt), n. accom- 
panying; conjoined with: n. an at- 
tendant. 

concord (kong' or konTsiord), n, har- 
mony; union; agreement. 

concordance (kon-kor'di-ns) , n, 
agreement; a dictionary of words or 
passages, with references to the 
places where they occur, especially 
m the Bible. 

concordai>t ('di^nt), adj, harmonious. 

concordat ('dat), n. a compact or 
agreement, especially between 
Church and State. 

concourse (kong'kofs), n. arriving 
together; an assembly or crowd. 

concrete (kon'kret), adj. united in 
growth; coalesced; not abstract: n. 
a mass formed by concretion; a 
compact mass of lime, sand, gravel, 
mortar, &c., used for building: v.i. 
(kon-kref), to coalesce: v.U to form 
by the union of particles. 

concretion (kon-kre'shun), n. the 
act of concreting; a mass formed 
by the union of separate particles. 

concretionary (-a-ri), adj. charac- 
terized by concretions. 

concretive ('tiv), adj. producing con- 
cretes. 

concubinage (kong-ku-bi-naj), n. 
the act of living as man and wife 
without being legally married. 

concubine^ (kong'ku-bin), n. a wom- 
an who lives with a man without 
being legally married. 

concupiscence (kon-ku'pi-sens), n. 
illicit sexual desire; unlawful de- 
sire. 

concupiscent (-sent), adj. lustful. 

concur (kon-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
concurred, p.pr. concurring], ^ to 
agree or unite in action or opinion; 
coincide. 

concurrence (-kur'ens), n. the act 
of concurring; agreement; consent. 



concurrent (-kur'ent), adj. acting 
in union or conjunction; joint and 
equal in authority; meeting at one 
point: n. that which concurs; a con- 
tributory cause. 

concussion (-kush'un), n. the shock 
caused by two bodies coming violent- 
ly together; injury by a fall. 

condemn (kon-dem'), v.t. to pro- 
nounce or judge guilty; blame; cen- 
sure; declare to be forfeited. 

condemnation (-dem-na'shun), n. « 
the act of condemning. 

condernnatory (-dem'ni-to-ri), adj. 
implying condemnation. 

condensability (kon-den-s^-bil'i-ti), , 
n. the quahty of being condensable. 

condensable (-den'sa-bl), adj. capa- 
ble of condensation. 

condensation (-den-sa'shun), n. 
compression. 

condense (-dens'), v.t. to compress; 
make close or thick: v.i, grow dense. 

condenser Cer), n. an apparatus for 
reducing gases or vapors to a hquid 
or solid form; a device for storing 
electricity; a lens for concentrating 
Hght. 

condescend (kon-de-send'), v.i. to 
stoop; descend; yield; deign. 

condescension (-de-sen 'shun) , n. the 
act of condescending; voluntary 
humihation. 

condign (-din'), adj. well-deserved; 
suitable. 

condiment (kon'di-ment), n. Si sea- 
soning. 

condition (kon-dish'un), n. state; 
quality; external circumstances; 
stipulation or terms of a contract: 
v.t. to contract or stipulate; bring into 
and keep in bodily health; examine. 

conditionally (-al-H), adv. with cer- 
tain Hmitations. 

condolatory (-do1§,-to-ri), adj. ex- 
pressing condolence. 

condole (kon-dol'), v.t. to lament: 
v.i. to express sympathy for an- 
other [with with]. 

condolence ('ens), n. sympathy. 

condonation (-do-na'shun) , n. the 
act of pardoning a wrong act. 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CONDONE 



221 



CONFIDENCE 



condone (kon-don'), v.t, to pardon, 
especially a violation of marital duty. 

condor (kon'der), n, a very large 
South American vulture. 

conduce (-dusO, v.i. to tend to; con- 
tribute. 

conducible (-du'si-bl), adj, tending; 
contributing; promoting. 

conducive (-siv), adj. having the 
quaUty or power of conducing [with 
to], 

conduct (kon-duktO, v.t. to guide; 
direct; manage; behave: n, (kon'- 
dukt) personal behavior or prac- 
tice; management. 

conductance (kon-duk't^ns), n. 
power or capacity for conducting 
electricity. 

conductibility (kon-duk-ti-bil'l-ti) , 
n, the capability of being conducted. 

conductible ^ (-duk'ti-bl), adj, ca- 
pable of being conducted. 

conduction (-duk'shun), n. trans- 
mission by a conductor. 

conductive (-duk'tiv), adj. having 
the quality or power of conducting. 

conductivity (-duk-tiv'i-ti), n. the 
quahty of being conductive. 

conductor (duk'ter), n. one who, or 
that which, conducts; a leader or 
guide; one who has charge of a 
car or train; a substance which con- 
ducts or transmits certain forces. 

conduit (kon' or kun'dit), n. sl canal 
or pipe for the conveyance of water, 
&c. 

cone (kon), n. a geometrical figure 
broad, round, and broad at the bot- 
tom, and lessening the circumference 
toward the top; the fruit of the 
fir, pine, &c.; a storm-cone: v.t. to 
shape like the segment of a cone. 

coney (ko'ni), another form of cony. 

confab (kon'fab), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. con- 
fabbed, p.pr. confabbing], to chat. 

confabulation (-fab-u-la'shun),n. 
a chat. 

confection (-fek'shun), n. anything 
conserved or compounded with 
sugar; a sweetmeat. 

confectioner (-er), n. one who pre- 
pares and sells sweetmeats, &c. 



confectionery (-i), n. [pi. confec- 
tioneries (-iz) ], sweetmeats, cakes, 
preserves, &c. 

confederacy (-fed'er-a-si), n. [pi. 
confederacies -(-siz) ], persons, 
states, or nations united in a 
league, unlawful combination. 

confederate ('er-at), v.i. to unite in 
a league: adj. united by a league: 
n. Sb member of a confederation; an 
ally; an accomplice. 

confederation (-er-a'shun), n. the 
act of confederating; an alliance; 
an alliance of states previously in- 
dependent. 

confederative (-fed'er-a-tiv), adj. of, 
or belonging to a confederation. 

confer (kon-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
conferred, p.pr. conferring], to give 
or bestow: v.i. to consult together; 
converse. 

conference ('fer-ens), n. the act of 
consulting together formally; an 
appointed meeting for discussing 
some topic or business; an ecclesias- 
tical assembly. 

confess (kon-fes'), v.t. to admit or 
acknowledge; avow; grant; prove; 
hear (as a priest) a confession: v.i. 
disclose the state of one's conscience 
to a priest and receive absolution. 

confession (-fesh'un), n. act of con- 
fessing; anything disclosed or ac- 
knowledged. 

confessional (-^1), n. an inclosed 
cabinet, in which a priest sits to 
hear confessions; the practice of 
auricular confession. 

confessor (kon' or kon-fes'er), n. 
one who makes a profession of his 
faith and suffers persecution; a 
priest who hears confessions and 
grants absolution. 

confetto (-fet'to), n. [pi. confetti 
Cti) ], a sweetmeat; a plaster pel- 
let used for pelting at carnivals. 

confidant ('fi-dant), n. a confidential 
or bosom friend: fern, confidante. 

confide (kon-fid'), v.i. have confi- 
dence in: v.t. to trusu fully [with to]. 

confidence (kon'fi-dens), n. trust; 
reliance. 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CONFIDENCE-GAME 



222 



CONGENER 



confidence-gaine (kon'fi-dens-gam), 
n. securing money under pretenses 
of friendship through false prom- 
ises of gain, usually with strangers. 

confident (-dent), adj. full of con- 
fidence; positive; bold; dogmatical. 

confidential (-den'shal), adj, spoken 
or written in confidence; trust- 
worthy. 

confidentially (-li), adv. in a con- 
fidential manner. 

configuration (-fig-u-ra'shun), n. ex- 
ternal form; relative position of the 
planets. 

confine (kon'fin), n. a boundary, 
border, or limit; a frontier [usually 
pi]: v.t. (kon-finO, to restrict 
within limits; imprison. 

confinement (kon-fin'ment), n. the 
act of confining; childbirth. 

confirm (kon-ferm'), v.t. to strength- 
en; ratify; administer the rite of 
confirmation. 

confirmation (-fer-ma'shun), n. the 
act of confirming; verification; evi- 
dence; admission to full communion 
after baptism. 

confirmatory ('a-to-ri), adj. serving 
to confirm. 

confiscate (kon-fis' or kon'fis-kat),??.L 
to adjudge to be forfeited to the pub- 
lic treasury; seize, as thus forfeited. 

confiscation (-ka'shun), n. the act 
of confiscating. 

confiscator ('fis-ka-ter), n. one who 
confiscates. 

confiscatory (-fis'ka-to-ri) , adj. char- 
acterized by, or attended with, con- 
fiscation. 

conflagration (-fla-gra'shun), n. a 
great fire. 

conflict (kon-fliktO, v.i. to strike or 
dash together; contend; fight: n. 
(kon'flikt), a fight or struggle for 
the mastery; a battle; antagonism; 
a violent collision. 

conflicting ('ting), adj. opposing. 

confluence (kon'flu-ens), n. the junc- 
tion of two or more streams; an 
assembly. 

confluent (-ent), adj. flowing or run- 



ning together: n. a tributary river 
or stream. • 

conflux Cfiuks), n. the meeting to- 
gether of two or more streams; a 
crowd. 

conform (kon-f5rm'), v.t. to make 
like; bring into harmony [usually 
with to]: v.i. to be in harmony 
with; comply with. 

conformability (-f drm-a-bil'l-ti) , n. 
the quality or state of being con- 
formable. 

conformable ('a-bl), adj. like; cor- 
responding; compliant; in parallel 
order. 

conformation (-f5r-ma'shun), n. 
structure; arrangement; shape. 

conformist ('ist), n. a member of 
The Established Church of England. 

conformity ('i-ti), n. compliance 
with established forms ;resemblance. 

confound (kon-found'), v.t. to min- 
gle; perplex; astonish; confuse; 
overthrow. 

confraternity (-f ra-ter'ni-ti) , n. [pi. 
confraternities (-tiz) ], a brother- 
hood or society of men associated 
for a common purpose. 

confrere (kon-frar'), n. an associate. 

confront (kon-frunf), v.t. to stand 
face to face [with with]; oppose; 
compare. 

confuse (kon-fuz'), v.t. to mingle; 
jumble up; render indistinct; dis- 
concert; perplex. 

confusion (-fu'zhun), n. the act of 
confusing; perplexity; loss of self- 
possession; disorder; tumult. 

confutation (-fu-ta'shun), n. dis- 
proof. 

confute (kon-fuf), v.t. to prove to be 
false or invalid; convict of error. 

congeal (konjel'), v.t. to freeze; to 
harden or make rigid by cold: v.i. 
to become frozen; to solidify by 
the agency of cold. 

congelation (-je-la'shun), n. the act 
of congealing. 

congener (kon'je-ner), n. a thing or 
person allied in some way to 
another; an animal or plant of the 
same species or genus as another. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CONGENIAL 



223 



CONJOINT 



congenial (-je'nial), adj, kindred; 
pleasant and sympathetic; cognate. 

congeniality (-ni-ari-ti), n. the state 
or quahty of being congenial. 

congenital (-jen'i-tal), aaj. existing, 
or produced, at birth; constitutional. 

conger (kong'ger), n. a large sea-eel. 

congeries (kon-je'ri-ez), n, sing, & 
yl. a collection of particles into one 
mass. 

congest (kon-jestO, ^-^^ to accumu- 
late. 

congested ('ed), p.adj. unduly 
crowded; containing an imnatural 
accumulation of blood. 

congestion (-jest'yun), n. an over- 
crowded condition, especially of the 
blood-vessels. 

congestive Ctiv), adj. implying con- 
gestion. 

conglomerate (-glom'er-at), v.t. to 
gather into a ball or round mass: 
adj. collected or clustered together: 
n. a rock composed of rounded or 
water-worn fragments of pre-existent 
rocks. 

conglomeration (-er-a'shim), n. the 
act of conglomerating; a miscella- 
neous collection. 

conglutinate ('ti-nat), v.t to glue 
together: adj. glued together; imited 
by an adhesive substance. 

conglutination (-na'shun), n. the 
act of gluing or joining together; 
coalescence. 

conglutinative ('ti-na-tiv) , adj. hav- 
ing power to unite or heal wounds. 

congratulate (kon-grat'u-lat), v.t. 
to fehcitate on account of some 
happy event [with on or upon]. 

congratulation (-grat-u-la'shun), n. 
the act of congratulating. 

congratulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who 
congratulates. 

congratulatory (-to-ri), adj. express- 
ing congratulations. 

congregate (kong'gre-gat), v.t. to 
assemble; gather together: v.i. to 
come together. 

congregation (-ga'shun), n. an as- 
sembly, especially of persons for 
religious worship. 



congregational (-^1), adj. pertaining 
to a congregation. 

Congregationalism ('shun-al-izm) , 
n. a democratic form of church gov- 
ernment, each congregation being 
seK-governed. 

Congregationalist (-al-ist), n. an 
adherent to Congregationalism: adj. 
pertaining to Congregationahsm. 

congress (kong'gres), n. a confer- 
ence; an assembly of ambassadors, 
&c., for the settlement of interna- 
tional affairs. 

Congress (kong'gres), n. the na- 
tional legislature of the United 
States. 

congressional (kon-gresh'un-al), adj. 
pertaining to Congress. 

congressman (-man), n. a member 
of Congress, especially of the House 
of Representatives. 

congruence ('groo-ens), n. suitabil- 
ity; agreement; consistency. Also 
congruency. 

congruent Cent), adj. suitable: 
agreeing. 

congruity ('i-ti), n. agreement; fit- 
ness. 

congruous ('groo-us), adj. accord- 
ant; fit. 

conic (kon'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
shaped like, a cone. Also conical: 
n.-pl. the branch of geometry which 
treats of the parabola, ellipse, and 
h^^perbola; conic sections. 

coniferous (ko-nif'er-us), adj. bearing 
cones. 

coniform (ko-ni-form), adj. cone- 
shaped. 

conine (ko'nin), n. a very poisonous 
alkaloid existing in the hemlock. 

conjectural (kon-jek'tur-M), adj. 
doubtful. 

conjecturally (-li), adv. doubtfully. 

conjecture ('tur), n. a probable in- 
ference; a guess: v.t. to imagine; 
surmise: v.i, to form conjectures. 

conjoin (kon-join'), v.t. to join to- 
gether; connect or associate: v.i. to 
unite. 

conjoint (-joint'), adj. united; co- 
operating. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CONJUGAL 



224 



CONSCIENTIOUS 



conjugal Cjoo-gM), adj, of, or per- 
taining to, naarriage; connubial. 

conjugality ('i-ti), n. the married state. 

conjugally (-li), adv. connubially. 

conjugate (kon'ju-gat), v.t, to in- 
flect (verbs) : v.i, to unite in conju- 
gation: acy. combined in pairs; kin- 
dred in meaning and origin: n, a 
word agreeing in derivation with 
another word. 

conjugation (-ga'shun), n, the act 
of conjugating; the inflection of a 
verb; a kind of sexual union. 

conjunct (kon-jungkt'), adj, con- 
joined. 

conjunction (-jungk'shun), n, un- 
ion; association; connection; the 
apparent meeting of two or more 
stars or planets; a word used to 
connect sentences or words. 

conjunctive (-jungk'tiv), adj, serv- 
ing to unite; closely connected: n. 
the conjunctive mood. 

conjunctive mood (mood), n. the 
mood which expresses contingency 
or condition, 

conjunctively (-li), adv, in union. 

conjuncture Ctur), n. a combina- 
tion of many circumstances or 
causes; a critical time. 

conjuration (kon-ju-ra'shun), n. the 
act of conjuring or invoking; an in- 
cantation; an enchantment; solemn 
entreaty. 

conjure (kon-jur'), v.t, to summon 
in a sacred name; enjoin with the 
highest solemnity: (kun'jer), in- 
fluence by, or as if by, magic: v,i. 
to practice the arts of a conjurer. 

conjurer (kun'jer-er), n. one who 
performs tricks by sleight of hand; 
an enchanter: (kon-jur' er), n, one 
who solemnly enjoins. 

conjuror (kon-ju'rer), n, one bound 
by an oath with others. 

connate (kon'nat), adj, united at the 
base. 

connaught (kon'awt), a kind of 
cotton cloth used for embroidery. 

connect (kon-nektO, ^-t- to bind or 
fasten together; unite; associate 
with: t;i. to be joined; cohere. 



connected ('ed), adj. linked together. 

connection or connexion (-nek'- 
shun), n. the state of being con- 
nected; relation by marriage or 
blood; sexual intercourse; surround- 
ings; acquaintance; a religious 
body; one's customers, &c. 

connective (-nek'tiv), adj. able to 
connect: n. that which connects. 

connectively (-li), adv, by connec- 
tion. 

connector ('ter), r. one who or that 
which connects. 

conning (kon'ing), n. the act of di- 
recting the helmsman of a vessel. 

conning-tower (-tou'er), n, the low 
shot-proof pilot-house of an armored 
vessel. 

connivance (-ni'vins), n. the act of 
conniving: passive cooperation in a 
crime or fault; collusion. 

connive (kon-niv'), v.i, to close the 
eyes upon a fault; be in secret com- 
plicity [with at]. 

connoisseur (kon-i-ser'), n, a criti- 
cal judge. 

connotation (-ta'shun), n. inference. 

connotative (kon-no'ta-tiv), adj. 
attributive. 

connote (kon-nof) , v.t. to designate by 
implication; imply as an attribute. 

connubial (kon-u'bi-al), adj, of, or 
pertaining to the marriage state; 
nuptial. 

conoid (kon'oid), adj. cone-like. 

conoidal ('§-1), adj. almost conical. 

conquer (kong'ker), v.t. gain by con- 
quest; overcome; subdue: v.i. to 
get the victory. 

conqueror (-er), n, a victor. 

conquest ('kwest), n. the act of con- 
quering; subjugation; victory. 

consanguineous (kon-sang-gwin'e- 
us), adj. related by blood or birth. 

consanguinity ('i-ti), n, blood rela- 
tionship. 

conscience (kon'shens), n, the moral 
sense which determines right and 
wrong. 

conscientious (-shi-en'shus), adj. in- 
fluenced or regulated by conscience; 
scrupulous. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



CONSCIOUS 



226 



CONSIST 



conscious ('shus), odj. aware of one's 
thoughts and actions; sensible. 

consciousness (-nes), n, the knowl- 
edge of that which passes in one's 
own mind. 

conscript (kon-skripf), v.t, to en- 
roll for compulsory military or naval 
service: (kon'skript) adj, registered; 
enrolled: n. one thus compulsorily 
enrolled. 

conscription (-skrip'shun), n. com- 
pulsory military or naval service; 
the persons enrolled. 

consecrate (kon'se-krat), v *■ to set 
apart as sacred; dedicate to the 
service of God; set apart to a 
sacred office; devote: adj, conse- 
crated; made sacred. 

consecration ^ (-kra'shun), w. the act 
of consecrating; a setting apart or 
devoting to a sacred use or office. 

consecrator (-ter), n. one who con- 
secrates. 

consecutive (-sek'u-tiv), adj. succes- 
sive. 

consecutively (-li), adj. successively. 

consensus (-sen'sus), n. general 
agreement. 

consent (kon-senf), n. a yielding of 
the mind or will; acquiescence; 
sympathy: v.i, to comply; yield; 
accede; concur. 

consentaneous (-ta'ne-us), adj, ac- 
cordant. 

consentient (-sen'shent), adj. agree- 
ing. 

consequence (kon'se-kwens) , n. that 
which naturally follows an effect; 
inference; result; importance; sig- 
nificance. 

consequent (-kwent), adj. following 
as a result or natural effect [with 
to]\ n. a result or effect. 

consequential (-kwen'shS.1), adj. fol- 
lowing as the effect; self-important. 

conservable (-serv'§.-bl), adj, that 
may be preserved from decay or in- 
jury. 

conservancy ('Sn-si), n. preserva- 
tion. 

conservant ('§,nt), adj. preserving. 

conservation (-va'shun), n. the act 



ot preserving from decay, loss, or 

injury, 
conservational (-§-1), odJ. tending to 

conservation. 

conservative ('v§,-tiv), adj, having 
the tendency or power to preserve: 
n. that which preserves; one op- 
posed to hasty changes in the pohti- 
cal, reUgious, or civil institutions of 
the country. 

conservatoire (-v^-twar'), ft. a pub- 
he institution for instruction, es- 
pecially singing, music, &c. 

conservator (kon'ser-va-ter), one 
who preserves. 

conservatory (-ser'v^-to-ri) , adj. tend- 
ing to preserve: n, a greenhouse. 

conserve (kon-serv'), v.t. to pre- 
serve from injury or destruction; 
preserve with sugar: (kon'serv), n. 
preserved or candied fruit. 

consider (kon-sid'er), v.t. to fix the 
mind upon; contemplate: v.i. to de- 
liberate; reflect. 

considerable (-§--bl), adj. worthy of 
notice; important; valuable; more 
than a little. 

considerably (-bii), adv, in a con- 
siderable manner. 

considerate (-^t), adj. having regard 
for others; prudent; thoughtful; 
careful. 

consideration (-a'shun), n. the act 
of considering; claim to notice; 
mature thought; an equivalent; 
regard for others. 

considering ('er-ing), prep, taking 
into consideration; allowing for: n. 
doubt; consideration. 

consign (kon-sin'), v.t. to deliver in 
a formal manner to another; yield 
in trust; to send goods. 

consignee (-sin-e'), n. the person to 
whom goods are sent; an agent or 
factor. 

consignment ('ment), n. the act of 
consigning; the thing consigned. 

consignor ('er), n. the person who 
consigns goods to another. Also 
consigner. 

consist (kon-sisf), v.i. to be com- 
posed of; co-exist; subsist [with in]. 



5te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQn. 

Die 15 



CONSISTENCE 



226 



CONSTRAIN 



consistence (-sis'tens), n. degree of 
density or firmness; harmony. 

consistent ('tent), adj, solid; not 
contradictory. 

consolable (kon-s6l'a-bl), n. admit- 
ting of consolation or comfort. 

consolation (-so-la'shun), n. allevia- 
tion of mental or physical distress; 
solace. 

consolatory (-sol'a-tor-i), adj, tend- 
ing to console; comforting; soothing. 

console (kon-soF), v.t, to give com- 
fort to; cheer in sorrow; solace. 

console (kon'sol), n, an ornamental 
bracket supporting a cornice. 

consolidate (-sori-dat), v.t. to make 
solid; harden; condense: v,i. to 
become solid. 

consolidation (-da'shun), n. the act 
of consolidating; solidification. 

consols (kon'solz or kon-solz'), n. the 
principal British funded security: 
abbreviation for consolidated fund. 

consomme (kon-so-ma'), n, a strong 
clear soup or bouillon. 

consonance (kon's5-nans), n. agree- 
ment of sounds; harmony; concord. 

consonant (-nant), adj. harmonious; 
accordant: n, a letter other than a 
vowel. 

consort (Icon'sort), n. a companion; 
a partner; a husband or wife; a 
ship accompanying another: v.t. & 
v.i. (kon-sort') to associate. 

consortium (-sor'she'-um), n. an 
agreement between parties for a 
specific purpose. 

conspectus (-spek-tus), n. digest of a 
subject. 

conspicuous (-spik'u-us), adj. men- 
tally or physically visible; manifest; 
distinguished. 

conspiracy (-spir'i-si), n. [yl. con- 
spiracies (-siz) ], a plot; two or 
more persons engaged together for 
an unlawful or evil purpose. 

conspirator ('§;-ter), n, one who 
conspires. 

conspire (kon-spir'), t^^. to concert 
a crime; combine for an unlawful 
purpose. 

constable (kun'st§,-bl), n. a high of- 



ficer of state in mediseval courts; a 
policeman. 

constabulary (-stab'u-ler-i), adj. 

^ pertaining to constables: ». consta- 
bles collectively. 

constancy (kon'st§ii-si), n. fimmess; 
stabihty; fidehty. 

constant ('sta'^t), odj. steadfast; 
firm; continuous: w. in physics, 
that which is not subject to change, 
as gravity. 

constellation (-stel-a'shun), n, a 
group or cluster of fixed stars desig- 
nated by some name; an assemblage 
of splendors, &c, 

consternation (-ster-na'shun), n. 
excessive terror, wonder, or surprise; 
perturbation. 

constipate ('sti-pat), v.L to make 
costive. 

constipation (-pa'shim), n. costive- 
ness. 

constituency (-stit'ti-en-si), n. [pi. 
constituencies (-siz) ], the body of 
electors voting for a Member of 
Congress, &c. 

^constituent ('u-ent), adj. necessary 
or essential: n. an essential or com- 
ponent part; an elector. 

constitute ('sti-tut), v.L to compose 
or make up; appoint; elect; enact* 
establish. 

constituted authorities (aw-thor'- 
i-tiz), n.pL government officers col- 
lectively. 

constitution ^ (-tu'shun), n. the act 
of constituting; the thing consti- 
tuted; bodily strength; mental or 
physical temperament; the system 
of fundamental laws of a nation, 
state or society. 

constitutional (-M), adj, inherent 
in the constitution; fundamental: 
n. a walk taken for the benefit of 
the health. 

constitutionalist (-ist), n. an ad- 
herent to constitutional government. 

constitutive ('sti-tti-tiv), odj. ele- 
mental; essential; productive. 

constrain (kon-stran') , v.t. to hold 
down or keep back by force; re- 
strain. 



5te, arm, h^, at, awl; mS, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, t/ien. 



CONSTRAINT 



227 



CONTEMPLATE 



constraint (-stranf), n. compul- 
sion. 

constrict (-strikt'), v,t, to bind; 
cramp. 

constriction ('shun), n. compres- 
sion; contraction. 

constrictive ('tiv), adj, that con- 
stricts. 

constrictor (-strik'ter), n, that which 
contracts or compresses; a muscle 
which contracts, closes, or com- 
presses; a large serpent, the boa- 
constrictor. 

constringent (-strin'jent), adj, con- 
tracting or binding. 

construct (kon-strukt'), v.L to build; 
form; put together; compose. 

construction (-struk'shun), n, the 
act of building ;^ that which is con- 
structed; an edifice; interpretation; 
the syntactical arrangement of 
words in a sentence. 

constructive ('tiv), adj. haying the 
character of construction; inferred. 

constructively (-li), adv, by con- 
struction. 

constructiveness (-nes), n. the fac- 
ulty to construct. 

constructor ('ter), n. one who con- 
structs. 

construe (kon'stroo), v.L to put into 
proper order by syntactical rules; 
translate; interpret. 

consubstantial (-sub-stan'sh§.l), adj. 
having the same substance, 3ssence, 
or nature. 

consubstantiality (-shi-al'i-ti), n. 
participation in the same nature or 
essence; said of the Holy Trinity. 

consubstantiation (-shi-a'shun), n. 
the doctrine that the body and 
blood of Christ are in a mysterious 
manner substantially present in the 
Eucharistic elements after consecra- 
tion. 

consul (kon'sul), n. the chief magis- 
trate of the Roman Repubhc, and 
of the French Repubhc (1799- 
1804); an officer commissioned by 
a government to reside in a foreign 
country to promote the interests of 
its trade, and protect its subjects. 



consul-general (-jen'er-&l), n. a 

chief consul. 
consular (-§J*), adj. pertaining to a 

consul. 

consulate ('sti-lat), n, the office and 
residence of a consul. 

consult (kon-sultO, v.L to ask advice 
of; regard; v.i, to take counsel to- 
gether, 

consultation (-sul-ta'shun), n. the 
act of consulting; a conference cr 
deliberation on some special matter. 

consultative ('ta-tiv), adj, dehbera- 
tive. 

consultatory (kon-sult'a-t5-ri), a. 
that which results from consultation. 

consume (kon-sum'), v.t, to destroy-; 
waste; spend: v.i. waste away; be 
exhausted. 

consummate (kon'sum-at), v,t, to 
complete; finish: adj, (kon-sum'at), 
perfect. 

consummately (-sima'^t-h), adv. 
perfectly. 

consummation (-a'shun), n. com- 
pletion. 

consumption (-sump'shun), n. the 
act of consuming; a gradual wasting 
away; pulmonary disease; phthisis. 

consumptive ('tiv), adj. pertaining 
to consumption; affected with 
phthisis. 

contact (kon'takt), n. touch; close 
union. 

contagion (kon-ta'jun), n. transmis- 
sion of disease by direct or indirect 
contact. 

contagious ('jus), adj. transmitted 
by contact. 

contain (kon-tanO, v.t, to hold, as a 
vessel; keep within bounds; inclose: 
v.i. to live in continence. 

contaminate (-tam'i-nat), v.t. to 
poUutCc 

contamination (-na'shun), n. pol- 
lution. 

contaminative ('i-na-tiv), adj, tend- 
ing to contaminate. 

contemn (kon-tem'), v.t, to despise. 

contemplate ('plat), v.t, to con- 
sider with continued attention; 
meditate on; study. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CONTEMPLATION 



228 



CONTRABAND OF WAR 



contemplation (-pla'shun), n. the 
act of contemplating; pious medita- 
tion; intention. 

contemplative ('pla-tiv), adj, 
thoughtful. 

contemplatively (-li), adv, thought- 
fully. 

contemplator (kon'tem-pla-ter), n. 
one who contemplates. 

contemporaneous (-po-ra'ne-us), 
adj. contemporary. 

contemporary ('po-r^-ri), adj, ex- 
isting or occurring at the same time : 
n. one living at the same time as 
another. 

contempt ^ (kon-tempt'), n. disdain; 
scorn; disobedience to the orders; 
&c., of a court. 

contemptible ('i-bl), adj, meriting 
scorn. 

contemptibly (-bli), adj, in a con- 
temptible manner. 

contemptuous ('u-us), adj, disdain- 
ful. 

contend (kon-tend'), v,i, to strive in 
opposition; vie [with with or against] ; 
dispute or debate; assert. 

content (kon-tenf), adj, satisfied; 
willing: v,t, to satisfy; gratify; ap- 
pease: n, (con'tent), generally plu- 
ral, that which is comprised in any- 
thing. 

contented ('ed), p.adj, gratified; 
satisfied. 

contention (-ten'shun), n. contest; 
debate. 

contentious (-ten'shus), adj, causing 
contention; quarrelsome; litigious. 

contentment (-tent'ment), n, satis- 
faction. 

conterminous (-ter'mi-nus), adj, 
contiguous. 

contest (kon-tesf), v.t, to dispute; 
oppose; htigate: v.i. to strive; con- 
tend; vie: n. (kon'test) a struggle 
for superiority; dispute. 

contestant (-tes't§,nt), n. one who 
contests, especially an election, or a 
will. 

context (kon'tekst), n, the parts in 
a book or discourse immediately ad- 
joining the sentence quoted. 



contexture (-teks'tur), n. structure. 

contiguity (-ti-gu'i-ti), n, contact. 

contiguous (-tig'u-us), adj, adjacent. 

continence (kon'ti-nens), n, chasti- 
ty; self-restraint; moderation. Also 
continency. 

continent ('ti-nent), adj, chaste; 
exercising self-restraint: n, a large 
extent of land forming a geograph- 
ical division. 

continental ('M), adj, pertaining to 
a continent. 

contingence (kon-tin'jens), n, [pi. 
contingencies ('jen-siz)], a chance 
or possible occurrence. Also con- 
tingency. 

contingent ('jent), adj. accidental; 
conditional: n, a possibility; quota 
of troops. 

continual ('u-^1), adj. proceeding 
without interruption ; incessant ; con- 
stant. 

continually (-li), adv, without inter- 
mission. 

continuance ('u-§,ns), n, perma- 
nence; uninterrupted succession ; 
duration. 

continuation (-u-a'shun), n. the act 
of continuing. 

continue (kon-tin'u), v.t, to carry on 
without interruption; persist in: v.i. 
to remain; abide; endure; perse- 
vere. 

continuity (-ti-nu'i-ti), n, [pi, con- 
tinuities (-tiz)], uninterrupted suc- 
cession or connection; cohesion. 

continuous (-tin'u-us), adj, uninter- 
rupted. 

contort (kon-t6rt'), v.t to twist. 

contortion (-tor'shun), n. a twist; 
flexure. 

contortionist (ist), n, an acrobat 
who eontorts his body in perform- 
ing gymnastics. 

contour (kon-toor'), n. an outline; 
profile: v.t, to make an outline of. 

contraband (kon'tra-band) , adj, pro- 
hibited from importation; illegal. 

contraband of war (wawr), n. cer- 
tain commodities used in warfare, 
and the traffic in them with beUiger- 
ent states. 



ate, arm, S^sk, at, awl; me, m6rge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CONTRABANDIST 



229 



CONTRIVE 



contrabandist (-ist), n. a smuggler. 

contrabasso (-tri,-b§,s'so), adj, 
sounding an octave lower than an- 
other instrument of the same class: 
n, the largest instrument of the vio- 
lin class, the double-bass. 

contract (kon-trakt'), v.t, draw closer 
together; shorten; condense: v.i. to 
shrink up; bargain; agree upon: n. 
(kon'trakt) a compact; a written 
agreement. 

contractibility (-trak-ti-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quahty or capabihty of being 
contracted. 

contractile (-trak'til), adj. having 
the power of shortening itself. Also 
contractible. 

contractility (-trak-tiri-ti), n, the 
power of contracting. 

contraction (-trak'shun), n. the act 
of contracting; the state of being 
contracted; the reduction of two 
vowels or syllables into one; abbre- 
viation. 

contractor (-trak'ter), n. one of the 
parties to a contract; one who con- 
tracts to supply or construct for a 
stipulated sum. 

contra-dance (kon'trS^-dins), n, a 
dance in which the partners are ar- 
ranged in opposite hues; a country- 
dance. Also contre-dance. 

contradict (kon-tr§rdikt'), v.t. to as- 
sert the contrary or opposite of; 
gainsay; deny. 

contradiction (-dik'shun), n. the 
act of contradicting; denial; incon- 
gruity. 

contradictorily (-dik'to-ri-li), adv, 
contentiously. 

contradictory (-dik'to-ri), adj, con- 
trary. 

contradistinction (-dis-tingk'shun) , 
n. a distinction by opposite quahties. 

contradistinctive ('tiv), adj, char- 
acterized by contradistinction. 

contradistinguish f-ting'gwish), v.t. 
to distinguish by opposite qualities. 

contralto (kon-tral'to), n, the part 
sung by the highest male (counter" 
tenor) or the lowest female voice 
(alto). 



contrariety (-tri,-ri'i-ti), n. [pi, con- 
trarieties (-tiz) ], opposition; in- 
consistency. 

contrarily ('tr^-ri-H), adv, in a con- 
trary manner. 

contrariness ('trirri-nes), n. con- 
trariety. 

contrariwise ('trirri-wiz), adv. con- 
versely. 

contrary ('trlrri), adj. opposite; in 
an opposite direction; perverse; 
wayward: n, a thing of opposite 
quahties. 

contrast (kon-tr§.stOr^-^- to place in 
contrast; compare: 7i. (kon'trast) 
opposition or difference of quahties 
made manifest by comparison; dis- 
simiHtude. 

contravallation (-val-a'shun) , n. a 
fortification thrown up round a city 
by a besieging force for security 
against the enemy's sallies. 

contravene (kon-tr^-ven'), v,t, to ob- 
struct; violate. 

contravention (-ven'shun), n. oppo- 
sition; violation. 

contre>aance» same as contra-dance. 

contretemps (kong-tr-tang'), n, an 
unexpected event causing confusion; 
a hitch. 

contribute (kon-trib'ut), v.t, to give 
to some common stock; furnish as a 
share: v.i. to use one's influence. 

contribution (-tri-bu'shun), n. the act 
of contributing; a subscription ; tax; 
a writing furnished to a periodical. 

contributive (-trib-u'tiv), adj, con- 
tributing. 

contributor ('u-ter), n, one who 
contributes. 

contributory ('u-to-ri), adj. pro- 
moting the same end. 

contrite (kon'trit), adj. penitent. 

contritely (-li), adv. penitently. 

contriteness (-nes), n, penitence: 
sorrow. 

contrition (-trish'un), n, sorrow for 
sin. 

contrivance (-tn'vins), n. a device; 
apparatus; scheme; plan. 

contrive (kon-triv'), v,t, to devise; 
invent; plan; scheme. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon» 
book; hue, hut; think, ih^n. 



CONTROL 



230 



CONVERSANT 



control (kon-trol'), n, a check; re- 
straint; superintendence; authority: 
v.L [p.t. & p.p. controlled: p.pr. 
controlling], to restrain; govern; 
regulate. 

controllable ('a-bl), adj, subject to 
control. 

controller ('er), n, one who con- 
trols; a pubKc officer who oversees 
and verifies the accounts of subor- 
dinate officials. Less correctly comp 
troller. 

controversial (-tro-ver'shal) , adj, 
polemical. 

controversialist (-ist), n, a dispu- 
tant. 

controversially (-U), adv. in a con- 
troversial manner. 

controversy ('tro-ver-si), n. [pi. 
controversies ^ (-siz) ], agitation of 
contrary opinions; debate; disputa- 
tion. 

controvert (-tro-verf), t>.^. to con- 
tend against; refute; disprove. 

controvertible (-ver'ti-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of being disputed. 

controvertibly (-bli), adv, in a con- 
trovertible manner. 

controvertist (-ver'tist), n, a dis- 
putant. 

contumacious (-tu-ma'shus), adj, 
perverse; obstinate. 

contumacy ('tu-ma-si), n. [pi. con- 
tumacies (-siz) ], obstinate or per- 
verse opposition to lawful authority. 

contumelious (-tu-me'h-us), adj, 
haughtily contemptuous or offensive; 
supercilious. 

contunriely ('tu-me-li), n. [pi. con- 
tumeUes (-liz) ], haughty and con- 
temptuous rudeness; scornful and 
insolent abuse. 

contuse (kon-tuz'), v.t. to wound or 
bruise without breaking the skin. 

contusion (-tu'zhun), n. the act of 
contusing; the state of being con- 
tused. 

conundrum (ko-nun'drum), n. a rid- 
dle. 

convalesce (kon-v^-les') , v.i. to re- 
cover strength and health after ill- 
ness. 



convalescence^ ('ens), n. gradual re- 
covery after illness. Also convales- 
cency. 

convalescent Cent), adj. recovering 
health. 

convene (kon-ven'), v.i. to meet to- 
gether: v.t. cause to assemble; sum- 
mon judicially. 

convenience (-ve'niens), n. fitness; 
freedom from discomfort; accommo- 
dation. 

convenient ('nient), adj, suitable; 
aporopriate; affording accommoda- 
tion; handy. 

convent (kon'vent), n, a community 
of religious recluses; a nunnery; 
monastery. 

conventicle (-ven'ti-kl), n. an as- 
sembly for worship [usually imply- 
ing schism]. 

convention (-ven'shun), n. a polit- 
ical or ecclesiastical assembly; a 
diplomatic agreement. 

conventional (-M), adj. sanctioned 
by, or growing out of, custom or 
tacit agreement; based on accepted 
models or artistic rules. 

conventionalism (-§,l-izm), n, that 
which is received as established by 
usage, &c. 

conventionality (-al'i-ti), n. [pi. 
conventionalities (-tiz) ], adherence 
to conventional rules or precedents; 
artificiality. 

conventionalize (kon-ven'shun-a-liz) , 
n. to harmonize with ordinary 
usage or custom. 

conventionally (-11), adv. in a con- 
ventional manner. 

converge (kon-verj'), v.i. tend to 
one point. 

convergence ('ens), n. [pi. conver- 
gencies ('en-siz) ], tendency to one 
point. 

convergent ('ent), adj. tending to 
one point. 

conversable (kon-vers'&-bl), social : 
inclined to converse. Also conversi- 
ble. 

conversant (kon'ver-s§,nt), adj. ac- 
quainted or familiar with; profi- 
cient. 



fi,te, arm, llsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, </ien. 



CONVERSATION 



231 



CONY OR CONEY 



conversation (-sa'shun), n, infor- 
mal or familiar talk. 

conversational (-al), adj. pertaining 
to conversation. 

conversationist (-ist), n, one who 
excels in conversation. Also con- 
versationalist. 

conversazione ^ (-ver-sat-ze-o'ne), n, 
[pi. conversazioni ('ne) ], a meeting 
for conversation, especially on lit- 
erary or scientific topics. 

converse (kon-vers'), ^-i* to inter- 
change thoughts; talk familiarly: 
adj. & n. (kon-vers) reversed in 
order or relation; opposite; ac- 
quaintance; familiar talk. 

conversely (-h), adv, reciprocally. 

conversion (-ver'shun), n. change 
from one state, or from one religion, 
to another. 

convert (kon-vert'), v.L to trans- 
mute; change from one religion to 
another: cause to undergo a moral 
change; apply to any use: n. (konV 
vert) one who changes from one 
religion to another; one who has un- 
dergone a moral change. 

converter ('er), n, one who con- 
verts; an iron retort used for con- 
verting pig iron into steel in the 
Bessemer process; a kind of electri- 
cal induction coil. 

convertibility Ci-ti), n. the qual- 
ity of being convertible. ^ 

convertible (kon-ver'ti-bl), adj. 
transmutable; interchangeable. 

convex^ (kon'veks), adj. curved on the 
exterior surface: opposed to con- 
cave: n. a convex body. 

convexity ('i-ti), n. roundness. 

convexo-concave ^ ('o-kon'kav), adj. 
convex on one side, concave on the 
other. 

convey (kon-va')> v,t. [p.t. & p.p. 
conveyed, p.pr. conveying], to carry 
or transport; transmit; impart; 
communicate; transfer the title to 
(property). 

conveyance ('^ns), n. the act or 
means of conveying; a vehicle; the 
transference of property from one 
owner to another. 



conveyancer ('i-ns-er), n. a lawyer 
who draws up deeds, &c., transfer- 
ring property. 

conveyancing ('§,ns-ing), n. the busi- 
ness of drawing deeds, leases, &c., 
and investigatmg titles to property. 

convict (kon-vikt'), v.t. to prove or 
pronounce guilty of a crime charged : 
n. (konVikt) a criminal sentenced 
to penal servitude. 

conviction (-vik'shun), n. the act of 
convicting; the state of being con- 
victed; strong belief. 

convince (kon-vins'), v.t. to satisfy 
by evidence or argument; persuade; 
cause to believe. 

convivial (kon-viv'i-i.1), adj. festive; 
jovial. 

conviviality ('i-ti), n. good fellowship. 

convivial ly (-li), adv. festively. 

convocation (kon-vo-ka'shun), n. the 
act of convoking an assembly, es- 
pecially of bishops and beneficed 
clergy, or heads of a university; an 
assembly of clergy. 

convocational ^ (-M), adj. pertaining 
to a convocation. 

convoke (kon-vok'), v.t. to call or 
summon together; convene. 

convolute (kon'vo-lut), adj. rolled 
upon itself; twisted. Also convo- 
luted. 

convolution (-lu'shun), n. a roUing 
together. 

convolve (-volv'), v.t. to roll to- 
gether. 

convoy (kon-voi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
convoyed, p.pr. convoying], to ac- 
company on the way for protection, 
by sea or land: n. (konVoi) a pro- 
tecting force accompan^'ing ships, 
goods, persons, &c.; an escort. 

convulse (kon-vuls')> v.t. to agitate 
violently; shake; affect with convul- 
sions. 

convulsion (-vul'shun), n. an agita- 
tion; tumult; a violent and unnat- 
ural contraction of the muscles. 

convulsive (-vuls'iv), adj. producing 
convulsions. 

cony or coney (ko'ni), n. [pi. conies 
('niz) ], a rabbit. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tken. 



coo 



232 



COPPERHEAD 



coo (koo), v.i, [pd, & p.p. cooed, p,pr, 
cooing], to cry like a dove or pi- 
geon; to act or converse in a loving 
manner: n, the sound uttered by 
doves and pigeons. 

cook (kook), v,t, to prepare for eat- 
ing by boiling, baking, or roasting: 
v.i, to act as a cook: n. one who 
prepares food for the table. 

cookery ('er-i), n. [pL cookeries 
(-iz) ], the art or practice of cook- 
ing. 

cooky ('i), [ph cookies ('iz) ],^ a 
small fiat sweet cake. Also cookie. 

cool (kool), adj. [compar, cooler, 
superl. coolest], slightly or moderate- 
ly cold; calm; deliberate: v,U to 
make cool: v.i. to become cool. 

cooler Cer), n. that which cools; a 
vessel for cooKng liquids, &c. 

coolie (koo'li), n. an East Indian 
porter: adj. pertaining to coolies. 

coolly ('h), adv. in a cool manner. 

coolness ('nes), n. the state of being 
cool, 

coom (koom), n. matter which col- 
lects at the naves of wheels, &c.; 
soot; coal-dust. 

coon (koon), n. abbreviation of rac- 
coon; a sly knowing person; slang 
name for a negro: v.i. to creep along 
the branch of a tree like a raccoon. 

coop (koop), 71. a cage; pen:^ v.t. to 
confine in, or as in, a coop; inclose. 

cooper Cer), n. a maker of barrels, 
casks, &c.; a beverage, half stout 
and half porter; vessel that sells 
spirits, tobacco, &c., to fishermen, 
especially on the North Sea. 

cooperage ('er-aj), n. the business or 
workshop of a cooper; price for 
cooper's work. 

cooperant (ko-op'er-§,nt), adj. co- 
operating. 

cooperate ('er-at), vA. to act or work 
jointly; concur to produce the same 
effect. 

cooperation (-a 'shun), n. the act of 
working jointly together; concur- 
rence. 

cooperative ('er-a-tiv), adj, promot- 
ing jointly the same end. 



cooperator ('er-a-ter), n. one who 
acts or labors conjointly with others. 

coordinate (-or'di-nat), v.t. to place 
in the same order, class, &c.; har- 
monize: adj. of the same rank or 
authority as another: n.pl. lines or 
other elements by which the position 
of any point is determined by a fiixed 
figure or lines. ^ 

coordinately (-li), adv. in the same 
rank. &c. 

coordination (-na'shun), n. state of 
being coordinate. 

coot (koot), n. a short-tailed water- 
fowl. 

cop (kop), y.^. [p.t. & p.p. copped, 
p.pr. copping], to seize as a prisoner; 
throw underhand: n. a policeman. 

copaiba (ko-pa'b§,), n. a resinous 
balsam from various South Ameri- 
can and West Indian trees: used as 
a medicine. Also copaiva. 

copal (ko-pM), n. a gum-resin: used 
in varnishes. 

coparcener (ko-par'se-ner), n. 2l 
confederate; one sharing with an- 
other in the same act; usually in a 
bad sense. 

cope (kop), n. a large semi-circular 
ecclesiastical vestment, worn by 
bishops and priests over the surplice. 

cope (kop), v.i. to strive or contend 
(followed by with). 

copeck (ko'pek), n. a Russian coin, 
=l-100th rouble. Also kopeck. 

Copernican (ko-per'ni-ki^n), adj. 
pertaining to the astronomical sys- 
tem of Copernicus, which conceived 
the sun to be its center. 

copier (kop'i-er), n. a. transcriber; 
imitator. 

coping (ko'ping), n. the top masonry 
of a wall. 

copious Cpi-us), adj. abundant; dif- 
fusive. 

copper (kop'er), n. a red, ductile, 
malleable, tenacious metal; a boiler: 
v.t. to cover with copper. Also cop- 
perize. 

copper (kop'er), n. a policeman. 

copperhead (-hed), n. a venomous 
American serpent. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



COPPERPLATE 



233 



CORDUROY ROAD 



copperplate (-plat), n, a polished 
copper plate on which something is 
engraved for printing: adj. pertain- 
ing to the art of engraving on cop- 
perplate. 

coppice (kop'is), n, same as copse. 

cops3 (kops), n. a thicket of brush- 
wood: v.t, to cut and trim as brush- 
wood: v,u to preserve or plant 
brushwood. 

copula Cu-la), n. [pL copulas, or se 
(-az, -e) ], a word which joins the 
subject and predicate in a sentence 
or proposition. 

copulate ('u-lat), v,i, to have sexual 
intercourse. 

copulation (-la'shun), n. sexual in- 
tercourse. 

copulative (-la'tiv), adj. uniting: n. 
a copulative conjunction. 

copy (kop'i), n, [pZ. copies ('iz) ], an 
imitation; a transcript; a writing 
exercise; an original work:^ v.t, to 
transcribe; reproduce: v.i, imitate. 

copyist (-ist), n. one who copies. ^ 

copyright (-rit), n. the exclusive 
right of an author in his literary or 
artistic work for a prescribed num- 
ber of years. 

coquet (ko-kef), v.i. [pi. & p.p. co- 
quetted, p.pr. coquetting], to flirt; 
seek to attract attention or admi- 
ration; trifle. 

coquetry^ (ko'ket-ri), n. [pL coquet 
lies (-riz) ], the act of coquetting; 
flirtation. 

coquette (ko-kef), n. a vain woman 
who seeks to gain men's attention 
and admiration. 

coral (kor'§,l), n. the hard, calcareous 
skeleton of certain marine polyps; 
the unimpregnated roe of the lob- 
ster: adj. pertaining to coral. 

coralline ('M-in), adj. consisting of, 
or like, coral; of a color Uke coral: 
71. an orange-red dye stuff. 

corbeil (kor'bel), n. a little basket 
filled with earth, used in sieges to 
shelter troops. 

corbel Cbel), n. a projection of stone, 
wood, or iron to support some mass, 
often ornamented with grotesque fig- 



ures; a sculptured basket of flowers, 
fruit, &c. 

cord (kord), n. a twisted string; a 
measure of wood equal to 128 cub. 
ft. (8 ft. long 4 ft. high, 4 ft. broad) ; 
a moral influence: v.t. to fasten or 
connect with a cord. 

cordage ('aj), n. a quantity of cords 
or ropes; ropes and rigging collec- 
tively. 

cordate (kor'dat), adj. heart-shaped. 

cordelle ('del), n. a twisted rope or 
tassel; a tow-rope. 

cordial (kor'jal), adj. hearty; sin- 
cere; cheering: n. a medicine that 
increases the strength and restores 
the spirits; an aromatic and sweet- 
ened spirit. ^ 

cordiality ('i-ti), n. sincere sjTnpathetic 
geniality; sincerity: heartiness. 

cordiform ('di-form), adj. heart- 
shaped. 

cordilla (-dill'i), n. coarse German 
hemp. 

Cordillera (-dil-ya'ra), n. a continu- 
ous ridge or chain of mountains. 

cording (kord'ing), n. the ribbed sur- 
face of a twilled fabric. 

cordite (kor'dit), n. a modern ex- 
plosive, composed of nitroglvcerine, 
gun cotton, and mineral jelly. 

cordon (kor'don), n. a ribbon worn 
as the badge of an order; a band; a 
course of projecting stones forming 
the coping of a scarf wall; a line of 
mihtary posts. 

cordon bleu (bloo), n. the highest 
distinction in any profession; a first- 
class cook. 

cordonnet (-do-na'), n. the slightly- 
raised border of a point-lace pat- 
tern; edging made of piping. 

cordovan ('do-van), n. a Spanish 
leather made of goatskin or split 
horsehide tanned and dressed. Also 
cordwain. 

corduroy ('du-roi), n. a stout ribbed 
or corded cotton; piled fustian: v.t. 
to construct (a corduroy road). 

corduroy road (rod), n. a roadway 
formed of logs laid side by side 
across swampy ground, &c. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awi; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, Z/ien. 



CORDWAINER 



234 



CORONER 



cordwainer (kordVa-ner), n, a 
worker in leather; a shoemaker. 

core (kor), n, the heart or innermost 
part of anything, especially of fruit: 
v,L to remove the core from; to 
mold or cast on a core. 

co-respondent (ko-re-spond'ent), n. 
a joint respondent in a divorce suit. 

coriaceous (ko-ri-a'shus), adj, like 
leather. 

coriander (kor-i-an'der), n. an um- 
belliferous plant, the seeds of which 
are used as a carminative. 

Corinthian ^ (ko-rin'thi-an), adJ, of, 
or pertaining to, Corinth, a cele- 
brated city of Greece, noted for its 
luxury and licentiousness; luxuri- 
ous; conducted by amateurs; noting 
the Corinthian order of architecture: 
n. Sb man about town; a gentleman 
yachtsman, or sportsman. 

Corinthian bronze (bronz), n, an 
alloy of fine quaUty originally pro- 
duced at Corinth. 

Corinthian order (or'der), n. the 
lightest and most ornate of the clas- 
sic orders of architecture, with a 
bell-shaped capital, and ornamented 
with acanthus leaves. 

corium (ko'ri-um), n. the innermost 
layer of skin of the cuticle. 

cork (kork), n. the outler layer of the 
bark of the cork tree, a species of 
oak; a stopper for a bottle: adj. 
made of cork. 

corky ('i), adj. made of, or like, cork. 

cormorant (kor 'mo-rant), n. a div- 
ing bird that preys voraciously on 
fish; a glutton. 

corn (korn), n. grain, as wheat, bar- 
ley, &c.; maize, or Indian corn; 
plants that yield grain; breadstuff. 

corn (korn), n, a horny excrescence 
on the feet or hands. 

corn (korn), v.t. to preserve meats 
with salt or brine. 

corn-cob ('kob), n. the spike of an 
ear of Indian corn. 

cornea (k6r'ne-§,), n. the homy circu- 
lar transparent membrane which 
forms the anterior portion of the 
eyeball. 



cornelian (-ne'li§.n), n. a semi-trans- 
parent variety of chalcedony. Also 
carnelian. 

corner (kor'ner), n. an angle; a re- 
tired place; a mercantile ring to mo- 
nopohze some product: v.t, to drive 
or force into some position of diffi- 
culty from which there is no escape. 

corner the market to buy up a 
commodity so as to monopohze it. 

corner-stone (-ston), n. the. princi- 
pal stone. 

cornet ('net), a kind of trumpet. 

cornflower ^ ('flour), n. any wild 
plant growing in the cornfields, espe- 
cially the bluebottle. 

cornice ('nis), n, the highest projec- 
tion or border on a wall or column. 

cornstarch ('starch), n, starch made 
from meal of Indian corn; used for 
puddings, &c. 

cornucopia (kor-nu-ko'pi-^), n, [pi. 
cornucopiae (-e), or -as (-^z) ], the 
horn of plenty represented in sculp- 
ture, astoverflowing with fruit, flow- 
ers, &c. 

cornuted (-ut'ed), adj. horned. 

corolla (ko-rol'^), n. the inner envel- 
ope of a flower composed of two or 
more petals. 

corollaceous (kor-ol-la'shus), adj. 
pertaining to, or resembling, a co- 
rolla. 

corollary (kor'ol- or ko-rol'§,-ri), n. 
an additional deduction or inference 
drawn from a demonstrated propo- 
sition. 

corona (ko-ro'n§,), n. [pi. coronse 
('ne) 1, a crown; the flat projecting 
part of a cornice; the upper surface 
of a molar tooth; a halo surround- 
ing heavenly bodies; any crown-like 
appendage at the top of an organ of 
a plant. 

coronal ^ (kor'o- or ko-ro'n§.I), adj. 
pertaining to the corona: n. a crown, 
or garland. 

coronation (kor-o-na'shun), n. the act 
or ceremony of crowning a sovereign. 

coroner (kor'o-ner), n. an officer who 
inquires into cases of sudden or ac- 
cidental death. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CORONET 



235 



CORRIGIBLE 



coronet ('onet), n. an inferior 
crown; an ornamental headdress; 
the bone immediately beneath a 
horse's hoof. 

coronium (ko-ro'ni-um), n. a recent- 
ly discovered element, hghter than 
hydrogen. 

corporal (kor'po-rM), adj, relating 
to the body; opposed to the mind: n. 
a communion cloth; a corporale; a 
non-commissioned officer of the low- 
est grade. 

corporally (-li), adv, bodily; phys- 
ically. 

corporate (-rat), adj. united in a 
body or community by legal enact- 
ment. 

corporation (-ra'shun), n. a body 
politic having a common seal, and 
legally authorized to act as one indi- 
vidual; a protuberant stomach. 

corporator (-ra-ter), n. a member of 
a corporation, especially an original 
member. 

corporeal (-po're-§-l), adj. having a 
material body; physical. 

corporeality ('i-ti), n. the state of 
being corporeal. 

corps (kor), n. [pi, corps (korz) ], a 
body of troops; a body of persons 
associated in a common work. 

corps diplomatique (dip-lo-ma- 
tekO, n. the ministers accredited to 
a government. 

corpse (korps), n. a dead body. 

corpulence (kor'pu-lens), 11. exces- 
sive fatness of body. Also corpu- 
lency. 

corpulent (-lent), adj. bulky; fat; 
having a large, fleshy body. 

corpus Cpus), n. [pi. corpora ('po- 
rk) ], a body; collection; the chief 
part of an organ. 

Corpus Christi (kris'ti), (Latin the 
body of Christ), a Roman Cathohc 
festival (the first Thursday after 
Trinity Sunday) in honor of the 
Eucharist. 

corpuscle ('pus-1), n. a minute par- 
ticle. 

corpuscle (kor'pus-1), n. the name 
given to the unit particle of elec- 



tricity, more generally called the 
electron. 

corpuscular (-pus'ku-l§.r), adj. per- 
taining to, or composed of, corpus- 
cles. 

corral (kor-ral'), n. a pen for live 
stock; an inclosure with wagons; a 
strong stockade for capturing wild 
elephants: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. corralled, 
p.pr. corralling], to drive into, or 
secure in, a corral; to take posses- 
sion of, or capture; corner. 

correct (ko-rekf), v.t. to set straight; 
rectify; punish faults; amend: adj, 
exact; accurate; free from error; 
conforming to a fixed rule or stand- 
ard. 

correction ('shun), n. the act of cor- 
recting; chastisement. 

correctional (-al), adj, tending to 
correct. 

corrective ('tiv), adj, able to correct: 
n. that which corrects; an antidote. 

corrector ('tcr), n. one who corrects. 

correlate (kor-e-laf), v.i. to be re- 
ciprocally related: adj. reciprocally 
related. 

correlation (-la'shun), n. reciprocal 
relation; similarity or parallelism of 
relation or law; the interdependence 
of functions, organs, natural forces, 
or phenomena. 

correlative (-eri-tiv), adj, having 
reciprocal or mutual relation: n, the 
antecedent of a pronoun. 

correlatively (-li), adv. in a correl- 
ative relation. 

correspond (kor-e-spond'), v.i, to be 
adequate to; agree; suit; answer; 
communicate by letters. 

correspondence ('ens), n. communi- 
cation by letters; mutual adapta- 
tion; congruity. 

correspondent ('ent), adj, agreeing 
with; similar: n. one with whom in- 
tercourse is maintained by letters: 
one who sends news to a journal. 

corridor (kor'i-dor), n. a gallery or 
open passage in a building. 

corrigible (kor'ij-i-bl), adj, capable 
of being amended, corrected, or re- 
formed. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



CORROBORATE 



236 



COST 



corroborate (kor-rob'or-at), v,L con- 
firm; strengthen; establish; verify. 

corroboration (-ra'shim), n. verifi- 
cation. 

corroborative ('or-a-tiv), adj, veri- 
fying; confirmative. 

corroboratory ('o-ra-to-ri), adj, tend- 
ing to corroborate. 

corrode (kor-odO, v.t, to eat away 
gradually; consume; disintegrate. 

corrodible (-o'di-bl), adj, capable of 
being corroded. Also corrosible. 

corrosion (kor-o'zhun), n, the act of 
corroding; a corroded condition. 

corrosive (kor-6'-siv), adj, capable of 
producing corrosion; n, a substance 
producing corrosion. 

corrugate ('oo-gat), v.L to draw, or 
shape, into wrinkles or folds. 

corrugated iron (irn), n. sheet-iron 
pressed into alternate parallel ridges 
and grooves and galvamzed. 

corrugation^ (-ga'shun), n, the act 
of corrugating; a fold or wrinkle. 

corrupt (kor-upf), v.t, to turn from 
a sound to an unsound and putres- 
cent statt^ make impure; vitiate or 
deprave; seduce; bribe: v,i, to be- 
come putrid: ai;. depraved; putrid; 
spoiled; abounding in errors; open 
to bribery. 

corruptibility (-up-ti-bil'i-ti), n, the 
state or possibihty of being cor- 
rupted. 

corruptible (-up'ti-bl), adj, capable 
of being corrupted; subject to decay; 
susceptible of being bribed. 

corruption (-up'shun), n, the act of 
corrupting; the state of being cor- 
rupted; physical dissolution. 

corsage (kor'sazh), n, a bodice; 
waist. 

corsair ('sar), n, a pirate. 

corse (kors), n, poetic for corpse. 

corset ('set), n, a bodice: pi. a pair 
of stays: v.t, to inclose in corsets. 

corslet (let), n, light body armor. 

cortege (kor-tazh), n. a train of at- 
tendants; retinue; procession. ^ 

Cortes (kor'tez), n.pL the national 
and legislative assembly oi Spain 
and Portugal. 



cortex (k6r'teks), n. [pi. cortices 
Cti-sez)], outer bark or covering. 

cortical ('ti-kal), adj, consisting of, 
or Hke, bark; external. 

corundum (ko-run'dum), n. a min- 
eral of extreme hardness. 

coruscate (ko-rus' or kor'us-kat), v.i. 
to sparkle; flash. 

coruscation (kor-us-ka'shun), n. a 
sudden flash or play of light. 

corvette (kor-vet), n. a sloop of war. 

corvine ('vin), adj, pertaining to a 
crow. 

corybants (kori-bants), n. dancing 
priests. 

cosey, cosy (ko'zi), adj. & n. same 
as cozy. 

cosily (ko'zi-li), adv. snugly. 

cosmetic (koz-met'ik), adj, imparting 
or improving beauty; n. a wash or 
preparation for such a purpose. 

cosmic (koz'mik), adj. pertaining to 
the universe and the laws which gov- 
ern it; rising or setting with the 
sun. Also cosmical. 

cosmism ('mizm), n. Herbert Spen- 
cer's evolutionary philosophy. 

cosmogony (-mog'o-ni), n. a treatise 
on the world's origin. 

cosmography (-mog'r§,-fi), n. the 
science which treats of the constitu- 
tion of the whole system of worlds, 
or the earth as part of the universe. 

cosmology (-moro-ji), n. the science 
which investigates the origin of the 
world. 

cosmopolitan (-mo-pol'i-t^n), n. a 
citizen of the woild. Also cosmopo- 
lite: adj. at home in any part of the 
world. 

cosmorama (-mo-ra'm§,), n. an exhi- 
bition or views, &c., of various parts 
of the world realistically produced. 

cosmos (koz'mos), n. the world or 
universe as an orderly system: op- 
posed to chaos. 

Cossack (kos'ak), n. one of a war- 
like tribe of Southern Russia, skilled 
as horsemen: adj. pertaining to Cos- 
sacks. 

cost (k6st), v.t. to be bought for, or 
had at, a price; cause to bear or 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon^ 
book] hue, hut; think, then. 



COSTA 



237 



COUNTER 



suffer: n, charge; expense; labor: 
pi. law charges. 

costa (kos't^), n. [pL costse ('te)], a 
rib. 

costal ('t§,l), adj, pertaining to a rib. 

costate ('tat), adj, ribbed. 

costermonger ('ter-fnung-ger) , n. a 
hawker of fruit, vegetables, fish, &c. 

costive Ctiv), adj, constipated. 

costume (kos'tum), n, dress in gen- 
eral; style of dress; a walking or 
tailor-made dress: v.t, (kos-tum'), 
to dress in, or provide with, appro- 
priate costumes. 

cosy, another form of cozy. 

cot (kot), n, a cottage; small bed. 

cotangent (ko-tan'jent), n, the tan- 
gent of the complement of an arc or 
angle. 

cote (kot), n. a hut; a sheepfold. 

cotemporary, cotemporaneous, &c., 
same as contemporary, &c. 

coterie (ko-te-re'), n. an association 
or set of persons united together for 
social or other intercourse; a clique. 

coterminous. Same as contermi- 
nous. 

cotillion (-til'yun), n. a brisk, lively 
dance for eight or more persons: 
music for such a dance; a black and 
white woolen skirt material. Also 
cotillon. 

cottage (kot'aj), n. a small dwelling. 

cotter, cottier, cottar, abbreviations 
for cottager: n, one who dwells in a 
cottage; one who lives rent free on 
a common; a wedge for tightening 
machinery. 

cotton (kot'n), n. a white, soft, 
downy substance resembling wool 
enveloping the seeds of the cotton- 
plant; cotton thread or cloth: adj. 
pertaining to, or made of, cotton: 
v.i.to fit or go well together; be very 
intimate (with). 

cotton-gin (-jin), n. a machine for 
separating the seeds from cotton 
fiber. 

couch (kouch), y.t. to place on a 
bed or other resting-place; hide; de- 
posit in a bed or layer; express ifi 
words; include: v.i. to lie down; 



stoop; depress or remove a cata- 
ract: n. a bed; sofa; a layer or 
stratum; a preliminary coat of size 
paint, &c.; a layer of barley spread* 
out for malting. 

co'ichant ('ant), adj. in heraldry, 
crouching or lying down. 

cougar (koo'gar), n. the puma. 

cough (k6f),v.i. to expel air from 
the lungs by a violent effort: v.t. to 
expel from the lungs (followed by 
up): n. an effort of the lungs, 
attended with noise, to expel irri-, 
tating or foreign matter. 

could (kood), p.i. of can. 

coulomb (koo-lom'), n. the electrical 
standard unit of quantity =^ a cur- 
rent or one ampere per second. 

coulter (kol'ter), n. a ploughshare. 

council (coun'sil), n. an assembly of 
persons met in consultation, or to 
give advice; a convocation; a mu- 
nicipal body. 

councillor (-er), n. a member of a 
common council. 

councilman (-m§,n), n. [pi. council- 
men (-men) ], a member of a mu- 
nicipal council. 

counsel ('sel), n. interchange of opin- 
ion; advice; consultation; deliberate 
purpose or design; a barrister: v.t, 
[p.t. & p.p. counseled, p.pr. coun- 
seling], to give advice to; advise. 

counselor (-er), n. one who gives ad- 
vice, especially legal advice; a mem- 
ber of a council. 

count (kount), n, a title of nobihty. 

count (kount), v.t, to reckon or sum 
up; enumerate; place to an ac- 
count; esteem: v.i. to tell off; mark 
time: n, the act of numbering or 
reckoning; the total ascertained; a 
separate and distinct charge in an 
indictment; rhythm. 

countenance (koun'te-nins), n. the 
whole form of the face; appearance; 
support: v.t, to support; encour- 
age; favor. 

counter ('ter), n. one who, or that 
which, counts; a shop table; imi- 
tation money; a counter-tenor; a 
horse's breast between the shoulders 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awi; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



COUNTER 



238 



COUPLE 



and under the neck; a ship's stern 
between the water-hne and the 
knuckle of the stern; a blow given 
in parrying: v.i. to give a blow while 
receiving or parrying one. 

counter Cter), adv, contrary; ad- 
verse; in an opposite direction; the 
wrong way; used in composition, as 
counter-evidence, evidence opposing 
other evidence; counter-halaiicey to 
weigh or act against with equal force. 

counteract (-akf), v.L to act in op- 
position to so as to defeat or hinder; 
neutralize. 

counter-blast (koun'ter-blast), n. 
an answer with bugle or bugles to 
a challenging blast; an oral or 
written defiance in argument. 

countercharge (koun'ter-charj), n. 
a charge of cavalry returning a 
charge of the enemy ; a charge made 
in argument by way of reply and 
refutation charge. 

counterfeit (koun'ter-fit), v.t, to 
make a copy of without authority 
for fraudulent purposes; forge; imi- 
tate: v.i, to carry on deception: adj. 
feigned; spurious; forged: n. an 
imitation; a forgery. 

counterfeiting (-ing), n. the crime 
of making or uttering false coins or 
bank-notes. 

counterfoil (-foil), n. that part of a 
document, as a cheque, &c., retained 
by the drawer. 

counterfort (-fort), n. a buttress 
built at right angles to a wail or 
terrace; a spur of a mountain. 

counter-light (-lit), n. a light op- 
posite any object, causing it to ap- 
pear to disadvantage. 

countermand (-mand), v.t. to re- 
voke or annul, as an order or com- 
mand; contradict the orders of : n. a 
revocation of a former order or com- 
mand. 

countermark (-mark), n. an addi- 
tional mark placed on goods for 
greater security; the mark of the 
Goldsmiths' Company to indicate 
the standard quahty of gold or silver: 
v.t. to place a countermark upon. 



counterpane (-pan), n. a bed cover- 
let. 

counter-parole (-pa-rol'), n. a word 
given in addition to the password. 

counterpart (-part), n. a duplicate. 

counterpoint (-point), n. the science 
of harmony. 

counterscarp (-skarp), n. the ex- 
terior slope of a ditch opposite the 
scarp. 

counter-sea (-se), n. a sea running 
in an opposite direction to the wind. 

counterseal (-sel), v.t. to seal with 
others: n. the reverse side of a pen- 
dent seal attached to a document. 

countersign (-sin'), v.t. to authenti- 
cate by an additional signature: n. 
(koun'ter-sin) an additional signa- 
ture to a document to attest it; a 
military watchword. 

countersink (-singk), v.t. to drill (a 
conical depression) in timber or 
metal to receive a screw or bolt so 
that the head is flush with the sur- 
face. 

countervail (-val), v.t. to compen- 
sate; counteract; counterbalance. 

countess (koun'tes), n. the wife of 
an earl or count. 

counting (kount'ing), n. reckoning. 

counting-house (-hous), n. the 
room where accounts or mercantile 
transactions are carried on. 

country (kun'tri), n. [pi. countries 
(-triz) ], a tract of land; region; 
rural parts; one's native land: adj. 
rural; rustic; unpolished. 

county (koun'ti), n. [pi. counties 
('tiz)], a definite district of a coun- 
try separated from the rest for po- 
litical or judicial administrative pur- 
poses: adj, pertaining to a county. 

coup (koo), n. a sudden telling blow, 
a master-stroke. 

coupe (koo-paO, ^. the front com- 
partment of a French stage-coach; 
the end of a first-class carriage. 

couple (kup'l), n, two of the same 
kind connected together; a pair; 
man and wife; a pair of equal and 
parallel forces; two dissimilar metal 
plates in contact forming a voltaic 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, theu.. 



COUPLET 



239 



COVERLET 



battery: v.t, to link or join together; 
unite in marriage: v,i. to copulate; 
unite. 

couplet (kuplet), n. two successive 
lines of verse which rhyme together. 

coupon (koo'pon), n. a certificate at- 
tached to transierable bonds, which 
is intended to be cut off and pre- 
sented for the payment of dividends 
when due; a section of a ticket en- 
titling the holder to some specified 
accommodation, &c., over a line or 
route to be traveled, or to a seat in 
a theater, &c. 

courage (kur'aj), n. fortitude; valor. 

courageous (-a' jus), adj. brave; bold. 

courier (koo'ri-er), n, an express 
messenger; a travehng attendant 
who makes preliminary arrange- 
ments. 

course (kors), n. a race; a path or 
track; career; direction or line of 
motion; regular sequence; the por- 
tion of a meal served at one time; 
conduct; behavior; the direction a 
ship is steered; a continuous level 
range of brick or masonry of the 
same height; the chase of a hare by 
greyhounds: pL catamenia: the sails 
set on the lower yards of a ship: 
v.t, to hunt: v.i. mo\e swiftly; en- 
gage in coursing. 

courser ( 'er), n. a swift and spirited 
horse; a war-horse; one who courses, 
a running bird of the ostrich family. 

coursing ('ing), n. the sport of pur- 
suing hares with greyhounds. 

court (kort), n. an enclosed space; a 
small paved space surrounded^ by 
houses; a royal palace; the retinue 
of a sovereign; a hall of justice; 
the judges, &c., engaged there; ad- 
dress; civility; flattery: v.t. to pay 
court to; woo; flatter; solicit. 

courteous (ker'te-us), adj, polite; 
obliging. 

courtesan ('te-z§,n), n. a prostitute. 

courtesy ('te-si), n. [pL courtesies 
(-siz) ], politeness combined with 
kindness; civility. 

courtesy (kert'si), n. [pi. courtesies 
(-siz) ], a salutation made by bend- 



ing the knees: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cour- 
tesied, p.pr. courtesy ing], to make 
a courtesy. [See curtsy.] 

courtier (kort'yer), n. one who fre- 
quents or attends court; one who 
solicits the favor of another; one 
having courtly manners. 

courtliness ('li-nes), n. elegance of 
manners. 

courtly ('li), adj. refined; elegant. 

court-martial (mar'shal), n. [pi. 
courts-martial], a court ^ of justice 
composed of naval or military ofia- 
cers for the trial of disciplinary 
offenses. 

court-plaster ('pl&s-ter), n, a supe- 
rior kind of sticking-plaster, origi- 
nally used by ladies at court for or- 
namental patches on the face. 

courtship ('ship), ?i. the act of wooing. 

courtyard^ ('yard), n. an inclosed 
space adjoining a house. 

cousin (kuz'in), ric the son or daugh- 
ter of an uncle or aunt; a kinsman; 
a title of address used by a sover- 
eign to noblemen. 

cousin-german (-jermS<n), n. a first 
cousin. 

cove (kov), n. a small sheltered inlet 
or creek; a retired nook; a hollow 
molding; a fellow: v.i. to arch over. 

covenant (kuv'e-nint), n. a \\Titten 
agreement; deed; bargain; a free 
promise of God's blessing; a solemn 
agreement of fellowship and faith 
between members of a church: v.i. 
to enter into a formal agreement; 
bind one's self by contract. 

covenanter (-er), n. one who enters 
into a covenant. 

€X>ver (kuv'er), v.t. to overspread, as 
the top of anything, with something 
else; hide; save from punishment; 
shelter; clothe: v.i. put on a head 
covering: n. that which is laid on 
something else; a shelter; a covert; 
table furniture for one person: pi. 
thickets, underwood, &c., concealing 
game. 

covering (-ing), n. that which covers 
or protects; dress. 

coverlet (-let), n. a bed quilt. 



fite, ton, ftsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hiie, hut; think, then. 



COVERT 



240 



CRACK 



covert (kuv'ert), adj, concealed; cov- 
ered; disguised; insidious; under 
authority or protection; said of a 
married woman: n, a place that pro- 
tects or shelters; a thicket; shelter 
for game. 

coverture ('er-ttir), n, a cover; shel- 
ter; the status of a married woman. 

covet (kuv'et), v.t. to desire earnestly; 
lust after: v,L to indulge in inordi- 
nate desire. 

covetiveness ('et-iv-nes), n. acquisi- 
tiveness. 

covetous (-us), adj. inordinately de- 
sirous, especially of money; avari- 
cious. 

covey ^ (kuv'i), n, a hatch or brood 
of birds, especially partridges. 

coving (kov'ing), n. the projection 
of the upper stories of a house over 
the lower. 

cow (kou), n, {pi. cows (kouz) ], the 
mature female of the genus bos, or 
ox; the female of various other ani- 
mals, as the whale, elephant, &c.: 
n. a wedge placed behind a crab or 
windlass to check its motion: v.t, to 
depress with fear. 

coward C^rd), n. one without cour- 
age; a dastard; poltroon. 

cowardice (-is), n, dishonorable fear. 

cow-bird ('herd), n, an American 
blackbird, so called from its accom- 
panying cattle. 

cowboy ('boi), n, a boy who looks 
after covvs; a mounted employee of 
a stockman or ranchman who looks 
after the cattle while grazing. 

cow-catcher ('kach-er), n. a wedge- 
shaped iron frame in the front of a 
locomotive to remove obstructions 
on the rails. 

cower (kou'er), v.i. to crouch or sink 
down through fear; tremble. 

cowherd ('herd), n. a tender of cattle. 

cowhide ('hid), n. the tanned and 
dressed skins of cows; a stout flex- 
ible whip made of raw hide: adj, 
made of cowhide leather: v,t, to 
chastise with a cowhide. 

cowl (koul), n, a monk's hood; a re- 
volving cover for a chimney pot. 



cowlick (lik), n, a tuft of hair 
turned up or awry on the forehead. 

cowpox Cpoks), n, a disease which 
affects the teats of cows, producing 
vesicles;^ from^ these the vaccine 
matter is obtained for inoculation 
against smallpox. 

cowrie ('ri), n, [yl, cowries (-riz) 1, 
a small glossy shell, used as money 
by some African tribes, and in Siam. 
Also cowry. 

cowslip ('slip), n. a species of prim- 
rose. 

coxcomb Ckom), n. something re- 
sembling a cock's comb formerly 
worn by licensed Jesters; a vain, 
pretentious, conceited fellow; a fop. 

coxswain (kok'sun), n, the steers- 
man of a boat, especially in a race. 

coy (koi), adj. modest; bashful; de« 
mure. 

coyish ('ish), adj, somewhat coy. 

coyly ('li), adv, in a coy manner. 

coyness ('nes), n, reserve; demure- 
ness. 

coyote (koi-of or ko-yo'ta), n, the 
prairie-wolf: v.i. (koi-ot') to search 
for gold single-handed, and as by 
chance, 

cozen (kuz'n), v.t. to cheat. 

cozy (ko'zi), adj. warm and comfort- 
able; snug: n. a woolen cover to keep 
a teapot warm. 

crab (krab), n, a short-tailed, stalk- 
eyed, ten-footed crustacean; a crab- 
apple; a sign (Cancer) in the Zo- 
diac; a name of various mechanical 
devices or machines: pZ. the lowest 
cast at hazard: v.i, [p.t, & p.p. 
crabbed, p.pr. crabbing], to fish for 
crabs; to back out. 

crabbed ('ed), adj, morose; hard to 
decipher. 

crabby ('i), adj. crabbed. 

crack (krak), n, a chink or fissure; 
a narrow fracture; a sharp sound; 
a sharp resonant blow; an altered 
tone of voice: v.t, & v.i, to burst, 
break, or sever; utter a sharp, ab- 
rupt cry; extol; injure; damage 
mentally; open a bottle: adj, of su- 
perior excellence. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



CRACKED 



241 



CRANK-PIN 



cracked (krakt), acy. split; blem- 
ished; broken; insane; legally im- 
perfect. 

cracker (krak'er), n. a hard biscuit; 
a firework; a kind of bonbon; a lie: 
pi, an instrument for cracking nuts. 

crackle (krak'l), v.L to make a 
slight, sharp explosive noise: v.t. 
cover with a delicate network of 
minute cracks: n. a noise of fre- 
quent and slight cracks and re- 
ports; a surface glaze on glass or 
porcelain; the noise made by dis- 
eased lungs in breathing. 

crackling (krak'ling), n. small ab- 
rupt cracks or reports made fre- 
quently; the browned crisp rind of 
roast pig. 

cracknel ('nel), n, a hard fancy 
biscuit. 

cracksman ('s-m§,n), n. [pi, cracks- 
men ('men)l, a burglar. 

cradle (kra'dl), n, a baby's crib or 
little bed; infancy; birthplace or 
origin; a case for a broken limb; a 
device for rescuing shipwrecked per- 
sons; a frame of timbers placed 
under a ship for launching it; a 
steel tool used in engraving; a gold- 
washing machine; a frame of wood, 
with long teeth, fastened to a 
scythe: v.t. to rock or place in a 
cradle; nurse or train in infancy; 
wash in a miner's cradle: v.i. to 
lie in a cradle. 

cradling ('dling), n. the open tim- 
bers or ribs of a vaulted ceiling. 

craft (krMt), n. manual skill; a 
trade; cunning; fraud; a small 
trading vessel. 

craftily ('i-h), adv. cunningly. 

craftiness ('i-nes), n. cunning. 

craftsman (krafts'm^n), n, [pi, 
craftsmen ('men)], a skilled artisan; 
a member of a particular trade. 

crafty (craf'ti), adj. cunning; artful. 

crag O^ag), n. a steep, rugged rock; 
shelly deposits in PUocene strata. 

cram (kram), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. crammed, 
p.pr. cramming], to stuff; fill be- 
yond satiety; tell lies to: y.i, qualify 
speedily for an examination: to eat 



greedily: n, the act of cramming 
physically or mentally; hastily ac- 
quired knowledge; a lie. 

cramp (kramp), n. a rectangular 
piece of iron with a tightening 
screw at one end; a spasmodic mus- 
cular contraction of the limbs; a 
piece of iron bent at both ends for 
holding: e;.^. to affect with muscular 
spasms; confine; secure with g 
cramp. 

crampit (kram'pit), n. the metal tip 
of a scabbard, or staff. 

crampoons ('poonz), n.pl. an ap- 
paratus like double calipers for rais- 
ing heavy weights. 

cranberry ('ber-ri), n. [pi. cranber- 
ries (-riz)], the marsh whortleberry, 
with red acid berries, 

crane (kran), n. a large wading bird 
with very long legs and neck, and a 
long straight bill; a machine for 
raising heavy weights: v.t. to stretch 
or bend (the neck) like a crane: v.i, 
hesitate at a dangerous jump. 

cranial (kra'ni-&l), adj, pertaining 
to the skull. 

craniology (-ni-ol'o-ji), n. the scien- 
tific study of skulls and their char- 
acteristics. 

cranium ('ni-um), n. [pi. crania], 
the skull. 

crank (krangk), n, a device for caus- 
ing the rotation of an axis or for 
converting rotary into reciprocal mo- 
tion, or the contrary; an instru- 
ment of prison discipline like a 
paddle-wheel; an iron brace; a 
twist or turn, a fantastic form of 
speech; whim; fancy; a crotchety 
or impracticable person, especially 
one who has a monomania: adj. lia- 
ble to lurch or capsize; opposed to 
stiff; hence, shaky. 

crank-case (krank'-kas), n. the metal 
casing in an automobile that holds 
the piston rod. 

crankiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being cranky. 

trank-pin (krank'-pin) , n. a pin at 
the end of the crank in any piece 
of machinery. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, thQXi. 

Die. 16 ^ I * > 



CRANK-SHAFT 



242 



CREATURE 



crank-shaft (krank'-shaft), n. the 
shaft or rod that bears the crank 
in machinery. 

cranky (1), adj, full of crotchets or 
cranks; liable to be upset; in a 
shaky or loose condition. 

crannied (Icran'id), adj. full of 
chinks. 
, cranny ('ni), n, [pL crannies ('niz) ], 
a chink. 

crape (krap), n. a thin black gauze 
made of raw silk and gummed: v.t. 
to cover or drape with crape. 

crash (krash), v.t. to clash together 
with violence: v.i, to m ike a loud, 
clattering noise: n. a loud, sudden, 
confused noise; a coarse, heavy 
linen fabric. 

crass (kras), adj. gross; dense; obtuse. 

crate (krat), n. a wicker hamper. 

crater (kra^ter), n. the cup-shaped 
cavity of a volcano; an ancient 
goblet. 

craunch. See crunch. 

cravat (kra-vatO, n. a neckcloth. 

crave (krav), v.t. to ask for with hu- 
mility; beg earnestly; long for 
eagerly. 

craven (kra'vn), adj. cowardly; base; 
n. a coward; recreant. 

craving ('ving), n. a strong desire. 

craw (kraw), n. a bird's crop. 

crawfish (kraw'fish) or crayfish 
(kra') n, the common name of a 
fresh-water lobster-like crustacean; 
the spiny lobster. 

crawl (krawl), v.i. move slowly and 
with difficulty; creep : n. the act of 
crawling; a pen on the seacoast for 
fish, turtles, &c. 

crayon (kra'un), n. a kind of chalk 
pencil; a drawing done with cray- 
ons; one of the carbon points of an 
arc-light: adj. drawn with crayons: 
v.t. to sketch out, as with a crayon. 

crayonist (-ist), n. one who draws 
or sketches with crayons. 

craze ^kraz) , v.i. to become demented ; 
open in slight cracks: v.t. to pro- 
duce cracks; render insane: n. sl 
passing fashion or infatuation; a 
crack in pottery glaze. 



crazily (-li), adv, in a crazy manner. 

craziness (-nes), n, the state of be- 
ing crazy. 

crazy (kra'zi), adj. insane; dilapi- 
dated; foohshly eager. 

crazy- work (-werk), n, patchwork 
of irregular sized pieces of silk, &c. 

creak (krek), v. i, to make a sharp, 
harsh, grating sound: n. such a 
sound. 

creaky ('i), adj. apt to creak. 

cream ^ (krem), n. the rich, oily part 
of milk: hence the choicest part of 
anything; a soft unctuous cosmetic: 
v.t, to skim, cream from; remove 
the best part of. 

cream of tartar (of tar't§,r), n. 
purified tartar or argol. 

creamery ('er-i), n. [pi, creameries 
(-iz) ], a place where butter and 
cheese are made, or where cream, 
&c., are sold. 

cream-laid, adj, noting a paper of 
a creamy-white color, showing the 
lines of the mold impressed on it: 
opposed to cream-wove, which has 
no such lines. 

crease (kres), n. a mark made by 
folding or doubling anything; a line 
drawn to define the limits of bowler 
and batsman: «;.<. make a crease in. 

creasote. Another form of creosote. 

creatable (kre-at'i,-bl), adj, that 
may be created. 

create (kre-af), V, t. to cause to come 
into existence; form out of nothing; 
invest with a new rank, office, or 
function: w.i. to originate. 

creatine (fk-tm),n, a white crystal- 
line substance in muscular tissue. 
Also kreatine. 

creation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
creating; the thing created; the 
universe. 

creative ('tiv), adj, constructive. 

creator ('ter), n. one who creates. 

Creator, n, the Supreme Being. 

creature (kre'tur), n. anything cre- 
ated, especially a living being; one 
dependent on the influence of an- 
other: adj. of, or belonging to, the 
body. 



ate. arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then» 



CRECHE 



243 



CRETINISM 



creche (krash), n. a public nursery. 

credence (kre'dens), n, belief; trust. 

credenda (-den'd^), n. pZ. articles of 
faith. 

credential (-den'sMl), adj. giving a 
claim or title to credit: n.pl. letters 
or certificates given to a person to 
show he has a right to confidence or 
the exercise of authority.^ 

credibility (kred-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being credible. 

credible ('i-bl), adj, worthy of cred- 
it; probable. 

credibly (-bli), adv, in a credible 
manner. 

credit (kred'it), ri. to believe; 
trust; have confidence in; enter on 
the credit side of an account: n. 
belief; honor; trust reposed; sale 
on trust; time allowed for payment 
of goods sold. 

creditor ^ (-er), n. one to whom an- 
other is indebted for money or 
goods. 

credulity (-du1i-ti), n. ready belief. 

credulous (kred'u-lus), adj, easily 
imposed upon. 

creed (kred), n. a brief statement of 
belief. 

creek (krek), n. a small bay; cove. 

creel (krel), n. a wicker fishing bas- 
ket; a wickerwork cage: v.t, to put 
in a creel; catch. 

creep (krep), v.i, [p.t, & p.p. crept, 
p.pr. creeping], to move slowly 
along the ground, as a worm or rep- 
tile; grow along the ground, as a 
plant; move secretly or insidiously; 
fawn. 

creeper ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, creeps; a plant which clings 
by rootlets or tendrils to some sup- 
port; the name of certain birds; a 
wingless insect; a kind of grapnel. 

creepy ('i), adj. shivering; chilled. 

cremate (kre'mat), v.t. to reduce to 
ashes by heat, especially dead bodies. 

cremation (-ma'shun), n, the act of 
cremating. 

cremator (-ma'ter), n. a furnace for 
consuming dead bodies, refuse, &c. 

crematory ('m^-to-ri), adj. pertain- 



ing to cremation: n, [pi. crematoria 
(-riz) ], a place for burning the 
dead. 

crenate ('nat), adj. notched. 

crenellated (kren'el-a-ted), adj. dec- 
orated with indented moldings (cre- 
nelles). 

Creole (kre'ol), n. a native of Span- 
ish America or the West Indies, de- 
scended from European (originally 
Spanish) ancestors: adj. pertaining 
to a Creole. 

creosol ('o-sol), n, an oily liquid re- 
sembling phenol. 

creosote ^ ('o-sot), n. a heavy oily 
liquid with a smoky smell, prepared 
from wood-tar: used as an antisep- 
tic: v.t. to impregnate with creosote. 

crepitate (krep'i-tat), v.i. to make a 
slight, sharp, crackling noise. 

crepitation (-i-ta'shun), n. a low 
crackling noise. 

crepon (kre'pon), n. a thin crape- 
like material of wool, silk, or cotton. 

crept, p.t. & p.p. of creep. 

crescent (kres'ent), adj. growing: n. 
an increasing or new moon; a figure 
hke a new moon; the Moslem 
power: v.t. to form into a crescent. 

cresol (kre'sol), n. a phenol obtained 
from coal and wood-tar. 

cress ^ (kres), n. a name for various 
cruciferous plants, as the water- 
cress. 

cresset ('et), n. a light set on a 
beacon; an open frame of iron con- 
taining fire, used as a torch; a 
cooper's implement. 

crest (krest), n. a plume of feathers 
on the head of a bird, helmet, &c.; 
the ridge of a wave; summit of a 
hill; courage; pride ; spirit; v.t. to 
furnish or adorn with a crest; mark 
with lines or streaks: v.i. to take 
the form of a crest or ridge. 

crestfallen ('fawl-n), adj. dejected. 

cretaceous (kre-ta'shus), adj. com- 
posed of, or like, chalk; chalky. 

cretin (kret'ang) n. a person af- 

. flicted with cretinism. 

cretinism (kre'ti-n-ism), n. an en- 
demic disease, usually found only n 



ate, arm, S^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i^en. 



CRETONNE 



244 



CRITICALLY 



the high altitudes of mountainous 
districts, sometimes attributed to 
the drinking of snow-water. 

cretonne (kre-tonO, n, an unglazed 
cotton fabric printed on one side. 

crevasse (krev-£sO, ^. a deep fissure 
in a glacier ice; a breach in a levee 
or embankment of a river. 

crevice (krev'is), n. a crack; fissure. 

crew, p.t» of crow. 

crew (kroo), n. a ship or boat's com- 
pany; a crowd or company of peo- 
ple. 

crewel ('el), n. fine twisted worsted, 
&c., used in fancy work. 

crib (krib), n. a rack or manger; a 
stall for horses or cattle; a child's 
bed; a small lodging; a situation; 
a petty theft; a plagiarism; a lit- 
eral translation: v.t, [p.t, & p.p. 
cribbed, p.pr. cribbing], to confine; 
steal; plagiarize:^ v.i, make notes 
for dishonest use in an examination. 

cribbage ('aj), n, a card game. 

crick (krik), n. a painful stiffness of the 
muscles of the neck, or local spasm. 

cricket ('et), n. the well-known game 
played with wickets, bats, and a 
ball, by eleven players on each side; 
a chirping insect. 

cricketings (-ingz), n.pL a kind of 
fine twilled flannel. 

crier (kri'er), n, one who makes a 
public proclamation. 

crime (krim), n. a violation of the 
law; an offense against morality or 
the public welfare; wrong-doing. 

criminal ('i-nal), adj, pertaining to 
crime: n. one guilty of a crime. 

criminality ('i-ti), n. guilt. 

criminate ('i-nat), v.t,^ to accuse, 
or declare guilty, of crime; involve 
in a crime. 

crimination (-i-na'shun), n. accusa- 
tion. 

criminology (-i-noro-ji), n. the sci- 
entific investigation of crimes and 
criminals. 

crimp (krimp), v.t. to bend or twist 
in regular undulations; to cause to 
contract, as the flesh of five fish; 
decoy for enlistment: n. formerly 



one who entrapped men for the En- 
ghsh navy or army, or the merchant 
service; one who keeps a low lodging- 
house for seamen. 

crimson (krim'zn), n, a deep red color 
inclining to purple: adj, crim- 
son-colored: v.t. to dye with crim- 
son: v.i. to blush. 

cringe (krinj), v.i. to bend or crouch 
from fear or with servility: n. a 
servile bow. 

crinkle (kring'kl), v.t. to wrinkle; 
corrugate: v.i. to be corrugated or 
crimped: n. a wrinkle; bend. 

crinoline (krin'o-lin), n. a hoop- 
skirt; a stiff fabric for stiffening a 
garment. 

cripple (kripl), v.t. to deprive of the 
use of a limb; disable: n, one who 
is lame. 

crippling ('ling), n. spars or tim- 
bers used to support the sides of a 
building. 

crisis (kri'sis) n. [pi. crises (-sez)], 
a turning point; a critical turn in 
a disease; emergency; conjuncture. 

crisp (krisp), adj. wavy; curled; 
brittle; cheerful; terse; sparkling; 
v.t. to curl; ripple: v.i. to form little 
curls; become friable. 

crispate ('at), adj. curled. 

Crispin ('in), n. a shoemaker: in 
allusion to St. Crispin, the patron 
saint of shoemakers. 

criss-cross ('kros), n. an intersec- 
tion; a child's game played with 
O's and X's: adj. going backwards 
and forwards. 

criterion (kri-te'ri-on), n. [pi. cri- 
teria (-§-)], a standard, law, or rule 
by which a correct judgment can 
be formed. 

crith (krith), n. a unit of mass, used 
for gases = 1 liter of hydrogen. 

critic (krit'ik), n. one skilled in criti- 
cism; one who judges captiously. 

critical (-§-1), adj. nicely exact; 
skilled in criticism; censorious; per- 
taining to the turning point of a 
disease. 

critically (-li), adv. in a critical 
manner. 



ate, arm, ^sk. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue* hut: think, then. 



CRITICISE 



245 



CROSS-EYED 



criticise ('i-siz), v.t to examine or 
judge as a critic; censure: v.i. to 
review, 

criticism ('i-sizm), n. the art of judg- 
ing and defining the merits of a 
literary or artistic work; censure. 

critique (kri-tek'), n, sl careful an- 
alysis of a literary or artistic pro- 
duction. 

croak (krok), v.i, to make a sound 
like a raven &c.; grumble: n, the 
low, hoarse sound of the raven or 
frog. 

crochet G^ro-shaO, n, a kind of knit- 
ting with a hooked needle, in cotton, 
wool, &c.: v.t. to work in crochet. 

crock (krok), n, soot on a kettle, 
&c.; an earthenware pot or vessel: 
v.t, to blacken with soot; smudge. 

crockery Cer-i), n, earthenware. 

crocket Cet), n, an ornament em- 
ployed to decorate the angles of 
spires, canopies, &c.; one of the 
ends of a stag's horn. 

crocodile ( 'o-dil, or -dll), n. a large 
lizard-like amphibian reptile, with 
hard square scales on its back and 
tail. 

crocus (kro'kus), n, a genus of irida- 
ceous plants, from one species of 
which saffron is obtained. 

croft (kroft), n. a small farm, or in- 
closed field. 

crofter ('er), n. a small farmer of 
Western Scotland, who rents and 
tills a small farm. 

cromlech (krom'lek), n. an ancient 
monument of rough stones \vith one 
huge flat stone resting horizontally 
upon others. 

crone (kron), n, an old woman. 

crony ('ni), n. [pi, cronies ('niz) ], 
a familiar friend. 

crook (krook), n. a bend; a shep- 
herd's hooked staff; a bishop's staff; 
a swindler: v.t, to bend: v.i, to be 
bent. 

croon (kroon), v.i. to utter a hollow 
continued moan; sing in a soft, 
plaintive tone. 

crop (krop), n. the produce of the 
ground, as corn, &c.; a bird's craw; 



a stout hunting whip; hair cut 
close or short: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. 
cropped, crept, p.pr. cropping], to 
cut off the tops or ends of anything; 
reap; mow; cause to bear a crop: 
v.i, appear unexpectedly; to sprout. 

cropper (krop'er), n, a fall, usually 
from a horse. 

cropping-out (-out), n. the appear- 
ance at the surface of a lode of 
metal, or seam of coal. 

croquet (kro-ka'), n. a lawn game 
played with mallets, balls, and 
hoops: v.t. to drive away, as an op- 
ponent s oall after placing one's own 
in contact with it. 

croquette (-ketO, n. ball of mmce- 
meat, fish, or fowl, seasoned and 
fried brown. 

crosier (kro'zher), n. a bishop's staff. 

cross (kros), n, a gibbet of wood 
formed of an upright and a cross 
piece, used in the punishment of 
crucifixion: now the emblem of the 
Christian faith; a device resembling 
a cross; a mark made on a docu- 
ment by those who cannot write; a 
trial of patience; an animal of a 
cross-breed: v.t, to put, or draw, 
across; cancel; pass; thwart; ob- 
struct; make the sign of a cross 
upon; to cause to interbreea: v.i. to 
be athwart; be inconsistent; inter- 
breed: adj. falUng athwart; not 
parallel; frettul; perverse; untrac- 
eable. 

cross-bill Cbil), n. a bill brought by 
a defendant against a plaintiff pray- 
ing for relief; a bird with a cross- 
shaped bill. 

crossbow Cbo), n, a shooting weap- 
on, having a bow across the stock. 

cross-breed ('bred), n, an animal 
produced by a male and female of 
different varieties. 

cross-examination (-eg-zam-i-na'- 
shun), n. the questioning of a wit-- 
ness by his own, or the opposing, 
, counsel. 

cross-eyed (kros'id), adj. eyes that 
apparently look in different direc- 
tions. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CROSS-GRAINED 



246 



CRUCIFY 



ss-grained ('grand), adj. with 
an irregular grain or fiber; con- 
trary or awkward m temper. 

erossiii^ Ciiig)> w. the action of the 
verb to cross; a path across; inter- 
section ; opposition. 

cross- jack (kro'jak), n. the lower 
yard on the mizzen-mast. 

crossly (^li), adj, athwart; peevishly. 

cross-purpose ('per-pus), n. a con- 
trary purpose: pL a game of ques- 
tions and answers. 

cross-question (-kwes'chun), v.t, to 
cross-examine. 

cross-sea Cse)^ n. a chopping sea, 
in which the water runs in different 
directions. 

cross-stitch ('stich), n, a stitch 
formed of two stitches of the same 
length, the one crossing the other. 

cross-tie ('ti), n. a railroad sleeper. 

cross-trees ('trez), n.pl. short pieces 
of timber at the upper ends of the 
lower and top masts, to support the 
rigging. 

cross-wind ('wind), n. a side, or un- 
favorable, wind. 

cross-wise ('wiz), adv. across; cross- 
shaped. 

crotch (kroch), n. a hook or fork. 

crotchet ('et), n. a musical note = 
1-4 th a semibreve; a bracket; a 
whim or fancy. 

crotchety ('et-i), adj. whimsical; odd. 

croton-bug (kro'tun-bu[^), n. a small 
active winged coclcroach. 

croton-oil (-oil), n. a viscid vege- 
table oil expressed from the seeds 
of a tropical plant. 

crouch (krouch), v.i. to stoop low: 
cringe. 

croup (kroop), n. the rump or but- 
tocks of certain animals; the place 
behind the saddle; inflammation of 
the trachea and larynx, with a hoarse 
cough and difficult breathing. 

croupier ('pi-er), n. one who pre- 
sides at a gaming table and collects 
or pays out the money won or lost; 
a vice-chairman. 

croupy ('i), adj. affected ^th croup. 

crow (kro), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. crowed, 



crew, p.pr. crowing], to make & 
shrill sound like a cock; boast in 
triumph; utter a cry of pleasure: 
n. the cry of a cock ; a general name 
for birds of the genus Corvus, us- 
ually black, and with a strong con- 
ical bill. 

crowbar Cbar), n. an iron lever. 

crowd (kroud), n. a number of per- 
sons or things collected closely to- 
gether; the populace: v.t. to press 
closely together; fill to excess; im- 
portune, as for a debt: v.i. to press 
in numbers. 

crown (kroun), n. sl royal headdress 
worn as the insignia of sovereignty; 
regal power; a wreath; the top; an 
English silver coin (5s); the cor- 
ona of a flower; the upper part of a 
tooth; a size of printing paper (15 
X 20 in.): v.t. to invest with a 
crown; adorn or dignify; complete; 
reward. 

crown-glass Cglas), n. finest win- 
dow-glass. 

crow's-foot (kroz'foot), n. the ra- 
nunculus; a caltrop; an arrange- 
ment of cords to suspend an awning: 
pi. wrinkles under the eyes. 

crow's-nest ('z-nest), n. a look-out, 
or watch-tower, on the main-top- 
mast cross trees of a whaling vessel, 

croy (kroi), n. marsh land; an in- 
closure for taking fish. 

crucial (kroo'shial), adj. cruciform; 
intersecting; severe; searching. 

crucible ('si-bl), n. a melting-pot^ 

crucifier ('si-fi-er), «. one who cru- 
cifies. 

crucifix ('si-fiks), n. [pi. crucifixes 
(-ez) ], a cross with the sculptured 
figure of Christ. 

crucifixion ^ (-si-fik'shun), n. the act 
of crucifying, especially the cruci- 
fixion of Christ upon the cross; 
great mental trial, or suffering. 

cruciform ('si-form), n. cross-shaped. 

crucify ('si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cru- 
cified, p.pr. crucifying}, to put to 
death by nailing the hands and feet 
to a cross; torture; destroy the 
power of (Gal. v. 24). 



Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CRUDE 



247 



CRYPT 



crude (krood), adj\ in a natural 
state; unripe; raw; immature; un- 
cultured; harsh in color. 

crudely ('H), adv, in a crude manner. 

crudeness Cnes), n, the quaUty of 
being crude. 

crudity ('i-ti), n. [pi. crudities (-tiz) ], 
the state or condition of being crude. 

cruel (kroo'el), adj. disposed to give 
pain to others; merciless; hard- 
hearted; fier(5e; painful; unrelent- 
ing: adv. very. 

cruelly (-H), adv. in a cruel manner. 

cruelty ('el-ti), n. [pi. cruelties 
(-tiz) ], inhumanity; savageness. 

cruet ('et), n, a small glass vial. 

cruise. Same as cruse. 

cruise (krooz), v.i, to sail to and fro; 
wander about: n, a voyage from 
place to place for warlike purposes, 
or for pleasure. 

cruiser ('er), n. a person, or ship, 
that cruises; fast warship. 

crumb (krum), n. the soft inner part 
of bread; a fragment of bread; a 
little piece: v.L to dress with 
crumbs. 

crumble Cbl), v.t, to break into 
crumbs; cause to fall into pieces: 
v.i. to disappear gradually. 

crummy ('i), adj. having crumbs; soft. 

crumpet ('pet), n. a soft tea-cake. 

crumple Cpl), v.t, to press into 
wrinkles; rumple: v.i, to become 
rumpled. 

crunch (krunch), v.t. to crush with 
the teeth; grind violently : v.i. to chew 
audibly: n. the act of crunching. 

crupper (krup'er), n. the buttocks of 
a horse; the looped leather band 
passing round a horse's tail: v.t, 
to pu a crupper on. 

crural (kroo'r^l), adj. pertaining to 
the leg or thigh; leg-shaped. 

crusade (kroo-sad'), n. a mediaeval 
mihtary expedition under the ban- 
ner of the cross by any one of the 
Christian powers to recover the 
Holy Land; vigorous concerted ac- 
tion for the defense of some cause, 
or the advancement of some idea: 
v.i. to engage in a crusade. 



cruse (kroos), n. an earthen pot ol- 
dish; a small vessel for holding 
liquids. 

cruset (kroo'set), n. a goldsmith's 
crucible. 

crush (krush), v.t. to press between 
two opposite bodies; squeeze; break 
by pressure; bruise; ruin; quell: 
v.i. to be pressed out of shape or 
into smaller compass: n. a violent 
compression or collision. 

crush-hat ('hat), n. a collapsible hat. 

crust ^ (krust),^ n. a hard external 
coating or rind; the exterior solid 
part of the earth's surface; a shell 
or hard covering: v.t. to cover over 
with crust: v.i. to contract into a 
hard covering. 

Crustacea (krus'ta'shi-S,) , n.pl. a 
prime division of the Orthropoda, 
comprising crabs and lobsters. 

crustacean ('shi-§.n), adj. pertaining 
to the Crustacea: n. one of the Crus- 
tacea. 

crustaceous (-ta'shi-us), adj. shelly. 

crusty (krus'ti), adj. like a crust; 
rough in manner; surly; snappish. 

crutch (kruch), n. a support for 
cripples; any mechanical device like 
a crutch; the forked rest on a 
woman's saddle. 

cry (kri), v.i. [p,t. & p.p. cried, p.pr. 
crying], to call aloud; proclaim; 
exclaim vehemently; implore; re- 
quire redress; shed tears: v.t. to 
utter loudly and publicly in giving 
notice: n. loud or passionate utter- 
ance, especially of weeping or lam- 
entation; an exclamation of won- 
der or triumph; outcry; clamor; 
acclamation; proclamation; common 
report; a pack of hounds; a battle 
cry; a party catchword or phrase. 

crying ('ing), p. adj. specially de- 
manding notice; notorious; urgent. 

cryolite ('o-lit), n. a fluoride of so- 
dium and aluminium: the source of 
aluminium. 

crypt (kript), n. a subterranean cell 
. or vault, usually under a church: 
sometimes used as a chapel or 
shrine. 



ite, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CRYPTIC 



248 



CUIRASSIER 



cryptic ('ik), adj. hidden; secret. 

Cryptogamia (krip-to-ga'mi-^), n.j)l, 
in the Linnean system, a class of 
fiowerless plants, as mosses, ferns, &c. 

cryptogram ('to-gram), n, a writing, 
or a system of writing, in cipher. 

cryptography (-tog'r4-fi), n. the 
art of writing in cipher or secret 
characters. 

crypton (krip'ton), n, an element of 
the atmosphere, recently discovered. 

cryptonym ('to-nim), n, a secret 
name. 

crystal (kris'tM), n. an inorganic 
body having a definite geometrical 
form; a glass of superior clearness; 
anything transparent and clear: adj. 
consisting of crystal; clear; trans- 
parent. 

crystalline ('ta-lin), adj. pertaining 
to, or having the form of, a crystal; 
clear; transparent. 

crystallization (-li-za'shun), n, the 
act of crystallizing. 

crystallize ('tM-iz), v.L to cause to 
form crystals or a crystalline struc- 
ture: v.i, to be converted into crys- 
tals; assume a definite shape. 

crystallography (-log'ra-fi), n. the 
science of the forms and structure 
of crystals. 

cub (kub), n. the young of certain 
animals, as the fox. 

cubage (ku'baj), n, the act of de- 
termining the contents of a solid; 
the contents so measured. 

cubby-hole (kub'i-hol), n. a snug 
place. 

cube (kub), n. a regular solid body 
with six equal square sides or faces; 
the product obtained by multiplying 
the square of a quantity by the 
quantity itself, as 5 X § X 5 = 
125, cube of 5: v.t. to raise to the 
third power, or cube. 

cube root ('root), n. the first power of 
a cube, as 5 of 125. 

cubeb (ku'beb), n. the small spicy 
berry of a species of pepper; Java 
pepper. 

cubic ('bik), adj. having the form of 
properties of a cube. Also cubical. 



cubically C*^l-li), adv, in a cubic 
manner. 

cubist (ku'bist), n, one of a new errat- 
ic school of painters, which holds 
that art shall be nothing but an 
expression of the individual or the 
*'soul'' of the painter, and denies 
any representation of nature or 
form of decoration. 

cubit ('bit), n. an ancient measure 
of about 18 inches; the forearm 
from the elbow to the wrist. 

cubo-cube ('bo-kub), n. the square 
of the cube, or the sixth power of a 
number, as 729 = 3^ 

cucking-stool (kuk'ing-stool), n, a 
kind of chair in which disorderly 
females, scolds, &c., were placed and 
exposed to the ^-ublic. 

cuckold (kuk'old), n. the husband of 
an adulteress; the burdock. 

cuckoo (kook'oo), n. a passerine bird 
with a dark plumage and curved 
bill: so named from its character- 
istic note. 

cucumber (ku'kum-ber), n. a creep- 
ing plant, the elongated fruit of 
wmcn is used as a salad, and as a 
pickle. 

cud (kud), n. food brought from the 
first stomach of a ruminating ani- 
mal back into the mouth and chewed 
again. 

cuddle (kud'l), v.t. to embrace close- 
ly: v.i. to he close or snug: n. a close 
embrace. 

cudgel (kuj'el), n. a short thick 
stick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cudgeled, p,pr. 
cudgeling], to beat with a cudgel. 

cue (ku), n. the tail or end of a thing; 
a queue; a hit; the last word of an 
actor's speech; the part one has to 
play; a number of persons waiting 
ranged in a line; the tapering rod 
used in billiards. 

cufF (kuf), n. a blow; the ornamental 
fold of the sleeve of a garment at 
the wrist: v.t. to strike with the 
hand. 

cuirass (kwe-rS-s'), n. sl breastplate. 

cuirassier (-er'), n. a cavalry soldier 
armed with a cuirass. 



ate, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut: think, then. 



CUISINE 



249 



CUPEL 



cuisine (kwe-zen'), n. the kitchen of 
a hotel, &c.; style or quality of 
cooking. 

cul-de-sac (koo'de-sak), n. [pi. culs- 
de-sac], a passage open only at one 
end; a position in which an army 
finds itself when hemmed in and no 
exit but in front. 

culinary (ku'H-na-ri) adj. pertaining 
to the kitchen, or the art or process 
of cooking. 

cull (kul), v.t, to pick out; select; 
gather. 

culminate ('mi-nat), v.i. to reach 
the highest point of altitude, rank, 
power, &c. ; come to the meridian. 

culmination (-na'shun), the at- 
tainment of the highest point; the 
transit of a planet through the me- 
ridian. 

culpability (-p^-bil'i-ti), n. liability 
to blame. 

culpable Cp^-bl), adj. deserving cen- 
sure; criminal; blameworthy. 

culpatory ('pa-to-ri), adj. censuring. 

culprit Cprit), n. one arraigned be- 
fore a judge; one accused of a crime 

. or fault. 

cult (kult), n. a particular ritual or 
system of worship; a subject of 
special study; devoted or extrava- 
gant homage or adoration. 

cultch (kulch), n. materials forming 
a spawning bed for oysters; oyster- 
spawn. 

cultivate (kul'ti-vat), v.t. to till; im- 
prove by care, labor, or study; 
seek the society of. 

cultivation (-va'shun), n. the act of 
cultivating; tillage; culture. 

cultivator ('ti-va-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, cultivates; a farmer; 
an agricultural implement. 

cultural ('tur-§,l), adj. pertaining to 
culture. 

culture ('tur), n, tillage; the train- 
ing or refining of the moral or in- 
tellectual faculties; care given to 
the growth and development of ani- 
mals and plants; the propagation 
of bacteria for scientific study. 

ralverin ('ver-in), n. a long cannon 



of the 16th century with serpent- 
shaped handles. 

culvert Cvert), n. a drain or water- 
way of masonry or brickwork imder 
a road, &c. 

cumber (kum^ber), v.t. to hinder; 
embarrass; oppress; perplex. 

cumbersome (-sum), adj. burden- 
some; imwieldy. 

cumbrous ('brus), adj. troublesome; 
vexatious; heavy; obstructing. 

cumin (kiun'in), n. a plant, with 
warm aromatic bitterish seeds. Also 
cummin. 

cumulative (kti'mu-la-tiv), adj. aug- 
menting or giving force; increasing 
by successive additions. 

cumulative vote (vot), n. a system 
of voting by which a voter votes for 
each candidate, or gives all his votes' 
to one. 

cumulus (kum'ti-lus), n. [pi. cumuli 
(-11) ], a cloud in round woolly 
masses. 

cuneate (ku'ne-at), adj. wedge- 
shaped. 

cuneiform (-i-form), adj. having the 
form of a wedge : said of the wedge- 
shaped characters of the Assyrian 
and ancient Persian inscriptions. 
Also arrowhead. 

cunning (kun'ing), adj. crafty; sly; 
designing; subtle: n. deceit; crafti- 
ness; the natural instinct of an 
animal. 

cup (kup), n. a small drinking ves- 
sel; something shaped like a cup; a 
chalice; a piece of plate offered as 
a prize; a vessel for drawing blood: 
pi. repeated potations: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. cupped, p.pr. cupping], to bleed 
by means of a cupping-glass: v.i. to 
strike or indent the ground with 
a golf-club when striking the ball. 

cupboard (kub'erd), n. a closet fit- 
ted with shelves for holding cups, 
plates, &c. 

cupel (ku'pel), n. a shallow poroiLS 
vessel in which gold and silver are 
refined: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cupeled, 

- p.pr. cupeling], to refine (precious 
metals) from lead in a cupel. 



ite, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CUPELLATION 



250 



CURLY 



cupellation (-pel-a'shun), n. the act 
of refining in a cupel. 

cupful (kup'fool), n. [pi. cupfuls 
('foolz) ], as much as a cup will 
contain. 

cupidity (ku-pid'i-ti), n, covetous- 
ness. 

cupola Cpo-la), n. [pi, cupolas (-laz) ], 
a spherical cup-shaped roof; a 
revolving shot-proof turret. 

cupreous ('pre-us), adj, coppery. 

cupric Cprik), adj, pertaining to cop- 
per. 

cupriferous (-prif'er-us), adj, yield- 
ing copper. 

cuprite Cprlt), n. red oxide of copper. 

cupule Cpul), n, a, little cup, as of 
the acorn; a small cup-shaped 
organ. 

cur (ker), n. a mongrel dog; a surly, 
ill-bred person. 

curable (kur'a-bl), adj. remediable. 

curacy (ku'ra-si), n. the office or dis- 
trict of a curate. 

curari (-ra'ri), n, a black resinous 
substance prepared from the bark 
of a South American tree, used by 
the natives for poisoning their ar- 
rows: it is a powerful anaesthetic. 

curarine ('rin),^ n. an alkaloid ex- 
tract of curari of a more deadly 
nature. 

curarize ('riz), v.t. to poison by curari. 

curassow (-ras'o), n. a large galli- 
naceous South American bird. 

curate (ku'rat), n. a clergyman who 
assists a vicar or incumbent.^ 

curative ('ra-tiv), adj. pertaining to 
the cure of diseases; promoting 
cure: n. that which cures or serves 
to cure. 

curator (-ra'ter), n. the superintend- 
ent of a museum, art gallery, &c. 

curb (kerb), v.t. restrain; keep in 
subjection; furnish with, or as 
with, a curb: n. that which checks, 
restrains, or subdues; a part of a 
horse's bridle; a curbstone. 

curbing (kerb'ing), n. curbstones 
collectively; material for curbstones. 

curbstone ('ston), n. the stone-edge 
of a path. 



curd (kerd), n. the coagulated part 
of milk, containing casein: v.t. to 
cause to curdle. 

curdiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being curdy. 

curdle (ker'dl), v.t. to thicken into 
curd: v.i. to coagulate. 

curdy C_di), adj. like, or full of, curd. 

cure (kur), n. restoration to health; 
the act, or art, of healing; spiritual 
charge; the office of a parish priest 
or curate: v.t. to heal; restore to 
health; set free from; preserve by 
salting. 

cure (ku-ra'), n. in France, a Roman 
Catholic parish priest. 

curfew (ker'fu), n. a bell originally 
rung at 8 p. m. as an intimation 
that fires and lights were to be ex- 
tinguished. 

curia (ku'ri-a), n. the court of the 
Pope at Rome. 

curio ('ri-o), n. [pi. curios (-oz) ], 
bric-a-brac; a curiosity. 

curiosity (-os'i-ti), n. [pi. curiosities 
(-tiz) ], the quality of being curious; 
inquisitiveness; something strange 
or rare. 

curioso (-o'so), n. [pi. curiosi ('si) ], 
a virtuoso. 

curious ('ri-us), adj. desirous to see 
or know something new or strange; 
inquisitive; scrutinizing; exact; ex- 
traordinary. 

curl (kerl), n. a ringlet of hair; an 
undulation or bend; a disease in 
fruit trees and potatoes: v.t. to 
twist into ringlets; crisp; coil; raise 
in undulations; curve: v.i. to con- 
tract or bend into ringlets; move 
in spirals or undulations; become 
curled; play at the game of curling. 

curler ('er), n. one who curls; one 
who plays at the game of curling. 

curlew ('lu), n. migratory short- 
tailed wading bird with^ a long 
curved bill. 

curling Chng), n. a popular Scottish 
game played on the ice with smooth, 
flat, cheese-shaped stones, fitted with 
handl^. 

curly ('li), adj. having curls; wavy. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, iiut; think, then. 



CURMUDGEON 



251 



CUSTARD 



curmudgeon (-mud'jun), n. a grasp- 
ing, churlish fellow; a niggard. 

currant ('^nt), n, a small variety of 
dried grape; the well-known shrub 
and its berry. 

currency ('en-si), n, a continual 
passing from hand to hand; unin- 
terrupted course; the circulating 
monetary medium of a nation used 
by authority. 

current Cent), adj, widely circu- 
lated; passing from hand to hand; 
now passing, as time; generally ac- 
cepted or credited; prevalent; com- 
mon: n. a flow or passing: said of 
fluids; body of air or water flowing 
in a certain direction; general tend- 
ency. 

curricle ('i-kl), n. a two- wheeled 
chaise drawn by two horses abreast. 

curriculum (-ik'u-lum), n. [pi. cur- 
ricula (Ak) ], a course; a prescribed 
course of study in a university, 
school, &c. 

currier Ci-er), n. a leather dresser. 

currish ('ish), adj. snappish; quar- 
relsome. 

curry (kur'i), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. curriea, 
p.pr, curr^dng], to dress (leather) 
after tanning; beat; flatter; dress 
or clean (a horse). 

curry (kur'i), n. [pi. curries ('iz) ], 
a highly-spiced East Indian sauce; a 
stew of rice, fowl, &c., flavored with 
curry: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, p.pr. 
currying], to cook or flavor with 
curry. 

curry-comb (-kom), n. a metallic 
comb, used in grooming horses. 

curse (kers), n. an imprecation of 
evil; that which brings or causes 
evil or^ trouble; a profane oath: 
i;.^ to imprecate evil upon; cause 
evil to; anathematize: v.i. to swear. 

cursed (ker'sed), p.adj. under a 
curse; hateful; unsanctified. 

cursorial ^ (-so'ri-^1), adj. adapted 
for running or walking. 

cursorily ('so-ri-li), adv. hastily. 

cursory ('so-ri), adj. hasty; superficial. 

curst, p.p. of curse. 

curt (kert), adj. abrupt; short. 



curtail (ker-tal'), v.t. to cut short; 
reduce. 

curtailment ('ment), n, the act of 
curtaihng. 

curtain ('tin), n. a textile hanging 
screen which can be drawn up or 
set aside at pleasure; the part of 
the rampart and parapet between 
two bastions or gates: v.t to in- 
close in, or as with, curtains 

curtain-lecture (ker'tin-lek'tur), n. 
scolding or reproachful talks sup- 
posed to be given by wives to their 
husbands after retiring for the night. 

curtsy (kert'si), n. [pL curtsies ('siz) ], 
a salutation made by bending the 
knees. Also curtsey: v.i. [p.t. <fe 
p.p. curtsied, p.pr. curtsying], to 
make a curtsy. [See courtesy.] 

curvate (ker'vat), adj. bent, curved. 

curvation (-va'shun), n. the act of 
bending. 

curvature ('va-tur), n. a bending. 

curve (kerv), adj. bent without 
angles: n. a bending without angles; 
a draughtsman's instrument for 
forming curves: v.t. to bend. 

curvet (ker' or ker-vet'), n. sl partic- 
ular leap of a horse; a frisk or 
bound: v.i. to leap as a horse; frisk 
or bound. 

curvilineal (-vi-lin'e-M), or curvi- 
linear (-ar), adj. consisting of, or 
bounded by, curved lines. 

curving ('ving), n. a curve; bend. 

cushion (koosh'un), n. a pillow or 
soft pad for sitting or recHning upon; 
a pillow used in lace-making; the 
elastic rim of a billiard-table: v.t. 
to seat upon a cushion; furnish with 
a cushion: v.i. make the cue-ball 
strike against the cushion. 

cusp (kusp), n. the horn of a cres- 
cent; a sharp rigid point; a spear- 
shaped architectural ornament. 

cuspidal (kus'pi-di,l), adj. ending in 
a point. 

cuspidate ('pi-dat), adj. furnished 
with a sharp, spear-like point. 

cuspidor ('pi-dor), n. a spittoon. 

custard ('terd), n. a composition of 
eggs and milk, &c., baked or boiled. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CUSTODIAN 



252 



CYANIC 



custodian (-to'di-an), n. one who 
has the care of anything. 

custody ('to-di), n. guardianship; 
imprisonment; security. 

custom Ctum), n. frequent or habit- 
ual repetition of the same act; es- 
tabHshed usage; business support; 
unwritten law; duties on imported 
or exported goods: vd. to be ac- 
customed. 

custom-house (hous), n, a building 
where duties are paid on exported 
or imported goods, and vessels are 
entered and cleared. 

customary (-a-ri), adj, habitual; 
conventional; common. 

customer (-er), n. a purchaser. 

cut (kut), v.L [p.L & p.p, cut, p.pr. 
cutting], to cleave or separate with 
a, sharp instrument; make an in- 
cision in; divide; trim; ^ castrate; 
excavate; intersect; abridge; di- 
minish; ^ pass deliberately without 
recognition; wound deeply; divide 
(a pack of cards) at random; strike 
(a ball) so as to send it at right 
angles to the batsman: v.i. to make 
an incision ; perform the work of an 
edged instrument; grow through the 
gums: n. an incision or wound made 
by a sharp instrument; gash; a 
sharp stroke; a sarcastic remark; 
a trench, channel, &c., made by dig- 
ging; a shce; a near passage; a 
block on which an engraving is 
cut; the fashion of a garment; 
shape; deliberate ignoring of an ac- 
quaintance; the division of a pack 
of^ cards; a particular stroke in 
cricket, and lawn tennis; a diminu- 
tion in price below another mer- 
chant: adj. divided or separated; 
gashed; having the surface orna- 
mented or fashioned; not wrought 
or hand-made. 

cut-glass (kut'glas), n, flint glass 
cut into facets or figures. 

cut-off ('of), n. a short or straight 
road ; a new shorter channel cut by a 
river across a bend ; a device for stop- 
ping steam from entering a cylinder. 

cut-out ('out), n. a switch-like con- 



trivance to cut off an electric light 
from the circuit. 

cut-throat ('throt), n. a murderer; 
ruffian. 

cutaneous (ku-ta'ne-us), adj. per- 
taining to the skin. 

cutaway (kut'a-wa), adj. cut back 
from the waist: n. a coat, the skirts 
of which slope from the waist. 

cutch (kuch), n. oyster-spawn; 
couch- or quick- grass; cultch. 

cute (kut), adj. sharp; clever. 

cuticle ^ (ktit'i-kl), n. the scarf-skin; 
the thin exterior bark of a plant. 

cutify ('i-fi), v.i. [p.L & p.p, cuti- 
fied, p.pr. cutifying], to form, or be- 
come covered with, skin. 

cutlass ('las), n, a broad cutting sword. 

cutler ('ler), n. one who makes or 
sells knives or other cutting instru- 
ments. 

cutlery (-ri), n. edged or cutting in- 
struments. 

cutlet ('let), n. a slice of meat. 

cutter ('er), n. one who cuts or 
hews; one who cuts out and shapes 
garments; a light sledge for two 
persons; a small fast-sailing vessel, 
with one mast sloop-rigged; a man- 
of-war's boat. 

cutting^ ('ing), p.adj, dividing by an 
edged instrument; deeply wounding 
the feelings;^ sarcastic; chilhng; 
sharp: n. a piece cut off or from; a 
slip; an incision. 

cuttle (kut'l), n. the cuttle-fish, a 
cephalopod with an internal shell, the 
arms furnished with suckers, two 
large eyes, and an ink-bag contain- 
ing a dark fluid. 

cutwater (Vaw-ter), n. the fore 
part of a ship's prow; the angular 
edge of the pier of a bridge. 

cutweed ('wed), n. a coarse marine 
alga. 

cutworm ('werm), n. a destructive 
larval moth. 

cyanate (sl'an-at), n. a compoimd of 
cyanic acid with a base. 

cyaneous (-a'ne-us), adj. azure blue. 

cyanic (-an'ik), adj. pertaining to 
cyanogen. 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CYANIC ACID 



253 



CYST 



cyanic acid (as'id), n. a strong aoid 
composed of cyanogen and oxygen. 

cyanide ('^-nid), n. a compound of 
cyanic acid with a metal. 

cyanogen (-an'o-jen), n. a colorless 
poisonous gas burning with a purple 
flame, with the odor of peach blos- 
soms. 

cyanosis (-^-no'sis), n. a condition 
of the body in which its surface be- 
comes blue, due to the insufficient 
aeration of the blood. 

cyanotype (-an'o-tip), n. a photo- 
graphic process in which the picture 
is taken in Prussian blue. 

cycle (si'kl), n. a revolution of a cer- 
tain period of time, which^ recurs 
again in the same order; an imagin- 
ary circle in the heavens; the ag- 
gregate of traditional or legendary 
matter connected with a mytholog- 
ical personage or event; a bicycle 
or tricycle: v.i. [p.t, & p.p. cycled, 
p.pr. cycling], to occur, or recur, in 
cycles; ride a bicycle or tricycle. 

cyclic (sik' or sIk'Uk), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or moving in, a cycle; belong- 
ing to the literary cycle of Greek 
poets who wrote on the Trojan war 
and its heroes. Also cyclical. 

cyclist (sik'list), n. a bicychst. 

cycloid (si'kloid), n. a geometrical 
curve traced out by any point of a 
circle rolling along a straight line 
until it has completed a revolution. 

cyclometer (sl-klom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for registering the revolu- 
tions of a wheel. 

cy clonal ('klo-nM), adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, a cyclone. 
Also cyclonic. 

cyclone ('klon), n. a violent storm; 
an atmospheric movement in which 
the wind blows spirally round to- 
ward a center. 

cyclonoscope (-klo'no-skop), n. an 
apparatus for recording the mo- 
tions of atmospheric currents which 
produce cyclones. 

cyclopaedia or cyclopedia (sl-klo- 
pe'di-li), abbreviation of encyclopae- 
dia. 



Cyclopean (-klo-pe'in), adj. pertain- 
ing to the Cyclops: hence huge and 
Bough; terrific; vast; massive. 

cyclorama (-klo-ra'ml,) , n, a series 
of related pictures extended cir- 
cularly so as to appear in natural 
perspective to the spectator standing 
in the center. 

cyclostyle ('klo-stil), n. an apparatus 
for producing manifold copies by 
means of a small toothed wheel. 

cygnet (sig'net), n. a young swan. 

cylinder (sirin-der), n. '*■ long cir- 
cular body, soUd or hollow, of uni- 
form diameter; a chamber in which 
force is exerted on the piston of a 
steam engine; the barrel of a pump; 
a hollow roller for printing; a roller- 
shaped stone with cuneiform in- 
scriptions. 

cylindric ('drik), adj. having the 
form, or properties, of a cylinder. 
Also cylindrical.^ 

cylindricity (-dris'i-ti), n. the state 
or character of being cylindrical. ^ 

cylindroid ('in-droid), n. a solid 
body resembling a cylinder, but with 
the ends elliptical. 

cyma [See ogee.] 

cymbal (sim'b^l), n. one of a pair 
of circular dish-shaped brass plates, 
which when struck produce a clash- 
ing sound. 

cyme (sim), n. a convex or flattened 
flower cluster. 

cynic (sin'ik), n. a morose, surly, or 
sarcastic person; one of a sect of 
ancient Greek philosophers. 

cynical ('i-k^l), adj. like a cynic. 

cynicism ('i-sizm), n. the temper 
and practice of a cynic. 

cynosure (si'no- or sin'o-shur), n. an 
object of general attraction. 

cypress (si'pres), n. a coniferous 
tree, the emblem of mourning: adj, 
belonging to, or made of, cypress. 

Cyprian (sip'ri-§.n), adj. pertaining 
to Venus: hence wanton; lascivi- 
ous. 

cyst (sist), n. a bladder; pouch, usually 

' membranous, containing morbid 
matter. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



CYSTIC 



254 



CZECH 



cystic (sis'tik), adj. pertaining to, or 
contained in, a cyst; vesicular. 

cystocele ('to-sel),n. hernia occasioned 
by protrusion of the bladder. 

cystoplast (sis'to-plast), n, a cell 
that envelopes a nucleus. 

cystoscopy (-to-skop'i), n. the ex- 
amination of the human bladder by 
an incandescent electric lamp. 

cystose (tos), adj, full of cysts. 

cystotsenia (sis-to-te-ni-a), n. a tape- 
worm. 

cystotomy (-tot'o-mi), n. the open- 
ing of the human bladder for the 
extraction of stone. 

cytoblastema (sl-to-blas-te'ma), n. 
the protoplasm in which animal and 
vegetable cells are produced. 

cytococcus (-kok'us), n. the nucleus 
of a parent cell. 

cytode (si'tod), n, a cell. 



cytogenesis (-to-jen'e-sis), n. cell 
formation. 

cytula (sl-tu'la), n. a parent cell; an 
ovum that has been impregnated. 

Czar (zar), or Tzar (tsar), n. the 
title of the Russian emperor. 

Czarevitch (zar'e-vich), or Tsare- 
vitch (tzar'-), n. the eldest son of 
the czar. Also Czarewitch, Csesare- 
witch. 

Czarevna (za-rev'ni), or Tzarevna 
(tza-), n. a Russian princess (im- 
perial): apphed to the wife of the 
Czarevitch. 

Czarina (za-re'ni,), or Tsarina (tsa-), 
n. an empress of Russia; the wife 
of the Czar. 

Czech (chek), n. a member of the 
most westerly branches of the Sla- 
vonic family, including Bohemians, 
Moravians and Slovaks. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQH* 



D 



D, the fourth letter in European 
alphabets; an abbreviation for the 
English penny. 

dab (dab), v.t, [p.t, & p.p. dabbed, 
p.pr. dabbing], to strike or touch 
lightly: n, a small soft lump; a 
gentle blow; a salt-water flounder; 
an expert: pL refuse foots: adj. 
clever; handy. 

dabber (dab'er), n. an inking-ball 
used by printers and engravers. 

dabbing ('ing), n. the process of in- 
denting the surface of a stone by a 
pick-shaped tool. 

dabble (dab'l), v.L to dip slightly and 
often; moisten; spatter: y.i. to play 
in water; do anything in a superfi- 
cial manner. 

dabchick ('chik), n, an unfledged 
bird; a small grebe. 

dabster ('ster), n. an expert. 

dace (das), 7i. a small fresh-water fish 
resembling the roach. 

dachshund (daks'hoont), n. the Ger- 
man badger-dog. 

da capo (da ka'po), a term in music, 
meaning to repeat from the begin- 
ning. Abbreviated "D.CJ' 

dacoit (da-koit'), n. a bandit of 
India; name given to guerillas in 
Burma by the English troops. 

dactyl (dak'til), n. sl poetical foot 
of three syllables, one long and two 
short ("^^). 

dactylic (-til'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the dactyl. 

dactyliography (-i-og'ra-fi), the art 
of engraving on gems. 

dactylitis (dak-til-i'tis), n. an in- 
flammatory ailment of the fingers 
or toes. 

dactylology (-ol'o-ji), n. the art of 



communicating ideas with the fin- 
gers. 

dad (dad), n, a child name iov father. 
Also daddy. 

dadangsi (da'dang-se), n. name given 
certain troublesome weeds on the 
Island of Guam. 

daddle (dad'l), v.t, to walk unstead- 
ily like a child; waddle; trifle. 

daddy-long-legs ('i-long-legs), n, a 
name for various kinds of crane-fly. 

dado (da'do), n. the sohd block form- 
ing the body of a pedestal; an 
ornamental border around the lower 
part of the wall of a room, &c.: v.t. 
to ornament with a dado. 

daffodil (daf'o-dil), n. the narcissus. 

daft (daft), adj. simple; silly. 

daffy (daf'i), a. like a person of un- 
sound mind. 

dagger (dag'er), n. a short edged 
and pointed weapon, used for stab- 
bing; a reference mark in printing 

(t). 

dago (da'go), n. [pi. dagos ('goz) ], 
a nickname for a dark-complexioned 
person, especially of Spanish, Portu- 
guese, or Italian descent; a sailor's 
name for a person speaking Portu- 
guese or Spanish. 

dagon (da'gon), n. a deity of the 
ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians, 
described as half man and half fish. 

Daguerreotype (da-ger'o-tip), n. a 
picture produced on a silvered plate. 

Dail Eireann, n. Irish republican par- 
liament. 

dahlia (dal'yi). n. [pi. dahlias Cy&z) ], 
a composite plant, with large bright- 
colored flowers. 

daily (da'li), n. [pi. dailies (liz) ], 
a newspaper or periodical published 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; booUi 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

C2o5i 



DAINTINESS 



256 



DAMPING-OFF 



each week-day: adi. occurring or 
recurring each successive day; diur- 
nal: adv. day by day. 

daintiness (-nes), n. the quality of 
being dainty. 

dainty (dan'ti), n, [pi. dainties ('tiz) ] 
something choice or dehcious: adj, 
refined as regards taste; fastidious; 
dehcious; elegant; sensitive; choice. 

dairy (da'ri), n. [pL dairies ('riz) ], 
a place where milk is kept and con- 
verted into butter and cheese, &c.; 
the shop where dairy produce is sold. 

dairy-produce ('pro'dus), n, milk, 
cream, butter, cheese, eggs. 

dairying (-ing), n. the business or 
occupation of a dairy farmer. 

dais (da'is), n. a raised platform. 

daisied (da'zid), adj. full of, or 
adorned with, daisies. 

daisy (da'zi), n, [pL daisies ('ziz) ], 
a low composite herb with a yellow 
disk, and white or rose-colored rays. 

dale (dal), n. a vale; glen. 

dalliance (dal'i-ans), n, the act of 
dallying. 

dally (dal'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p, dallied, 
p.pr, dallying], to trifle away time; 
loiter; procrastinate; exchange ca- 
resses. 

Daltonism (dawl'tun-izm), n. color- 
blindness. 

dam (dam), n. a barrier across a 
watercourse; any artificial contri- 
vance to stop the flow of water or a 
gas; a female parent: said of beasts: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p* dammed, p.pr, 
damming], to confine, or raise the 
level of, by a dam; restrain (usual 
with in or up), 

dam (dam), n. a form of buoy that 
displays a flag by day and a lantern 
by night. 

damage ('aj), n. injury or harm; 
harm willfully done to a person's 
character, person, or estate: pi. 
money recovered for loss suffered: 
v.i. to injure: v.i. to receive injury. ^ 

damask ('ask), n, a rich silk fabric 
woven with elaborate patterns; a 
fine twilled table-Unen; a fabric of 
silk and wool, silk and cotton, &c.. 



with a flowered or variegated de- |j 
sign; Damascus steel or work; deep ' 
pink: adj. pertaining to, or made of, 
damask: v.t. to work flowers upon; 
ornament (metals) with wavy, sil- 
very devices. 

damaskeen (-i,s-ken'), v.t. to apply 
decorative metallic designs to (a sur- 
face of steel, &c.). 

daniasse (di,-m^-sa'), ddj. woven 
with a rich pattern to imitate dam- 
ask; decorated with white on a 
white ground: said of porcelain. k 

dame (dam), n. a title formerly used f 
instead of mistress written Mrs.; 
the mistress of an elementary school; 
an elderly woman. 

damn (dam), v.t. to sentence to pun- 
ishment judicially; consign to a cer- 
tain fate; condemn as bad or as a 
failure; to invoke a malediction 
upon: v.i. curse inwardly: n. a curse. 

damnation (-na'shun), n. the state 
of being damned; ruination by ad- 
verse criticism; punishment in a 
future state. 

damnatory ('na-to-ri'), adj. assign- 
ing to, or containing a threat of, 
damnation. 

damned (damd), p. adj. condemned 
to perdition; execrably bad;^ used 
sometimes adverbially as an inten- 
sive [printed d — d]. 

damnify (dam'ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
damnified, p.pr. damnifying], to 
cause loss or damage to. 

damnum ('num), n. loss or damage 
capable of assessment by a jury. 

damosel ('o-zel), n. formerly a dam- 
sel, or the wife of a squire. 

damp^ (damp),^ n. moisture; fog; 
humid exhalation: adj, moist; fog- 
gy; humid; dejected: v.t. to moisten; 
discourage; depress; diminish the 
vibrations of. 

damper ('er), n. something which 
depresses or discourages; a contri- 
vance for deadening the vibrations 
of a musical instrument. 

damping-off (dam'ping-of), ^- the 
decay of seedling plants from the 
attacks of a fungus. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think. ^Aen- 



DAMPNESS 



257 



DASH 



dampness ('nes), n. humidity; 
moisture. 

damsel (''zel), n. a maiden. 

damson (dam'zn), n, a small purple 
oval-shaped plum. 

dance (dans), v.i. to move with 
measured steps or to a musical ac- 
companiment; perform the figures 
of a dance; move nimbly, or merri- 
ly; exult: v.t. to give a dancing 
motion to; perform as a dancer: n. 
a regulated movement of the feet to 
a rhythmical musical accompani- 
ment; a dancing party, less formal 
than a ball. 

dandelion (dan'de-li-un), n. a bien- 
nial composite plant wdth large yel- 
low flowers and deeply notched 
leaves. 

dander ('der), n. dandruff; anger. 

dandle (dan'dl), v.t. to move up and 
down on the knee or in the arms in 
affectionate play; fondle. 

dandruff Cdruf), n, scurf on the 
scalp. 

dandy ('di), n. [pi. dandies Cdiz) ], 
a fop; coxcomb; something very 
neat and trim. 

dandyism (-izm), n. foppishness. 

danger Cjer), n. hazard; peril. ^ 

dangerous (-us), adj. involving, or 
beset with, danger; ready to do 
harm or injury; perilous; hazardous. 

dangle (dang'gl), v.i. to hang or 
swing loosely; follow: v.t, to cause 
to dangle. 

dank (dangk), adj. humid; damp. 

danseuse (dang-sez'), n. a female 
professional dancer; a ballet-dancer. 

dapper (dap'er), adj. small and ac- 
tive; trim and neat in appearance. 

dapple (dap'l), adj. spotted; varie- 
gated: v.t. to variegate with spots. 

darbies (dar'bez), n. English word for 
handcuffs. 

Dardanelles (dar'dan-els) , n. a forti- 
fied strait connecting Marmora and 
^gean seas. 

dare (dar), v.i. {pi. dared, durst, p.p. 
dared, p.pr. daring], to have cour- 
age; attempt; venture: v.t. to defy; 
challenge. 



dare-devil ('dev-1), adj, characteris- 
tic of a reckless man: n, a reckless 
fellow. 

daring (dar'ing), n. intrepidity: adj, 
fearless; bold; intrepid. 

dark (dark), adj. destitute of light; 
not reflecting light; whoUy black or 
grey; producing gloom; unenhght- 
ened, mentally or physically; ob- 
scure; untried; of a brunette com- 
plexion: n. darkness. 

dark ages (a'jez), n.pl. the mediaeval 
period. 

darken ('en), v.t. to make dark; ob- 
scure; render uninteUigible : v.i. to 
become dark. 

darkening (-ing), n. twihght; gloam- 
ing. 

darkish ('ish), adj. somewhat dark. 

darkling ('hng), adj. dimly seen. 

darkly ('li), adv. with imperfect 
light; not clearly; mysteriously. 

darkness ('nes), n. absence of light, 
partial or total; phj^sical or moral 
blindness; obscurity; gloom; wick- 
edness. 

darksome ('sum), adj. gloomy. 

darky (1), n. [pi. darkies ('iz) ], a 
negro. 

darling (darling), n. a favorite; pet: 
adj. tenderly beloved; very dear. 

darn (darn), v.t. to mend (a rent) 
by filling in the whole with yarn or 
thread by means of a needle: n, a 
patch made by darning. 

darnel ('nel), the popular name of a 
grass, Lolium treinulentum, formerly 
supposed to be poisonous. 

dart (dart), n. a small lance or spear; 
a kind of eel-spear; the arrow of a 
blow-gun; a swift, sudden movement; 
the dace: v.t. throw; give out or send 
forth: v.i. move s\\Titly; start sud- 
denly and run quickly. 

Darwinian (dar-win'i-in), adj. per- 
taining to Charles Darwin, the natu- 
rahst (1809-1882), or Darwinism: 
n. an evolutionist. 

Darwinism ('izm), n. the theory of 
natural selection advocated by Dar- 

. win. 

dash (dash), v.t. to throw violently 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 

Die. 17 * f } y 



DASH-BOARD 



258 



DAYSMAN 



or hastily: break by collision; hurl; 
shatter; suffuse; depress; confuse; 
mingle; sketch rapidly: v.i, to rush 
with violence; fly off the surface 
with a violent noisy ^ motion: n, a 
collision; a shght addition; ostenta- 
tious parade; a mark ( — ) in writ- 
ing or printing. 

dash-board (-bord), n. a splash- 
board; a paddle-wheel float. 

dastard (das'ti^rd), n, a coward: 
adj, meanly shrinking from danger; 
cowardly. 

dastardliness (-U-nes), n. mean ti- 
midity. 

dastardly (-h), adv. cowardly. 

data, pZ. of datum (q.v.). 

date (dat), n, the time of an epoch 
or transaction; the, inscription which 
specifies when a wiriting or inscrip- 
tion was executed; duration; the 
edible oval fruit of the date-palm: 
v.t, to mark with a date: vd. to have 
a date; reckon. 

date- tree (-tre), n. a species of palm. 

dative (da'tiv), adj, denoting the case 
of a noun, pronoun, or adjective 
which expresses the remoter object: 
usually indicated in English by to or 
/or with the objective case: n. the 
dative case. 

datum ('tum), n. [pZ. data ('t§.) ], 
something assumed, known, or con- 
ceded for the basis of an argument 
or inference [usually in pZ.]. 

daub (dawb), v.t. to cover or smear 
with adhesive matter; paint coarse- 
ly or unskilfully; plaster; flatter 
grossly: n. a coarse or rudely exe- 
cuted painting; a smear; a cheap 
kind of mortar. 

daubing ('ing), n. a coarse painting; 
the application of rough mortar to 
a wall to imitate stone. 

dauby ('i), adj. viscous, sticky; like 
a daub. 

daughter (daw'ter), n. the female 
offspring of a man or woman; a fe- 
male in a childlike relation; some- 
thing conceived as feminine. 

daughter-in-law (-in-law), n. a son^s 
wife. 



daunt (dant), v.t. to intimidate; dis- 
hearten. 

dauntless ('les), adj. fearless. 

dauphin (daw'fin), n. the title of the 
eldest son of the King of France 
from 1349 to 1830. 

davenport (dav'en-port) , n. a writing- 
desk or high-backed lounge. 

davit (dav'it), • n. one of a pair of 
f -shaped uprights projecting over 
the side of a vessel for suspending 
or lowering a boat. 

Davy (daVi), n. [pZ. davies ('viz)], a 
miner's safety-lamp surroimded by 
fine gauze wire, invented by Sir H. 
Davy, as a protection against fire- 
damp. 

Davy Jones (jonz), n. a humorous 
name for the spirit of the sea; a sea- 
devil. 

daw (daw), n. a bird of the crow 
family; a jackdaw. 

dawdle (daw'dl), v,i. to waste time in a 
trifling manner; loiter: n. a dawdler. 

dawn (dawn), v.i. to begin to grow 
fight; glimmer; break as the day: n. 
the first appearance of light in the 
morning; beginning. 

dawning ('ing), n. daybreak; begin- 
ning. 

day (da), n. the period of light be- 
tween sunrise and sunset; daylight; 
sunshine; the space of twenty-four 
hours, reckoning from midnight to 
midnight (the civil day), or from 
noon to noon (the astronomical 
day); in the East, a distance that 
can oe traveled in 24 hours; a spec- 
ified time or period. 

daybook ('book), n. a book in which 
the transactions of the day are en- 
tered in the order of their occur- 
rence. 

daybreak Cbrak), n. the dawn. 

daydream ('drem), n. a visionary 
fancy. 

days of grace (gras), n.pl. a period, 
usually three days, allowed in some 
states for payment of certain com- 
mercial paper after maturity. 

daysman (daz'm&n), n, [pZ. daysmen 
('men) ], an umpire; a mediator. , 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, Men. 



DAYSPRING 



259 



DEAFENING 



dayspring ('spring), n. the dawn 
(Luke i. 78). • 

daze (daz), v.t. to dazzle: n. the state 
of being dazed. 

dazzle (daz'l), v.t, to overpower by a 
glare of light; dim by excess of 
light; overpower by splendor: v.i. to 
be overpowered by hght: n. excess 
of light. 

deacon (delm), n, the lowest order 
of the clergy in the AngHcan Church; 
in non-episcopal churches, a lay- 
man appointed to assist the minister 
and manage the temporal affairs 
of a church. 

dead (ded), adj. destitute of life; in- 
animate; resembling death; inac- 
tive; unprofitable; monotonous; 
tasteless; unerring; without reli- 
gious vitaUty; flat; not transmitting 
a current; deprived of civil rights; 
out of the game or play: n. dead 
persons individually or collectively; 
the point or degree of greatest life- 
lessness: adv. absolutely; exactly. 

dead-beat ('bet), adj. making suc- 
cessive movements with intervals of 
rest and no recoil; thoroughly ex- 
hausted: n. a dead-beat escapement. 

dead-center (-sen'ter), n. that posi- 
tion of a crank in which the crank- 
axle, crank-pin, and the connecting 
rod are all in a straight line. 

dead-coloring (-kul'er-ing), n. the 
first broad outlines of a picture. 

deaden (ded'n), v.t. to diminish the 
acuteness, intensity, or vigor of; re- 
tard; blunt; render non-conductive; 
make insipid or stale; deprive of 
gloss or brilhancy; kill (trees) by 
girdling. 

deadeye (ded'i), n. a round, flat block 
of wood encircled with an iron band 
and pierced with three holes to re- 
ceive lanyards: used for setting up 
rigging. 

deadhead Ched), n. 8b person who 
has a free pass on railways or to 
places of amusement, &c.; a wooden 
buoy: v.t, to furnish free admission 
to: v.i. to travel or gain admission 
without payment. 



dead letter (let'er), n. an unclaimed 
letter, the owner for w^hich cannot 
be found; that which has lost its 
authority. 

dead-lift (lift), n. a heavy weight; 
the last extremity. 

dead-lights (lits), n.pl. strong wooden 
shutters placed over the cabin 
windows in stormy weather. 

deadliness ('h-nes), n, the state of 
being deadly. 

dead-load ('lod), n. a constant mo- 
tionless load. 

deadlock ('lok), n, a lock worked on 
one side by a handle, and on the 
other side by a key; a situation in 
which progress is impossible. 

deadly ('h), adj. causing death; de- 
structive; fatal; implacable: adv. 
implacably. 

dead-neap ('nep), n. the lowest stage 
of the tide. 

deadness ('nes), n, absence of life; 
inactivity. 

dead-reckoning (-rek'un-ing), n. the 
calculation of a ship's place at sea 
by the log and the compass courses, 
allowing for drift, leeway, &c. 

dead-set ('set), n. the fixed position 
of a dog in pointing game; a deter- 
mined effort or attack: cuij, deter- 
mined to do something. 

dead-water (-waw'ter), n. the water 
that closes in under the stern of a 
ship; eddy-water. 

dead-weight ('wat), n. the weight 
of the vehicle in addition to the load 
to be carried ; freight charged for by 
weight instead of by bulk; the heav- 
iest part of a ship's cargo. 

dead-wind ('wind), n. a wind blow- 
ing directly opposite to a ship's 
course. 

dead-work ('werk), n. work at first 
improfitable, but which leads the 
way to profitable production, as in 
opening a mine. 

deaf (def), adj. deprived of hearing; 
unwilling to hear or pay regard to. 

deafen (def'n),^ v.t. to make deaf; 
render impervious to sound. 

deafening (-ing), p.adj, making im- 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DEAFNESS 



260 



DEBAUCHERY 



pervious to sound: n, material em- 
ployed to deaden a floor or wall. 

deafness ('nes), n, the state of being 
deaf. 

deal (del), n. an indefinite quantity, 
degree, or extent; a division of 
cards to the players; a mercantile 
combination; the wood of the fir or 
pine tree cut into boards or planks: 

\ v.L [p.t. & p.p, dealt; p.pr, dealing], 
to distribute, apportion, or divide; 
throw about; scatter: v.i, to have 
business; make a private arrange- 

' ment. 

dealer ('er), n.one who deals; a trader. 

dealing ('ing), n. conduct toward 

others; business intercourse; traffic 
[frequently pi.], 

dealt, p,t, of deal. 

dean (den), n. the presiding ecclesias- 
tical dignitary in cathedral and col- 
legiate churches; the president of a 
faculty in a college; the oldest mem- 
ber, by reason of service, in a consti- 
tuted body of which he acts as 
president. 

dean and chapter (chap'ter), the 
governing body of a cathedral, com- 
prising the dean, canons, or preben- 
daries. 

deanery (den'er-i), n. [pi, deaneries 
(-iz) ], the office, jurisdiction, or 
residence of a dean. 

dear (der), adj, expensive; costly; 
marked by scarcity or dearth; 
beloved; highly esteemed; precious: 
n, a darling; favorite: adv, at a high 
price or rate: inter j, expressing 
surprise, pity, or emotion. 

dearly ('li), adv, with great affec- 
tion; at a high price or rate. 

dearness ('nes), n, affection; high 
price; dearth. 

dearth (derth), n. want; scarcity; 
famine. 

deary (der'i), n. a darling. Also 
dearie. 

death (deth), n, extinction of life or 
feeling; the state of the dead; a 
general mortality; decay; destruc- 
tion; spiritual ruin after physical 
death (Rom. viii. 6). 



death-bell ('bel), n. a passing bell. 

death-point, ('point), n. the degree 
of heat or cold which destroys an 
animal organism. 

death-rate ('rat), n, the percentage 
of deaths, usually reckoned at per 
thousand, among the population of 
a country, city, &c., for a given 
period. 

death's-head (s'hed), n. a skull, or 
representation of a skull, emblem- 
atic of death. 

death-watch ('woch), n, a vigil be- 
side the dying person; a guard set 
over a criminal prior to his execu- 
tion; a small beetle which makes a 
ticking sound, superstitiously sup- 
posed to forebode death. 

deathless ('les), adj, immortal. 

deathly ('li), adj, mortal; fatal. 

debacle (de-bak'l), n, the breaking 
up of ice on a river; a stampede; a 
violent flood carrying with it debris 
in great masses. 

debar (de-bar'), v.t, [p,t, & p,p, de- 
barred, p,pr. debarring], to shut 
out; exclude; hinder from approach, 
enjoyment, or action; preclude 
[with from], 

debark (de-bark'), v.i. to disembark. 

debarkation (-bar-ka'shun), n, the 
act of disembarking. 

debase (de-bas'), v.t, to reduce from 
a higher to a lower state; lower in 
character, virtue, purity, or quality. 

debasement ('ment), n, act of de- 
basing. 

debatable (de-ba'ta-bl), adj, admit- 
ting of question or debate. 

debate (de-baf), v,t, to contend for 
in words or arguments; meditate 
upon; deliberate together: v.i, to 
argue or discuss a point; reflect: n. 
contention in words or argument; 
controversy; discussion. 

debauch (de-bawch'), v.t, to cor- 
rupt in morals or principles; seduce; 
pollute; vitiate: v.i. to engage in 
debauchery or riot: n. excess in 
eating and drinking; lewdness. 

debauchee (deb'o-she), Ti.adrunkard. 

debauchery (de-baw'cher-i), n. [pi. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon; 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DEBENTURE 



261 



DECEIT 



debaucheries (-iz) ], excessive intem- 
perance; seduction from purity or 
virtue; corruption of fidelity. 

debenture (de-ben'tur, n. a written 
acknowledgment of a debt. 

debilitant (de-biFi-tant), adj, weak- 
ening. 

debilitate ('i-tat), vi, to enfeeble; 
enervate. 

debilitation (-i-ta'shun), n. enerva- 
tion. 

debility (-biri-ti), n. [pZ. debilities 
(-tiz)], abnormal functional weak- 
ness; languor. 

debit (debit), n, that which is ow- 
ing, entered on the debtor side of a 
ledger: opposed to credit: adj. re- 
lating to debts: v.t. to charge with 
debt; enter on the debtor's side of 
an account. 

debonair (deb-o-nar'), adj. of gentle 
manners or breeding; elegant. 

debouch (de-boosh'), v.i. to march 
out of a confined space into open 
ground. 

debouche (da-boo-sha') , an opening; 
a market for goods; an opening in 
military works for troops. 

debris (da-bre'), n. fragments; bro- 
ken rubbish; loose pieces of rock, 
&c., at the base of a mountain. 

deb't (det) n. that which is due from 
one person to another; obligation; 
trespass. 

debtor ('er), n. one who owes some- 
thing to another; one who is in debt. 

debut (da-boo'), n. a first appearance 
in society, or before the public. 

debutant (-boo-tang'), n. one who 
makes a debut: Jem. debutante. 

decade (dek'ad), n. a group of ten; 
ten consecutive years. Also decad. 

decadence (de-ka'dens), n. a state of 
decay. Also decadency. 

decadent ('dent), adj. deteriorating. 

decagon (dek'a-gon), n. plain figure 
having ten sides and ten angles. 

decagonal (-ag'o-nal), adj. pertain- 
ing to a decagon. 

decagramme ('§,-gram), n. a weight 
of ten grammes. Also decagram. 

decahedron (-he'dron), n. [yl. deca-' 



hedra ('dr^)], a solid bounded by 
ten plane faces. 

decaliter ('a-le-tr), n. a measure of 
capacity containing 10 Hters = 2 1-5 
imperial gallons. 

decalogue ('a-log), n. the ten com- 
mandments (Ex. XX.); the moral 
law. 

decameter ('i-me-tr), n. a measure 
of length of 10 meters = 32,8 feet. 

decamp (de-kamp'), v.i. to depart 
speedily; go away secretly or un- 
ceremoniously. 

decant (de-kant'), v.U to pour off 
gently. 

decanter ('er), n. an ornamental 
glass bottle for holding wines, &c. 

decapitate (de-kap 'i-tat), v.t. to be- 
head. 

decapitation (-i-ta'shun), n. behead- 
ing. 

decapod (dek'^-pod;, adj. having ten 
feet or ten arms: n. a ten-footed 
crustacean, or ten-armed cephalopod. 

Decapoda (de-kap'o-da), n.pL the or- 
der of Crustacea which includes 
those having ten feet, as lobsters, 
crabs, shrimps, &c., and cephalopods 
with ten arms. 

decarbonate (de-kar^bon-at), v.t. to 
deprive of carbon. Also decarbon- 
ize (-ize). 

decare (dek-ar'), a superficial meas- 
ure of 1,000 sq. meters = 3^ acre 
(nearly). 

decarnate (de-kar'nat), adj. divested 
of flesh. 

decastere ('§,-ster), n. 2l solid meas- 
ure, ten times a cubic meter = 13 
cubic yards (nearly). 

decatize (dek'a-tiz), v.t. a process in 
finishing woolen fabrics with the 
use of steam. 

decay (de-ka'), v.i. {p.t. & p.p. de- 
cayed, p.pr. decaying], to become 
impaired; rot; declined or fall: n. 
deterioration; decline; rottenness; 
corruption. 

decease (de-ses'), v.i. to die: n. 
death. 

deceit (de-sef), n. deception; false- 
hood. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DECEITFUL 



262 



DECK 



deceitful ('fool), adj. full of deceit. 

deceitfully (-li), adv. in a deceitful 
manner. 

deceit fulness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being deceitful. 

deceivable (-sev'§,-bl), adj. capable 
of being, or liable to be, deceived. 

deceive (-sevO, v.t. to mislead or 
cause to err; delude; impose upon; 
disappoint. 

decelerate (de-sel'e-rat), v.i. to go 
more slowly: the opposite of ac- 
celerate. 

December (de-sem^ber), n, the 
twelfth month of the year, 

decemvir ('ver), n. [pi. decemviri 
('vi-ri) ], one of ten Roman magis- 
trates, especially one of those who 
possessed absolute authority in an- 
cient Rome (451-449 B. C), and ed- 
ited the laws known as the Twelve 
Tables. 

decenn viral ('vi-ral), adj. pertaining 
to the decemviri. 

decemvirate (-rat), n. a body of ten 
men in authority; their office, or 
term of office. 

decency (de'sen-si), n. [pi. decencies 
(-siz) ], the state of being decent, or 
modest. 

decennial ('i-al), adj. lasting for or 
occurring every cen years. 

decent ^ sent), a(i/. decorous; becom- 
ing; respectable; modest; passable. 

deception (-sep'shun), n. the act of 
deceiving; the state of being de- 
ceived; fraud. 

deceptive ('tiv), adj. tending to de- 
ceive, 

deciare (des-i-ar'), n. a unit of super- 
ficial measurement, the tenth part 
of an are, = 107.6 square feet. 

decidable (de-sid'^-bl), adj, capable 
of being decided. 

decide (de'-sid')f v.t. to bring to an 
issue or conclusion; fix the end of; 
resolve: v.i. to give a judgment or 
decision; arbitrate. 

decided ('ed), adj. free from ambi- 
guity; determined; imquestionable; 
resolute, 

deciduous (-sid'u-us), adj. falling off 



at maturity, or in season; shed peri- 
odically. 

decigramme (des'i-gram), n. a met- 
ric weight, 1-lOth of a gramme = 
1.54 grains troy (nearly). Also 
decigram. ^ 

deciliter ('i-le-tr), n. a measure of 
capacity, 1-lOth of a liter = 3.52 
fluid ounces. 

decillion (de-sil'yun), n. in France 
and the United States a unit fol- 
lowed by 33 ciphers; in England a 
unit followed by 60 ciphers. 

decilux (des'i-luks), n. 1-lOth of a lux. 

decimal ('i-m&l), adj. pertaining to, 
or based upon, the number 10: n. a 
decimal fraction. 

decimal place (plas), n. the place of 
a ligure after the decimal point. 

decimal point (point), n. a dot sep- 
arating a decimal fraction from a 
whole number, also ^'ndicating when 
standing alone its fractional charac- 
ter. 

decimal system (sis'tem), n. a sys- 
tem of reckoning or measuring by 
10, or powers of 10. 

decimally (-li), adv. by tens. 

decimate (des'i-mat), v.L to select 
by lot and put to death, or punish, 
every tenth man; destroy a large 
proportion of. 

decimation^ (-ma'shun), n. the act 
of decimating; destruction on a large 
scale. 

decimeter ('i-me-tr), n. a measure 
of length, 1-lOth of a meter = 3.937 
inches. 

decipher (de-si'fer), v.t. to read (se- 
cret writing); discover or make out 
the meauing of; solve; unravel. 

decision (-sizh'un), n. the act of de- 
ciding ; determination ; j udgment ; 
settlement. 

decisive (-si 'si v), ac?/. final; conclusive. 

decistere (des-i-star'), n. a cubic 
measm^e, 1-lOth of a stere = 3.532 
cubic feet. 

deck (dek), v.t. to array in finery or 
ornaments; adorn; to furnish with 
a deck: n. the plank flooring of a 
ship. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DECKER 



263 



DECORATION 



decker Cer), n, one who, or that 
which, decks; a ship having decks. 

deckle-edged (dek'l-ejd), adj, hav- 
ing the edges rough and uncut; said 
of books. 

declaim (de-klam'), v.t. to speak in 
a rhetorical style; speak as an exer- 
cise in elocution; harangue. 

declamation (dek-la-ma'shun), n. the 
art of declaiming according to rhe- 
torical rules; impassioned oratory; 
distinct and correct enunciation of 
words in vocal music. 

declamatory (de-klam'^t5-ri), adj, 
pertaining to, or characterized by, 
declamation; noisy in style; appeal- 
ing to the passions. 

declaration (dek-l^-ra'shun), n, the 
act of declaring or proclaiming; that 
which is declared; an assertion; 
pubHcation; a statement reduced to 
writing. 

declarative (de-klar'§rtiv), adj, ex- 
planatory. 

declaratory ('^to-ri), adj, affirma- 
tive. 

declare (de-klar'), v.L to make known; 
tell openly or pubHcly; proclaim 
formally; publish; make a solemn 
affirmation before witnesses; make 
a full statement as to goods, &c.: 
v.i. to make a declaration; avow 
[with /or or against]. 

declension (-klen'shun), n. decline; 
a falling off, or away; deterioration; 
the inflection of nouns, pronoims, 
and adjectives. 

declinable (-khn'i-bl), adj. capable 
of being declined. 

declinal ('M), adj, sloping downward. 

declinate (dek'U-nat), adj, curved 
downward. 

declination (dek-li-na'shim), n. the 
act or state of bending, or moving, 
downward; obHque variation from 
some definite direction; deteriora- 
tion; decay; the angular distance of 
a heavenly body N. or S. of the 
equator; non-acceptance. 

declinator ('H-na-ter), n, an instru- 
ment for determinating the declina-; 
tion and inclination of a plane. 



decline (de-klin'), v.i, to incline from 
a right line; bend or lean down- 
ward; droop; draw to a close; be- 
come weak; deviate from rectitude: 
v.t, to refuse; bend downward; de- 
press; inflect :,n. diminution; decay, 
deterioration; consumption, 

declinograph ('o-grM), n, an auto- 
matic registering instrument for re- 
cording astronomical declinations. 

declinometer (dek-H-nom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
declination of the magnetic needle. 

declivitous (de-khv'i-tus), adj, mod- 
erately steep. 

declivity (-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi, decHvities 
(-tiz) ], a gradual descent; deviation 
from a horizontal line: opposed to 
acchvity. 

decoct (de-koktO,.2^.^. the act of boil- 
ing anything to extract its essence. 

decoction (-kok'shun), n. an extract 
obtained by boiling or digesting in 
hot water. 

decollate (-kol'at), v.t, to behead. 

decollation (-a'shun), n, the act of 
beheading. 

decollete (da-kol-e-ta'), adj, cut low 
in the neck so as to expose the neck 
and shoulders: said of a dress. De- 
collete, Jem, wearing a low-necked 
dress. 

decomposable (de-com-poz'§,-bl), 
adj, capable of being decomposed. 

decompose (de-com-poz'), v.t, to re- 
solve into constituent elements; 
cause to decay or rot: v.i, to become 
decomposed; putrefy. 

decomposite (-poz'it),cwf;, com* 
pounded a second time. 

decomposition (-po-zish'un), n. the 
act of resolving into constituent ele- 
ments; analysis; disintegration. 

decompound (-pound'), v.t, to com- 
pound things already compounded: 
adj, compounded more than once. 

decorate (dek'o-rat), v.t, to orna^ 
ment, embelUsh, adorn, or beautify; 
confer a badge of honor upon; grace. 

decoration (-ra'shun), n. the art of 
decorating; an ornament or embel- 
hshment; a badge of honor. 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, thQn, 



DECORATION-DAY 



264 



DEED 



Decoration Day (da), n, the day 

(May 30) on which the graves of 
those who fell in the Civil War 
(1861-65) are decorated. Also Me- 
morial Day (April 26). 

decorative ('o-ra-tiv), adj, tending 
to decoration. 

decorator (-ter), n. one who deco- 
rates; an artist or artisan who 
decorates rooms, &c. 

decorous (de-ko' or dek'er-us), adj, 
marked by propriety; decent; fit; 
proper. 

decorticate (de-kdr'ti-kat), v.t. to 
remove the bark, husk, or peel from. 

decorum (de-ko'-rum), n. propriety 
and decency of words, dress, and 
conduct. 

decostate (-kos'tat) , adj, without ribs. 

decoy (de-koi'), v.L [p,t, & p.p, de- 
coyed, p.pr. decoying], to lead or 
allure into danger by artifice: vA 
to be allured by means of decoy: 
n, a deceptive stratagem; a lure; 
a piece of enclosed water into which 
wild fowl are decoyed. 

decoy-duck (-duk), n. a tame, or 
imitation, duck used to allure wild 
fowl: hence a person who entraps 
others. 

decrease (de-kres'), vA, to become 
less; diminish; abate; wane; fail; 
v.L to cause to grow less; reduce 
gradually in size or extent; dwindle; 
n. gradual diminution, or decay; 
the amount or degree of lessening; 
the wane of t e moon. 

decree (de-kre'), n. an ordinance, 
law, or edict; a judicial decision; 
the award of an umpire or arbitra- 
tor; the predetermined purpose of 
God: v.t. to determine by a decree; 
ordain; constitute by edict; assign; 
v.i. to make a decree; determine. 

decrement (dek're-ment), n. diminu- 
tion. 

decrepit (de-krep'it), adj. enfeebled 
by age, or infirmity; wasted; worn 
out. 

decrepitate ('i-tat), v.t. to calcine 
(as salt) in a strong heat, causing a 
cracking sound. 



decrepitude ('i-ttid), n. physical in- 
firmity caused by old age. 

decrescent (-kres'ent), adj. growing 
less. 

decretal (-kre'tal), n. a Papal de- 
cree; a book of edicts. 

decretive ('tiv), adj. having the au- 
thority of a decree. 

decretory (dek're-to-ri), adj. judi- 
cial; settled. 

decrial (de-kri'al), n. clamorous cen- 
sure. 

decrier ('er), n. one who censures. 

decry (de-kri') v.t. [p.t. & p.p. decried, 
p.pr. decrying], to blame clamorous- 
ly; cry down; censure; disparage. 

decumbent (-kum'bent), adj. lying 
down; prostrate; reclining. 

decuple (dek'u-pl), adj. tenfold: n. a 
number repeated 10 times: v.t. in- 
crease tenfold. 

decurrent (-kur'ent), adj. running 
or extending, downward: said of a 
plant. 

decursive ('siv), adj. running down. 

decussate (-kus'at), v.i. to intersect 
or cross at an acute angle: adj. 
intersected. 

dedicate (ded'i-kat), v.t. to set apart 
by a solemn act or religious cere- 
mony; devote or set apart to some 
work or duty; inscribe, as a literary 
work. 

dedication (-i-ka'shun) , n. the act 
of dedicating; an inscription or 
address. 

dedicator ('i-ka-ter), n. one who 
dedicates. 

dedicatory (-to-ri), adj. pertaining 
to composing, or constituting, a 
dedication. 

deduce (de-dus'), v.t. to gather by 
reasoning; infer; derive [with from 
or out of]. 

deduct (de-dukf), v.t. to take away. 

deduction (-dtik'shun) , n. the act or 
process of deducting; subtraction. 

deductive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to 
deduction. 

deductively (-li), adv. by deduction. 

deed (ded), n. that which is done by 
a responsible agent; an act; an 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon; 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DEEM 



265 



DEFENDANT 



illustrious achievement; a written 
instrument for the transfer of real 
estate: v.t. convey by deed. 

deem (dem), v.t. to think; determine: 
v.i. to have, or be of, an opinion; 
judge. 

deemanate (de-em'a-nat), v.t. to 
treat a radioactive substance in 
such a way that it gives off emana- 
tion less rapidly or not at all. 

deemanation (de-em-a-na'shun). n. 
the process of deemanating a radio- 
active substance. 

deemster (dem'ster), n. a judge or 
umpire: the title of either of the 
two chief judges of the Isle of Man. 
Also dempster. 

deep (dep), adj. extending far below 
the surface; low in situation; pen- 
etrating; sagacious; profound; dif- 
ficult to understand ; absorbed ; grave 
in tone, or low in pitch; strongly 
colored: n. that which is of great 
depth: a great body of water. 

deepen ('en), v.t. to make deep or 
deeper; make darker; make sad; 
cloud: •).i, to become deep or deeper. 

deep-laid ('lad), adj. well-concerted. 

deepness • lies), n. depth; profundity. 

deep-sea ('se), adj. pertaining to the 
open sea, or deeper parts of the 
ocean. 

deer (der), n. sHg. & pi. a general 
name for solid-horned ruminants of 
the genus Cervus. 

deerhound ('hound), n. a staghound. 

deer-lick ('lik), a spot of salt ground, 
resorted to by deer to lick the earth. 

deer-stalking ('stawk-ing), n. the 
hunting of deer by stealing upon 
them imawares. 

deface (de-fas), v.t. to mar or de- 
stroy the surface of; disfigure; im- 
pair the legibility of; injure; spoil. 

defacement ('ment), n. the act of de- 
facing ;^ the condition of being de- 
faced; injury. 

defalcation (-fal-ka'shun), n. a def- 
icit of funds through a breach of 
trust; embezzlement; diminution. 

defalcator (def'M-ka-ter), n. an em- 
bezzler. 



defamation (def-a-ma'shun), n. the 
act of injuring one's good name or 
reputation without j ustification, 
either orally, or by a written com- 
munication. 

defamatory (de-fam'i,-to-ri), adj. 
containing that which is injurious to 
the character or reputation. 

defame (de-fam), v.t. to injure or 
destroy the good reputation of; ac- 
cuse falsely; asperse; vilify. 

default (de-fawlt'), n. failure or 
omission to do any act; failure to 
satisfy the acts required in a law- 
suit: v.t. to make a default in; neg- 
lect: v.i. to make a default. 

defaulter ('er), n. one who makes a 
default; one who fails to make a 
proper account of money or prop- 
erty intrusted to his charge. 

defeasance (de-fez'ans), n. the an- 
nulment of a contract or deed. 

defeat (de-fef), v.t. to overcome or 
vanquish; frustrate; baffle: n. the 
act of defeating; frustration; over- 
throw. 

defecate (def'e-kat), v.t. to clarify; 
v.i. to become clear; discharge ex- 
crementous matter from the bowels. 

defecation (-ka'shun), n. clarifica- 
tion; evacuation from the bowels. 

defecator (def'e-ka-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, purifies or cleanses; 
an apparatus for removing feculent 
matter from juices, &c. ^ 

defect (de-fektO, n. an imperfection, 
moral or physical; insufficiency; 
fault; error. 

defection (-fek'shun), n. a falling away 
from duty or allegiance; desertion. 

defective ('tiv), adj. having a defect 
or flaw of any kind; incomplete; 
faulty; wanting some of the usual 
grammatical forms. 

defend (de-fend'), v.t. to guard or 
protect; maintain; vindicate one's 
legal rights by force of argument or 
evidence : v.i. to formally enter a de- 
fense to an action. 

defendant ('ant), n. a person w^ho is 
sued or accused in a civil or crim- 
inal court. 



4te, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon< 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DEFENSE 



266 



DEFRAUD 



defense (de-fens'), n. the act or state 
of defending or being defended; pro- 
tection; vindication by force or argu- 
ment; a defendant's plea or answer. 

defensibility (-fen-si-bil'i-ti), adj, 
the quaUty of being defensible. 

defensible ('si-bl), adj, capable of 
being defended. 

defensive (-fen 'si v), adj. serving to 
defend or protect; carried on in de- 
fense. 

defer (de-fer'), v.t. [p,t, & p.p. de- 
ferred, p.pr. deferring], to put off to 
a future time; delay: v.i, to pro- 
crastinate. 

deference (def'er-ens), n. a yielding 
to the opinions or wishes of anoth- 
er; regard. 

deferent ('er-ent), adj, conveying: 
n. that which conveys or carries; a 
duct or vessel in the body which con- 
veys fluids. 

deferential (-er-en'sh§.l), adj. char- 
acterized by, or expressing, defer- 
ence. 

deferentially (-li), adv. respectfully. 

deferment (de-fer'ment), n. delay. 

defiance (-fl'ans), n. contemptuous 
disregard; a challenge. 

defiant ('int), adj. characterized by 
defiance. 

deficiency (-fish'en-si), n. [pi. defi- 
ciencies (-siz)], the state of being 
deficient: incompleteness; insuffi- 
ciency; scarcity. 

deficient Cent), adj. wanting; in- 
complete. 

deficit (def'i-sit), n. a falling off, or 
deficiency, in amount or quantity, 
especially of receipts. 

defier (de-fi'er), n. one who defies. 

defilade (def-i-lad), v.t. to raise, as 
a rampart, so as to protect the lines 
of the defending parts from guns 
placed in a high position. 

defile (de-fil'), i^-t* to make foul or 
impure; tarnish; corrupt the chas- 
tity of: v.i. to march off in a file: n. 
a long narrow mountainous pass; a 
marching in file. 

defilement ('ment), n. moral or 
physical pollution. 



definable (-fin'&-bl), adj. capable of 
being defined. 

define (de-fin'), v.t. to determine the 
limits of; describe the nature or 
properties of. 

definite ^ (def'i-nit), adj. having fixed 
or distinct limits; certain; pointing 
out. 

definitely (-li), adv. certainly; dis- 
tinctly. 

definition (-nish'un), n. a brief de- 
scription or explanation of the pre- 
cise meaning of a term, phrase, &c.; 
a concise statement. 

definitive (de-fin 'i-tiv), adj. deter- 
mining; conclusive: n. a word used 
in grammar to define the significa- 
tion of a noun. 

deflagrate (def1§,-grat), v.t. to set 
fire to: v.i. to burn with sudden and 
sparkling combustion. 

deflagrator ('li,-gra-ter), n. an in- 
strument for producing combustion 
of metallic substances by electricity. 

deflect (de-flekf), v.t. to bend from 
a straight fine: v.i. to swerve; bend 
or turn aside. 

deflection (-flek'shun), n. a bending. 

deflective Ctiv), adj. causing deflec- 
tion. 

deflector ('ter), n. a plate or cone in 
a furnace or lamp to bring flames 
or gases into close contact, and thus 
increase combustion. 

deflexure (-flek'shur), n. a bending 
down. 

deflower (-de-flour'), v.t. to deprive of 
flowers or bloom; despoil of pristine 
grace or beauty; deprive of virginity. 

defluent (def'lti-ent), a<ij. running 
downward: n. sl river rising in a 
lake. 

deforest (de-for'est), v.t. to clear of 
forest; cut down, clear away, or de- 
stroy the trees of. 

deform (-form'), v.t. to render ugly 
or unshapely; disfigure; mar. 

deformity ('i-ti), n. [pi. deformi- 
ties (-tiz)], physical malformation; 
disfigurement; want of beauty or 
harmony. 

defraud (-frawd'), v.t. to deprive of 



J,te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DEFRAY 



267 



DELECTABILITY 



some right or interest by deception; 
cheat; withhold wrongfully. 

defray (de-fraO, v.t,^ [p.t. & p.p. de- 
frayed, p.pr, defraying], to discharge 
(the expenses of anything); pay; 
settle. 

defrayal ('al), n. the act of defray- 
ing. 

deit (deft), adj. dexterous; handy; 
clever. 

defunct (de-fungkt'), cidj. dead; ex- 
tinct: n. a dead person; the dead 
(collectively). 

defy' (-fiO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. defied, p. 
pr. defying], to challenge or pro- 
voke to strife; set at defiance; re- 
sist openly. 

degeneracy (de-jen'er-§,-si), n. the 
state of being degenerate. 

degenerate ('er-at), v.L to become 
inferior in goodness or quality; be- 
come of a lower type; pass to an 
inferior or worse state; deteriorate: 
adj. deteriorated; degraded; n. a 
degenerate person or organism. 

degenerately (-H), adv. in a degen- 
erate manner. 

degeneration (-a'shun), n. the act, 
state, or process of growing worse; 
degeneracy; decline; the morbid 
impairment of any structural tis- 
sue or organ. 

deglutition (deg-lo5-tish'un), n. 
swallowing. 

degote (de-got'), n. oil distilled from 
the white birch: used for Russian 
leather. 

degradation (deg-ra-da'shun), n. the 
act of degrading. 

degrade (de-grad'), v.t. to reduce in 
grade or rank; deprive of honors, 
office, or dignity; lower physically 
or morally; tone down; diminish; 
wear awa3\ 

degree (de-gre'), n. a step or grade; 
rank or station; relationship be- 
tween a person and the next in line 
of descent; rank conferred by a 
diploma after examination; one of 
three degrees in the comparison of 
an adjective or adverb; a certain- 
amount of interval; the 360th part 



of the circumference of a circle; 
60 geographical miles; one of the 
divisions on mathematical and other 
instruments. 

dehisce (de-his'), v.i. to gape open. 

dehiscence Cens), n. the opening of 
a capsule for the discharge of seeds, 
or of anthers for the discharge of 
pollen. 

dehiscent ('ent), adj. opening. 

dehorn (-horn'), v.t. to deprive of 
horns. 

dehypnotize (-hip'no-tiz), v.t. to 
awaken from hypnotism. 

deification (de-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
act of defying; apotheosis. 

deify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. deified, 
p.pr. deifying], to make, or exalt to 
the rank of, a deity; idolize. 

deign (dan), v.i. to condescend; 
vouchsafe: v.t. to permit. 

deism (de/izm), n. the creed of a deist. 

deist ('ist), n. one who believes in 
the existence of a personal God, 
but not in revealed religion. 

deistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to deism, 
or deists. 

deity ('ti), n. [pi. deities (-tiz) 1, 
a god, goddess, or person worshipped 
as a divine being. 

Deity, n. God; Jehovah; the charac- 
ter, nature, or attributes of God; 
the Godhead. 

deject (de-jekt'), v.t. to depress the 
spirits of; dishearten; sadden. 

dejection (-jek'shun), n. lowness of 
spirits; ^ melancholy; depression; 
evacuation. 

dejeuner (da-zhu-na') , n. the first 
formal mea. of the day. 

delaine (de-lan'), n. a light textile 
fabric of wool and cotton. 

delay (de-la'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
layed, p.pr. delaying], to postpone; 
hinder for a time: ?;.i. to act or pro- 
ceed slowly; n. postponement; pro- 
crastination. 

dele (de'le), v.t. to take out (a letter, 
&c.) in proofreading: n. a mark (§) 
that a letter, &c., is to be deleted. 

delectability (de-lek-tA-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being delectable. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DELECTABLE 



268 



DELPHIC 



(-li), adv. delightfully, 
(-ta'shim), n, delight; 



delectably 
delectation 

pleasure. 

delegate (del'e-gat), v.U to send as 
a representative with authority to 
act; entrust; commit: n. one sent 
to represent and act for others. 

delegation (-ga'shun), n. the act of 
delegating; a person or body of per- 
sons chosen to act for others. 

delete (de-lef), v.L to blot out; erase. 

deleterious (-ter'i-us), adj, harmful, 
morally or physically; poisonous. 

deletion (-le'shim), n, the act of de- 
leting. 

delf (delf), n, glazed earthenware. ^ 

deliberate (de-hb'er-at), v.L to think 
upon or consider; weigh in the 
mind; ponder: v.i. to take counsel 
with one's self or others: adj, cir- 
cumspect; slow in determining or 
in action; well-considered. ^ 

deliberately (-li), adv, with care- 
ful consideration. 

deliberateness (-nes), n. circima- 
spection. 

deliberation (-er-a'shun), n. calm 
and careful consideration; slowness 
in action. 

deliberative (-tiv), adj, character- 
ized by, or acting with, deliberation. 

delicacy ^ (deri-ka-si), n, [pL delica- 
cies (-siz) ], the state or quality of 
being delicate; agreeableness to the 
taste or other senses; grace; sensi- 
tiveness; ^ refinement; sensibiUty; 
consideration for ^ the feelings of 
others; susceptibility to disease. 

delicatessen (-ka-tes'en), n.pZ. table 
deHcacies. 

delicious (de-lish'us), adj, highly 
pleasing to^ the senses, taste, or 
mind; exquisite. 

delight (de-htO, v.L to gratify or 
please greatly; charm: v.i. be high- 
ly gratified or pleased (with in) : ^ n. 
an extreme degree of pleasure; high 
satisfaction; joy. 

delightful ("fool), adj, affording de- 
hght. 

delimit (-lim'it), v.U to mark out or 
fix the limits of, as territory; bound. 



delineate (-lin'e-at), v.t. to mark out 
with lines; sketch; portray; describe 
minutely and accurately in words. 

delineation (-e-a'shun), n. the act 
or art of delineating; a sketch, de- 
scription, &c. 

delineator ('e-a-ter), n. one who de- 
lineates. 

delineatory (-to-ri), adj. delineating. 

delinquency (-ling'kwen-si), n. [pi. 
delinquencies (-siz) ], neglect of, or 
failure in, duty; a misdeed; fault. 

delinquent ('kwent), adj, falling 
short of duty: n. one who neglects, or 
fails to perform,^ a duty; an offender. 

deliquesce (del-i-kwes'), v.i, to melt 
and become liquid by absorbing 
moisture from the atmosphere. 

deliquescence ('ens), n. the act, 
property, or state of deliquescing. 

deliquescent Cent), adj. liquefying 
or melting on exposure to the at- 
mosphere. 

delirious (de-lir'i-us), adj. light- 
headed; insane; frantic with de- 
Hght. 

delirium ('i-um), n. excitement and 
aberration of the mind, caused by 
fever, &c. 

delirium tremens ^ (tre'mens), n. a 
disease of the brain caused by the 
excessive and prolonged use of in- 
toxicating liquors. 

deliver (de-hv'er), v.L to set free; 
save; yield possession or control of; 
send forth vigorously; ^ discharge; 
communicate; speak; disburden of 
a child. 

deliverance ('er-^ns), n. the act of 
delivering; rescue; an authoritative 
utterance by an official or judge on 
some technical point. 

delivery ('er-i), n. {pi. ^ deliveries 
(-riz) ], the act of delivering; a set- 
ting free; a surrender;^ transfer; 
manner of utterance; a distribution 
of letters, &c. ; the act or manner of 
dehvering a ball; parturition. 

dell (del), n. a small secluded valley. 

Delphic (deFfik), adj. pertaining to 
Delphi, or to the famous sanctuary 
of Apollo with its priestess, or the 



ate, arm, &sk^ at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



DELTA 



269 



DEMOCRAT 



games celebrated there in honor of 
Apollo. Also Delphian. 

delta (del'ta), n, [yl, deltas ('taz) ], 
an alluvial deposit, shaped Hke the 
Greek letter A formed at the mouth 
of a river; any triangular surface. 

deltaic (-ta'ik), adj. pertaining to a 
delta. 

deltoid ('toid), adj. shaped hke a 
delta (A) ; pertaining to the deltoid 
muscle of the shoulder. 

delude (de-lud), v.t. to impose upon 
the mind or judgment of: beguile; 
deceive. 

deluge (del'uj), n. an mundation; a 
great overflowing of the land by 
water, especially that of the time of 
Noah (Genesis vii.); a sudden and 
resistless calamity: v.t, to over- 
whelm. 

delul (de-lool'), n, a female drome- 
dary. 

delusion (-lu'zhun), n. the act of 
deluding; deceit; imposition; illu- 
sion. 

delusive (-lu'siv), adj. tending to 
delude or deceive; deceptive. Also 
delusory. 

delve (delv), v.t. to open with a 
spade; fathom; penetrate. 

demagnetize (de-mag'net-iz), v.t. to 
deprive of magnetic properties. 

demagogic (dem-a-gog'ik), adj. char- 
acteristic of a demagogue. Also 
demagogical. 

demagogism ('^-gog-izm), n. the 
principles or practice of a dema- 
gogue. 

demagogue ('§.-gog), n. a popular 
and factious orator, especially one 
who m\ eighs against constituted au- 
thority. 

demand (de-m§,ndO, v.t. to claim as 
by right or authority; ask in a per- 
emptory manner; summon: n. an 
authoritative claim; a peremptory 
request; the state of being much 
sought after. 

demandant ('§,nt), n. a plaintiff. 

demantoid (-man'toid), n. an em- 
erald green garnet: used as a gem. 

demarcation (-mar-ka'shun) , n. the 



act of defining, or marking, the 
bounds of. 

demarch (de'mark), n. the ruler of 
a deme or district in Greece. 

demean (de-men'), v.t. to behave 
(with self). 

demeanor ('er), n. behavior; de- 
portment. 

dement ^'-ment'), v.t. to make insane. 

dementia ^'-men'shi-a), n. insanit}^ 

demesne -(de-menO, n. landed estate 
attached to a manor: adj. pertaining 
to a demesne. 

demi (dem'i), a prefix signifying 
half J used in composition, as demU 
quaver, a note equal in duration to 
half a quaver. 

demi. Same as demy. 

demigod (dem'i-god), n. an inferior 
deity; one whose nature is partly 
divine; the offspring of a god and 
a human being; a deified hero. 

demijohn ^ (-jon), n. a large glass 
bottle with a small neck and large 
body, usually incased in wickerwork. 

demisable (-miz'4-bl), adj. capable 
of being demised. 

demise (-miz') , n. the transfer of a 
light to, or of a title in, an estate 
through death or forfeiture; death, 
especially of a royal personage; the 
conveyance or transfer of an estate 
by will or lease for a term of years 
or in fee simple: v.t. to give or grant 
by will: v.L to pass by bequest or 
inheritance. 

demobilize (-moT^i-liz), v.t. to dis- 
band or dismiss (troops that have 
been mobihzed) ; change from a war 
to a peace footing. 

democracy (-mok'ri-si), n. [yl. de- 
mocracies (-siz) ], ^ government by 
the people^ collectively by elected 
representatives; political or social 
equality. 

Democracy, n. the Democratic party 
or its principles. 

democrat (dem'o-krat), n. oiiQ who 
advocates and upholds the principles 
of democracy. 

Democrat, n. a member of the Demo- 
cratic part3\ 



Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



DEMOCRATIC 



270 



DEN 



democratic (-krat'ik), or demo- 
cratical (-M), adj, pertaining to 
democracy. 

democratically (-li), adv. in a dem- 
ocratic manner. 

demogenic (dem-o-jen'ik), a. relat- 
ing to a people organized on a civic 
basis instead of on a basis of kinship. 

demography (de-mog'ra-fi), n. the 
science that deals with the vital 
and social conditions of 'a people. 

demoiselle (dem-wa-zel') n, a young 
lady, or unmarried woman; the Nu- 
midian crane; a handsome small 
dragon-fly. 

demolish (de-moFish), v.t, to throw 
down; reduce to ruins; destroy; 
annihilate. 

demiolition (dem-o-lish'un), n, the 
act or process of demoUshing; de- 
struction. 

demological (dem-o-loj'i-kal), adj, 
pertaining to the study of vital 
statistics and social conditions of a 
people. 

demology (de-mol'o-ji), n, the statis- 
tical study of populations and social 
conditions; demography. 

demon (de'mon), n. an evil spirit; 
devil; a guardian spirit or genius. 

demonetize (-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to de- 
prive of standard value, as currency; 
withdraw from use as money. 

demoniac (-mo'ni-ak), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or influenced by, demons; 
characteristic of a demon or evil 
spirit. Also demoniacal : n. a lunatic. 

demonism ('mon-izm), n, belief in 
demons; the nature of a demon. 

demonolatry (-or§,-tri), n. devil 
worship. 

demonology (-oro-ji), n. a treatise 
on demons or evil spirits, as con- 
nected with the science of religion, 
or. popular superstitions. 

demonstrable (de-mon'stra-bl), adj, 
capable of being demonstrated. 

demonstrate (de-mon' or dem'on- 
strat), v.U to prove beyond the pos- 
sibility of a doubt; teach by exam- 
ples: v.i, to organize, or take part in, 
a party demonstration. 



demonstration (dem-on-stra'shun) , 
n. the act of demonstrating; a proof 
beyond the possibility of a doubt; 
manifestation; a public exhibition 
of sympathy with some political or 
social movement; the exhibition and 
description of examples in art and 
science teaching, especially anatomy. 

demonstrative ('stra-tiv), adj. hav- 
ing the power of demonstration; 
conclusive; manitesting the feelings 
openly and strongly: n. a demon- 
strative pronoun. 

demonstrator ('on-stra-ter), n. one 
^vho demonstrates; a teacher of prac- 
tical anatomy, or physical science. 

demoralize ^ ('al-iz), v.t. to corrupt, 
or undermine, the morals of; de- 
prive of spirit or energy; throw 
into confusion. 

demountable (de-mount 'a-bl), adj. 
capable of being taken off or re- 
moved; recently in use as appHcable 
to automobile rims and tires. 

demulcent (-mul'sent), adj. soften- 
ing; lenitive: n. a medicine which 
allays irritation. 

demur (de-mur'), v.i. [p.U & p.p. de- 
murred, p. y>r. demurring], to hesi- 
tate; raise objections; to interpose 
a demurrer: n. an objection or ex- 
ception. 

demure (-mur'), adj. grave; sober; 
decorous in bearing; affectedly 
modest or grave. 

demurely (-h), adv. in a demure 
manner. 

demureness ('nes), n. quality of 
being demure. 

demurrage (-mur'aj), n. the com- 
pensation paid by the freighter for 
the detention of a vessel in port 
beyond the stipulated time. 

demurrer ('er), n, an issue on a 
point of law. 

demy (de-mi), n. [pi. demie.^ {-miz') ], 
a particular size of writing and 
printing paper, 15 x 20 inches, and 
173^ X 22 inches respectively. 

den (den), n. the hollow cave of a 
wild beast; lair; subterraneous re- 
treat; a squalid place of residence; 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



DENATIONALIZE 



271 



DENTILABIAL 



a small or secluded apartment, used 
as a retreat for work and leisure. 

denationalize (de-nash'un-^l-iz), v.i. 
to deprive of national rights or 
character; render local. 

denaturalize (-nat'u-ri.l-iz), v.t. to 
make unnatural; divest of the ac- 
quired rights of citizenship in a 
foreign country. 

denatured (de-na'turd), adj. a sub- 
stance altered in character for special 
uses, as "denatured alcohol" (1907). 

dendrite (den'drit), n, a stone or 
mineral with tree-like markings. 

dendroid ('droid), adj. resembhng a 
tree in appearance; arborescent. 

dendrology (-droro-ji), n. the nat- 
ural history of trees; a treatise on 
trees. 

dendrometer (-drom'e-ter), n. an 
apparatus for taking the heights 
and diameters of trees to ascertain 
their contents. 

dengue (deng'ga), n. the West In- 
dian name for the dandy fever , an 
acute febrile epidemic disease with 
pain in the bones, and skin eruption. 

denial (de-ni'al), n. the act of deny- 
ing; refusal; contradiction; non- 
compliance. 

denizen (den'i-zen), n. an inhabitant; 
citizen; an alien who has received 
letters patent admitting him to the 
rights of citizenship. 

denominate (de-nom'i-nat), v.t. to 
designate; characterized by an epi- 
thet; name: adj. made up of units 
of a specified kind. 

denomination (-i-na'shun), n. the 
act of designating; a sect, class, or 
division. 

denominational (-M), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or carried on by, a sect. 

denominationalism (-^1-izm), n. a 
denominational or class spirit, or 
poUcy; the opinion that education 
should be carried out through reh- 
gious bodies. 

denominationally (-li), adv. by sects. 

denominative ('i-n§;-tiv), adj. giv- 
ing a name; formed from a sub- 
stantive or adjectival stem; conno- 



tative: n. a verb formed from a sub- 
stantive or adjectival stem. 

denominator ('i-na-ter), n, one who, 
or that which, denominates; the ex- 
pression of a fraction which, when 
placed below the line, gives the 
name or value to the unit. 

denotable (de-not'a-bl) adj. that 
may be denoted. 

denotative (-no't§,-tiv), adj. having 
the power to denote or point out; 
significant. 

denote (de-nof), v.t. to signify or 
identify by a visible sign; indicate; 
betoken. 

denouement (da-noo-mangO, w- "^^^ 
act of unravehng or solving a plot; 
outcome. 

denounce (de-nouns'), v.t. to threat- 
en or accuse pubHcly; censure; 
stigmatize; lay claim to (a new, or 
an abandoned, mine). 

dense (dens), adj. thick; compact; 
intense. 

density (den'si-ti), n. compactness; 
mass of matter per unit of volume; 
depth of shade. , 

dent (dent), n, a slight depression 
caused by a blow or pressure; the 
tooth of a wheel; a cog, card, comb, 
or metallic brush: v.t, to make a 
dent in. 

dental (den'tM), adj. pertaining ta 
the teeth; pronounced by the aid of 
the teeth : n. a letter pronounced by^ 
the aid of the teeth. j 

dentary ('ta-ri), adj, pertaining to 
teeth. 

dentate ('tat), adj, toothed. Also 
dentated. 

denticulate (-tik'u-lat), adj. fur- 
nished with small teeth. Also den- 
ticulated. 

dentiform ('ti-f6rm), adj. tooth- 
shaped. 

dentifrice ('ti-fris), n. tooth-powder. 

dentil ('til), n, one^ of the^ small 
square blocks or projections in cor- 
nices. Also dentel. 

dentilabial (-ti-la'bi-M), adj. artic- 
ulated between the teeth and the 

' lips. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinks then. 



DENTILINGUAL 



272 



DEPOSE 



dentilingual (-ling'gwal), adj, formed 
between the teeth and the tongue. 
Dentolingual. 

dentine (den'tin), n. the hard, dense, 
calcified tissue which forms the 
body of a tooth. 

dentiphone ('ti-fon), n, an audi- 
phone. 

dentist ('tist), n. a dental surgeon. 

dentistry ('tis-tri), n. dental surgery. 

dentition (-tish'un), n. the process, 
or period, of cutting the teeth; ar- 
rangement of the teeth. 

dentoid ('told), adj, tooth-shaped. 

denucleate (de-nu'kle-at), v.t. to 
deprive a cell of its nucleus; more 
commonly written enucleate. 

denudation (de-nti- or den-u-da'shun) , 
n. the act of stripping or making bare. 

denude (de-nudO, ^.^. to make bare 
or naked; lay bare (rocks) by ero- 
sive action. 

denunciation (-nun-si-a'shun), n, 
the act of denouncing; a threat; 
menace. 

denunciator (-nun'si-a-ter), n. a de- 
nouncer. 

denunciatory (-to-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or containing, a denunciation. 
Denunciative. 

deny (de-niO? ^-t. to refuse to be- 
lieve or admit; contradict; refuse 
to grant; abjure. 

deodand (de'o-dand), n, any per- 
sonal chattel which has caused 
death, and for that reason has been 
given to God (forfeited to the 
Crown) for pious uses. 

deodorant (-o'der-l,nt), n, sl deodor- 
izer. 

deodorize ^''^er-iz), v,L to disinfect. 

depart (de-part '), v.i. to go or move 
away; leave; die; desist. 

department ('ment), r^. a separate 
room or office for business; a branch 
of business, study, or science; a 
territorial administrative division. 

departmental ('al), adj. pertaining 
to a department; governed by de- 
partments. 

department-store (de-part'ment- 
stor), n. a modern store having many 



departments for different lines of 
business. 

departure (par'chur), n. the act of 
departing; a going away; deviation; 
death. 

depend (de-pend'), v.i. to rely for 
support; trust; hang down. 

dependence ('ens), n. the state of 
being dependent; connection; reli-. 
ance; trust. Also dependency (-si), 
[pi. dependencies (-siz) ], a colony. 

dependent ('ent), adj. hanging down; 
contingent; conditional; subordinate: 
n. one dependent upon another; a 
retainer; consequence. 

depict (de-pikf), v.t. to paint or 
portray; describe or represent vivid- 
depilatory (de-pil'a-to-ri), adj. hav- 
ing the power of removing hair: w. 
an application for removing super- 
fluous hairs. 

depletion (-ple'shun), n. the act of 
emptying or exhuasting; blood-let- 
ting. 

deplorable (-plor'i.-bl), adj. worthy 
to be deplored; sad; calamitous; 
grievous. 

deplore (-plor'), v.t. to lament; 
grieve for. 

deploy (-ploi'), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
deployed, p.pr. deploying], to open 
out; extend in line so as to present 
a wider front: n. the act of deploy- 
ing. Also deployment. 

depolarize (-po'lar-iz^, v.t. to de- 
prive of polarity. 

deponent (-pon'ent), adj. denoting a 
Latin verb with a passive form 
and ar active meaning: n. a witness 
who makes an affidavit to a state- 
ment of fact. 

depopulate (-pop'u-lat), v.t. to deprive 
of inhabitants; devastate; lay waste. 

deport (-port'), v.t. to carry from 
one country to another; banish; be- 
have (one's self). 

deportment ('ment), n. conduct; 
behavior. 

depose (-poz), v.t. to remove from a Ij 
throne, or other high station; de- »i 
prive of office: v.i. testify on oath. 



5te, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DEPOSIT 



273 



DERBY 



deposit (-poz'it), v.t. to put or set 
down; place; intrust to another for 
security: n. anything deposited; 
something committed to the care of 
another; a pledge; rocks produced 
by denudation or by the laying down 
of other formations. 

depositary ('i-ta-ri), n. one with 
whom something is intrusted; a 
guardian. 

deposition (dep-o-zish'un), n. the act 
of depositing or deposing; that which 
is deposited or deposed; an affidavit. 

depositor (de-poz'i-ter), n. one who 
deposits. 

depository ('i-to-ri), n. [pL deposi- 
tories (-riz)], the place where any- 
thing is deposited for security; a 
depot for the sale of pubHcations. 

depot (de'po, or dep'o), n, a ware- 
house; a magazine for military 
stores, &c.; the headquarters of a 
regiment; a railway station. 

depravation (dep-r§,-va'shun), n, the 
act of depraving; deterioration. 

deprave (de-pravO, v.t. to make bad. 

depraved (-pravd'), p. adj. morally de- 
based; corrupt; made bad or worse. 

depravity (-prav'i-ti), n. the state of 
being depraved or corrupt; wicked- 
ness. 

deprecable (dep're-k§,-bl), adj. that 
which is, or should be, deprecated. 

deprecate ('re-kat), v.t. to pray 
against; disapprove strongly; ex- 
press regret for. 

deprecation (-ka'shun), the act of 
deprecating; in litanies, a petition 
to be delivered from some spiritual 
or temporal evil. 

deprecatory (dep're-k§.-t6-ri), adj, 
apologetic. 

depreciate (de-pre'shi-at), v.t. to 
lower the value, or rate, of; dis- 
parage: v.i, to fall in value. 

depreciation (-a'shun), n. the act 
of lessening the value or worth of; 
fall in value. 

depredate (dep're-dat), v.t. to pil- 
lage; rob; lay waste; prey upon. 

depredation (-da'shun), n. the act 
of depredating. 



depredator (dep're-da-ter), n. & 

plunderer. 

depredatory (-to-ri), adj. plundering* 

depress (de-pres'), v.t. to press or 
thrust down; humble; dispirit; lower 
or cheapen. 

depressed (-presf), p. adj. cast down 
in spirits; lowered in position. 

depression (-presh'un), n. the act of 
depressing; the sinking or falling in 
of a surface; abasement; dejection. 

depressor (-pres'er), n. one who, or 
that which, depresses; a muscle that 
draws down an organ or part. 

deprivation (dep-ri-va'shun), n, the 
act of taking awa}^; destitution; loss. 

deprive (de-priv'), v.t. to take from; 
dispossess; debar; depose from office. 

depth (depth), n. the state or degree 
of being deep; profoundness. 

depth bomb; depth charge, a steel 
container filled with a powerful ex- 
plosive, to be lowered from a de- 
stroyer or other vessel. At a regu- 
lated depth its mechanism causes it 
to explode with terrific force, shat- 
tering everything above it. 

deputation (dep-u-ta'shun), n. the 
act of deputing; the persons deputed. 

depute (de-puf), v.t. to appoint as 
an agent or deputy; send with au- 
thority to act on behalf of the prin- 
cipal. 

deputize (dep'pu-tiz), v.t. to appoint 
as a deputy. 

deputy Cu-ti), n. [pi. deputies (-tiz) ], 
one appointed to act for another; 
a delegate. 

derail (de-ralO, v.i. to run off the 
rails: v.t. to cause to leave the rails. 

derange (-ranj'), v.t. to throw into 
confusion; disturb the normal func- 
tions of; displace. 

derangement ('ment), n. the act of 
deranging; insanity. 

Derby (der'bi), n. [pi. derbies Cbiz) ], 
a race, founded, 1780, for three-year- 
old horses, run annually at Epsom, 
England. 

derby (derlbi), n. a kind of stiff felt 
hat, with convex crown and curved 
brim. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 
Dies. 18 



DERELICT 



274 



DESCRIPTIVE 



derelict (der'e-likt), adj. abandoned; 
adrift: n, anything left, forsaken, 
or cast away intentionally, as at 
sea : pi. abandoned goods found at sea. 

dereliction (-lik'shun), n, omission, 
as of obligation or duty; the gain- 
ing of land by the permanent retire- 
ment of the sea. 

deride (-rid'), v,t. to mock; laugh 
at: v.i. to indulge in mockery, scorn, 
or ridicule. 

deridingly ('ing-li), adv, with de- 
rision. 

derisible (-riz'i-bl), adj. open to de- 
rision. 

derision (-rizh'un), n. the act of de- 
riding; ridicule; scorn; contempt. 

derisive (-rislv), adj. expressing de- 
rision. 

derivable (-riv'i,-bl), adj. capable of 
being derived; deducible. 

derivation ^ (der-i-va'shun), n. the 
act of deriving, or the condition of 
being derived; the process of trac- 
ing a word from its original source; 

, evolution; deduction. 

derivative (de-iiv'a-tiv), adj. deiived 
or taken from another; deducible; 
secondary: n. a word obtained from 
Bome other by a prefix or suffix, or 
other modification. 

derive (-riv'), v.L to draw from an 
original source; obtain by trans- 
mission or descent; trace (a word) 
to its original root or stem; deduce; 
infer. 

derma (der'ma), n. the true skin. 

dermal ('m&l), adj. pertaining to the, 
or consisting of, skin. Also dermic. 

dermatoid ('m§.-toid), adj. like skin. 

dermatology (-toro-ji), n. the sci- 
ence which treats of the skin and its 
diseases 

dermatozoa (der'ma-to-zo'H), n. pi. 
parasites, mostly microscopic, that 
live in or on the skin. 

dermic, another form of dermal. 

dernier ressort (der'ni-er re-z6r'), 
n. the last resort or expedient. 

derogate ('o-gat), v.t. to take away; 
annul partially: v.L detract (with 
from). 



derogation (-ga'shun), n. the act of 
derogating; detraction; depreciation. 

derogatory (de-rog'a-to-ri), adj. tend- 
ing to derogate from honor, char- 
acter, or value (with to, from). 

derrick ('ik), n. an apparatus for 
hoisting heavy weights. 

derringer ('in-jer), n. a pocket pis- 
tol with a short barrel of very large 
caliber. 

dervish ('vish), n. a Mohammedan 
monk who professes extreme pov- 
erty, chastity, and humihty, and 
leads a very austere life; a Sou- 
danese adherent of the Mahdi. 

descant (des'kant), n. a varied song 
or melody; a disquisition or com- 
ment: (des-kantO v,i. to comment 
freely; discourse at length. 

descend (de-send'), v.i. to pass from 
a higher to a lower position; fall 
upon or invade; be derived from; 
fall in order of inheritance, or from 
one generation to another; move to- 
ward the south: said of a star: v.t. 
to move or pass along downwards. 

descendant ('ant), n. one who is 
lineally descended from an ancestor; 
offspring. 

descendent ('ent), adj. descending; 
sinking. 

descendible ('i-bl), adj. that may be 
descended; transmissible. 

descension ('shun),^ n. the act of 
descending; a falling; declension; 
sinking downwards. 

descent (-sent'), n. change from a 
higher to a lower place; a sudden 
hostile invasion or attack; moral or 
social declension; transmission of an 
estate; derivation from a common 
ancestor: birth; a passage from a 
higher to a lower pitch. 

describable (de-skrib'^-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of description. 

describe (-skrib'), v.t. to delineate or 
trace out; narrate; set forth. 

description (-skrip shun), n. the act 
of describing; delineation by marks 
or signs; an account of anything in 
words or writing. 

descriptive ('tiv), adj. tending to» 



Me, arm, Itsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, tAeu. 



DESECRATE 



275 



DESPITE 



or serving to, describe; containing 
description. 

desecrate (des'e-krat), v.t, to divert 
from a sacred to a secular use; pro- 
fane. 

desecration (-kra'shun), n. profana- 
tion. 

desert (de-zert'), v.L to forsakp; 
abandon: v.i, abscond from duty. 

desert (dez'ert), n. a barren tract 
incapable of supporting life or vege- 
tation; a solitude: adj, pertaining to 
a desert. 

desert (de-zert'), n, a reward or pun- 
ishment deserved; merit. 

deserve (-zerv'), v.t. to earn by serv- 
ice; be justly entitled to, or worthy 
of; merit: vk, to be worthy or de- 
serving (usual with well or iU). 

deservedly ('ed-H), adv, justly. 

deshabille, same as dishabille. 

desiccate (des'i-kat), v.t. to dry thor- 
oughly; dry up; preserve by ex- 
hausting the moisture from: v.L to 
become dry. 

desiccation (-ka'shun), n. the act of 
drying. 

desiccative (des'i-ka-tiv), adj, tending 
to dry. 

desiccator (-ter), n. an apparatus for 
drying foods and other substances. 

desiderate (de-sid'er-at), v.t. to be 
in want or need of; desire to have. 

desiderative (-iv), adj. having desire. 

desideratum (-ra'tum), n. [pi. de- 
siderata Cti,) ], anything desired; a 
want or desire generally felt and 
recognized. 

design (-zin'), v.t. to draw, mark, or 
plan out; project; set apart mental- 
ly: v.i. to formulate designs or exe- 
cute original work: n. an outhne, 
plan, or drawing; project; intention. 

designate (des'ig-nat), v.t. to indicate 
by marks, Hnes, or a description the 
limits of; point out; distinguish; 
name: adj. designated; selected. 

designation (-na'shun), n. the act 
of^ designating; nomination; ap- 
pointment. 

designedly (de-zin'ed-li), adv. inten- 
tionally. 



designing (-zin'ing), adj. scheming; 
artful; cunning; insidious; wily. 

desirability (-zir-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being desirable. 

desirable ('a-bl), adj. pleasing; 
agreeable. 

desire (-zirO, v.t. to wish earnestly 
for; crave: v.i. be in the state of 
desire: n. a longing for the posses- 
sion of some object; a petition or 
prayer; natural or sensual tenden- 
cy; the object longed for. 

desirous ('us), adj. full of desire. 

desist ('sist), v.i. to cease from. 

desk (desk), n. a sloping frame or 
table for reading or writing upon; a 
clerk's position. 

desolate (des'o-l§,t), v.t. to lay waste; 
deprive of inhabitants; overwhelm 
with sorrow:^ adj. deprived of in- 
habitants: solitary; laid waste; aban- 
doned; miserable. 

desolately (-h), adv. in a desolate 
manner. 

desolation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
desolating; the state of being deso- 
lated; a solitude; ruin; destruction; 
affliction; misery. 

despair (-par'), v.i. to abandon all 
hope, or expectation; become hope- 
less; v.t. to lose hope or confidence 
in: n. loss of hope or confidence; 
hopelessness; desperation. 

despatch (des-pach'), or dispatch 
(dis-), v.t. to send off; expedite; 
put to death; finish quickly: n. 
speedy performance; celerity; an 
express; an official document sent 
to a minister abroad. 

desperado (-per-a'do), n. a man 
reckless of danger; a wild ruffian. 

desperate ('per-at), adj. regardless 
of danger or consequences; reckless; 
hopeless. 

desperately (-li), adv. recklessty; 
hopelessly. 

despicable ('pi-k§,-bl), adj. contempt- 
ible. 

despise (-spiz'), v.t. to look down 
upon with scorn or contempt; dis- 
dain. 

despite (-spItO, n. extreme contempt; 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue» hut; think, then. 



DESPITEFULLY 



276 



DETECTIVE 



malicious anger; scorn; hatred: p-ep. 
notwithstanding. 

despitefuUy (-fool-H), adv. mali- 
ciously. 

despoil (-spoilO, v.L to rob; deprive. 

despond (-spond'), v.i, to be cast 
down in spirits; give way to de- 
spondency. 

despondency ('en-si), n, absence of 
hope^ or courage; deep mental de- 
pression. 

despot (des'pot), n. an absolute ir- 
responsible ruler; an autocrat; 
tyrant. 

despotic (-pot'ik), adj.^ absolute in 
power; autocratic; irresponsible; 
arbitrary; tyrannical. Also despot- 
ical. 

despotically (-§-l-li), adv. in a des- 
potic manner. 

despotism ('pot-izm), n, absolute 
power or government; tyranny. 

dessert (dez-ertO, ^. a course of 
fruits, sweets, &c., usually served 
last at dinner. 

destination (des-ti-na'shim), n, pur- 
pose or end for which anything is 
appointed; ultimate design; goal; 
termination. 

destine (des'tin), v.L to appoint to 
any use or purpose; fix unalterably; 
doom. 

destiny ('ti-ni),n. [pZ. destinies (-niz)], 
premeditated lot; fate; inevitable 
necessity. 

destitute ('ti-tut), adj, without 
means of existence; forsaken; poor; 
penniless. 

destitution (-tu'shim), n, poverty; 
want. 

destroy (de-stroi'), v.t. [p.t, & p.p, 
destroyed, p.pr. destroying], to pull 
down; overturn; lay waste; render 
desolate; kill; put an end to; dis- 
prove. 

destructibility (-struk-ti-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being destructible. 

destructible ('ti-bl), adj. that may 
be destroyed. 

destruction (-struk'shun), n. the 
act or process of destroying; sub- 
version; overthrow; ruin; death. 



destructive ('tiv), adj. tending to, 
or causing, destruction; ruinous; 

hurtful. 

destructively (-H), adj. in a destruc- 
tive manner. 

destructiveness (-nes), n. the qual- 
ity of being destructive; a propen- 
sity to destroy. 

desudation (des-ti-da'shun), n. pro- 
fuse sweating. 

desuetude (des'we-ttid), n. disuse. 

desultory (des'ul-to-ri), adj. pasiiing 
from one thing to another without 
order or method; cursory; erratic. 

desultorily (-ri-h), adv. in a desul- 
tory manner. 

desultoriness (-ri-nes), n. the quality 
of being desultory; discursiveness. 

detach (de-tach'), v.t. to disconnect; 
detail for a specific purpose; send 
away from. 

detaching-roller (de-tach'ing-ro'ler) 
n. SL roller on a cotton-combing 
machine for detaching a tuft of cot- 
ton after it is combed. 

detachment ('ment), n. the act of 
detaching; the thing detached; a 
body of troops, or certain ships, de- 
tached from the main body and sent 
on special service. 

detail (de-taF), v.t. to relate minute- 
ly; enumerate; tell off for a given 
duty: v,i, to give details of: n. an 
item; a particular or minute ac- 
count; a small detachment for spe- 
cial service: pi. minute parts of a 
picture, statue, &c. 

detain (de-tan'), v.t. to hold back; 
restrain from departure; retain in 
custody. 

detainer ('er), n. one who detains; 
a V. rit for holding a person in cus- 
tody. 

detainment ('ment), n. detention. 

detect (de-tektO, v.t. to discover; 
bring to light; expose; find out; as- 
certain the character of. 

detectable (-tek'ta-bl), adj. that may 
be detected. Also detectible. 

detection ('shun), n. the act of de- 
tecting or its result; discovery. 

detective ('tiv), adj. employed in de- 



fite, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DETECTOR 



277 



DETRITUS 



tecting; pertaining to detectives, or 
detection: n. one whose business it is 
to trace wrong-doers. 

detector ('ter), n. one who, or that 
which, detects; an apparatus or de- 
vice for indicating the presence of 
anything. 

detent (de-tenf), n. a pin, lever, or 
stud forming a stop in a clock, lock, 
&c. 

detention (-ten'shun), n. the act of 
detaining or withholding; restraint; 
delay. 

detentive ('tiv), adj, employed in 
detaining. 

deter (de-ter), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
terred, p.pr. deterring], to discourage 
or hinder, by fear; restrain; dis- 
hearten. 

deterge (7terj'), v.t. to cleanse, as a 
wound. 

deteriorate (-te'ri-o-rat), v.t, to re- 
duce to an inferior quality or value; 
impair: v.i. to grow v.orse. 

deterioration (-ra'shun), n. degen- 
eracy. 

determinable (-ter'mi-n^-bl), adj, 
capable of being definitely ascer- 
tained; defined with clearness; ter- 
minable. 

determinant ('mi-n§,nt), adj, caus- 
ing determination: n, that which 
determines, decides, or establishes 
something. 

determinant (de-ter'mi-nant), n. 
the hereditary factor in the germ- 
plasm that transmits qualities from 
one generation to another. 

determinate ('mi-nat), adj. having 
definite or fixed limits; clearly de- 
fined; specific. 

determination (-na'shun), n. the 
act of determining; purpose; reso- 
lution. 

determinative ('min-a-tiv), adj. de- 
termining, limiting, or defining; 
tending to define the genus or 
species: n. that which serves to de- 
termine the quality or character of 
something else; a demonstrative 
pronoun; an ideograph. 

determine (de-ter'min), v.i. to de- 



cide; end: v.t. to fix or settle the 
bounds of; put an end to; restrict. 

determined ('mind), p. adj. reso- 
lute; inflexible; fixed; circumscribed; 
limited. 

determinedly (-li), adv. resolutely. 

determinism ^ (de-ter'min-izm), n. 
the doctrine in philosophy that all 
acts^ are pre-determined by some 
efficient cause. 

deterrent (-ter'ent), adj. serving, or 
tending, to detei: n. that which 
deters. 

detest (-testO, v.t. to hate intensely. 

detestation (de-tes- or det-es-ta'- 
shun), n. extreme dislike or abhor- 
rence; loathing. 

dethrone (-thron'), v.t. to remove 
from a throne; deprive of authority. 

detinue (det'i-nu), n. a writ for the 
recovery of chattels unlawfully de- 
tained. 

detonate (det'6-nat), v.t. to cause 
to explode with a loud and sudden 
report: v.i. to explode loudly and 
suddenly. 

detonation (-o-na'shun) , n. a sudden 
explosion with a loud report. 

detonator ('o-na-ter), n. a substance 
that detonates; a percussion-cap. 

detour (de-toor'), ^. a circuitous way. 

detract (-trakf), v.t. to draw or 
take away (with from): v.i. take 
away the reputation. 

detraction (-trak'shun), n. depre- 
ciation; defamation; slander. 

detractor ('ter), n. one who de- 
tracts; a muscle that draws away 
some part. 

detrain (de-tran'), i'-^ to remove 
from a train, as troops: v.i. alight 
from a train. 

detriment^ (det'ri-ment), n. that 
which injures, reduces in value, or 
causes damage. 

detrimental ('M), adj. injurious. ^ 

detrimentally C&l-li), adv. inju- 
riously. 

detrital (de-tri'til), adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting of, detritus. 

detritus Ctus), n. accumulations 
arising from fragments of rocks 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DE TROP 



278 



DEVOTE 



broken off or worn away; debris; 
waste. 

de trop (de-tro'), too much; out of 
place; not wanted: said of a person 
whose presence is not desired. 

deuce (dus), n» the devil; a card or 
dice with two spots; a term used in 
scoring at lawn tennis. 

deuce-ace ('as), n, the one and two 
thrown at dice. 

deutoplasm (dti'to-plazm), n, the 
secondary or nutritive plasm or 
albuminous part of the yolk, which 
provides food for the embryo. 

Deutzia (dtit'zi-a), n. a small genus 
of handsome Chinese and Japanese 
shrubs. 

dev (dav), n. one of the high powers 
or gods in nature. Also deva. 

devachan (da'va-kan),w.in occultism, 
a state into which the higher spirit- 
ual life of man passes after death. 

devachanee (-e'), w. one who is in 
the enjoyment of the devachan. 

devaporation (de-vap-o-ra'shun), n. 
the change of vapor into water. 

devastate (dev'as-tat), v.t, to lay 
waste; desolate; ravage; plunder. 

devastation (-ta-shun), w. the act 
of devastating; desolation; waste; 
destruction. 

devastator ('as-ta-ter), n, one who 
devastates. 

develop (de-vel'op), vd, to unfold 
gradually; make known in detail; 
complete; to cause to go from a 
lower to a higher state; bring to 
view by inducing changes on a sen- 
sitized plate: vA, to advance from 
one stage to another; become grad- 
ually apparent. 

development (-ment), n. the act of 
developing. 

developmental (-al), adj. pertaining 
to development. 

devest (de-vesf), v,t. to alienate or 
annul, as right or title: v.L to be 
lost or alienated. 
deviate (de'vi-at), v,L to turn aside 
from a certain course; diverge; err: 
v.L to change the direction or posi- 
tion of. 



deviation (a'shun), n, the act of 
deviating ; digression ; wandering ; 
variation from established rule; 
error. 

deviator (-ter), n. one who deviates. 

device (de-vis'), n. a contrivance; 
invention; a stratagem; a fanciful 
design or pattern; a heraldic em- 
blem. 

devil (dev'l), n. the Evil Spirit, Satan; 
a fallen angel; a false god or demon; 
a very wicked person;, a bold 
dashing fellow; a malicious spirit 
in a person; a printer's apprentice; 
a machine for dividing rags or 
cotton in paper-making: v.L to 
season highly with cayenne pepper 
cold cooked meat and then to fry 
it; prepare work for another; tear 
up in a machine. 

devil-fish (-fish), n. a large species 
of octopus. 

devilish (-ish), adj. diabolical; ex- 
tremely wicked; infernal; excessive. 

devilishly (-li), adv. diabolically; 
excessively. 

devilkin (-kin), n. a little devil. 

devilment (-ment), n. roguishness. 

devilry (-ri), malicious mischief; dia- 
bolical wickedness. 

devious (de'vi-us), adj. rambling; 
circuitous. 

devisable (-vis'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being imagined or bequeathed. 

devise (-viz'), v.L to imagine; scheme; 
contrive; concoct; bequeath by will: 
n. a gift of real property by will; 
a will. 

devisee (dev-i-ze'), w. the person to 
whom a bequest has been made. 

deviser (de-viz'er), n. one who de- 
vises or invents. 

devisor ('er), n. one who bequeaths 
by will. 

devoid (-void'), adj. destitute of. 

devoir (dev-war'), n. a service or 
duty owed; an act of courtesy or 
respect (usual pi.). 

devolve (de-volv'), v.L to transfer 
from one to another; transmit: v.i. 
to be transferred or transmitted. 
devote (de-vof), v.L to dedicate or 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



j DEVOTEE 279 DIAGNOSTIC 

consecrate; consign to evil; give up Ocean, with sharp prow and raised 

wholly to; apply (one^s self, &c.) to deck at stem. 

some object. diabase (di'a-bas), n. a dark colored 

devotee (dev-o-te')j n, a, votary; en- igneous rock; composed of augite, 

thusiast. feldspar, and iron; greenstone. 

devotion (de-vo'shim), n. the act of diabetes (-^-be'tez), n. a disease 

devoting or consecrating; the state characterized by a morbid and ex- 

of being devoted; strong affection; cessive discharge of urine. 

ardent love; religious worship; diabetic (-bet'ik), adj, pertaining to 

prayer (usually pi.). diabetes. 

devotional (-M), adj, devout. diablerie (di-able-re), n, impish 

devour^ (de-vour') v.t, to swallow mischief; deviltry. 

greedily or ravenously; consume or diabolic (di-§/-borik), or diabolic-^ 

destroy rapidly; annihilate; enjoy al (-M),ac?/. devilish; outrageously 

with avidity. ^ ^ wicked; impious. 

devout (-vouf), adj, devoted to religi- diabolically (-h), adv, in a diabol- 

ous thoughts and exercises; heartfelt. ical manner. 

dew (du), n. aqueous vapor con- diacaustic (-§r-kaws'tik), adj. denot- 

densed from the atmosphere and de- ing a caustic curve formed by re- 
posited in small drops at evening; fracted rays: n. a diacaustic curve. 

that which falls lightly and in a re- diaconal (-ak'5-nM), adj. pertaining 

freshing manner. to a deacon. 

dew-claw ('claw), n, the little claw diaconate (-ak'o-nat); n. the office 

behind a dog's foot; the false hoof or dignity of a deacon; deacons col- 

of a deer. ^ lectively. 

dewiness (dti'i-nes), n. state of being diacoustics (di-§,-kous' or -koos'- 

dewy. tiks), n.pl. the science of refracted 

dewlap (lap), n, the loose skin that sounds; diaphonics. 

hangs from the neck of an ox or diacritical (-krit'i-kal), adj, serving 

cow. ^ to separate or distinguish; sujficient 
dewy (du-i), adj. moist with dew. to magnetize an iron core to one- 
dexter (deks'ter), adj. right: opposed half its saturation. Also diacritic. 

to left. diacritical mark (mark), n, sl mark 

dexterity ('i-ti), n. manual skill; employed to distinguish letters or 

mental or physical adroitness; clev- soimds which resemble each other, 

erness. ^ and to indicate their true pronun- 

dexterous (-us), ^ adj. possessing ciation, as a, 6. 

manual skill; quick, mentally or diadem ('a-dem), n. a crown; tiara. 

physically; adroit; clever. Also diaeresis, same as dieresis. 

dextrous. diaglyphic (-glif'ik), adj, pertaining 

dextrine ('trin), n. a white giunmy to, or hke, an intaglio: sunk into the 

substance found in plant sap, &c.: general surface. 

used as gum. diagnose (-ag-nosO, v.t. ^ to ascer- 

dextrose ^ ('tros), n. a white crystal- tain as a disease, by its general 

hne variety of sugar found in sweet symptoms. 

fruits: as the grape, cherry, &c., and diagnosis (-no'sis), n, [pi, diagnoses 

in diabetic urine. Csez) ], scientific discrimination; the 

dey (da), n. the former title of the recognition of a disease by its symp- 

govemor of Algiers, and of the chief toms. 

of the Janissaries. diagnostic (-nos'tik), adj, characs- 

dhow (dou), n, a one-masted ship - teristic: n, a symptom distinguish- 

used in the Red Sea and Indian ing a disease. 

fite, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^en. 



DIAGOMETER 



280 



DIAPHORETIC 



diagometer (-gom'e-ter), n. a kmd 
of electroscope for measuring and 
determining relative conductivity. 

diagonal (-ag'o-nal), adj. extending 
from one angle to another: n, a 
straight oblique line dividing a rec- 
tangular figure into equal parts. 

diagonally (-U), adv. in a diagonal 
manner. 

diagram ('^-gram), n. a geometrical 
figure; a mechanical plan; an out- 
line, drawing, or figure. 

diagrammatic (-at'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or illustrated by, a diagram. 

diagrammatically (-al-li), adv. by 
a diagram. 

diagraph ('i.-graf), n. an instrument 
for drawing figures or objects me- 
chanically 

dial (di'al), n. an instrument for 
showing the time by the sun^s shad- 
ow; the face of a timepiece; any 
plate on which an index finger 
marks revolutions, pressure, &c.; 
an insulated fixed wheel used in 
telegraphy* v.t. to measure or in- 
dicate by a dial; survey with a 
miner's compass. 

dialect ('&-lekt), n. the peculiar 
manner in which a language is 
spoken in a province or district of 
a country; idiom; a sub-division of 
a language. 

dialectic ('ik), adj. pertaining to a 
dialect, or to logic. Also dialectical. 

dialectics ('iks), n.pl. the art of rea- 
soning. 

dialectician (-tish'^n), n. a logician. 

dialectology (-toro-ji), n. that 
branch of philology which treats of 
dialects. 

dialing ('§;l-ing), n. the art of con- 
structing dials. 

dialogue ('§,4og), n. a conversation 
between two or more persons; a 
literary composition in which per- 
sons are represented as reasoning 
on, or discussing, a subject. 

dialysis (-aFi-sis), n. the breaking 
up, or division, of one syllable into 
two; in Latin grammar, the change 
of j and V into i and u; the separa- 



\ 

tion of different substances in solu- i 
tion by diffusion through a moist 
membrane or septum. 

diamagnetism (-mag'net-izm), n, 
the property possessed by certain 
bodies when under the influence of 
magnetism, and freely suspended, of 
taking a position at right angles to 
the magnetic meridian. i 

diameter (di-am'e-ter), n. the length 
of a line passing through the center 
of any object from one side to the : 
other; the distance through the 
lower part of the shaft of a column. 

diametrical (-a-met'ri-kal) , adj. per-li 
taining to a diameter; directly ad-f I 
verse or opposite. 

diametrically (-li), adv. in a dia- 
metrical manner. 

diamond (di'§,-mund), n. a gem of 
extreme hardness and refractive 
power: a rhomboidal figure; a play- 
ing card with one or more lozenge- 
shaped figures; a glass cutter's tool; 
the smallest kind of type generally 
used (see type): adj. resembling a 
diamond. 

diamond-drill (-dril), n. a rod or 
tube furnished at the end with dia- 
monds for boring very hard rock. 

diapason (-a-pa'zon), n. the entire 
compass of a voice or instrument; a 
recognized musical standard of pitch; 
the foundation stops of an organ. 

diaper ('i.-per), n. linen cloth woven 
in geometric patterns; a napkin; 
surface decoration of one or more 
simple figures repeated: v.t. to varie- 
gate or embroider; work in [diaper. 

diaphane (-af'^-ne), n. the art of 
imitating stained glass by trans- 
parencies on plain glass. 

diaphanous (-af'§,-nus), adj. trans- 
parent. 

diaphantograph (-fan'to-gr^f), n. 
an instrument for drawing objects 
from their reflection on a sheet of 
glass. 

diaphonic, same as diacoustic. 

diaphoretic (-fo-ret'ik), adj. pro- 
ducing perspiration: n. a sudorific 
medicine. 



ate, arm, S^sk, at, av/l; n.e, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DIAPHRAGM 



281 



DID 



diaphfagm ('i-fram), n, the mid- 
riff, which divides the chest from 
the abdomen; any substance that in- 
tercepts or divides. 

diaphylactic ^ (-fi-lak'tik), n. a pre- 
ventive against disease. 

diarist ('i,-rist), n, one who keeps a 
diary. 

diarrhoea (di-i-re'i), 7i. a morbidly 
persistent purging or looseness of 
the bowels. 

diary C^-ri), n. [pi. diaries (-riz) ], 
a register of daily occurrences or 
duties; a book for daily memoranda. 

diascope ('as-kop), n, machine for 
showing motion pictures in dayhght. 

diastase. ('H-stas), n. a soluble nitrog- 
enous ferment formed in germinat- 
ing grain and animal fluids. 

diastole (-as'to-le), n. the rhythmical 
expansion and ^ dilatation ^ of the 
heart and arteries in beating; the 
lengthening of & syllable naturally 
short. 

dlastyle ('Srstil), n, an arrangement 
of colunms in which the interspace 
between each measures 3 or 4 diam- 
eters of the shaft. 

diatonic (-§,-ton'ik), adj, designating 
the regular tones of a key or scale. 

diatribe ('§.-trib), n. a continued dis- 
course or disputation; a strain of 
violent abuse; bitter criticism. 

dibber (dib'er), n. an instrument 
with a sharp steel point: used by 
gardeners, miners, &c. 

dibble (dib'l), n, a gardening tool 
for making holes in the earth: v.t. 
plant with a dibble: v.i. dip bait 
gently into the water. 

dice (dis), n.pl, small cubes marked 
on the sides with one to six spots: 
used in games of chance: v.i. to 
play with dice: v.t. to decorate with 
woven patterns to resemble cubes; 
cut into cubes. 

dicer (di'ser), n, one who gambles. 

dichroism ('kro-izm), ii. the proper- 
ty by which a crystalUzed body ex- 
tabits different colors according to 
the direction of Ught transmitted 
through it. 



dicliromisni (-mizm), n. color blind- 
ness characterized by inabihty to see 
more than one of the three primary 
colors. 

dicing (di'sing), n, gaming with dice; 
stamped leather ornamented with 
squares. 

dicker ('er), v.i, to barter or trade 
on a small scale. 

dicky (dik'i), n. [pi. dickies ('iz) ], 
a small separate shirt front; a seat 
at the back of a coach; a child's bib 
or pinafore; a donkey. 

dicotyledon (di'ko-ty-le-don), n. a 
plant which has two cotyledons with 
two stems. 

dicrotic (dl-krot'ik), adj. having a 
double or secondary pulse-beat. 

dictate ^ (dik'tat), v.t. declare with 
authority; express orally so 'that 
another may take words down in 
writing: v.i. to speak with final au- 
thority; prescribe: n. an injunction; 
command; a controlUng principle. 

dictation (-ta'shun), n. the act of 
dictating; the thing dictated; au- 
thoritative utterance. 

dictator ('ter), n. one who dictates; 
one invested with absolute powers of 
government; an ancient Roman 
magistrate with supreme authority, 
appointed in times of emergency. 

dictatorial (-to'ri-M), adj. pertaining 
to a dictator; absolute; imperious. 

dictatorially (-h), adv. in a dicta- 
torial manner. 

diction (dik'shun), n. manner of 
speaking or expression; choice of 
words, style. 

dictograph (dic'to-graf), n. an adap- 
tation of the interior telephone, 
much used by detectives. 

dictionary (-a-ri), n. [pi. diction- 
aries (-riz) ], a book containing all, 
or the principal, words in a lan- 
guage, arranged alphabetically, with 
their meanings, derivations, &c.; a 
lexicon; vocabulary; wordbook. 

dictum ('turn), n. [pi. dicta ('ta) ], a 
dogmatic or authoritative assertion; 

' aphorism. 

did, p.t. of do. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit* note, north, not; booiv 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DIDACTIC 



282 



DIFFERENTIATE 



didactic (di-dak'tik), adj, teaching; 
instructing; explanatory. Also di- 
dactical. 

didactically (-al-li), adv, in a di- 
dactic manner. 

didactics ('tiks), n.'pL the art of 
teaching. 

didactyl (-dak'til), adj, having two 
digits, as fingers or toes: n. an ani- 
mal with only two toes on each foot. 

diddle (did'l), v.t, to o\erreach or 
cheat: v,i, to totter like a child; 
trifle. 

didecahedral (di-dek-a-he'dral), adj. 
having the form of a ten-sided prism 
with a five-sided base. 

dido (di'do), n, a caper. 

didodecahedral (-do-dek-i-he'dral) , 
adj, having the form of a prism with 
12 sides and a 6-sided base. 

didymous (did'i-mus), adj, growing 
in pairs; paired or double. 

die (di), v.L [p.t. & p.p. died, p.pr. 
djdng], to cease to live; expire; 
perish; wither; become extmct 
gradually; faint; sink, languish 
with pleasure. 

die (di), n. [pi, dies (diz) ], a small 
cube {pi. dice^ see dice); a piece of 
engraved metal with a device used 
for coining money, medals, &c.; a 
tool used in cutting the threads of 
screws or bolts, &c.; a kind of 
knife used by envelope makers, and 
in shoe factories: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
died, p.pr. dymg], to mold, stamp, 
cut with a die. 

dielectric (dl-e-lek'trik), adj. non- 
conducting: n. any medium, as glass, 
&c., that transmits electric force by 
induction. 

dieresis (-er'e-sis), n. a sign (..) 
placed over the second of two sepa- 
rate vowels to show that each has a 
separate sound in pronunciation, as 
aerated; a division in a fine or 
verse; cell-division. Also diaeresis. 

Diesel engine (de'sel-en'gin), n. an 
internal combustion engine that 
uses crude oil injected under high 
pressure. 

diesis (di'e-sis), n. the double dagger 



(t) used in printing; the difference 
between a greater and less semitone. 

diet (di'et), n. soHd or hquid food; 
manner of living, with special refer- 
ence to food; a deliberative conven- 
tion; a national or legislative assem- 
bly. 

dietary (di'e-ta-ri), adj. pertaining 
to the rules of diet: n.pl. dietaries 
(-riz) ], a certain fixed allowance of 
food; system of diet. 

dietetic (di-e-tet-ik), adj. regulating 
food or diet. Also dieterical: n.pl. 
that branch of hygiene which relates 
to rules of diet. 

dieting (di-et-ing), n. the act of eat- 
ing according to regimen. 

differ (dif'er), v.i. to be dissimilar; 
be distinguished from, or have dif- 
ferent properties or quahties; dis- 
agree; contend. 

difference ('er-ens), n. the act or 
state of being unlike; disparity; 
distinction; controversy; quarrel; 
on the Stock Exchange, the margin 
payable on settlement: v.t. to distin- 
guish between; discriminate; take 
the difference of. 

different ('er-ent), adj. imlike; dis- 
tinct. 

differentia (-en'shi-^), n. [pi. dif- 
ferentiae (-e) ], that which distin- 
guishes one species from another of 
the same genus. 

differential ('shM), adj. indicating 
a difference; having different veloci- 
ties. 

differential calculus (kallcu-lus), 
n. the method of finding an infinite- 
ly small quantity which shall equal 
a given quantity when taken in- 
finite times. 

differential duties (du'tiz), n.pl. 
duties levied unequally on similar 
produce from foreign countries. 

different ially (H), adv. in a differ- 
ential manner. 

differentiate^ (-en'shi-at), v.t. to con- 
stitute a difference between; spe- 
ciaHze in structure or functions: 
v.i. to acquire a distinctive and sepa- 
rate character. 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



DIFFERENTIATION 



283 



DIGNITARY 



differentiation (-a 'shun), n. the act 
of differentiating; specialization. 

difficult ('i-kult), ^ adj, not easy; 
arduous; perplexing; not easily 
managed. 

difficulty (-kul-ti), n. [pi. difficulties 
(-tiz) ], something that requires la- 
bor or skill to overcome; scruple; 
objection; controversy: pL compli- 
cation of affairs; embarrassment; 
perplexity. 

diffidence ('i-dens), n. lack of self- 
reliance; modest reserve. 

diffident ('i-dent), adj. lacking self- 
reliance; shy; modest. 

diffraction (dif-rak' or di-frak'shun), 
n. the act of turning aside a ray of 
light when passing the edge of an 
opaque body. 

difFractive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to 
diffraction. 

diffuse (dif-uzO, v.t. to pour out and 
spread all around; scatter; circu- 
late: ddj. (dif-us) widely spread; 
verbose ; redundant. 

diffusibility (-i-biri-ti), n. the ca- 
pability of being diffused. 

diffusible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing diffused. 

diffusion (dif-u'zhun), n. the act of 
diffusing ; a spreading abroad ; the 
passing by osmosis through animal 
membranes. 

diffusive (-us'iv), adj. capable of dif- 
fusing; spreading every way ; widely 
reaching. 

dig^ (dig), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dug, or 
digged; p.pr. digging], to work with 
a spade; cast up earth; study haul: 
v.t. to excavate; break up (ground) ; 
search; thrust cr force in (with 
into) : n. a poke or thrust; a plod- 
ding student. 

digamma (d!-gam'a), n. one of the 
letters of the early alphabet of the 
Greeks, vvith a sound between the 
English V and W. 

digest (di'jest), n. any compilation, 
abridgment, or summary of laws ar- 
ranged methodically under proper 
heads, or titles; the Pandects of the 
Emperor Justinian; a synopsis: v.t. 



(di-jesf), to arrange methodically un- 
der proper heads or titles; classify; 
dissolve in the stomach by the action 
of digestive juices; think over and 
arrange in the mind; soften and pre- 
pare by heat: v.i. to be digested, or 
prepared by heat. 

digester ^ Cer), n. an apparatus for 
extracting the essence of a substance 
by heat. 

digestibility (-jes-ti-biFi-ti), n. the 
quality of being digestible. 

digestible ('ti-bl), adj, capable of 
being digested. 

digestion (-jes'chun), n. the act of 
digesting; the conversion of food by 
the action of the gastric juices into 
soluble products; mental or physical 
assimilation. 

digestive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to 
digestion. 

digger (dig'er), n. one who digs. 

Digger, n. a name of a class of Cali- 
fornian Indians who subsist chiefly 
on roots. 

digging ('ing), n. the act of excavat- 
ing: pi. a locality where mining op- 
erations, especially for gold, are car- 
ried on; residence. 

digit (dij'it), n. a finger or toe; a 
measure {% incn); l-r2th of the di- 
ameter of the sun or moon; any one 
of the Arabic numerals. 

digital Ci-t41), adj. pertaining to a 
digit. 

digitalin ('i-t^l-in), n. a poisonous 
crystalline alkaloid obtained from 
the leaves of the foxglove. 

Digitalis (-i-ta'lis), n. a genus of tall 
plants, the figworts, including the 
foxglove. 

digitate ('i-tat), adj. finger-shaped. 

digitigrade ('i-ti-grad), adj. walk- 
ing on the toes, as cats, dogs; &c. 

dignified (dig'ni-fid), ac/;. invested, 
or marked, with dignity; noble; 
stately. 

dignify ('ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dig- 
nified, p.pr. dignifying], to invest 
with, or exalt in, dignity or rank; 

. confer honor upon; elevate; ennoble. 

dignitary (-ta-ri), n. [pi. dignitaries 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DIGNITY 



284 



DIMENSION 



(-riz)], one who holds a position of 
dignity or honor; an ecclesiastic who 
holds rank above a priest or canon. 

dignity ('ni-ti), n. [pi. dignities (-tiz)], 
elevation of rank; degree of excel- 
lence; moral worth; qualities suited 
to inspire or command respect and 
reverence. 

digraph (dl'grM), n. combination of 
two sounds or characters to repre- 
sent one simple sound, as read. 
Also digram. 

digress (di- or dl-gres'), v.i. to turn 
aside; deviate frord the main sub- 
ject or line of argument; wander. 

digression (-gresh'un), n. the act of 
digressing; the angular distance of 
the planets Mercury and Venus from 
the sun. 

digressive (-gres'iv), adj\ character- 
ized by digression. 

digressively (-h), adv. in a digres- 
sive manner. 

dihedral (-he'drai), adj, having two 
plane faces or sides. 

dike (dik), n. an embankment or cut- 
ting of earth, especially one thrown 
up as a protection against the sea, 
floods, &c.; a mass of igneous intru- 
sive rock. Also dyke: v.t, to sur- 
round, protect, or inclose with a 
dike; drain by ditching. 

dilapidate^ (di-lap'i-dat), v.t, to bring 
into partial ruin by neglect or mis- 
use: v.i. to become dilapidated. 

dilapidation ('i-da'shun) , n. a state 
of partial ruin, especially through 
neglect or misuse. 

dilatability ^ (di- or di-la-t§,-biri-ti), 
n. the quality of being dilatable. 

dilatable (-lat'a-bl), adj. expansive. 

dilatation (-ta'shun), n. expansion. 

dilate (-laf), v.t. to enlarge or ex- 
pand in all directions; distend: v.i. 
to be extended or enlarged; speak 
fully and copiously. 

dilator Cer), n. one who, or that 
which, dilates; a surgical instrument 
for opening or expanding an orifice, 
&c.; a muscle that dilates the parts 
on which it acts. 

dilatory (dira-to-ri), adj. causing, or 



tending to cause, delay; slow; inac- 
tive. 

dilemma (di- or dl-lem'^), n, an 
awkward or vexatious situation; an 
argument which presents an antag- 
onist with alternatives, each of which 
is fatal to his cause. 

dilettante (-e-tan'te), n, [pi, dilet- 
tanti (-ti)], one who pursues the 
fine arts, hterature, or science, only 
for amusement; an amateur: op- 
posed to connoisseur: adj, pertain- 
ing to dilettanti, or dilettantism. 

dilettantism ('tizm), n. the charac- 
teristics of dilettanti; amateurish 
pursuit of art, hterature, &c. (used 
in a disparaging sense). 

diligence ('i-jens), n, careful atten- 
tion; assiduity; industry; a French 
stage-coach (de-la-zhans'). 

dill (dil), n. an herb belonging to the 
parsley family, with an aromatic 
fruit. 

dilly-dally (diri-dal'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
-dalhed, p.pr, -dallying], to loi- 
ter; trifle. 

dilute (di- or di-lat'), v.t. to thin or 
weaken by the admixture of another 
fluid, especially water: weaken: v.i. 
to become thinner. 

dilution (-lu'shun), n. the act of di- 
luting; a weak liquid. 

diluvial (-lu'vi-al), adj. pertaining 
to, produced by, or resulting from, a 
deluge or flood. 

dim (dim), adj. [comp. dimmer, su- 
perl, dimmest], somewhat dark; 
hazy; obscure; faint; tarnished; 
ill-defined: e;i. [p.t. & p.p. dimmed, 
p.pr, dimming], to render obscure or 
less distinct; cloud; tarnish; dull: 
v.i, to become dim; fade. 

dime (dim), n. a silver coin = 1-lOth 
of a dollar, or ten cents: adj, of the 
value of a dime. 

dime novel (nov'el), n. a term ap- 
plied to cheap sensational literature. 

dimension (di-men'shun), n. the size 
or measured extent of a body; cubic 
capacity; the hteral factor of an 
algebraic product or term: pi, mag- 
nitude or importance. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DIMENSIONAL 



285 



DIPHTHERIA 



dimensional (-M)» pertaining to di- 
mension. 

diminish (di-min'ish), iKt. to make less; 
reduce in bulk or amount ; weaken ; 
impair; detract from; reduce by a 
semitone: v.i. to lessen; dTsdndle. 

diminuendo (dim-in-u-en'do), adr. 
a musical term meaning to gradually 
decrease in loudness. 

diminution ^ (dim-i-nu'shun), n. the 
act of making less; reduction; les- 
sening. 

diminutive (di-min'u-tiv), adj, be- 
low the average size; little; con- 
tracted; narrow: n. sl word formed 
from another to express the sense of 
littleness. 

dimissory (dim'is-o-ri), adj. sending 
to the jurisdiction of another; giv- 
ing leave to depart. 

dimity (l-ti), n. [pi. dimities (-tiz)], 
a cotton cloth of thick texture with 
a ridged surface. 

dimorphism (di-mor'fizm), n. the 
quality of assuming, crystaUizing, or 
existing in, two forms. 

dimorphous ('fus), adj, existing in 
two forms. Also dimorphic. 

dimple (dim'pl), n. a small depres- 
sion or hollow in the cheek or chin ; 
an indentation: v.i. to form dim- 
ples; sink in slight depressions: v.i. 
to mark with dimples. 

dimply ('ph), adj, full of, or marked 
with, dimples. Also dimpled. 

din (din), n. a continued and violent 
noise: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. dinned, p.pr. 
dinning], to stun with noise; press 
with clamor or persistent repetition: 
v.i, make a clamor. 

dine (din), v.i. to take dinner: v.t. to 
give or provide a dinner for ; feed. 

ding (ding), i;i. to sound, as a bell, 
with a continuous monotonous tone : 
v.t. to impress by noisy repetition. 

ding-dong ('dong), n. the sound of 
a metallic body produced by blows, 
as a bell. 

dinghy (ding'ji), n, the smallest boat 
of a man-of-war; an East Indian 
ferry-boat; a small boat without 
outriggers. Dinghey, dingy. 



dingily (-li), adv. in a dingy manner. 

dingle (ding'gl), n. sl narrow hollow 
between hills; the enclosed weather- 
porch of a house. 

Jingle-dangle (-dang'gl), adv. swing- 
ing backwards and forwards; loosely 
pendent. 

dingo (ding'go), 7i. the Australian 
wild dog. 

dingy (din ' j i), cK^j. dark-colored; dirty. 

dinner C6r), n. the chief meal of the 
day; a dinner party. 

dint (dint), n, a mark left by a blow 
or pressure; force or power (with 
of) : v.t. to make a mark on or in. 

diocesan (di-os'e-san, or di'o-se-san), 
adj, of, or pertaining to, a diocese: 
n, a bishop. 

diocese ('o-ses), n. [pi. dioceses (-se- 
sez) ], a bishop's see; a bishopric. 

dioptase (-op'tas), n. a ^atreous em- 
erald green ore of copper. 

dioptric ('trik), adj. assisting vision 
by means of the refraction of light 
in viewing distant objects. Also 
dioptrical. 

diorama (-ra'mi), n. an exhibition 
of pictures on movable screens, 
viewed through a large opening in a 
darkened room. 

diorite (-rit), n, 2l granite-like rock 
consisting of trichnic feldspar and 
hornblende. 

diosmose (-os'mos), n, the mingling 
of fluids through a permeable mem- 
brane. Also diosmosis. 

dioxide (-oks'id), n, an oxide con- 
sisting of 2 atoms of oxygen and 1 
atom of a metal. 

dip^ (dip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, dipped, 
dipt, p.pr. dipping], to plunge for a 
short time into a fiuid; baptize by 
immersion; lower and raise quickly: 
v.i. to immerse one's self; enter 
slightl}^ into anything; incline down- 
wards; sink: n. the act of dipping; 
the inclination of the magnetic 
needle, or the angle made by it; the 
angle of inclination of strata to the 
horizon. 

diphtheria (dif- or dip-the'ri-§.), n. 
a contagious throat-disease charac- 



ate, arm, i,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



DIPHTHONG 



DISABLE 



terized by the formation of a false 
membrane in the air-passages. Also 
diphtheritis. 

diphthong ('thong), n. the union of 
two vowel sounds pronounced in one 
syllable. 

diploma (di-plo'm^), n. a writing on 
parchment or paper under sign and 
seal, conferring some honor, author- 
ity, &c. 

diplomacy ('m§,-si), or -plom'§,-si), n. 
[pi, diplomacies (-siz) ], the art of 
conducting negotiations between two 
states or nations, or of transacting 
international business; skill in con- 
ducting negotiations. 

diplomat (dip'lo-mat), n, a diplo- 
matist. 

diplomatic (-mat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to diplomacy; characterized by spe- 
cial tact in the management of affairs. 

diplomatically (-^l-H), adv. with 
diplomatic skill; with tact. 

diplomatic corps (kor), n. all the 
diplomatic officers accredited to one 
sovereign government by others. 

diplomatist ('ma-tist), n. one who 
is skilled in diplomacy. 

dipper (dip'er), n. one who, or that 
which, dips; a water-fowl. 

dipsomania (-so-ma'ni-^), n. a mor- 
bid and uncontrollable craving for 
alcoholic drinks.^ 

dipsomaniac ('ni-ak), n. one who 
suffers from dipsomania: adj, pert. 
to dipsomania. 

dipteral ('te-ri,l), adj, furnished with 
a double row of columns, as in tem- 
ples; dipterous. 

dipterous ('te-rus), adj, two-winged. 

dire (dir), adj, dreadful; mournful. 

direct ^ (di-rekt'), adj. straight; not 
circuitous; open; plain; straightfor- 
ward; not of collateral descent; not 
retrograde: v,t, to aim or drive in a 
straight line; guide or show; point 
out or determine with authority : v.i, 
to act as a guide. 

direction (-rek'shun), n, relative po- 
sition; a command; order; guidance; 
the address of a person on a package, 
&c. 



directly (1i), adv, in a direct or 

straight line; immediately; openly. 

directness ('nes) , n. the quality of being 
direct; freedom from ambiguity. 

director ('ter), n, one who directs 
or superintends; one appointed to 
transact the affairs of a company, 
&c.; a spiritual guide or adviser; a 
surgical instrument. 

directorate ('to-rat), n, the office of 
a director; a body or board of direc- 
tors. 

directory ('to-ri), n. [pL directories 
(-riz) ], a book containing the 
names, addresses, and occupations 
of the residents of a place; a body 
of directors; a book of ecclesiastical 
rules or directions for divine^ wor- 
ship: adj, guiding; commanding.^ 

direct primary (dl-rekt' pri'ma-ri), 
n, method of making nominations 
for pohtical elective offices; the 
people vote for persons they favor 
for candidates, and winners in the 
primary become the nominees in a 
regular election. 

direful (dir'fool),ac?j. dreadful; dismal. 

dire£ully (-li), adv, in a dire manner. 

dirge (derj), n, a funeral hymn. 

dirigible (dir'i-ji-ble), adj, that may 
be guided or steered: as, a dirigible 
balloon. 

dirk (derk), n, a dagger. 

dirt (dert), n. any foul or filthy sub- 
stance; garden earth. 

dirtily ('ti-li), adv, filthily; meanly. 

dirtiness (-nes), n, the state or qual- 
ity of being dirty. 

dirty ('i), adj. impure; soiled; mor- 
ally unclean; disgusting, muddy; 
sleety: rainy; v.t, [p.L & p,p, dir- 
tied, p.pr, dirtying], to soil; sully; 
tarnish. 

dis-, prefix, signifies separation, pri- 
vation or negation. 

disability (dis-^-biri-ti), n. [pi, dis- 
abilities (-tiz) ], lack of physical, 
intellectual, or social fitness; legal 
incapacity. 

disable (-a'bl), v.t, to deprive of 
power; disqualify; impoverish; in- 
capacitate. 



ate, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DISABUSE 



287 



DISCLOSE 



disabuse (-buz'), v.t. to clear from 
mistakes or false conceptions; set 
right. 

disafFect (-a-fekf), v,t. to fill with 
discontent; alienate the affections 
from; disturb the functions of. 

disaffection (-fek'shun), n. aliena- 
tion of affection; disloyalty; ill-will. 

disagreeable (-a'bl), adj. exciting 
repugnance or displeasure: n. that 
which is displeasing or imsatisfac- 
tory. 

disagreeableness (-bl-nes), n. un- 
pleasantness. 

disagreeably (-bli), adv. in a disa- 
greeable manner. 

disappear (-^-per'), v.i, to pass 
away; vanish. 

disappearance Cans), n. removal 
from sight. 

disappoint (-point'), v.L to thwart 
or frustrate the hopes of; fail to 
keep an appointment with. 

disappointment ('ment), n. defeat 
or failure of expectation; state of 
depression caused by failure, &c. 

disarm (-arm'), v.L to deprive of 
arms; reduce to a peace footing; 
render harmless; subdue. 

disarmament (-arm'^-ment), n. the 
act of disarming; reduction to a 
peace footing. 

disarray (-ra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
arrayed, p.pr. disarraying!, throw 
into disorder; rout: n. negligent or 
insuflBcient dress; confusion. 

disaster (-^s'ter), n. a sudden or un- 
expected misfortune; a serious acci- 
dent. 

disastrous^ ('trus), adj. occasioning 
loss or misfortune; unfortunate; ca- 
lamitous. 

disavow (dis-a-vow'), v.t. to deny; 
to repudiate. 

disband (-band'), v.t. to dismiss from 
military service; break up: v.i. to 
be dismissed. 

disbar (-bar'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
barred, p.pr. disbarring], to deprive 
a lawyer of his right to practice. 

disburden (-ber'dn), v.t. to remove 
a burden from; relieve of anj^thing 



annoying or oppressive: v.i. to ease 
one's mind. 

disburse (-bers'), v.t. to expend. 

disbursement ('ment), n. money ex- 
pended. 

disc, another form of disk. 

discard (-kard'), v.t. to cast off as 
useless; dismiss from service; reject 
as useless: v.i. in card-playing, to 
throw out cards not required. 

discern (diz-ern'), v.t. to distinguish 
mentally, or wdth the eye; judge or 
decide between: v.i. to make distinc- 
tion. 

discernible ('i-bl), adj. perceptible. 

discernment ('ment), n. acuteness 
in judgment; penetration; discrimi- 
nation. 

discharge (-charj), v.t. unload; dis- 
embark; free from any burden, im- 
pediment, or obligation; exonerate 
or acquit; free from restraint or 
custody; let fly; explode; perform 
(a trust or duty): v.i. to send out 
liquid matter: n. the act of dis- 
charging; that which is discharged; 
an explosion; a flowing or issuing 
out; dismission from office or em- 
ployment; liberation. 

disciple (di-si'pl), n. one who re- 
ceives the teaching of another; a 
scholar; a follower. 

disciplinable (dis'i-plin-^-bl), adj. 
capable of instruction, or liable to 
disciplinary punishment. 

disciplinarian (-pli-na'ri-&n), adj. 
pertaining to discipline: n. one who 
advocates, or enforces, strict dis- 
cipline. 

disciplinary ('i-plin-a-ri), adj. per- 
taining to discipline. 

discipline ^ ('i-plin), n. mental ^ or 
moral training; education; subjec- 
tion to control; military regulation; 
chastisement; an instrument of pun- 
ishment: v.t. to train to obedience 
or efficiency; regulate; chastise. 

disclaim (-klam'), v.t, to disown; re- 
pudiate. 

disclaimer ('er), n. disavowal; denial. 

disclose (-kloz'), v.t. to uncover; re- 
veal. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DISCLOSURE 



288 



DISEMBOWEL 



disclosure ('ur), the act of revealing 
anything secret; discovery; uncov- 
ering. 

discoid Ckoid), adj. disk-shaped. 

discolor (-kurer), v.t. to change from 
the natural color; give a false com- 
plexion to; stain. 

discomfit (-kum'fit), v.t. to defeat; 
rout; frustrate; thwart. 

discomfiture ('fi-tur), n. defeat; 
disappointment. 

discommode (-kom-od'), v.t, to in- 
convenience. 

discompose (-kom-poz'), v.t. disar- 
range; vex; ruffle. 

discomposure Cur), n, agitation; 
unrest. 

disconcert (-kon-serf), v.t. to disturb 
the composure or self-possession of; 
frustrate. 

disconsolate ('so-lat), adj. hopeless; 
sad. 

disconsolately (-li), adv. hopelessly; 
sadly. 

discord ('kord), n. disagreement; a 
confused noise; a combination of 
discordant sounds; disagreement in 
coloring or parts. 

discordant ('^nt), adj. at variance; 
inharmonious; jarring; incongruous. 

discount (dis'kount), n. a sum de- 
ducted or allowed for prompt pay- 
ment of an account; a deduction 
made according to the current rate 
of interest: v.t. (dis-kount') to allow 
a discount on; advance money, 
deducting a certain rate per cent.; 
make a deduction from; anticipate. 

discourage (-kur'aj), v.t. to deprive 
or lessen the courage of; dishearten; 
deter. 

discouragement ('ment), n. the act 
of depriving of confidence; that 
which destroys courage. 

discourse (-kors'), n. speech or lan- 
guage; conversation; a treatise or 
dissertation;! sermon: v.t. & v.i. to 
talk or converse; utter; communi- 
cate ideas orally. 

discover (dis-kuv'er), v.t. to bring to 
light; reveal; find (something pre- 
viously unknown). 



discovery (-i), n. {pi. discoveries 
(-iz) ], a bringing to light or making 
known, especially for the first time; 
disclosure. 

discreet (-kref), odj, prudent; cir- 
cumspect. 

discrepancy (-krep'in-si), n. inconsist- 
ency; difference. Also discrepance. 

discrepant ('ant), adj, disagreeing; 
different. 

discrete (-kret'), adj, separate from 
others; distinct; not continuous. 

discretion (-kresh'un), n, prudence j 
judgment; sagacity; skill. 

discriminate (-krim'i-n^t), v.t, to 
observe or mark the differences be- 
tween; select: v.i, to make a differ- 
ence or distinction. 

discrimination (-i-na'shun), n. pow- 
er of penetration; faculty of nice 
discernment. 

discriminative ('i-na-tiv), adj. char- 
acteristic. 

discriminator ('-na-ter), n, one who 
discriminates. 

discursive (-ker'siv), adj, desultory. 

discursively (-li), adv, in a discur- 
sive manner. 

discursiveness (-nes), n. digression. 

discuss (dis-kusO, v.t. to debate; agi- 
tate; reason upon; test (viands). 

discussion (-kush'un), n, argument; 
debate; ventilation of a question. 

disdain (-dan'), v.t. to think unwor- 
thy; deem unsuitable; look upon 
with contempt or scorn: n, con- 
tempt; haughty, or indignant scorn. 

disdainful ('fool), adj. contemptuous. 

disdainfully (-li), adv. in a disdain- 
ful manner. 

disease (di-zez'), n. any mental, 
moral, or physical disorder; mal- 
ady; illness: v.t. to cause disease in; 
derange. 

disembogue (dis-em-bog'), v.t. to 
pour out or discharge at the mouth: 
said of a river: v.i. to find a vent, 
pass across, or out, at the mouth of 
a river. 

disembowel (-bou'el), v.t. {p.t. & 
p.p. disemboweled, p.pr. disembowel- 
ing], to deprive of bowels; wound in 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; mc, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, /Aen. 



DISFIGURATION 



289 



DISMANTLE 



the abdomen, so that the bowels 
protrude. 

disfiguration (-fig-u-ra'shun), n, de- 
formity, 

disfigure (-fig'ur), v.t, to injure the 
shape, form, or beauty of; deform. 

disfranchise (-fran'chiz), v.t- to de- 
prive of electoral or municipal priv- 
ileges, especially ^ to withdraw the 
power of voting in elections. 

disgorge (-gorj'), v.t, to force out of 
the mouth or stomach wath violence ; 
surrender what has been unlawfully 
obtained; make restitution of. 

disgrace (-gras'), n* the state of be 
ing out of favor; ignominy; shame; 
dishonor: v.t. to bring shame, re- 
pro val, or dishonor upon; dismiss 
with dishonor. 

disgraceful ('fool), adj, character- 
ized by, or occasioning, disgrace. 

disgracefully (-h), adv. in a dis- 
graceful manner. 

disguise (-giz'), v.t. to change the 
appearance of, as by an unusual 
dress; counterfeit; conceal: n. a 
dress designed to conceal the iden- 
tity of the wearer; counterfeit ap- 
pearance; false pretense. 

disgust (-gust'), v.t. to cause aver- 
sion in, or repugnance to; offend the 
moral sense of: n. strong aversion 
or repugnance. 

dish (dish), n. a broad hollow vessel 
with a rimmed edge; food served in 
a dish: v.t. to put into a dish for 
serving at table (often with up)) 
frustrate. 

dishabille (dis-§,-bil'), ^. undress or 
negUgent attire. Also deshabille. 

dishearten (-har'tn), v.t, to discour- 
age. 

dishevel (-shev'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
disheveled, p.pr. disheveling], to dis- 
order (the hair) or cause it to hang 
negligently: v.i. to be spread in dis- 
order. 

dishonor (-on'er), v.t, to deprive of 
honor; bring shame upon the char- 
acter of; lessen the reputation of; 
violate the chastity of; refuse, or fail, 
to pay (a bill or note when due and 



presented): n. disgrace; ignominy; 
shame; violation of dignity. 

dishonorable (-a-bl), adj. discredit- 
able; shameful; ignominious. 

dishonorably (-H), adv. in a dishon- 
orable manner. 

disinfect (dis-in-fekf), v.t. to destroy 
or remove disease-producing germs. 

disingenuous ^ (dis-in-jen'u-us), adj, 
wanting in sincerity or frankness. 

disintegrate (-in'te-grat), v.t, to 
break up into component parts by 
mechamcal or atmospheric agency: 
v.i. separate. 

disintegration (-gra'shim), n. the 
act of disintegrating; wearing down 
of rocks by atmospheric influences; 
separation. 

disjunctive (-jungk'tiv), adj, serv- 
ing, or tending to, disjoin or sepa- 
rate: n. a disjunctive conjunction 
which connects grammatically two 
words or clauses disjoined in mean- 
ing. 

disk (disk), n. an ancient quoit; a 
flat circular plate, or anything re- 
sembhng it; the whole surface of a 
leaf. Also disc. 

disk-plow (disk'plou), n. a plow the 
action of which depends upon re- 
volving disks instead of ordinary 
plowshares. 

dislike (dis-lik), n. a strong feeling 
of repugnance or aversion; disrel- 
ish; antipathy: v.t, to regard with 
aversion; be displeased with. 

dislocate ('l5-kat), v.t. to put out of 
joint; interrupt the continuity of. 

dislocation (-ka'shun), n. the act of 
dislocating; a joint put out of its 
socket; a displacement of stratified 
rocks. 

dislodge (-lojO, v.t. to remove or 
drive out from a place of lodgment; 
drive from a hiding-place or chosen 
station. 

disloyal (dis-loi'al), adj.^ untrue to 
one's obligations or duties. 

dismal (diz'mM), adj. gloomy; de- 
pressing: dark; horrid; sorrowful. 

dismally (-h), adv. in a dismal manner. 

dismantle (dis-mant'l), v.t, to strip 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQn. 

Die. 19 



DISMAY 



290 



DISPLACEMENT 



or divest of furniture, equipment, or 
means of defense; raze; demolish. 

dismay (-ma'), v.t. [p.L & p.p. dis- 
mayed, p.pr> dismaying], to terrify; 
dispirit; discourage; intimidate: n, 
loss of courage through fear; a con- 
dition of terror. 

dismember (-mem'ber), v.t. to cut 
or tear limb from limb; sever into 
parts and distribute; dislocate; sev- 
er; divide. 

dismiss {-mis') v.t. to send away; per- 
mit to depart; discharge from office 
or employment; efface from memory. 

dismissal CM), n. the act of dis- 
missing; removal from office, &c. 

dismount (dis-mounf), v.i. to get 
down; to alight: v.t. to take down. 

disobedience (dis-o-be'di-ens), n. re- 
fusal to obey authority. 

disorder (-or'der), n. want of order 
or arrangement; lack of system; ir- 
regularity; breach of public order; 
riot; mental or physical disease: v.t. 
to throw into confusion; disturb the 
regular mental or physical functions; 
derange; ruffle. 

disordered ('derd), p. adj. disorderly; 
irregular; loose; unruly ; disreputable. 

disorderly (-li), adj. confused; un- 
methodical; turbulent; unruly. 

disorganize vdis-6r'gan-iz), v.t. to 
disarrange; to throw into confusion. 

disown (dis-on'), v.t. to deny relation- 
ship; to cast off. ^ 

disparage (-par'aj), v.t. treat with 
contempt; criticise unjustly; depre- 
ciate; belittle. 

disparagement (-ment), n. the act 
of disparaging; depreciation; re- 
proach; disgrace (often with to). 

disparity^ (-par'i-ti), n. [pi. disparities 
(tiz) ], inequality of rank, station, 
degree, or excellence; disproportion. 

dispart (-part'), n. the difference be- 
tween the thickness of the muzzle of 
a piece of ordnance and its breech. 

dispassionate (-pash'un-at), adj. free 
from passion; calm; unprejudiced; 
impartial. 

dispassionaely (-li), adv. in a dis- 
passionatetmanner. 



dispatch, same as despatch, 

dispel (dis-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
pelled, p.pr. dispelling], to drive 
away by, or as by, scattering; dis- 
perse; dissipate. 

dispensable (-pen'si-bl), adj. that 
for which a dispensation may be 
granted. 

dispensary ('s§,-ri), n. [pi. dispen- 
saries (-riz) ], a place where med- 
icines are kept and made up; a 
charitable institution for providing 
the poor with medical advice and 
medicines. 

dispensation (-sa'shun), n. the act 
of ^ dispensing; distribution; that 
which is appointed or bestowed by a 
higher power; the particular way by 
which, at different periods, God has 
made known His dealings with man- 
kind; the suspending of a rule or 
law in some particular case; a li- 
cense granted from the Pope, or by 
a bishop. 

dispense (dis-pens'), v.t. to deal out 
in portions; distribute; give forth 
effusively; excuse: v.i. to give dis- 
pensation; distribute medicines. 

dispermous (disper'mus), adj. two- 
seeded. 

disperse (dis-pers'), v.t. to scatter 
in different directions or parts; dif- 
fuse; spread; cause to vanish: v.i' 
to separate; go to different parts; 
vanish out of sight. 

dispersion (-per'shun), n. the act of 
dispersing; the separation of light 
into different colored rays in passing 
through a prism. 

dispersive ('siv), adj. tending to dis- 
perse. 

dispirit (-pir'it), v.t. to depress the 
spirits of; dishearten; render cheer- 
less. 

displace (-plas'), v.t. to put out of 
place; disorder; depose from office 
or dignity. *■ 

displacement ('ment), n. the act of 
displacing; substitution; apparent 
change of position; the weighty of 
water displaced by a soUd body im- 
mersed in it. 



5te, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DISPLAY 



291 



DISSIPATE 



display (-plaO, v.t, [p.t & p.p. dis- 
played, p.pr, displaying], to spread 
out; unfold; exhibit; force into no- 
tice; manifest mentally or physical- 
ly: v.i, to make a display. 

displeasure (dis-plezh'ur), n, annoy- 
ance; vexation; distaste; pique. 

disport (-port'), v.t. to amuse or di- 
vert (with self); to display gaily; 
v.i. to play. 

disposable (-poz'a-bl), adj. free to 
be employed; subject to disposal. 

disposal ('al), n. arrangement; order; 
control; right of bestowing. 

dispose (-poz'), v.t. to place, arrange; 
order; distribute; adapt; incline. 

disposition (-izh-un), n. the act of 
disposing; order; method; arrange- 
ment; tendency; natural tempera- 
ment. 

disputable ('pu-ta-bl), adj. liable to 
be disputed; called in question. 

disputation (-ta'shun), n. a verbal 
controversy; an altercation. 

disputatious ('shus), adj. conten- 
tious. 

dispute (dis-putO, v.i. to debate; 
argue: v.t. contend for by words or 
actions; express doubt of; contro- 
vert: n. a controversy; altercation; 
quarrel; contest. 

disquisition (-kwi-zish'un), n. a sys- 
tematic investigation or discussion 
of some subject; an elaborate essay. 

disrate ^ (-rat), v.t. to degrade or 
lower in rank, as a petty officer. 

disruption (-rup'shun), n. forcible 
separation; breach. 

disruptive ('tiv), adj. causing dis- 
ruption. 

diss (dis), n. a reedy Algerian grass. 

dissatisfaction (-sat-is-fak'shun), n. 
state of being discontented; dis- 
pleasure. 

dissatisfy ('is-fi), v.t. to render dis- 
contented; to displease. 

dissect (-sekf) v.t. to cut in pieces; 
anatomize; divide and examine mi- 
nutely, 

dissection (-sek'shun), n. the act of 
dissecting for critical examination.' 

disseize (-sez'), v.t. to deprive of 



seizin or possession; dispossess un- 
lawfully. 

disseizin^ ('in), n. the act of unlaw- 
fully dispossessing a person of an 
estate. 

dissemble (-sem^bl), v.t. to hide un- 
der a false appearance ; give the 
semblance of something else to. 

dissembling (sem'bling), n. dissimu- 
lation. 

disseminate (-sem'i-nat), v.t. to 
scatter abroad, hke seed; propagate; 
diffuse. 

disseminator ('ter), n. one who, or 
that which, disseminates. 

dissension (dis-sen'shun), n. strife; 
disagreement; breach of union. 

dissent (-sent'), v.i. to disagree in 
opinion (with from)] refuse adher- 
ence to an Estabhshed Church: n. 
difference of opinion; refusal to ac- 
knowledge or conform to an Estab- 
lished Church. 

dissenter ('er), n. a nonconfonnist. 

dissentient ('shent), adj. dissenting: 
71. one who disagrees. 

dissenting (-sent'ing), p.adj. per- 
taining to, or characterized by, dis- 
sent; separating from an Established 
Church; pertaining to dissenters. 

dissertation (-er-ta'shun), n. sl formal 
argumentative discourse; treatise. 

disservice (dis-ser'vis), n. injurious 
help. 

dissever (-sev'er), v.t. to cut in two, 
disjoin; divide; separate. 

dissidence ('i-dens), n. disagree- 
ment. 

dissident Ci-dent), adj. not agree- 
ing, or conforming: n. one who dis- 
agrees, or dissents. 

dissilient (-sil'i-ent), adj. springing 
asunder, or bursting open with force. 

dissimulate (-sim'u-lat), v.i. & v.t. 
to dissemble; feign; disguise. 

dissimulation (-la'shun), n. hjrpoc- 
risy; false pretense; fallacious ap- 
pearance. 

dissipate ('i-pat), v.t. to scatter com- 
pletely; drive in different directions; 
squander: v.i. to engage in dissipa- 
tion. 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DISSIPATED 



292 



DISTINGUISH 



dissipated (-ed), p.adj, scattered; 
dispersed; characterized by dissipa- 
tion. 

dissipation (-pa'shun), n, the act or 
state of being dissipated ; mental dis- 
traction; excessive indulgence in 
luxurjo especially drink or vicious 
pleasures. 

dissociate (-so'shi-at), v,t, to sepa- 
rate. 

dissolubility (-sol-u-bil'i-ti), n. the 
capacity of being dissolved. 

dissoluble ('ol-u-bl), adj. capable of 
being dissolved or converted into a 
fluid. 

dissolute ('o-lut), adj, given to vice 
or dissipation; loose in morals or 
conduct. 

dissolution (-Iti'shun), n, the act of 
dissolving or liquefying; separation 
of component parts; separation of 
the soul from the body; death; a 
breaking up of a union of persons, 
as a society, &c.^ 

dissolutionism (-izm), n, the social 
theory of anarchism or nihilism. 

dissolvable (diz-ol'v^-bl), adj. that 
may be dissolved. Also dissolvible. 

dissolve (-olv'), v.t. to liquefy; melt; 
terminate; annul: v.i, to become 
liquefied; waste away; separate. 

dissonance ('o-nans), n. discord. 

dissonant (-nant), adj, discordant. 

dissuade (-wad'), v-t. to advise or 
counsel against; divert by argument 
or persuasion. 

dissuasion (-swa'zhun), n. the act of 
dissuading; advice or persuasion 
against a purpose or action. 

dissuasive ('siv), adj. tending to dis- 
suade: n. an argument employed to 
dissuade. 

dissyllable (-sil'&-bl), n. a word of 
two syllables. 

distaff (dis'taf), n, [pi. distaffs 
('t^fs)], the staff from which flax 
is drawn in spinning. 

distance ('t^ns), n. the space or in- 
terval between two ^ objects or 
points; remoteness of time, rank, re- 
lationship or place; interval be- 
tween two notes; reserve of man- 



ner; alienation: v.t. to place re- 
motely; leave behind in a race. 

distant ('t^nt), adj, remote; re- 
served. 

distaste (-tast), n. aversion of the 
palate; dishke; disinclination. 

distasteful ('fool), unpleasant to 
the taste; expressive of dislike. 

distastefully (-li), adj. in a dis- 
tasteful manner. 

distemper^ (-tem'per), v.t, to disor- 
der or disease; derange the func- 
tions of ; compound (colors) for use 
in distemper painting: n. a disease; 
a catarrhal disease affecting young 
dogs; a method of painting in spe- 
cially prepared opaque colors mixed 
with a binding medium soluble in 
water: used for mural decoration, 
&c. 

distend (-tend'), v.t. to stretch out 
in all directions; expand: v.i. to 
swell. 

distention (-ten'shim), n. a swelling 
out. 

distich ('tik), n. a couplet. 

distil (-til'), v.i. [p,t. & p.p. dis- 
tilled, p.pr. distilling], to fall in 
drops; flow gently; ^ trickle forth; 
practice the art of distillation: v.t. 
to let fall in drops; obtain by dis- 
tillation: rectify - 

distillate Cat) n. the product of 
distillation found in the receiver of 
a distilling apparatus. 

distillation (-a'shun), n. the process 
of distilling; the substance drawn 
by the still. 

distinct (-tingkt'), adj. separate; dif- 
ferent; clear; plain; unconfused. 

distinction (-tingk'shun), n. mark 
of difference or superiority; emi- 
nence of rank or conduct; fame; 
discrimination. 

distinctive Ctiv), adj. marking a 
difference or distinction; character- 
istic; discriminating; plain. 

distingue (dis-stan-ga'), adj. distin- 
guished. 

distinguish (-ting'gwish), v.t. to 
separate from others by some mark 
of honor or preference; designate 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; booiii 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



DISTINGUISHED 



293 



DIVERS 



by special characteristics; discrim- 
inate; make known: v.i, to make a 
distinction (with between). 

distinguished ('gwisht), p.adj, emi- 
nent; celebrated; conspicuous; noted. 

distort (-tort'), v.t. to twist or turn 
from the natural shape or figure; 
twist; pervert from the true mean- 
ing; misrepresent. 

distortion (-tor 'shun), n. the act of 
distorting; perversion; a deformity. 

distract (-trakf), v.t. to perplex; 
harass} confuse the mind; bewilder; 
derange. 

distractile ('il), adj. widely separated. 

distraction (-trak'shun), n. per- 
plexity; embarrassment;^ perturba- 
tion or mental distress; insanity. 

distractive ('tiv), adj, causing dis- 
traction. 

distrain (-tran), v.t, to seize and 
hold (goods or chattels) as security 
for payment of a debt: v.L to levy 
a distress. 

distraint (-tranf), n. the act of dis- 
training for debt. 

distrait (dis-tra'), adj. absent-minded. 

distraught (dis-trawt'), o,dj, bewil- 
dered or harassed. 

distress (dis-tres'), v.t. to inflict pain 
or suffering upon; grieve; harass; 
perplex; in law, to seize for debt: n. 
physical or mental anguish; the act 
of distraining; goods taken in dis- 
traint. 

distribute (-trib'ut), v.t. to deal out 
or divide; allot; apportion; arrange 
according to classification; dispose 
of separately; separate and return 
(as types) to their respective cases. 

distribution^ (-tri-bu'shun), n. the 
act of distributing; apportionment; 
arrangement; classification.^ 

distributive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to 
distribution: n. a distributive word. 

district ('trikt), n. a territorial di- 
vision; circuit; region or tract of 
country. 

distrust (-trust'), n. want of confi- 
dence, faith, or reliance; suspicion;' 
discredit: v.t. to have no confidence 
or trust in; doubt; suspect. 



distrustful ('fool), adj. suspicious. 

distrustfully (-H), adv. suspiciously. 

disturb (-terb), v.t. to trouble; vex; 
throw into confusion; agitate; dis- 
place. 

disturbance ('ins), n. the interrup- 
tion of a settled state; uproar; men- 
tal agitation. 

distyle ('til), n. a two-columned por- 
tico. 

disulphate (di-sul'fat), n. a sulphate 
containing one atom of hydrogen, 
replaceable by a basic element. 

disulphide ('fid), n. a sulphide in 
which two atoms of sulphur are 
contained. 

ditch (dich), n. a trench cut in the 
earth; a moat: v.i. make a ditch: 
v.i. surround with a ditch; run into 
a ditch. 

ditto ('to), n. that which has been 
said; a duplicate: adv. as before; 
likewise. 

ditty ('i), n. [pi. ditties ('iz)], a lit- 
tle song. 

diuretic (di-u-ret'ik), adj. promoting 
the secretion and flow of urine. 

diurnal (er'nM), adj. pertaining to a 
day; daily; performed in 24 hours; 
active during the day-time: n. a day- 
book; journal. 

diurnally (-li), adv. daily. 

diva (de'yi), n. a prima donna. 

divan (di-van'), n. sl court of jus- 
tice; a council of state in Turkey; 
a council-hall; a smoking-room; 
cafe; couch. 

dive (div), v.i. to plunge head fore- 
most into water; enter deeply into 
any subject or question: v.t. to ex- 
plore by di\4ng: n. a sudden plunge 
headforemost into water. 

dive (dIv), n. a low resort frequented 
by persons of dissolute character. 

diverge (di-verj'), v.i. to spread out 
from one point; recede from. 

divergence (-ver'jens), n. a receding 
from each other; a tending apart. 

divergent ('jent), adj. tending to di- 
verge. 

divers (di'verz), adj. various; sun- 
dry. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DIVERSE 



294 



DIVORCEMENT 



diverse (Vers, or di-verz'), o,dj, 
essentially different; dissimilar; sep- 
arate. 

diversification (-i-fi-ka'shun) , n.vari- 
ation. 

diversify (di-ver'si-f i) , v.t. [p,t, & p.p. 
diversified, p,pr. diversifying], to 
make different from another; give 
variety to; discriminate; variegate. 

diversion ('shun), n, variation; al- 
teration; pastime; the act of di- 
verting the attention of an enemy 
from the real point of attack. 

divert (di- or di-vert'), vd, to turn 
aside from any direction or course; 
draw away from; entertain; amuse. 

divertimento (di-vert-i-men'to), n. 
a light pleasant vocal or instru- 
mental composition. 

divertissement ('tiz-mang), n, 
amusement, recreation; an entr'- 
acte, as a ballet, &c. 

divest (di-vesf), vd, to strip or de- 
prive of anything; despoil; make 
bare. 

divestiture ('i-tur), n, surrender of 
property. 

divide (di-vid), v.t to cut into two 
or more parts; separate; keep apart; 
disunite by discord; distribute: v.i. 
to be separated; cleave; diverge; 
have a share; vote by division: 
n. a watershed. 

divided skirt ('ed skert), n. a skirt 
made so as to combine both skirt 
and knickerbockers. 

dividend (div'i-dend) , n. a share of 
the profits of a public company or 
business; a sum paid pro rata out 
of a bankrupt's estate; interest 
payable on money invested in the 
public funds; a number or quantity 
to be divided. 

divi-divi (div'i-div'i), n. astringent 
husks of a South American tropical 
plant, used for dyeing and tanning. 

divination (-i-na'shun) , n. the act 
of divining; the pretended art of 
foreseeing future events by super- 
natural or magical agency. 

divine (di-vin'), adj. partaking of the 
nature of God; excellent in the 



highest degree, godlike; sacred 
holy; pertaining to theology: n. a 
theologian; clergyman: v.t. to fore- 
tell by, or as by, divination; pre- 
sage: v.i. to conjecture; guess. 

diving (div'ing), n. the act of plung- 
ing into water; connected with, or 
used in, diving. 

diving-bell (-bel), n. a hollow ap- 
paratus supplied with air, used for 
various purposes below the surface 
of the water. 

divining-rod (-rod), n. a forked rod 
or branch, as of witch-hazel, which, 
when held loosely in the hand, is 
said to be drawn down to the ground 
where water or minerals are situ- 
ated. 

divinity (di-vin'i-ti), n. \pl. divini- 
ties (-tiz) ], the state or quality of 
being divine; Godhead; a pagan or 
heathen deity; theology. 

divisibility (-viz-i-biFi-ti), n. the 
quality of being divisible. 

divisible ('i-bl), adj. capable of ^be- 
ing divided; capable of division 
without a remainder. 

division (-vizh'un), n. the act or 
state of being divided; separation; 
a partition; section; discord; dif- 
ference; the separating of the mem- 
bers of a legislative or municipal 
assembly in order to take a vote; 
two or more brigades under the 
command of a general officer; a 
section of a fleet under one com- 
mander; the process of finding how 
many times one number or quan- 
tity is contained in another. 

divisional (-al), adj. pertaining to 
division. 

divisor (di-vi-zor), n. the number by 
which another (the dividend) is 
divided. 

divorce (-vors'), n. a dissolution of 
the marriage contract by legal au- 
thority; disunion: v.t. to dissolve 
the marriage contract between by 
legal authority; release from close 
union. 

divorcement ('ment), n. the act or 
process of divorcing (Deut. xxiv. 1). 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; b66n, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DIVORT 



295 



DOG-DAYS 



divert ((ii-v6rt'), n, a watershed. 

divulge (di-vuljO, v.t. to make known, 
as something previously kept secret; 
disclose. 

dizen (di'zn), v,t, to deck out; dress. 

dizziness ('i-nes), n, giddiness. 

dizzy (diz'i), adj, giddy. 

do (doo), v.t. [p.t. did, p.p. done, p.pr. 
doing], to perform; achieve; cause 
to bring about; make ready for 
some object or purpose; cheat or 
swindle: v.i. to act or behave; suc- 
ceed; suffice; fare as to health: n. a 
trick or hoax. 

docile (do'sil or dos'il), adj. easy to 
teach; tractable; easily managed. 

docility (do-siri-ti), n. the quality 
of being docile. 

dock (dok), n. a place for construct- 
ing and laying up ships; the place 
where a prisoner stands in a court 
to be tried; a coarse weed with 
broad leaves; the tail of a horse 
after it has been docked; v.t. to 
cut off or curtail; deduct from; di- 
minish. 

dockage ('aj), n. reduction; provi- 
sion or accommodation for the dock- 
ing of vessels; money paid for the 
use of a dock. 

docket Cet), v.t. to mark the con- 
tents or titles of papers on the back 
of them; indorse: n. a directed label 
or ticket tied on goods; a summary 
of a larger writing; a digest. 

dockyard ('yard), n. a place where 
ships are built and naval stores are 
kept. 

doctor ('ter), n. one skilled in any 
particular branch of knowledge; an 
academical degree ^ denoting the 
highest proficiency in a faculty of 
a university; a learned man; a 
medical practitioner: v.t. to treat 
medically; tamper with or give a 
false appearance to: v.i. to practice 
medicine; undergo medical treat- 
ment, 

doctorate (-at), n. the degree of 
doctor. 

doctrinaire (-tri-nar'), n, one who 
theorizes on Dohtical or other mat- 



ters, disregarding practical consid- 
erations: adj. visionary. 

doctrinal (^trin-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or containing, doctrine. 

doctrinally (-h), ad^v. in a doctrinal 
manner. 

doctrine ('trin), n. that which is 
taught; the principles, behef, or 
dogma of any church, sect, or party. 

document ('u-ment), n. a printed or 
written paper rehed upon to estab- 
hsh some fact or assertion, or con- 
veying information. 

documentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. per- 
taining to, derived from, or consist- 
ing of, documents. 

dodder (dod'er), n. a parasitical 
plant. 

dodecagon (do-dek'^-gon), n. a figure 
with twelve sides and twelve angles. 

dodecahedron (-he'dron), n. a solid 
having twelve faces. 

dodge (doj), v.i. to start aside and 
shift about; evade by craft; avoid; 
practice tricky devices: v.t. to es- 
cape by starting aside : n. the act of 
dodging; a trick. 

dodo (do'do), n. [j)l. dodos ('doz) ], 
a large extinct bird with a short 
neck, a large hooked bill, short 
wings and legs. 

doe (do), n. the female of a buck or 
fallow deer, or of an antelope, rab- 
bit, or hare. 

doeskin ('skin), n. the skin of a doe; 
a fine woolen cloth with a smooth 
finish. 

doff (dof), v.t. to take or put off, as 
clothes : v.i. remove the hat in saluting. 

dog (dog), n. a domesticated carnivo- 
rous animal belonging to the genus 
Canis; name of various mechanical 
contrivances: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dog- 
ged, p.pr, dogging], to hunt as a 
dog; follow pertinaciously. 

dogcart ('kart), n. a hght cart with 
two* transverse seats back to ba^ck. 

dog-days ('daz), n. pi. sl period in 
July and August when the dog star 
or Sirius rises and sets with the 
sun : usually the hottest part of the 
summer. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DOGE 



296 



DOM 



Doge (doj), n. the title of the chief 
magistrates of the ancient repubhcs 
of Venice and Genoa. 

dogfish (dog'fish), n. a species of small 
Httoral shark very destructive to fish. 

dogged ('ed),jarf7. stubborn; perti- 
nacious. 

dogger ('er), n. a two-masted vessel 
with a broad beam; used in the cod 
and herring fisheries by the Dutch 
in the North Sea. 

doggerel (-el), n. a kind of verse 
devoid of sense or rhythm : adj, weak 
and absurd in construction: said of 
verse or poetry. 

dogma ('m&), n, [yl. dogmas ('m§,z) ], 
or dogmata (^mk-tk) ], an estab- 
lished principle, tenet, or doctrine; 
a doctrine stated in a formal man- 
ner and received by the Church as 
authoritative. 

dogmatic (-mat'ik), adj, pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, dogma; posi- 
tive; authoritative; dogmatical: n, 
pL doctrinal theology. 

dogmatically (-^-li), adv, in a dog- 
matic manner.^ 

dogmatism (-tizm), n, dogmatic or 
positive assertion of opinion. 

dogmatize ('m^-tiz), ?'i. to make 
dogmatic assertions; utter positive 
assertions without adducing proof: 
v.t. to treat dogmatically. 

dog-star (dog'-star), n. brightest of 
the stars; rises and sets with the 
sun in summer; called by astrono- 
mers Canicula (' little dog"); best 
known as Sirius. 

dog-trot ('trot), n, a gentle trot. 

dog-watch ('woch), n. one of two 
watches on board ship of two hours 
each, between 4 and 8 p.m. 

dogwood ('wood), n. the wild cornel. 

doily (doi'K), n, [pi. doihes ('liz) ], 
a small mat or napkin; used on 
dessert plates, &c. 

doings (doo'ingz), n.pl. things^done; 
movements; conduct; stir. 

doldrums ('drumz), n.pL a sailor's 
term for the tropical zones of calms 
and variable winds; depression of 
spirits; the dumps. 



dole (dol), n that which is dealt out 
sparingly; a charitable gift of mon- 
ey or food; alms: v.t. to deal out 
sparingly. 

doleful ('fool), adj. sorrowful; dismal. 

dolefully (-li), adv. sorrowfully; dis- 
mally. 

dolerite (dol'er-it), n. a dark-col- 
ored bassic igneous rock; basaltic 
greenstone. 

dolesome (dSl'sum), adj. melancholy. 

doll (dol), n. a girl's toy-baby. 

dollar (-'ar), n. monetary unit of the 
United States and some other coun- 
tries on a gold standard, equal to 100 
cents. 

dollar-diplomacy (dol'§,r-di'pl6'mi,- 
si), n. diplomacy that aims more at 
commerce than amity. 

dollar-exchange (-eks-chanj'), ^. in- 
ternational exchange in European 
war based on the United States dollar 
because not fluctuating in value. 

dolly ('i), n. [pL doihes ('iz) ], a lit- 
tle doll; apparatus for washing 
clothes; a contrivance for washing 
ore in mining; in India a brass tray 
on which fruit, flowers, &c., are pre- 
sented as a comphmentary offering. 

Dolly Varden (-var'dn), n. a woman's 
dress of light bright-figured muslin, 
worn over a bright-colored petti- 
coat. 

dolman ('m§,n), n a long outer gar- 
ment worn by the Turks; a hussar's 
uniform jacket; a woman's sleeve- 
less mantle. 

dolmen ('men), n. a sepulchral mon- 
ument, consisting of a large unhewn 
stone resting on two or more un- 
hewn stones. 

dolomite ('o-m!t), n. a crystalline 
variety of magnesian limestone. 

dolorific (-rif'ik), adj. causing grief. 

dolorous (dol'o-rus), adj. sorrowful. 

dolour (do'ler), n. sorrow; pain. 

dolphin (dorfin), n, the name of a 
cetaceous mammal of the genus 
Delphinus and allied genera. 

dolt (dolt), n. a heavy stupid fellow. 

dom (dom), n. sl title of respect ap- 
plied to gentlemen in Portugal and 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl^* me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DOMAIN 



297 



DONKEY 



Brazil; in Portugal a title formerly 
of the king and* royal family. 

domain (do-man'), n, lordship; au- 
thority; empire; landed property; 
demesne. 

dome (dom), n. a hemispherical roof. 

domestic (do-mes'tik), adj, pertain- 
ing to the house or household af- 
fairs; private; home-made: n. a 
household servant: pZ. articles of 
home manufacture, especially cotton- 
cloths. 

domestic economy (e-kon'o-mi), n. 
the art of managing household af- 
fairs in the best and thriftiest man- 
ner. 

domestically (-al-li), adv, privately. 

domesticate ('ti-kat), v.t, to make 
domestic; famiUarize with domestic 
life; tame: v.i, to become domestic. 

domesticity (-tis'i-ti), n, [pL domes- 
ticities ^ (-tiz) ], the state of being 
domestic; aomestic character. 

domicile (dom'i-sil), n. a permanent 
residence or place of abode; home: 
v.t. to establish in a fixed residence. 

domiciliary ('i-^-ri), adj, pertaining 
to the residence of a person or fam- 
ily- 
dominant ('i-nint), adj. exercising 

chief authority; ruhng; predomi- 
nant;^ ascending: n. the recitative 
note in Gregorian scales; the fifth 
tone of a musical scale in any as- 
cending key. 

dominant characters (dom'i-nant- 
kar'ak-ters), n, in Mendelian hered- 
ity, the characters that dominate in 
the first generation. See Men- 
delism. 

dominate ('i-nat), v.t. to govern; 
rule; predominate over: v.i. to be 
dominant. 

domination (-na'shun), n. the act 
of dominating; absolute authority; 
power. 

domineer (-i-ner'), v.i. to exercise 
authority arrogantly or tyrannical- 
ly; bluster. 

dominical (do-min'i-kM), adj. per- 
taining tcrChrist as Lord, or to Sun-' 
day: n. a dominical letter. 



dominical letter (let'er), n. one of 

the letters (A B C D E F G) used 
in the calendar of the Prayer Book 
to denote Sirnday throughout the 
year, and to determine the date of 
Easter Day. 

dominie (dom'i-ne), n. a schoolmas- 
ter; a clergyman of the Dutch Re- 
formed Church. 

dominion (do-min'yun), n. supreme 
authority; sovereignty; independent 
right or possession; a territory or 
country subject to the control of one 
government. 

domino dom'i-no), n. [pi. dominos 
(-noz) ], a large loose silk cape or 
cloak with large sleeves and a hood 
used as a masquerade garment; an 
ecclesiastical hood: pi. a game 
played with 28 oblong dotted pieces 
of bone or wood (dominoes). 

dom-pedro (-pe'dro), n. the name of 
the game of sancho-pedro when 
played with the joker. 

don (don), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. donned, 
p.pr, donning], to put on* invest 
with; assume: n. a Spanish title 
[Fern, dona]; a fellow or collegiate 
dignitary. 

donate^ (do'nat), v.t. to^ contribute, 
especially to some rehgious or phil- 
anthropic object. 

donation (-na'shun), n. a charitable 
gift; benefaction; present. 

donative (don'^-tiv), adj. yested or 
vesting by donation: n. a gift. 

donator (do-na'ter), n. a giver. 

done (dun), p. adj. completed; pub- 
hshed oflBcially; cooked sufficiently; 
thoroughly fatigued; cheated: in- 
terj. agreed, 

donee (do-neO, n. a person to whom 
a gift or donation is made. ^ 

dongola (don'g5-l§.), n. a goatskin, 
or sheepskin tanned to resemble kid. 

doni (do'ni), n. a single-masted Cey- 
lonese coasting vessel with a long 
sail. 

donjon (don' or dun'jun), n. the 
principal tower or keep of a mediae- 
val castle, containing the prison. 

donkey (dong'ki), n. [pi. donkejrs 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DONNA 



298 



DOUBLE ENTENDRE 



('kiz) ], an ass; a stupid or obsti- 
nate fellow. 

donna (don'ni,), n. a lady (Italian). 

donnish (don'ish), adj, pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, a don. 

donnism Cizm), n, academic self- 
importance. 

donor (do_^ner), n, a giver. 

doom (doom), n. a judicial sentence 
of condemnation; the infliction of 
a sentence; irrevocable destiny; 
fate; ruin; the Day of Judgment; 
vd, to pronounce condemnation 
upon; sentence to punishment; or- 
dain as a penalty. 

doomsday (doomz'da), n the day of 
final and universal judgment. 

Doomsday Book (dumz/da-buk) or 
Domesday Book (domz'da) a huge 
book kept by the early Norman 
monarchs of England, Hsting the 
estates for taxation or confiscation. 

door (dor), n. the gate or entrance 
of a house; portal; means of access. 

dor (dor), n, a large black dung bee- 
tle with a characteristic droning 
sound in flight. 

Dorian (do'ri-an), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, Doris, a small 
district of ancient Greece: n. a 
member of the Doric or Dorian race, 
one of the four great divisions of the 
ancient Greeks. 

Doric (dor'ik), adj. Dorian: n. the 
broad hard dialect of the Dorians. 

Doric order (or'der), the oldest and 
simplest of the three orders of Greek 
architecture. ^ 

Doricism ('i-sizm), n. a Doric idiom, 
phrase or pecuHarity. 

dorking (dor 'king), n. one of a breed 
of domestic fowls.^ 

dormancy ('m§,n-si), n. quiescence. 

dormant^ ('mant), adj. sleeping; 
quiet; in abeyance. 

dormer ('mer), n. a bedroom; a win- 
dow pierced vertically in the side of 
a roof. 

dorniitory^ ('mi-to-ri), n. [pi. dormi- 
tories (-riz) ], a large apartment ca- 
pable of holding several beds. 

dormouse ('mous), n. [pi. dormice 



('mis) ], a small European squirrel- 
like rodent. 

dorsal ('sM), adj. pertaining to, or 
situated near, the back. 

dory (do'ri), n. [pi. dories ('riz) ], a 
popular name for a golden-colored 
fish much esteemed for the table; 
the wall-eyed pike-perch; John Dory; 
a small flat-bottomed skiff with a 
sharp prow. 

dosage ('saj), n. the operation of 
putting into sparkling wines some- 
thing to give them a distinctive 
taste. 

dose (dos), n. the quantity of medi- 
cine to be taken at one time; any- 
thing nauseous; quantity: v.t. to 
give doses to; administer anything 
objectionable or nauseous. 

dosty 2 p. sing, pres. indie, of do. 

dot (dot), n. a small point or speck; 
a diminutive child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p, 
dotted, p.pr. dotting], to mark with 
dots or specks. 

dotage (do'taj), n. imbecility of 
mind: foolish or excessive affection. 

dotard ('tard), n. one whose intellect 
is impaired by age; one who is 
foolishly affectionate: adj. imbecile. 

dote (dot), v.i. to exhibit the weak- 
ness of age; bestow excessive love. 

dothy 3 p. sing, indie, of do. 

dotterel ('er-el), n. a small plover. 

double (dub'l), adj, twofold; two of 
a sort; being in pairs; twice as 
much; deceitful; insincere: n. twice 
the quantity; a duplicate; trick; a 
turning back to escape pursuit; an 
apparition; a fold or plait: pi. 
changes rung on five bells; games 
played by two on a side: v.t, to 
make double; duplicate; repeat; 
fold; sail round or by: y.i, to in- 
crease to twice the quantity; return 
on^ one's track; march at double 
quick time: adv. twice over. 

double-bass (-bas), n, the largest 
violin. 

double-dagger (-dag'er), n. a refer- 
ence mark (t). 

double entendre (doobl ang-tS,ng'- 
dr), n. a word or phrase with a 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DOUBLENESS 



299 



DOWNWARD 



double meaning, one of which is 
usually indelicate. 

doubleness (dub'1-nes), n. the state 
of being double; duplicity. 

doublet (dub 'let), n. a duplicate; 
pair; a kind of close-fitting man's 
garment. 

doubloon (loon), n. a Spanish gold 
coin. 

doubly (1i), adv, twice the quantity 
or degree; in a double or twofold 
manner. 

doubt (dout) , v.i. to waver in opinion ; 
hesitate; be in suspense: v.t. to 
suspect; distrust; question: n, un- 
certainty of mind; suspense; scruple; 
perplexity; apprehension; fear; dis- 
belief. 

doubtful ('fool), adj. of uncertain 
issue; questionable; hazardous; in- 
secure. 

doubtfully ('H), adv. in a doubtful 
manner. 

doubting ('ing), adj. inspiring, or 
subject to, doubt; questionable. 

doubtless ('les), adv. assuredly; cer- 
tainly. 

douche (doosh), n. a jet or current 
of water directed upon some part of 
the body. 

dough (do), n. a soft mass of mois- 
tened flour yet unbaked. 

doughboy, an infantryman. 

doughty (dou'ti), adj. valiant; strong. 

doughtiness ^ (-nes), n. valor; bravery. 

doughy (do'i), adj. soft Uke dough. 

Douma (doo'ma) , n. the lower branch 
of the Russian National parliament. 

douse (dous), v.t. to plunge suddenly 
into a liquid; drench; extinguish; 
strike; slacken or lower suddenly, 
as sails: v.i. to fall suddenly into 
water; search for water or ores by 
a divining rod. 

dove (duv), n. a pigeon of the genus 
Columba; a term of endearment. 

dovecote ('kot), n. a small house or 
box with compartments for doves. 
Dovecot. 

dovetail ('tal), v.t. to join by a joint 
resembling a dove's tail spread out; 
fit closely and exactly. 



dowager (dou'i-jer), n. the widow 
of a king, prince, or person of rank; 
a widow with a jointure. 

dowdily ('di-U), adv, in a dowdy 
manner. 

dowdiness (-nes), n. the state of 
being dowdy. 

dowdy Cdi), n. [pi. dowdies ('diz) ], 
a slatternly woman who affects 
finery: adj. slovenly or ill-dressed; 
shabby. 

dowel (dou'el), n. a pin to connect 
two pieces of wood by being sunk 
in the edges of each; a piece of 
wood driven into a wall to secure 
something else: v.t. to fasten by 
dowels. 

dower ('er), n. that part of a hus- 
band's property which his widow 
enjoys during her life; jointure; 
personal endowment. 

dowlas Cl§.s), n. a kind of coarse 
linen cloth. 

down (doun), n. soft feathers, hair, 
or wool; the soft fibers of plants: 
pi. SL tract of bare, hilly land used 
for pasturing sheep ; banks or round- 
ed hillocks of sand: adv. from a 
higher to a lower degree or position; 
at the lowest point; on the ground; 
below the horizon; from earlier to 
later times; in hand, or on the 
counter; on paper, or in a book: 
adj. dejected; downcast: prep, along 
a descent; from a higher place to a 
lower; along the course or current of. 

downcast ('kl,st), adj. directed down- 
wards; sad: n. the ventilating shaft 
of a mine. 

downfall ('fawl), n. a falling down- 
wards; sudden fall from rank or 
reputation; ruin. 

downgrade ('grad), n. a downward 
movement; reverse of fortune; de- 
parture from the orthodox standard 
of belief. 

downright ('rit), adj. straight to the 
point; blunt; unceremonious: adv. 
perpendicularly; completely; thor- 
oughly. 

downward ('w^rd), adj. tending to 
the ground; moving from a higher 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DOWNY 



300 



DRAMATIC 



to a lower place, grade, or direc- 
tion; descending: ac^y. from a higher 
to a lower condition, state, or place; 
from the source. Also downwards. 

downy ('i), adj. covered with, or 
made of, down; soft: restful; cxm- 
ning; artful. 

dowry (dou'ri), n. [pi, dowries ('riz) ], 
the property a woman brings to her 
husband at marriage; gift or pos- 
session. 

doxology (doks-ol'o-ji), n, [pi, dox- 
ologies (-jiz) ], an ascription or 
short hymn of praise to God. 

doze (doz), v.i, to sleep lightly or fit- 
fully: n. a light sleep, or nap. 

dozen (duz'n), n, twelve units. 

dozy ('i), adj. sleepy; drowsy. 

drab (drab), n. a kind of thick dull 
brown or yellowish-gray woolen 
cloth; a tint of such a color: adj. 
of a drab color. 

drabble (1'), '^-t^ to make wet or 
dirty by dragging through mud or 
water: vd. to fish with a long line 
and rod. 

drac (drak), n. an evil spirit; lilia- 
ceous palm-like plants, to which the 
dragon-tree belongs. 

drachma (drak'm&), n. [pi, drachmae 
('me), drachmas ('maz) ], a Greek 
silver coin. Also drachm. 

draff (drM), n. refuse from malt 
breweries; hog's-wash; dregs. 

draft (drMt), n. a sketch or outline; 
bill of exchange; an order for money; 
detachment of soldiers; the act of 
drawing a load; the state of being 
drawn; the act of drinking or the 
amount drunk at once; an outline 
or sketch; the act of sweeping with 
a net; the quantity of fish caught at 
one draw of the net; the depth of 
water a vessel draws or to which 
she sinks; a current of air: v.t. to 
delineate or sketch out; call forth; 
select by a draft for military service. 

drag (drag), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. dragged, 
p.pr, dragging], to pull or draw 
along by force; draw along slowly 
or heavily; haul; tug; v.t. to trail 
along the ground: n. the act of 



dragging; a net or apparatus fo. 
drawing along the bottom of the 
water; a coach drawn by four horses; 
a kind of sledge for heavy loads; 
the difference between the draft of 
water forward or aft of a ship. 

draggle (drag'l), v.t. to wet or soil by 
dragging in the mud or along the 
ground: v.i, to become dirty or wet 
by dragging. 

dragoman (drag'o-m§,n), n. [pi. 
dragomans (-manz) ], in the East, 
an interpreter, guide, or agent for 
travelers, especially an interpreter 
attached to an embassy, &c. 

dragon ('un), n. a fabulous animal 
represented as a winged serpent or 
lizard; a fierce person; a winged 
heraldic beast: adj, fierce; destruc- 
tive. 

dragon-fly (-fli), n. an insect with a 
long slender abdomen, large eyes 
and wings. 

dragon's-blood (-z-blud), n. the red 
juice and gum of several South 
American and East Indian trees. 

dragoon (dra-goon'), n. originally a 
kind of mounted infantry, now cav- 
alry, either Hght or heavy, wearing 
helmets: v.t. to harass or reduce to 
submission by military force. 

drain (dran), v.t. to draw off gradu- 
ally; exhaust: v.i. to become dry: 
n, a channel or pipe for superfluous 
water; a sewer; the act of exhaust- 
ing. 

drainage ('aj), n, the act or means 
of draining; that which is drained 
off. 

drake (drak), n, a male duck. 

dram (dram), n. l-8th of an ounce 
troy, and l-16th of an ounce avoir- 
dupois; a small quantity of spiritu- 
ous liquor. 

drama (dra'mS,), n, a prose or poeti- 
cal composition depicting a story of 
human life in character, &c., on the 
stage; theatrical entertainment; dra- 
matic literature or art. 

dramatic (dr§.-mat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or appropriate to, the drama. 
Dramatical. 



ate, arm, S^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinks th^n. 



DRAMATICALLY 



301 



DREDGE 



dramatically (-al-li), adv, in a dra- 
matic manner. 

dramatis personae (dram'l.-^tis per- 
so'ne), the characters in a play or 
drama. 

dramatize (dram'a-tiz), v.t, to- com- 
pose in the form of a drama; adapt 
for stage representation. 

dramaturgy ^('a-ter-ji), n. the art 
of dramatic composition; represen- 
tation and stage effect. 

drank, p.t. & p.p. of drink. ^ 

drape (drap), v.t, to cover with cloth; 
arrange in folds or hangings. 

draper (dra'per) , n. a dealer in woolen 
or cotton cloth, &,c. 

draperied (-id), adj, furnished or 
covered with drapery. 

drapery (-i). n. [pL draperies (-iz) ], 
textile cloths or fabrics used for 
garments or hangings; costumes 
represented in sculpture or painting. 

drastic (dras'tik), adj. powerful; 
vigorous. 

draught (dr§,ft), n. Same as draft. 

draughts (drMts), n, the game of 
checkers. 

draw (draw), v.U {p-t* drew, p.p. 
drawn, p.pr. drawing], to pull along 
or haul; raise; suck in; pull out; 
force out; elongate; disembowel; 
win, as in a lottery; drive or beat 
out; sketch; draft; ^ require a cer- 
tain depth to float in; entice or al- 
lure, induce; receive; write out; 
leave imdecided: v.i. to produce mo- 
tion; act as an inducement; shrink; 
come together or near; practice 
drawing; settle in the water to a 
certain depth: n, the act of draw- 
ing; a lot or chance drawn; a game 
left undecided; a feeler; the act of 
drawing a covert. 

drawback ('bak), n. loss of advan- 
tage; a discouragement; money paid 
back, especially to an importer of 
goods on which customs duty has 
been paid on their being exported. 

drawbridge Cbrij), n. a bridge 
which may be wholly or partially 
lifted up. 

drawee (-e'), n» one on whom an 



order, bill of exchange, or a draft 

is drawn. 

drawer Cer), n. one who draws; a 
draftsman; a sUding box-like ar- 
rangement for holding clothes, papers, 
&c.; one who draws a bill of ex- 
change, or an order for the payment 
of money: pi. an imder-garment 
worn by both sexes, covering the 
lower part of the body and legs. 

drawing ('ing), n. delineation; at- 
traction or motion; a distribution in 
a lottery: pi. the takings or receipts: 
of a business. 

drawing-room (-room), n, a room 
for the reception of- company; a 
formal reception by the sovereign, 
or a distinguished official; the com- 
pany assembled in a drawing-room. 

drawl (drawl), v.t. to utter in a slow, 
lazy tone: n. a slow, lazy manner of 
speaking. 

drawn (drawn), p. adj. left imdecided; 
disemboweled; contracted. 

dray (dra), n. a low, stoutly-built 
cart used for heavy loads. 

dread (dred), v.t. to fear greatly; an- 
ticipate with shrinking or teiTor; 
venerate: v.i. to be in great fear: 
n. apprehensive terror; reverential 
awe: adj. a\\'ful; solemn. 

dreadful ('fool), adj. inspiring dread. 

dreadfully (-h), adv. in a dreadful 
manner. 

dreadnaught ('nawt), n. a fearless 
person; an advanced type of battle- 
ship; a thick woolen felted cloth. 

dream (drem), n. a train of thoughts 
or images passing through the mind 
during sleep; an idle fancy: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p.^ dreamt, p.pr. dreaming], to 
see or imagine in sleep; think about 
vainly: v.i, to have a train of ideas 
in sleep. 

dreamy ('i), o^/-. pertaining to, or full 
of, dreams; indistinct; visionary. 

drear (drer), adj, dismal; sorrowful. 

drearily ('i-li), adv. gloomily. 

dreary ('i), adj, cheerless; gloomy. 

dredge (drej), n. a drag or instru- 
ment for sweeping the bottoms of 
rivers to bring up something: v.t. 



ate, arm, §5k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thoji, 



DREGS 



302 



DRIVE 



to clean out and deepen by a dredge; 
gather with a dredge; sprinkle flour 
upon. 

dregs (dregz), n.pl, the sediment of 
liquor; lees; worthless matter. 

Dreibund (dri'bunt), n. a triple al- 
liance, especially that ^ (1883) be- 
tween Germany, Austria-Hungary, 
and Italy for mutual defense. 

drench (drench), v.t. to wet thorough- 
ly; steep in moisture; forcibly ad- 
minister a draft to: n, a large draft; 
a dose of medicine for a horse or 
cattle. 

Dresden (dres'den), n. a fine porce- 
lain. 

dress (dres), v,t, {p.L & p,p. dressed 
or drest, p.pr, dressing], to invest 
with, or as with, clothing; adorn; 
deck out; embellish; prepare or 
make ready; cook; curry or rub 
down; adjust to a straight line; 
prune or trim: v.L to put on clothes: 
n, a covering for the body; a robe; 
elegant or fashionable attire; ex- 
ternal finish or ornament; plumage; 
adjustment. 

dresser ^ ('er), n. one who regulates 
or adjusts dress; a surgeon's as- 
sistant; a set of shelves or open 
cupboard for ^ plates, &c. ; a com- 
bination of mirror and bureau. 

dressing ('ing), n. the act of putting 
on clothes; material used in sizing 
or stiffening fabrics; the smoothing 
of the surface of stone; sauce or 
stuffing used for preparing a dish; 
a beating; reprimand; an external 
appHcation to a wound; the prepara- 
tion of mineral ores for the furnace. 

dressing-gown (-goun), n,^ a light, 
easy, loose gown worn while dress- 
ing or in dishabille. 

dressy ^ (dres'i), adj, fond of dress, 
especially showy or elaborate attire; 
stylish. 

drest, p.t, & p.p. of dress. 

drew, p.t. of draw. 

dribble (drib'l), v.i. to fall in small 
drops; drip: v.t. to let fall in drops; 
give out or deal in small portions; 
in football to give a slight kick or 



shove to: n. a drizzling shower; a 
trickling out in small drops. 

driblet (driblet), n. a small piece, 
part, or sum. 

dried, p.t. & p.p. of dry. 

drier (dri'er), n. one who, or that 
which, dries; a substance added to 
paint, &c., causing it to dry quick- 
ly; an apparatus for drying off 
moisture. 

drift (drift), n. the direction in 
which anything is driven; an im- 
pellent force; overbearing influence; 
an accumulation heaped up by sea 
or wind; tendency; scope; the hori- 
zontal passage of a mine; a collec- 
tion of loose earth, rocks, &c., trans- 
ported from a distance by ^ the 
agency of ice; leeway made in a 
gale; the direction of a current: v.t. 
to drive along, or in heaps; cover 
with driftage: v.i. to be carried 
along by a current, or by circum- 
stances; accumulate in heaps. 

driftage ('aj), n. that which is 
drifted; leeway caused by wind or 
sea currents. 

drill (dril), v.t. to pierce with a 
drill; bore; perforate; instruct thor- 
oughly in the rudiments of any busi- 
ness, &c.; train; sow in fines or 
rows: v.i. to engage in military ex- 
ercises: n. a tool for boring or mak- 
ing holes in a hard substance; a 
machine for sowing seeds in rows; 
military exercise. 

drilling ('ing), n. the act of using 
a drill; a heavy, firm twilled cloth. 

drink (dringk), v.u [p.t. drank, p.p. 
drunk, p.pr. drmking], to swallow a 
liquid; imbibe alcoholic liquors ha- 
bitually: n. any beverage swallowed 
to quench thirst; as much liquor as 
can be taken at once; strong or in- 
toxicating liquor. 

drip (drip), «^-^. [p-t. & p.p. dripped, 
p.pr. dripping], to fall in drops: v.t. 
to let fall in drops: n. that which 
falls in drops; a projecting cornice 
to throw off rain. 

drive (drlv), v.t. [p.t. drove, p.p. 
driven, p.pr. driving], to impel or 



&te, arm, i-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut*; think, then. 



DRIVEL 



303 



DRUG 



urge forward by force; propel; com- 
municate motion to; convey in a 
vehicle: v.i. to press, or be impelled 
forward with violence; travel in a 
carriage; aim a blow (with let): n. 
the act of driving or impelling; a 
strong blow; a road prepared for 
driving; an excursion in a carriage; 
an annual gathering of cattle for 
branding; a forward blow given to 
a ball at cricket. 

drivel (driv'el), v.i. to slaver; be 
weak or foolish; talk or act like a 
fool or dotard. 

driven, p.p. of drive. 

drizzle (driz'l), v.i, to rain slightly 
or in misty drops : n. a fine misty rain. 

drizzly ('li), adj, shedding fine rain. 

droit (droit or drwa), n. equity; 
right of ownership, especigJly in 
land; custom; duty. 

drole (drol'), n. a funny fellow; buf- 
foon. 

droll (drol'), odj. ridiculous; queer. 

drollery Cer-i), n, [pi. drolleries 
(-riz) ], the quality of being droll; 
buffoonery. 

drolling ('ing), n. burlesque. 

drolly (1i), adv. comically. 

dromedary (drum'e-da-ri), n, {pi. 
dromedaries (-riz) ], one of a do- 
mesticated breed of camels distin- 
guished for its speed and by having 
one hump. 

drone (dron), v.i. to utter in a mo- 
notonous tone or sound; live in idle- 
ness: v.t, to read in a monotonous 
tone: n. a dull, monotonous tone; 
one of the pipes of a bagpipe; the 
male of the honey-bee which pro- 
duces no honey; a lazy fellow. 

drony (drO'ni), adj. hke a drone. 

drool (drool), v.i. to drip saliva from 
the mouth like a baby; to talk non- 
sense; to drivel. 

droop (droop), v.i. to sink or hang 
down; languish; bend down gradu- 
ally: v.t. cause to hang down: n, 
the act of drooping. 

drop (drop), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dropped, 
dropt, p.pr. dropping], to fall in' 
drops: distil; sink to a lower posi- 



tion; fall in death; visit informally 
(with in): v.t. to let fall; discon- 
tinue; utter casually; send off (a 
hasty note) : n. a globule of mois- 
ture; something that hangs like a 
drop; a small quantity of a Hquid; a 
falling trap-door; the painted cur- 
tain of a theater (drop-scene): pi. 
medicine regulated by drops; lauda- 
num. 

drop-shutter (-shut'er), n. a device, 
operated by a spring, for taking in- 
stantaneous photographs. 

dropsical ('si-k^l), adj. affected with 
dropsy. 

dropsy ('si), n. an unnatural accu- 
mulation of serous fluid in any 
cavity of the body or its tissues; a 
disease affecting the food-sac of 
young trout; blue swelling. 

dropty p.t. & p.p. of drop. 

dross (dros), n. th& scum or slag of 
melted metal; sediment; refuse. 

drought (drout), ?i. continued ab- 
sence of rain or moisture; dryness. 

drove, p.t. of drive*: n. a collection of 
cattle or sheep driven in a body; a 
crowd; sprats caught early in the 
season. 

drown (droun), v.i. to perish by suf- 
focation in water: v.t. to suffocate 
by immersion in water; overwhelm; 
inundate; deluge. 

drowse (drouz), v.i. to be heavy with 
sleepiness; be half-asleep: n. a fight 
sleep. 

drowsiness ('i-nes), n. sleepiness. 

drowsy ('i), adj. sleepy; sluggish. 

drub (drub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. drubbed, 
p.pr. drubbing], to beat vigorously: 
n. a thump. 

drudge (druj), v.i. to labor hard at 
mean or uncongenial tasks; slave: 
v.t. to spend or pass laboriously: n. 
one employed in menial work who 
works hard for insufficient remu- 
neration. 

drudgery Cer-i), n. the work of a 
drudge; mean servile labor. 

drug (drug), n. an ingredient used 
in medicine; a narcotic; an unsal- 
able article: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. drug- 



5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DRUGGET 



304 



DUCAT 



ged, p.pr, drugging], to mix drugs 
with; render stupid by a narcotic 
drug: v.i. to take drugs habitually. 

drugget ('et), »• a coarse woolen 
fabric. 

druggist ('ist), n. a dealer in drugs. 

Druid (droold), n. sl priest of the 
ancient Kelts of Britain, Gaul, and 
Germany. 

drum (drum), n. an instrument of 
percussion, consisting of a hollow 
cylinder with vellum at the ends, 
and beaten with sticks (drum- 
sticks); the tympanum of the ear; 
a drum-shaped box for figs; a cylin- 
der or revolving shaft: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. drummed, p.pr. drumming], to 
beat a drum; beat up recruits; tout 
for customers; beat rapidly with 
the fingers: v.t. to play (a tune) on 
a drum; din; expel ignominiouBly 
(with out). 

drumhead Ched), n. the head or top 
of a drum; the top of a capstan. 

drummer ('er), n. one who plays a 
drum; a commercial traveler. 

drumstick ('stik), n. the stick with 
which a drum is beaten; the outer 
Joint of a fowl's leg from the knee 
to the heel. 

Drummond-light ('und-lit), n. an- 
other name for the Umehght. 

drunk (drungk), p.p. of drink: n. a 
fit of drunkenness; a drunken per- 
son: adj. intoxicated. 

drunkard C^rd), n. one habitually 
drunk. 

drunken ('en), p.odj. habitually in- 
temperate. 

drunkenness (-nes), n. the state of 
being drunk; habitual intemperance; 
frenzy. 

dry (dri), adj. [comp. drier, superl, 
driest], free from moisture or wet- 
ness; not yielding juices; devoid of 
interest; unintentionally humorous 
or quaint; without sweetness or 
fruity flavor: v.t, free from moisture 
or juice; stop the flow of; parch: v.i. 
to lose or bo deprived of moisture. 

dryad (dri'ad), n. a wood nymph. 

dry battery (dri bat'te-ri), n. a bat- 



tery for generatmg electricity by 
means of dry chemicals. 

dry dock (dri'dok), n. a repair dock 
for ships. 

dryly ('H), adv. without moisture; in 
a dry manner; coldly; sarcastically. 
Also drily. 

dry-nurse ('ners), v.t. to rear with- 
out the breast. 

drysalt ('sav/lt), v.t. to cure by salt- 
ing and drying, as meat. 

dual (dti'M), adj. expressing, or com- 
posed of, the number 2; n. the 
form of the noun or verb connoting 
two persons or things. 

dualin (du'a-lin), n. an explosive for 
projectiles, made of nitro-cellulose 
and gun-cotton. 

dualism (-izm), n. a twofold divi- 
sion; the doctrine of two indepen- 
dent and separate principles in man, 
the spiritual and the corporeal; the 
Gnostic theory that there are two 
independent eternal principles, one 
evil and the other good. 

dualist ('Mist), n. one who holds 
any of the theories of dualism. 

dualistic (-Mist'ik), adj. twofold; 
characterized by, or pertaining to, 
dualism. 

duality (-al'i-ti), n. the state or 
quahty of being twofold; division 
into two. 

dual alliance (du'M al-i'§-ns), n. the 
compact between Austria-Hungary 
and Germany after Italy withdrew 
from the original triple alliance at 
the outbreak of the European war 
of 1914. 

dub (dub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dubbed, 
p.pr. dubbing], to invest with 
knighthood by striking the shoulder 
with a sword; confer any rank, dig- 
nity, character, or name upon; rub, 
dress, or smooth: v.i. make a brisk 
noise: n. a tap or blow. 

dubious (du'bi-us), adj. doubtful. 

ducal (1^1), adj. pertaining to a 
duke. 

ducat (duk'at), n. a gold or silver 
coin formerly in use in Europe : value 
$2.28 in U. S. money. 



ate, arm, &sk, at^ awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DUCHESS 



305 



DULLARD 



duchess (duch'es), n, the consort or 
widow of a duke. 

duchy ('i), n. [pi. duchies ('iz) ], the 
territory, dominions, or jurisdiction 
of a duke. 

duck (duk), n, any bird of the fam- 
ily Anatidae, especially the domestic 
duck; the female of this bird, as dis- 
tinguished from the drake; an 
expression of endearment; a strong 
linen un twilled fabric: pi. sailors' 
trousers or Hght clothes worn in hot 
climates: v.i, to plunge the head 
imder water and then withdraw it 
quickly; bob the head. 

ducking ('ing), n. the act of putting 
imder water; the sport of shooting 
wild ducks. 

ducking-stool (-stool), n. a stool 
in which female scolds were ducked 
in the water. 

duckling .(ling), n. a young duck. 

duckweed ('wed), n. a common 
fresh-water plant eaten by ducks. 

duct (dukt), n. a passage, tube, or 
canal by which a fluid or secretion 
is conveyed. 

ductile ('til), acy. capable of being 
drawn out into threads or wire; 
tractable. 

ductility ('i-ti), n. flexibility. 

ductless glands (dukt-les-glands) , n. 
glands that discharge their secretion 
into the blood stream, now known 
to have great importance in the bod- 
ily economy. 

dude (dud), n. a kind of dandy, 
characterized by over-affectedness in 
manners, dress, &c. 

dudeen (du-den'), n. a short clay pipe. 

dudgeon (duj'un), n, sullen anger; 
resentment; ill-will. 

dudisni (dud'izm), n. the affectation 
or social pecuharities of dudes. Also 
dudeism. 

duds (dudz), n.pl. clothes. 

due (du), adj. owed or owing; pay- 
able; fulfilling obligation; suitable 
to a case; ascribable; proper: adv. 
exactly; directly: n. that which is 
owed or required by an obligation; 
a custom, toll, tribute, or fee. 



duel ('el), n. a combat between two 
persons with deadly weapons: v.i. 
to fight in a duel. 

dueling (-ing), n. the fighting a duel. 

duena (doo-a'nya), n. an elderly 
Spanish or Portuguese lady who acts 
as a guardian to a younger one; a 
governess. Also duenna. 

duet (du-ef), n. a vocal or instru- 
mental composition for two per- 
formers. Also duetto. 

duetino (doo-a-te'no), n. a short duet. 

duff ^ (duf), n. pudding of flour, &c.; 
boiled in a bag; a vegetable growth 
accumulated in forest ground. 

duffer Cer), n. sl peddler or hawker 
of feminine articles of attire, flash 
jewehy, &c.; a dull, stupid, ineffi- 
cient person; a fogy; a spurious 
coin. 

duffing ('ing), adj. worthless; coun- 
terfeit. 

dug, p.t. & p.p. of dig: n. a teat. 

dugong (du'gong), n. an aquatic 
herbivorous mammal resembling the 
seal and walrus; the sea-cow. 

dugout (dug'out), n. a canoe hol- 
lowed out from a log; a rough kind 
of shelter excavated in the side of a 
hill or bank. 

duke (duk), n. the highest order of 
Enghsh nobility and ranking next 
below an archbishop and the princes 
of the blood; a continental prince or 
noble. 

dukedom ('dum), n. a duchy. 

dulcet (dul'set), adj. sweet or pleas- 
ant to the ear; harmonious. 

dulciana (si-a'n§;), n. a soft-toned 
stop. 

dulcimer ('si-mer) n. an instrument 
with wire strings which are struck 
with a rod. 

dull (dul), adj. slow of apprehension 
or action; stupid; sluggish; with- 
out sensibihty; not bright or clear 
to the eye; blunt; without wind: 
v.t. to deprive of sharpness; make 
stupid or heavy; tarnish: t;.t. to be- 
come calm; become dull or bbint. 

'dullard C^rd), n. a stupid person; 
blockhead. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; nnte, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hue. hut; think, ihea. 

Die. 20 



DULNESS 



306 



DUPLICATE 



dulness ('nes), n. the state or quality 
of being dull. 

duly (du'li), adv, in a fit and becom- 
ing manner; fitly; regularly. 

dumb (dum), adj, incapable of 
speech. 

dumb-bell Cbel), n, one of a pair 
of heavy weights used for muscular 
exercise. 

dumb-show ('sho), n, gesture without 
speech. 

dumb-waiter (wa'ter), n. a movable 
framework for lifting groceries. 

dumbledore (dum'bl-dor), n. the 
bumble-bee; the brown cock- 
chafer. 

Dumdum bullet (dum'dum bullet), 
71. a bullet with an incomplete steel 
Jacket which expands on striking, 
owing to its soft core; so named from 
the town of Dumdum in India, where 
British military suppUes are made. 
A majority of the International 
Peace Conference of 1899 decided 
against the use of this form of bullet 
in warfare. 

dummy (dum'i), n. {pi. dummies 
('iz) ], one who is mute or silent; 
that which imitates a reality; an 
exposed hand at whist when three 
persons are playing: adj, fictitious. 

dunnite (dun'nit), n. a picric acid 
explosive for projectiles. 

dump (dump),^ n. a thud or heavy 
sound; anything short, thick, and 
heavy; a place to discharge rub- 
bish in: pi, low spirits: v.t,to throw 
down and empty, especially abrupt- 
ly; unload from a cart: v,i, to un- 
load by tilting. 

dumpling (dumpling), n. a covering of 
dough, sometimes containing meat, 
or fruit; dough cooked in gravy. 

dumpy ('i), adj. short and thick; 
discontented; sulky. 

dun (dun), adj, of a dull brown col- 
or: n, a creditor who presses per- 
sistently for payment of a debt; a 
fortified eminence; earthwork; 
mound: v.t, [p.t. & p.p, dunned, 
j).pr, dunning], to urge importunate- 
ly, especially for a debt; cure, as 



codfish, after salting, to impart a 
dark color. 

dunce (duns), n. a dull, ignorant 
person. 

dunderhead ('der-hed), n. a dolt; 
a numskull. 

dune (dun), a heap of drifted sand 
piled up on the sea-shore by the 
action of the wind. 

dunfish ('fish), n, codfish cured by 
dunning. 

dung (dung), n, the excrement of 
animals; anything filthy or rotten: 
v,t, to manure with dung. 

dungeon Cjun), n. the principal 
keep of a mediaeval castle; a dark 
underground cell; a prison. 

Dunkers ('kerz), n, pi. a sect of Ger- 
man-American Baptist^, properly 
termed Brethren. 

dunnage ('aj), n. loose wood, fagots, 
&c., stowed in the hold of a vessel 
to protect the cargo from injury. 

dunnish ('ish), adj. inclined to dun 
color. 

duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal), adj, 
consisting of, or computing by, 
twelves or any power of 12. n, a, 
tweKth power of anything: pi. a 
system of computing by twelves the 
number of square feet and inches 
in a rectangular area. 

duodecimo (1-mo), n. a sheet folded 
into 12 leaves (12mo): said of a 
book. 

duodenum (-de'num), n. [pi. duo- 
dena (/na) ], the first portion of the 
small intestine. 

dupable (dup'^-bl), adj, capable of 
being duped. 

dupe (dup), n. one who is, or can be, 
easily tricked; a credulous person; 
v.t, to deceive by trickery; cheat. 

duplex (du'pleks), adj, double; com- 
pound: applied to the transmission 
of two telegraphic messages over 
a single wire at the same time: v.i, 
to transmit telegraphic messages by 
the duplex system. 

duplicate ('pli-kat), v.t, to make or 
render double; make a copy or 
copies of: v.i. to celebrate Mass or 



5te, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



DUPLICATION 



307 



DYNAM 



receive the Eucharist twice in one 
day: adj, corresponding exactly with 
another; twofold; double; growing 
in pairs, n. facsimile, counterpart; 
an exact copy. 

duplication (-ka'shun), n. the act of 
duphcating; a fold; multiphcation 
by 2. ; 

duplicity (-plis'i-ti), n, deceit; 
hypocrisy. 

durability (du-r§r-bil'i-ti), n, endur- 
ance. 

durable ('r§,-bl), adj. not perishing; 
permanent; stable; lasting. 

durably (-H), adv. in a durable man- 
ner. 

dura mater ('ri, ma'ter), n. the 
tough covering which envelops the 
brain and spinal cord. 

duramen (-ra'men), n. the inner or 
heart wood of an exogenous tree. 

durance ('rans), n, imprisonment. 

duration (-ra'shun), n, continuance 
in time; permanency. 

duress (du-res' or dti'res), n. re- 
straint of personal liberty by fear 
or physical force, compelling a per- 
son to do some act; imprisonment. 

during (during), prep, in the time 
of; at some period of. 

durometer (du-rom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for testing the hardness of 
steel rails. 

dursty p.t. of dare. 

dusk (dusk), adj. tending to dark- 
ness; shadowy; swarthy: n. incip- 
ient darkness. 

duskily ('i-h), adv. with a tendency 
to darkness or blackness. 

dust Cdust), n. fine dry particles of 
matter; a stirring of such fine par- 
ticles; state of dissolution; un- 
organized matter; pollen; obscur- 
ity; confusion: v.t. to brush away 
dust from; cover with a powdered 
substance. 

dusty ('i), adj. [comp. dustier, superL 
dustiest], covered with dust. 

Dutch (duch), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the Dutch or Low 
Germans of Holland, or their lan- 
guage. 



duteous ('ti-us), adj, fulfilling duty; 
obedient. 

dutiable (dti'ti-^-bl), adj, subject to 
duty. 

dutiful (-fool), adj, respectful; obe- 
dient to parents. 

dutifully (-li), adv, in a dutiful 
manner. 

duty ('ti), n. [pi, duties ('tiz) ], ob- 
hgatory service; tax, impost, or toll 
levied by Government on certain 
articles. 

duumvir (-um'ver), n. [pi. duumviri 
('vi-ri), duumvirs (Verz) ], two an- 
cient Roman officers of high rank 
acting together in one capacity or 
public function. 

duumvirate (Ver-at), n, the joint 
office of the duumviri. 

dwarf (dwawrf), n. a human being, 
animal, or plant much below the 
average height: adj. of smaller size 
or height than the average: v.t. hin- 
der from growing to the natural 
size: v.i, become stunted; grow 
smaller. 

dwell (dwel), v.i. [p.t, & p.p. dwelt, 
p.pr. dwelling], to reside for a 
length of time; have a fixed abode; 
continue; linger: v.t. to inhabit. 

dwelling ('ing), n. sl house or place 
of abode. 

dwindle (dwin'dl), v.i. to become 
gradually less; diminish; decrease. 

Dyak (di'ak), adj. pertaining to the 
natives of the Malay race inhabiting 
Borneo. 

dye (di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dyed, p.pr, 
dyeing], to stain or color: v.i. to 
follow the trade of a dyer: n. a col- 
oring liquid or stain, 

dying Cing), p. adj. the passing away 
from life; decaying physically; 
drawing to a close; the act of ex- 
piring. 

dynactinometer (-nak-ti-nom'e-ter), 
n. an instrument for measuring the 
intensity of the photogenic rays of 
light and comparing the quickness 
of action of lenses in photography. 

dynam ('nam), n. a unit of work 
equal to one foot pound. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; kue, hut; think, then. 



DYNAMIC 



308 



DYSPEPTIC 



dynamic ('ik), adj, pertaining to 
mechanical forces not in equilibrium; 
effective. Also dynamical: n.'pl, 
that branch of mechanics which 
treats of the effects of force in 
producing motion. Also kinetics. 

dynamitard ('n§,-mi-tard), n. one 
who advocates the use of dynamite 
as a revolutionary agent. Also 
dynamiter. 

dynamite ('ni-mit), n, a highly ex- 
plosive compound of nitro-glycerine 
mixed with sawdust or infusorial 
silica: v.t, to destroy by dynamite. 

dynamo ('n§,-mo), n. an electric ma- 
chine for converting mechanical into 
electric energy. 

dynamograph (-nam'o-graf), n, an 
instrument for registering muscular 
power by compressing a spring held 
in the hand. 

dynamometer (-n§.-mom'e-ter), n. an 



apparatus for measuring the force 
or power in moving a load, &c. 

dynastic (-nas'tik), adj, pertaining 
to a dynasty. 

dynasty ('nas-ti), n, [pZ. dynasties 
(-tiz) ], a line or succession of sov- 
ereigns of a particular family; the 
length of time during which a cer- 
tain family reigns. 

dyne (din), n. the force which, acting 
upon a gramme per second, generates 
a velocity of 1 centimeter. 

dysentery (dis'en-ter-i), n. a tropical 
disease akin to diarrhoea, attended 
with fever. 

dysgenic (dis'gen-ik), n. militating 
against the improvement of the race 
through breeding; the opposite of 
eugenic. 

dyspepsia (-pep'si-a), n, indigestion. 

dyspeptic ('tik), adj, pertaining to, 
causing, or afflicted with, dyspepsia. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQU. 



E 



E, the fifth l^ter of the Enghsh alpha- 
bet, said to be the most frequent in 
occurrence of all the letters. 

each (ech), adj, & pron. every one; 
either. 

eager (e'ger), adj, impetuous; vehe- 
ment; earnest; keen; enthusiastic. 

eagle ('gl), n. a bird of prey, genus 
Aquila, noted for its strength, size, 
and keenness of vision; a gold coin 
of the United States = 10 dollars ; the 
military standard of ancient Rome. 

eagle-wood (-wood), n. a highly 
fragrant resinous wood. Also agal- 
lochum. 

eaglet Cglet), n. a young eagle. 

ear (er), n, the organ of hearing; 
dehcate perception of sounds; at- 
tention; a spike of corn; anything 
that resembles an ear. 

eared (erd), adj, having ears. 

earing (er'ing), n, a small rope for 
fastening the upper corner of a sail 
to a yard or stanchion; a plowing 
of land; the formation of ears, as 
in wheat. 

earl (erl), n. nobleman next in rank 
below a marquis. 

earldom^ ('dum), n. the possessions 
or dignity of an earl. 

early (er'U), adj. [comp. earlier, superL 
earliest], before the usual time; 
seasonable: adv. soon; seasonably. 

earmark (er'mark), n. Sb mark for 
identification: v,L to set a distinc- 
tive mark upon. 

ear-minded (er'min'ded), adj. tend- 
ing to learn and remember and think 
in terms of auditory images; opposed 
to eye-minded. 

ear-mindedness (er'min'ded-nes), n. 
the mental constitution characteri- 



zed by a tendency to use auditory 
images in the mental processes. 

ear-muff (er'muf), n. a covering to 
protect the ears. 

earn (em), v.t. to gain as a just 
recompense for one's labor, service, 
&c.; merit. 

earnest ('est), adj. in serious reality; 
serious in speech or action; ardent; 
zealous; eager: n. a portion of 
something given or done in advance 
as a pledge. 

earnings ('ingz), n.p?. wages; reward. 

earring (er'ring), ?i. an ear ornament. 

ear-splitting (er'split'ing), a. deafen- 
ing and overpoweringly noisy. 

earth (erth), n. the inhabited terra- 
queous globe; the solid materials 

. which compose the globe; ground; 
soil; a region or land; w^orldly 
things or interests; the inhabitants 
of the globe ; that part of the ground 
forming part of an electric cir- 
cuit: v.t. to hide or bury in the 
earth; place in connection wdth the 
earth: v.i. to burrow. 

earthen ('en), adj. made of earth. 

earthenware (-war), n. vessels or 
other objects made of clay or a 
similar earthy substance. ^ 

earthly (-li), adj. pertaining to the 
earth; sensual; worldly; possible 
conceivable. 

earthnut Cnut), n. the ground nut. 

earthquake ('kwak), n. a shaking 
or trembling of the earth produced 
by subterranean volcanic forces. 

earthwork (-werk), n. a cutting 
or embankment; an offensive or 
defensive fortification constructed 

. chiefly of earth. 

earthworm ('werm), n. a common 



ate, arm, §/sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(309) 



EARTHY 



310 



EBONY 



name for worms that live in the 
ground. 

earthy ('i), adj. pertaining to, com- 
posed of, or resembling, the earth; 
dull; coarse. 

earwax (erVaks), n. cerumen. 

earwig (er'wig), ^ n. a well-known 
insect with a pair of curved forceps 
at its tail: v.t, [p.t, & p.p. earwig- 
ged, p.pr. earwigging], to^ gain the 
ear of and influence by whispered or 
covert statements. 

ease (ez), n, freedom from pain, dis- 
turbance, labor, ^ or affectation; 
quiet; repose; facihty: v.t, to free 
from pain, anxiety, or trouble; give 
rest or relief. 

easel (e'zl), n, a wooden frame or 
tripod for supporting a canvas, 
blackboard, &c. 

easement (ez'ment), n. that which 
gives ease or rehef; a right of ac- 
commodation in another's land, or a 
right of passage. 

east (est), n. that part of the heavens 
where the sun is seen to rise; one 
of the four cardinal points; the 
eastern part of the earth: adj, com- 
ing from the east; near the altar of 
a church, as seen from^ the nave: 
adv, in an easterly direction. 

East (est), n, the Orient; eastern part 
of the United States. 

Easter (es'ter), n, a festival of the 
Christian Church to commemorate 
the resurrection of Jesus Christ: 
adj, pertaining to Easter. 

easterly (-li), adv, situated, or mov- 
ing toward, the east: adj, in the 
direction of the east. 

eastern (est'ern), adj, situated to- 
ward, or lying in, the east. 

Eastern (-ern), adj. Oriental. 

Eastern Church (cherch), n. the 
Orthodox Oriental or Greek Church. 

Eastern Empire (em'pir), n, that 
part of the later Roman Empire 
which had its capital at Byzantium 
(Constantinople) . 

Easterner (-er), n, a person who 
resides in the eastern part of the 
United States. 



Eastern question (kwes'chun), n, the 
term applied to the comphcated inter- 
nal problems arising out of the posses- 
sion by the Turks of the southeast 
of Europe, and their relations to 
Russia and adjoining states. 

easting ('ing), n, the distance trav- 
ersed by a vessel eastward from a 
given meridian. 

eastward ^ (V^rd), adv. toward, or 
in the direction of, th% east. Also 
eastwards. 

easy (-ez'i), adj. [comp, easier, superl. 
easiest], free from pain, disturbance, 
&c.; not burdensome; moderate; 
well-to-do; credulous; natural; not 
formal; yielding; gentle. 

easy-street (ez'i-stret), n, American- 
ism for comfortable circumstances. 

eat (et), v.t, [p.t. ate, p.p. eaten, p.pr, 
eating], to chew and swallow, as 
food; devour; consume; corrode; 
waste or wear away: v,i, to take 
food; penetrate; taste. 

eau (o), n, [pL eaux (oz),^ (French)], 
water, especially as applied to per- 
fumes, cordials, spirituous waters, 
&c., as eau de cologne. 

eaves (evz), n.pl, the edges of the 
roof which overhang a building. 

eavesdrop ('drop), v.i, [p.t, & p.p. 
eavesdropped, p.pr. eavesdropping], 
to hsten to the private conversa- 
tion of others. 

ebauchoir (a-bo-shwar'), n. a large 
broad hewing chisel used by statu- 
aries. 

ebb (eb), n, the flowing back of the 
tide; ebb-tide; dechne: v.i. to flow 
back or return, as the tide to the 
sea; decline; recede. 

Eblis (eb'hs), n, the IVEohammedan 
Devil; in Mohammedan mythology, 
the chief evil spirit. 

ebonite ('un-it), n, a hard dark va- 
riety of vulcanite. 

ebonize (-iz), v.t. to make black by 
staining like ebony. 

ebony ('un-i), n. a hard, heavy, dur- 
able black-colored wood [pi. ebonies 
(-iz)], negroes: adj, made of, or 
like, ebony. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EBOULEMENT 



311 



ECLIPSE 



eboulement (a-bool'mang),^ n, the 
crumbling of a wall or fortification; 
a landslip; avalanche, 

ebullition (eb-u-Hsh'nn), n.^the act 
of boiling; effervescence; a sudden 
outbinrst of f eeHng. 

eburine (eb'u-rin),?2. an artificial ivory. 

ecarte (a-kar-taO, n. a game of cards 
played by two persons with 32 cards, 
from which those from two to six 
have been cast out. 

ecaudate (e-kaw'dat), adj. tailless. 

ecbatic (ek-bat'ik), adj. denoting the 
relation of cause and effect. 

eccentric ('sen-trik), adj. not sit- 
uated in, or deviating from the cen- 
ter; peculiar in manner or char- 
acter; erratic; not having the same 
center: opposed to concentric: n. a 
circle or sphere not having the same 
center as another circle; a mechanic- 
al device for converting continuous 
circular motion into reciprocating 
rectilinear motion.^ 

eccentricity (-tris'i-ti), n, [pi. ec- 
centricities (-tiz)], deviation from 
a center; pecuharity of manner or 
character; idiosyncrasy. 

ecchymosis (-i-mo'sis), n. a livid 
spot on the skin, caused by extra v- 
asated blood. 

ecclesiastic (e-kle-zi-as'tik), n. a 
person in holy orders; a clergyman. 

ecclesiastical (-al), adj. pertaining 
to the Church and its organization 
or government. 

ecclesiastically (-li), adv. in an ec- 
clesiastical manner. 

ecclesiasticism (-as'ti-sizm), n. 
strong attachment to the forms, 
usages, organization, and privileges 
of the Church. 

ecclesiology^ (-zi-oro-ji), n. the 
science which treats of the Church 
as an organized society, and of its 
development. 

eschalot (esh-a-!ot') , n. a kind of 
onion resembling garlic. 

echelon (esh'e-lon), n. an arrange- 
ment of a body of troops in the form 
of steps; an arrangement of the 
vessels of a fleet in V form. 



echelon (esh'e-lon), n. an apparatus 
composed of glass plates devised by 
Prof. A. A. Michelson and used to 
separate tae rays of hght in spec- 
troscopic work. 

echinate (ek'i-nat), v.t. and v.i^ to pro- 
ject at such an angle as to have a 
feathery or plumed appearance, as 
in case of the spicules of certain 
sponges. 

echinodern (e-ki 'no-derm), n. an in- 
dividual of the Echinodermata, a 
class of animals in Cuvier's system, 
which includes the star-fishes, sea- 
urchins, &c. 

echinus ('nus), n. [pi. echini ('nl)], 
a sea-urchiu; a rounded egg-shaped 
molding. 

echo (ek'o), n. [pi. echoes Coz)], 
the repetition of a sound caused by 
reflection; the^ repetition of the 
words or opinions of others: v.i. 
[pt, & p.p. echoed; p.pr. echoing], 
to emit an echo; give, or reflect 
back, a sound: v.t. to repeat the 
sound of; repeat closely (the words, 
&c., of others). 

echometry^ (e-kom'e-tri)^ n. the art 
of measuring the duration of sounds. 

eclair (a-klar'), n. a small oblong 
cake containing flavored cream, &c , 
covered on the top with sugar or 
chocolate. 

eclaircissement (-ses'mang), n. an 
explanation or clearing up of some- 
thing previously obscure or misun- 
derstood. 

eclat (a-kla')i n. a bursting forth, as 
of applause or admiration; renown; 
striking effect; splendor. 

eclectic (ek-lek'tik), adj. selecting or 
choosing from different systems, doc- 
trines, or sources; hberal and broad 
in taste or belief: n. one of a class 
of ancient philosophers. 

eclecticism ('ti-sizm), n. the eclectic 
system of philosophy. 

eclipse (e-klips'), n. the total or par- 
tial obscuration of the light of a 
heavenly body caused by its entering 

, the shadow of another body: hence 
diminution: obscuration; temporary 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not ; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ECLIPTIC 



3r2 



EDGE 



failure: adj, pertaining to an 
eclipse: v.t» to cover or obscure by 
an eclipse; darken or conceal; over- 
shadow. 

ecliptic (-klip'tik), n. the apparent 
path of the sun, or real path of the 
earth, in the heavens during a year. 

eclogue (ek'log), n, a pastoral poem. 

economic (ek-o, or e-ko-nom'ik), adj, 
frugal; saving; pertaining to do- 
mestic economy. Also economical: 
n.pl, political economy. 

economically (-^1-h), adv, with 
economy. 

economist (-kon'o-mist), n, one pru- 
dent^ in expenditure; a student of 
political economy. 

economize ('o-miz), v.t. to manage 
with care or frugahty: v,i, to be 
careful in outlay. 

economy ('o-mi), n. [pi. economies 
(-miz)], the regulation of household 
affairs; frugality ^ in expenditure; 
any system of religious laws, rites, 
or ceremonies. 

ecorche (a-kor-sha'), n. an anatom- 
ical model, represented as deprived 
of the skin; to exhibit for study the 
muscular system. 

ecrevisse (a-kre-ves'), n, a piece of 
armor formed of overlapping splints 
resembling the tail of the crawfish. 

ecru (a-krooO, adj. unbleached: said 
of the color of textile fabrics. 

ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. [pi, ecstasies 
(-siz)], the state of being beside 
one's self; excessive joy; a land of 
cataleptic trance. 

ecstatic (-stat'ik), adj. overpower- 
ing; rapturous; entrancing. Also 
ecstatical. 

ecstatically (-§.1-11), adv. rapturously. 

ectasis (ek'ta-sis), n. the pronuncia- 
tion of a vowel as long, or its length- 
ening if short. 

ectoblast ( to-blast), n. an outer cell 
wall. 

ectocyst Csist), n. the outer covering 
of a polyzoon. 

ectoderm (-derm), n. the external 
skin, or outer layer, of an animal or 
plant. 



ectogenesis (ek-to-jen'e-sis), n. pro- 
ducing structures from without in- 
stead of from within. 

ectolateral (ek-to-lat'e-ral), a. placed 
or situated on the outer side. 

ectonuclear (ek-to-nu'kle-ar), adj. 
found outside the nucleus of a micro- 
bic cell. 

ectopagus (ek-top'a-gus), n, a double 
monster united laterally. 

ectophyte (ek'to-fit), n. a vegetable 
parasite living on the outside of its 
host. 

ectophytic (ek-to-fit'ik), a. having 
the nature of an external parasite. 

ectopic gestation (ek-top'ik ges-ta- 
shon), n. bearing the embryo outside 
the uterus in the abdominal cavity. 

ectoplasm (-plazm), n, the exterior 
protoplasm or sarcode of a cell. 

ectosac (ek'to-sak), n. the membrane 
in which an ovum or egg is contained. 

ectozoa (-zo'a), n.pL external para- 
sites. 

ectype (ek'tip), n. a reproduction or 
imitation of an original design. 

ectypography (-ti-pog'ra-fi), n, a 
method of etching in relief. 

ecu (a-koo'), n. a mediaeval shield; the 
name of various gold and silver coins 
formerly current in France. 

ecumenic^ (ek-u-men'ik), adj, gen- 
eral; universal, pertaining to the 
Christian ^ Church throughout the 
world: said of certain coxmcils of 
the Church. Also ecumenical. 

eczema ('ze-m§.), n. an inflammatory 
disease of the skin. 

eddy (ed'i), n. [pL eddies ('iz)], a 
contrary current of air or water 
causing a circular motion; a small 
whirlpool: v.i. to move with a circu- 
lar motion; whirl. 

edelweiss (a'dl-vis), n. a small peren- 
nial white, woolly, composite Alpine 
plant. 

Eden (e'dn), n. paradise; any partic- 
ularly dehghtful region or residence. 

edge (ej), n. the thin, sharp or cut- 
ting part of an instrument; extreme 
border; brink; margin; keenness; 
mental acuteness: v.L to furnish 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, t/ien. 



EDGED 



313 



EFFEMINATE 



with an edge or a border; exasper- 
ate; incite; move forward little by 
little: v.i. to sail close to the wind. 

edged ('d), p.adj, furnished with an 
edge, border, or fringe. 

edge-tool (tool), n. any sharp tool. 

edging ('ing), n. that which forms 
an edge or border; narrow lace or 
embroidery for a garment; the oper- 
ation ^ of shaping or ornamenting 
anything. 

edible ('i-bl), adj. fit to be eaten as 
food: n. something fit to be eaten 
(usually in pi), 

edict (e'dikt), n. a pubHc proclama- 
tion or decree issued by a sovereign 
and having the force of a law. 

edification (ed-i-fi-ka'shun), n. a 
building up in a moral or rehgious 
sense; instruction. 

edify ('i-fi), y.L [p.t & p.p. edified, 
p.pr. edifying], to build up or 
strengthen, especially in faith or 
morals; impart instruction to. 

edit ('it), y.L^ to revise and prepare 
for publication; direct, select, and 
adapt hterary matter for the press; 
make a revision of. 

edition (e-dish'un), n. the published 
form of a literary work; the number 
of copies of a book, magazine, or 
newspaper published at one time; 
reproduction. 

editor ^ed'i-ter), n, one who superin- 
tends, revises, or prepares a literary 
work for pubUcation; one who con- 
ducts a newspaper, magazine, &c. 

editorial (-tor'i-al), adj. pertaining 
to an editor, or his duties: n. a 
leading article. 

editress ('i-tres), n. a female editor. 

educate ('u-kat), ^ v.t. to impart 
knowledge to ; cultivate the moral or 
intellectual faculties of; instruct, 
train. 

education (-ka'shun), n. the act, pro- 
cess, or result of educating; the sys- 
tematic training of the moral and 
intellectual faciSties; the rearing of 
animals. 

educationist ('shun-ist), n. one 
versed in the art, theory, and meth- 



ods of education ; one who advocates 
the promotion and extension of edu- 
cation. 

educator (-ka-ter), n. one who, or 
that which, educates; a tutor; an 
educationist. 

educe (e-dus'), v.t. to draw out; 
evolve; bring to fight. 

eduction (e-duk'shun), n. the act of 
exhausting, as steam. 

eductive Ctiv), adj. drawing out. 

eel (el), n. an elongated fish, destitute 
of ventral fins, having a shppery 
mucous skin. 

eelbuck ('buk), n. a funnel-shaped 
wicker basket for catching eels. 

eelfare ('far), n. the passage of 
young eels up a stream; a brood of 
eels. 

eel-pout Cpout), n. the burbot. 

e'en (en), contraction of even and 
evening. 

e'er (ar), contraction of ever. 

eerie (e'ri), adj. lonely; weird; 
gloomy; mysterious. Also eery, 

efface (ef-fas'), v.t. to obhterate; 
render indistinguishable; destroy. 

e£Faceable Ci»-bl), adj. capable of 
being effaced 

effacement ('ment), n. obliteration. 

effect (ef-fektO, v.t. to produce as a 
cause, consequence, or result; ac- 
complish; fulfil: n. result; purpose; 
realization; efficiency; purport: pi. 
goods; personal estate. 

effective Civ), adj. having the power 
to effect; operative; efficient; pow- 
erful : n. a soldier fit for duty. 

effectual Cu-^1), adj. producing, or 
having, effect; completely operative; 
efficient. 

effectually (-li), adv. in an effectual 
manner. 

effeminacy (-fem'i-n§,-si), n. the 
quahty of being effeminate; woman- 
ish softness or dehcacy; unmanh- 
ness. 

effeminate ('i-nat), v.t. to make 
womanisl or dehcate; imman: v.i. 
become womanish: adj.^ having the 
qualities or characteristics of a 
woman; dehcate or unmanly. 



ate, arm, i-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EFFERENT 



314 



EGOTISTIC 



efferent ('fer-ent), adj. conveying or 
discharging outwards. 

effervesce (-vesO, v.i. to be in a state 
of natural ebullition; bubble or hiss. 

effervescence ('ens), n. the state or 
condition of effervescing; irrepressi- 
ble excitement; a display of feeling. 

effervescent ('ent), adj. gently bub- 
bling and hissing from the giving off 
of gas. 

effervescible ('i-bl), adj. capable of 
effervescing. 

effete (-fef), adj. worn out; barren; 
exhausted. 

efficacious (-i-ka'shus), adj. produc- 
ing, or capable of producing, a de- 
sired effect. 

efficacy (-ka-si), n. power to produce 
results or effects; ability. 

efficiency (-fish 'en-si), n. effectual 
agency or power; the state of being 
efficient. 

efficient ('ent), adj. producing or 
causing effects or results; powerful; 
ready: n. an agent or cause; a qual- 
ified person. 

effigy^ ('i-ji), n. {pi. effigies (-jiz)], 
an image; a likeness or figure in 
sculpture, painting, or on coins, &c. 

effloresce (flo-resO, «^-^- to blossom; 
become covered with a whitish crust 
or fine white crystals. 

efflorescence ('ens), n. the time or 
state of flowering; the production of 
flowers; redness of the skin; the 
formation of fine white crystals on 
the surface of efflorescing substances. 

efflorescent ('ent), adj. blossoming. 

effluence ('flu-ens), n. an issuing out. 

effluent (-ent), adj. flowing or issu- 
ing forth: n. a stream which flows 
out of another or forms the outlet of 
a lake. 

effluvial ('vi-§;l), adj. pertaining to 
effluvia. 

effluviography (e-flo-vi-og'ra-fi), n. 
the action of the silent electric dis- 
charge upon a photographic plate. 

effluvium ^ (Vi-um), n. \pL effluvia 
(-^)], an invisible subtle emanation; 
disagreeable exhalations arising from 
decaying matter. 



efflux ('fluks), n. the act of flowing 
out; effluence; emanation; a passing 
away. 

effoliation (-fol-i-a'shun), n. the de- 
priving of leaves: said of a plant. 

effort ('fort), n. strenuous exertion, 
physical or mental; struggle; at- 
tempt. 

effractor (e-frak'tor), n. one who il- 
legally enters a house, as a burglar, 

effrontery (-frunt'er-i), n. impu- 
dence. 

effulgence (-ful'jens), n. a great lus- 
ter, brightness, or splendor. 

effusion (-fu'zhun), n. the act of 
pouring out, or shedding forth; an 
outpouring of thought or sentiment; 
the escape of a fluid from the vessel 
inclosing it. 

effusive ('siv), adj. pouring forth 
freely or widely. 

eft (eft), a newt. 

egad (e-gad'), inter j. an exclamation 
of wonder, pleasure, or admiration. 

egg. (eg), n. the oval or roundish body 
laid by birds and certain other ani- 
mals, from which their young are 
produced; something shaped like an 
egg; the germ or first principle of 
anything; v.t. to urge on or incite: 
pelt with eggs. 

e^Z^n^ Cing), n. incitement. 

egis, same as aegis. 

eglantine ('lan-tin), n. the dog-rose. 

ego (e'go), n. self; personahty. 

egoism (-izm), n. the habit of re- 
garding self as the center of every- 
thing; the doctrine that everything 
is uncertain but the fact of one's 
existence. 

egoist (-ist), n. an adherent of egoism. 

ego-maniac (eg-o-ma'ni-ak), n. one 
whose self-love is so excessive as to 
become a disease. 

egotism^ (e'go-, or eg'o-tizm), n. self- 
exaltation in thought, speech, or 
writing; vanity. 

egotist (-tist), n. one characterized 
by egotism. 

egotistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
characterized by, egotism. Also ego- 
tistical. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



EGREGIOUS 



815 



ELATE 



egregious (e-gre'jus), adj, extraordi- 
nary. 

egress ('gres), n, departure. 

egret Cgret), n, a species of heron; a 
heron's plume; the feathery down of 
seeds. 

Egyptology^ ('o-ji), n, the science or 
scientific investigation of Egyptian 
antiquities and hieroglyphics. 

eider (i'der), n. a large marine duck, 
the down of which is an article of 
commercial value. 

eidograph ('do-graf), n. an appara- 
tus for copying drawings, &c. 

eidoscope (-skop), n. an instrument 
for producing an infinite variety of 
geometrical figures. 

eight ^ (at), adj. one more than 7: a 
cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 7 
and 1; a symbol (8, VIII., viii.), de- 
noting this number. 

eighteen (a'ten), adj. one more than 
17: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum 
of 17 and 1; a symbol (18, XVIII., 
xviii.), denoting this number. 

eighteenmo (-mo), n. a book whose 
sheets are folded into 18 leaves. Oc- 
todecimo. 

eighteenth ('tenth), adj. next in or- 
der after 17th: an ordinal numeral. 

eighth (at'th), adj. next after sev- 
enth; an ordinal numeral: n. an in- 
terval of an octave. 

eightieth (a'ti-eth), adj. next to 
79th. 

eightscore ('skor), adj. containing 
eight times 20 :n. 160. 

eighty ('ti), adj. 8 times 10. 

eikon (i'kon), n. [pL eikones ('ko- 
nez)], a holy image; a sacred pic- 
ture used in the Greek Church. 

eikonometer (i-ko-nom'e-ter), n. a 
device for measuring microscopic 
objects or determining the magnify- 
ing power of a microscope. 

eis-wool (is' wool), n, a fine kind of 
worsted. 

either (e' or I'^/zer), adj. one or the 
other of two; both: jpron. one of 
two : conj. the correlative to or. 

ejaculate (e-jak'u-lat), v.t. to utter 
suddenly: v.i. to utter ejaculations. 



ejaculation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
uttering suddenly; an exclamation. 

ejaculatory ('u-la-to-ri), adj. uttered 
suddenly or sharply. 

eject (e-jekf), v.t. to cast forth; dis- 
miss from office; evict. 

ejecta ('^), n.pl. refuse. 

ejection (-jek'shun), n. expulsion. 

ejective ('tiv), adj, pertaining to 
ejection. 

ejectment ('ment), n. the act of 
ejecting; an action for the recovery 
of lands, &c. 

ejector Cter), n. one who, or that 
which, ejects. 

ejoo-fiber (ej'oo-fi'ber), n. a strong 
black fiber, used in commerce. 

Eka-boron (ek'a-bo'ron), n. name 
given by the Russian chemist Men- 
dele jeff to a predicted element which 
when discovered was called scan- 
dium. 

eke (ek), v.t. to extend or lengthen 
(with out): adv. also; hkewise [poet.]. 

elaborate (e-lab'o-rat), v.t. to pro- 
duce with labor; improve or refine 
with study or labor: adj. highly-fin- 
ished; comphcated. 

elaborately (-H), adv. in an elab- 
orate manner. 

elaborator (-ra-ter), n. one who, or 
thai which, elaborates. 

elain, same as olein. 

elan (a-liing'), n. dash. 

eland (e'land), n. the Cape elk. 

elapse (-laps'), v.i. to slip or glide 
away; run out without notice. 

elastic (-las'tik), adj. springing back; 
having the power of returning to its 
original form; reboimdmg; springy; 
capable of extension: n. an elastic 
woven fabric made in part of india- 
rubber. 

elasticity (-tis'i-ti), n. the quality of 
being elastic; power to recover from 
depression. 

elastic-tissue (-tish'u), n. elastic 
fight yellow tissue in the hgaments 
of the vertebrae. 

elate (-laf), v.t. to raise the spirits 
of; cause to feel exultant; excite; 
puff up. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



ELATION 



316 



ELECTRO-BIOLOGY 



elation (-la'shun), n. the state of be- 
ing elated; joyful elevation of mind. 

elbow (el'bo), n. the joint or bend of 
the arm; anything bent or curved 
like an elbow: v.t. to thrust on one 
side: v,i. to jut into an angle; push 
rudely. 

elder ('der), adj. older; exceeding an- 
other in age; prior in time, origin, 
or appointment: n. one older in age, 
rank, or station; a lay member of 
the Jewish Sanhedrim; one of a 
body of laymen, in certain churches, 
authorized to superintend its spir- 
itual interests, and to assist the 
minister; a shrub or tree with a 
spongy pith and purple berries. 

elderly ('li), adj. somewhat old. 

eldest ('est), adj. oldest; firstborn. 

El Dorado (do-ra'do), n, an imagin- 
ary country in South America, fa- 
bled to be very rich in gold and 
precious stones: hence an inexhaus- 
tible treasure. 

elect (e-lekf), v.t, to choose for any 
office or use; choose by ballot; select 
from a number: adj. taken in prefer- 
ence; chosen to an office but not yet 
invested with the dignity: n.-pl, 
those chosen to eternal life by Di- 
vine Sovereignty. 

election (-lek'shun), n. the act of 
electing; voluntary preference; the 
act of choosing a person for some of- 
fice or function by show of hands, or 
ballot; the selection by Divine Sov- 
ereignty of certain individuals to 
eternal life; one of the five points of 
Calvinism. 

electioneer (-shun-er'), t;.i. to. em- 
ploy means for influencing the result 
of an election, 

electioneering ('ing), n, the act of 
canvassing for, or the means em- 
ployed to secure, votes at an election. 

elective (-lek'tiv), adj. regulated by 
choice; exerting the power of choice: 
opposed to hereditary; having the 
tendency to attract, or combine with. 

elector ('ter), n. one legally qualified 
to vote; a member of a United 
States electoral college; one of the 



German princes who formerly pos- 
sessed the power of electing the 
Emperor. 

electoral (-§-1), adj. pertaining to 
elections or electors; having the 
rights of an elector. 

Electoral college (kol'ej), n. body 
of representatives elected by the vot- 
ers of the several states to choose a 
president of the United States. 

electorate ('to-rat) , n. the whole body 
of persons entitled to vote* the dig- 
nity or territory of an elector of the 
old German empire. 

electric ('trik) adj pertaining to, 
containing, generated by, or pro- 
duced by electricity; magnetic. 
Also electrical 

electrically (-M-li), adv, by elec- 
tricity. 

electrician (-trish'un), n. one who is 
skilled in the science of electricity; 
the maker or vendor of electrical 
appliances. 

electricity (-tris'i-ti), n. an impon- 
derable and invisible agent producing 
light, heat, chemical decomposition, 
and other physical phenomena; the 
science of the laws and phenomena 
which characterize electricity. 

electric light (e-lek'trik-lit), n, light 
produced by electrical energy. 

electricute (-kut), v,L same as elec- 
trocute. 

electrifiable ('tri-fi-i-bl), adj. capa- 
ble of receiving, being charged with, 
or transmitting, electricity. 

electrification (-fi-ka'shun), n, the 
act of electrifying; the state of be- 
ing electrified. 

electrify ('tri-fi), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. 
electrified, p,pr. electrifying], to 
charge with, or act upon, by elec- 
tricity; pass an electric current 
through. Also electrize. 

electro, a prefix denoting electricity 
as the motive power, or operating 
agent, used in many words, the 
meaning of which is self-evident, as 
eZec^ro-engrave, electro-gildy &c. 

electro-biology (-bi-oro-ji), n. mes- 
merism. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ELECTRO-CAUTERY 



317 



ELECTROPLATE 



electro-cautery (-kaw'ter-i), n. cau- 
terizing by a platinum wire heated 
by electricity. 

electrocute ('tro-kut), v,L to put to 
death (a criminal) by an electric 
current. 

electrocution (-ku'shun), n. the act 
of electrocuting. 

electrode (e-lek'trod), n. either of 
the terminals of an electric source; 
anode or cathode. 

electro-dynamics (-di-nam'iks), n. 
that branch of physics which treats 
of electric currents. 

electro-dynamometer (-na-mom'e- 
ter), n. an instrument for measuring 
the strength of an electric current. 

electrogram (e-lek'tro-gram), n. in 
meteorology, a diagram showing the 
electric conditions of the atmosphere. 

electrograph (-grkf), n. an apparatus 
used in preparing copper cylinders 
for printing fabrics and wall-papers. 

electrograph (e-lek'tro-graf), n. the 
photograph of an electric spark; 
also an instrument for recording 
changes in atmospheric electricity. 

electrography (-trog'ra-fi), n. a pro- 
cess of copying fine engravings on 
copper or steel by means of an 
electro-copper deposit. 

electro-industrial (e-lek'tro-in-dus'- 
tri-al), adj. pertaining to industries 
in which electricity is a factor. 

electrokinetics (-ki-net'iks) , n. that 
branch of electrical science which 
treats of electric currents, or elec- 
tricity in motion, as distinguished 
from electrostatics, 

electrolier (-tro-ler'), n, an orna- 
mental metal bracket for support- 
ing electric lamps. 

electroluminescence (e-lek'tro-lu- 
mines'ens) ^.luminescence excited by 
electricity,usually in a vacuum-tube. 

electrolysis (-trori-sis) , n. the de- 
composition of a chemical com- 
pound by electricity into its com- 
ponent parts. 

electrolyze ('tro-liz), v,t. to decom- 
pose by the direct action of elec- 
tricity or galvanism. 



electro-magnet (-mag'net), n. a coil 
of soft iron rendered magnetic by 
the passage of an electric current 
through it. 

electromagnetics (-mag-net'iks) , n. 
the science of electro-magnetism. 

electromassage (-mas-ajO, n, mas- 
sage with the application of an 
electric current. 

electrometallurgy (-met'al-er-ji) , n. 
the art of precipitating certain met- 
als from their solutions, or of sep- 
arating metals from their ores, &c., 
by a slow electric current. 

electrometer (-trom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the amount 
of electrical force. 

electromobile (e-lek-tro-mo'bil), n. 
an automobile driven by electric 
storage-batteries. 

electromotor (-mo'ter), n. any ar- 
rangement, or apparatus, which 
produces or excites an electric 
current; a dynamo. 

electron (e-lek'tron), n. an electrical 
unit. 

electronegative (-neg'a-tiv), adj. 
having a tendency to pass to the 
positive pole in electrolysis. 

electropathy (-trop'a-thi), n. the 
treatment of diseases by electricity. 

electrophone (-fon), n. an instru- 
ment for producing resonant sounds 
by electric currents; a form of tele- 
phonic transmitter. 

electrophorus (-trof 'o-rus) , n. an 
instrument for generating statical 
electricity by induction. 

electrophotometer (-f o-tom'e-ter) , 
n. an instrument for comparing the 
brightness of various lights with 
that produced by an electric spark. 

electrophotomicrography f-fo-to- 
mi-krog'ra-fi), n. photographing by 
electric light objects magnified by 
the microscope. 

electrophysiology (-fiz-i-oFo-ji), n. 
that branch of electricity which 
investigates the electric phenomena 
, of living organisms. 

electroplate ('tro-plat), v.t. to cover 
or give a coating of metal to by 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ELECTROPOSITIVE 



318 



ELF-CHILD 



means of a current of electricity: n. 
an article thus coated: generally ap- 
plied to silver plate. 

electropositive (-poz'i-tiv), adj. tend- 
ing to pass to the negative pole in 
electrolysis 

electroscope (-skop), n. an electrom- 
eter. 

electrotherapeutics. See electropa- 
thy. 

electrotechnics (-tek'niks), n, the 
science of the processes or methods 
in which electricity is applied to the 
industrial arts. 

electrotinting (-tint'ing), n, a meth- 
od of producing a design, &c., in re- 
lief on a metal plate, the lines of 
which when exposed in an electro- 
bath are protected by an agent. 

electrotype ('tro-tip), n, a facsimile 
in metal of any object made by cov- 
ering a mold, plate, &c., with a coat- 
ing of copper by the action of a gal- 
vanic electric current: v.t. to take a 
copy of by electrical deposition. 

electrum ('trum), n. amber; German 
silver plate 

electuary (-lek'-tu-a-ri), n. a purga- 
tive composed of powders and fruit 
preserves, 

eleemosynary (el-e-mos'i-na-ri), adj, 
pertaining to alms; devoted to chari- 
table purposes; dependent upon 
charity: n. one who lives on alms. 

elegance ('e-gans), n. [pi. elegances 
(-gan-siz) ], the state or quality of 
being elegant; polish; refinement; 
symmetry. 

elegant (-g§,nt), adj. characterized by 
refinement and good taste; refined; 
polished; beautiful in form, color, 
or design. 

elegiac (el-e-ji'ak, or e-le'ji-ak), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, an 
elegy: plaintive; mournful n. a song 
expressing sorrow; a funeral song. 

elegit (e-le'jit), n. a writ of execu- 
tion under which a creditor can hold 
a debtor's goods until his claim is 
satisfied. 

elegy (ere-ji), n. [pi. elegies (-jiz) ], a 
funeral song or ode; dirge; requiem. 



element (el'e-ment), n. a first or con- 
stituent principle; a component or . 
essential part; a substance which || 
cannot be decomposed by any known * 
method; natural environment: in- 
gredient: pi. the letters or sounds ^ 
of the alphabet; the Eucharistic ll 
bread and wine. * 

elemental ('M), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, an element; fim- 
damental. Also elementary. 

elephant ('e-fi,nt), n. a large five- 
toed proboscidian mammal with a 
flexible trunk and large tusks. 

elephantiasis (-ti'^-sis), n. a cuta- 
neous disease resembling leprosy. 

elephantine ('tin), adj. pertaining 
to, or resembHng, an elephant; 
huge; unwieldy. 

elephantoid ('toid), adj. like an ele- 
phant. 

elevate (el'e-vat), v.t. to raise from 
a lower to a higher position; enno- 
ble; ^ animate; inspire; raise^ by 
training or education; to intoxicate 
shghtly. 

elevation (-va'shun), n. the act of 
elevating; the state of being ele- 
vated ; a sketch plan of the front or 
principal side of a building; the alti- 
tude of a heavenly body above the 
horizon; raising of the land by seis- 
mic or other agency; sHght intoxi- 
cation. 

elevator (-ter), n. that which raisa«» 
up or exalts; a hoisting machine or 
lift; a warehouse for the storage of 
grain. 

elevatory (-to-ri), adj. tending to 
elevate. 

eleven (e-lev'n), adj. 10 with 1 added: 
a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 10 
with 1 added. 

eleventh (-lev'nth), adj. next in or- 
der after 10th: an ordinal numeral; » 
constituting one of 11 parts: n. one I 
of 11 equal parts. ^ ' 

elf (elf), n. [pi. elves (elvz) ], a di- 
minutive mischievous sprite sup- 
posed to haunt hills and wild places; 
a dwarf; fairy. 

elf -child ('child), n. a child believed 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ELFIN 



319 



ELVES 



to have been left by the fairies in 
the place of one stolen by them; a 
changeling. 

elfin ('fin), n. an inhabitant of fairy- 
land; a sportive child: adj, pertain- 
ing to elves. 

elf -fire (eK'fir), n. will-o^-the-wisp. 

elfish Cish), adj. resembhng, or 
caused by, an elf; mischievous. 

elf kin ('kin), n. a little elf. 

elf-lock ('lok), n. a knot of hair 
twisted in an intricate manner. 

elicit (e-lis'it), v.t. to draw out. 

elide (-hd'), v.t. to slur over, or cut 
off, as a final vowel. 

eligibility (el-i-ji-biri-ti), n. the qual- 
ity of being eligible. 

eligible (el'l-ji-bl), adj. capable of 
being, or fit to be, chosen; legally 
qualified. 

eliminate (e-lim'i-nat), v.t. to leave 
out of consideration, or cast aside. 

eliquate (el'i-kwat), v.t. to separate 
or melt out, as metal from ore. 

elision (e-lizh'un), n. the cutting off 
of a vowel or syllable for the sake 
of euphony, as o^er for ovei, 

elite (a-lef), n. the choicest part, as 
of society, a profession, an army, <S:c. 

elixir (-lik'ser) n. an imaginary 
Hquid of the aichemists supposed to 
be capable of prolonging life indefi- 
nitely, and of changing baser metals 
into gold; a tincture, essence, or 
cordial. 

elk (elk), n. a very large deer of North 
America and Northern Europe; the 
moose-deer. 

elkwood ('wood), n. the wood of the 
umbrella-tree. 

ell (el), n, a measure formerly used 
for cloth, varying in different coun- 
tries, an English ell being 45 inches. 

ellipse (el-hps'), n. one of the sec- 
tions of a cone; the elhptical orbit 
of a planet. 

ellipsis ('is), n. the omission of a 
word or words in a sentence, the 
sense of which is obvious. ^ 

ellipsoid ('oid), n. an elhptical sphe- 
roid. 

elliptic (-lip'tik), adj. pertaining to. 



or formed like, an elhpse; having a 
part omitted. Also elliptical. 

elliptically (-§-l-h), adv, in an ellip- 
tical maimer. 

ellipticity (-lip-tis'i-ti), n. the qual- 
ity of being elliptic; the extent of 
any divergence of any elhpse from 
the circle. 

elm (elm), n. a tree of various spe- 
cies belonging to the genus llmus. 

elocution (el-o-ku'shun), n. the art, 
manner, or style of speaking in pub- 
lic; delivery. 

elocutionary (-a-ri), adj. pertaining 
to elocution. 

elocutionist (-ist), n. one skilled in, 
or a teacher of, the art of elocution. 

elod (el'od), n. the odic force of elec- 
tricity. 

eloge (a-lozh'), n. a funeral oration, 
especially one pronounced on the 
death of a member of the French 
Academy. 

Elohim (el'G-him), n. one of the 
Old Testament names of God. 

elongate (e-16ng'gat), v.t, to stretch 
out; extend; lengthen. 

elongation (-ga'shun), n. extension. 

elope (e-lop'), v.i. to escape privately; 
run away with a lover or paramour. 

elopement ('ment), n. running away. 

eloquence (el'G-kwens), n. the art of 
speaking with fluency and elegance. 

eloquent (-kwent), adj. having the 
power of fluent and elegant oratory. 

else (els), adv. besides; otherwise. 

elsewhere ('hwar), adv, in another 
place. 

elucidate (e-lus'i-dat), v.t, to make 
clear; render intelligible; illustrate. 

elucidator ('i-da-ter), n, one who 
elucidates; an expositor. 

elude (e-lud'), v.t. to avoid by artifice 
or dexterity; shun; escape. 

elusion (-lu'zhun), n. evasion; artifice. 

elusive ('siv), adj, deceptive; falla- 
cious. 

elusory ('s6-ri), adj, evasive; decep- 
tive. 

elvan ('van), adj. pertaming to elves. 

elver ('ver), n. a young conger. 

elves, pi. of elf. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



ELYSIAN 



320 



EMBOLISM 



elysian (-liz'i-an), adj, pertaining to 
elysium; yielding the highest enjoy- 
ment. 

Elysium ('i-um), n, the Gi-eek Para- 
dise or residence of the blessed after 
death; a condition of perfect happi- 
ness, 

em (em), n, the square body of any 
size of type, serving as a unit of 
measurement. 

emaciate (e-ma'shi-at), v.i. to lose 
flesh gradually; pine away: v.L to 
make thin. 

emanate (em'a-nat), v.i. to flow out, 
issue, or proceed, as from a source. 

emancipate (e-man'si-pat), v.t. to 
liberate from servitude or bondage; 
set free; enfranchise. 

emancipator (-pa-ter), n. a liberator. 

emarginate (-mar'gin-at), adj. in- 
dented at the edges; having the 
apex notched. 

emasculate (-mas'ku-lat), v.t. to 
castrate; deprive of virility; weaken 
by expurgation: adj. castrated; 
deprived of vigor. 

embalm (em-bam'), v.t. to preserve 
from decay by balsams or aromatic 
spices; keep from putrefaction by 
antiseptics. 

embank (-bangk'), v.t. to inclose 
with a bank; protect by a bank. 

embankment ('ment), n. a bank of 
earth, stones, &c., for protection or 
defense. 

embargo (-bar'go), n. [pi. embar- 
goes Cgoz)], an order by authority 
prohibiting the departure of vessels 
from a port. 

embark (-bark'), v.t. to put on board 
ship; venture or invest: v.i. to go 
on board a vessel; engage in any 
affairs. 

embarrass (-bar'as), v.t. to hinder; 
perplex; involve in pecuniary diffi- 
culties; distress. 

embarrassment (-ment), n. confu- 
sion of mind; pecuniary difficulties. 

embassy ('ba-si), n. [pL embassies 
(-iz) ], the public function, mission, 
or official residence of an ambassa- 
dor; a legation. 



embattled (-bat'ld), p.adj. furnished 
with battlements; drawn up in 
battle array. 

embed (-bed'), v.t. to lay in, or as in, 
a bed; set in surrounding matter. 

embellish (-bel'ish), v.t. to make 
beautiful; set off by ornamentation. 

ember ('ber), n. a small live coal or 
unextinguished smoldering ashes. 

embezzle ( -bez'l), v.t. to appropriate 
fraudulently, as property entrusted 
to one's care. 

embitter (-bit'er), v.t. to make bit- 
ter, or more bitter; exasperate. 
Also imbitter. 

emblazon (-bla'zn), v.t. to adorn 
with heraldic figures; blazon; deco- 
rate; celebrate the praises of. 

emblazonry (-ri), n. [pi. emblazon- 
ries (-riz) ], heraldic decoration. 

emblem ('blem), n. a symbolical fig- 
ure or design; a visible sign of an 
idea. 

emblemata (-ble'ma-ta) , n.pl. de- 
tachable figures with which the 
ancients ornamented gold, silver, 
or other metallic vessels. 

emblematic (-blem-at'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to an emblem; symbolical. 
Also emblematical. 

emblematically (-al-li), adv. in an 
emblematical manner. 

emblements ('ble-ments), n.pl. an- 
nual crops produced by the labor of 
the cultivator. 

embodier (-bod'i-er), n. one who em- 
bodies. 

embodiment ('i-ment), n. the act of 
embodying, or uniting in a whole. 

embody (-bod'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. em- 
bodied, p.pr. embodying], to collect 
into one mass or united whole; 
invest with, or as with, a material 
body: v.L to coalesce. 

embolden (em-bold'en), v.t. to en- 
courage. 

embolism ('bo-lizm), n. an intercala- 
tion; the insertion of days, months, 
or years into the calendar to pro- 
duce regularity of time; the presence 
of obstructing clots in the blood 
vessels. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon; 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EMBOLUS 



321 



EMERSION 



embolus Cbo-lus), n. [pi. emboli (-li) ], 
something inserted and acting in 
another thing, as a piston rod. 

embonpoint (ang-bong-pwang'), n. 
plumpness of figm'e, especially of 
the bust. 

embosom (em-booz'um), v.t. to hold 
in the bosom; inclose in the midst; 
shelter. 

emboss (-bos'), v.i. to cover with 
bosses or studs; raise in relief from 
the surface. 

embossing ^ ('ing), n. the art of pro- 
ducing raised or projecting figures 
or designs in rehef on surfaces. 

embouchure (ang-bo5-shur'), n. the 
mouth of a river, a cannon, <S:c.; 
the mouthpiece of a musical wind 
instrument. 

embowel (-bou'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
emboweled, p.pr. emboweUng], to 
remove the intestines from; disem- 
bowel. 

embower (-bou'er), v.t. to cover w^th, 
or as with, a bower: v.i. to rest, as 
in a bower; form a bower. 

embrace (-bras'), v.t. to take in 
close, or press to the bosom with 
affection; hug; cling to; receive 
with willingness; in law, to attempt 
to influence by threats or bribes: v.i. 
to join in an embrace: n. the act of 
embracing; a clasping in the arms; 
a hug. 

embracery (-bra'ser-i), n. the act of 
attempting to corrupt or influence a 
jury. 

embrasure ('zhur), n. an opening in 
a wall or parapet from which to fire 
guns; a window or door having its 
sides slanted on the inside. 

embrocate Cbro-kat), v.t. to mois- 
ten and rub, as a diseased or injured 
part, with a lotion. 

embrocation (-ka'shun), n. a lini- 
ment for applying to, or rubbing, an 
injured part of the body. 

embroider (-broid'er), v.t. to deco- 
rate with^ needlework; embellish 
with additions. 

embroidery (-i), n. pi. embroider- 
ies (-iz) ], ornamental work of gold. 



silver, silk, &c., executed with the 
needle; embelhshment. 

embroil (-broiF), v.t. to throw into 
confusion; involve in contention; 
mix up; entangle. 

embryo ('bri-o), n. [pL embryos 
(-oz) ], the first germ or rudiment 
of an organism; the first or unde- 
veloped state of anything. 

embryogeny (-oj'e-ni), n. the devel- 
opment of the embryo in the ovule. 

embryologist (-oro-jist), n. one who 
studies, or is skilled in, embryology. 

embryology ('o-ji), n. that branch 
of biology which treats of the de- 
velopment of embr\'OS. 

embryonic (-on'ik), aAj. pertaining 
to, or resembling, an embryo; rudi- 
mentary. 

embryoplastic (-plas'tik), adj. per- 
taining to the formation and devel- 
opment of an embryo. 

embryoscope ('bri-o-skop), n. an in- 
strument for the observation of the 
development of embryos. 

embryotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the ex- 
traction of an embryo or foetus b}' 
cutting. 

emendation (e-men-da'shun), n. the 
alteration or correction of a text, 
so as to give an improved reading. 

emendator (-ter), n. one who cor- 
rects or improves the text of a 
work. 

emerald (em'e-r^ld), n. a precious 
stone of a rich, deep green color; a 
variety of beryl; a size of type: adj. 
of a color like the emerald. 

emeraldine (-din), n. a dye of " a 
dark green color. 

emerge (e-merj'), v.i. to rise up, or 
come forth, from anything which 
conceals; become apparent. 

emergency (-mer'j en-si), n. [pi. 
emergencies (-siz) ], a sudden occa- 
sion; pressing necessity; strait; cri- 
sis: adj. pertaining to, or used in, 
an emergency. 

emeritus (-mer'i-tus), adj. retired 
'from ser^ace with honor: said of a 
university or college professor. 

emersion (-mer'shun), n. the act of 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 21 



EMERY 



822 



EMPORIUM 



emerging; the reappearance of a 
heavenly body aftei an ecHpse. 

emery (em'er-i), n. a very hard va- 
riety of corundum; used when pow- 
dered for grinding or pohshing. 

emetic (e-met'ik), at?;, inducing vom- 
iting: n, a medicine possessing 
emetic properties. 

emetically ^ (-al-h), adv. so as to 
cause vomiting. 

emeute ^ (a-mtitO, n, a seditious or 
revolutionary outbreak; riot. 

emigrant (em'i-grant), n, one who 

quits his own country to settle in 

another: adj. moving froni one coun- 

• try to another; pertaining to or 

used by, emigrants. 

emigrate ('i-grat), y.i, to leave one^s 
country to settle in another. 

eminence (em'i-nens), n. that which 
is lofty; elevation; height; exalted 
rank, station, celebrity, or repute; 
a title given to cardinals. 

eminent (-nent), adj. high in office, 
rank, or reputation; distinguished; 
exalted; conspicuous.^ 

emir (e-mer'), n. a prince: a title of 
dignity given to a Mohammedan 
prince or chieftain. Also ameer, 
amir. 

emissary (em'i-sa-ri), n. {pi. emis- 
saries (-riz) ], a person, or agent, 
sent on a mission, especially of a 
secret nature. 

emission (e-mish'un), n. the act of 
sending out; that which is issued at 
the time, as bank notes. 

emissive (-mis'iv), adj, sending out. 

emit (-mitOt v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emitted, 
p.pr. emitting], to send or give 
forth; issue, as an order or decree; 
to print and send into circulation, as 
bank notes. 

emmensite (ern'men-zit),??. an ex- 
plosive compound for projectiles. 

emmet ('et), n. an ant. 

emollient (e-mol'yent), adj. softening: 
n. Sb medicine that has a softening 
effect on living tissues. 

emolliotype Ci-o-tip\ n. a picture 
taken on opal glass by the coUodio- 
chloride process. 



emolument ('u-ment), n. profit; re* 
muneration; income; pecimiary gain 

emotion (-mo'shun), n. mental agita- 
tion; excited feeling; passion. 

emotional (-^1), adj. pertaining to, 
or characterized by, emotion. 

emotionality (-M'i-ti), n. the quality 
of being emotional. 

emotive (-mo'tiv), adj. producing 
emotion. 

empale. Same as impale. 

emperor (em'per-er), n. the sover- 
eign or supreme ruler of an empire. 

emphasis ('fa-sis), n. sl particular 
stress of the voice on a word or 
words in reading or speaking; spe- 
cial force of language or thought. 

emphasize ('f§,-siz), v.t. to pronounce 
with emphasis; bring out clearly 
and distinctly. 

emphatic (-fat'ik), adj. uttered with 
emphasis; forcibly significant; im- 
pressive; earnest. Also emphatical. 

emphatically (-M-li), adv. in an 
emphatic manner. 

empire ('pir), n. supreme power or 
dominion; imperial rule or sover- 
eignty; the region ruled over by an 
emperor or sovereign; sway; con- 
trol. 

empiric (-pir'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
founded upon, or derived from, ex- 
perience. Also empirical. 

empirically (-M-H), adv. in an em- 
pirical manner.^ 

empiricism ('i-sizm), n. observation, 
or practical experience apart from 
scientific knowledge; the practice of 
medicine without the usual medical 
training or qualification; quackery. 

employ (-ploi'), v-t. [p.t. & p.p. em- 
ployed, p.pr. employing], to give oc- 
cupation to; keep busy; exercise; 
make use of; apply or devote to an 
object : n. occupation. i 

employee (-e'), n. one who works I 
for another [French employe (-a) ]. ■ 

employment ('ment), n. business; 
occupation. 

emporium (-po'ri-um), n. a commer- 
cial center or place of trade; a large 
shop. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; 5pe» merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booHg 
book; hue, hut; think, ihen. 



EMPOWER 



323 



ENCHANTMENT 



empower (-pou'er), v.t, to authorize; 
enable. 

empress ('pres), n. a woman invested 
with sovereign sway over an empire; 
tHe consort or widow of an emperor. 

empressement (an-pres-mangO , ^. 
ar animated and vivacious deport- 
ment; a cordial manifestation of 
interest. 

empresario (-pres-a'ri-o), n. sl con- 
tractor who introduces foreign set- 
tlers to Mexico by arrangement with 
the government. 

emptiness (emp'ti-nes), n. the state 
of being empty; want of knowledge 
or sense. 

empty ('ti), adj. [comp. emptier, 
superl, emptiest], containing noth- 
ing; vague; unsatisfactory; desti- 
tute of force, knowledge or sense; 
fasting, vacant: v.t.^ [p.t, & p.p. 
emptied, p.pr. emptying], to deprive 
ot the contents; pour out; dis- 
charge; make vacant: v.i, to become 
empty; discharge itself: n.pl. (emp- 
ties) an empty vessel, packing case, 
or sack. 

emptying (-ing), n. the act of mak- 
ing 3mpty: pi. the lees of beer or 
cider, used as yeast (pronounced 
emptins), 

empyrean (em-pir'e-&n), adj. per- 
taining to the highest and purest re- 
gion of heaven, or the region of pure 
fire; ethereal. Also empyreal. 

emu ^ (e'mu), n. a large Australian 
ostrich-hke bird. 

emulate (em'u-lat), v.t. to strive to 
equal or excel; vie with; rival. 

emulator (-la-ter), n. a rival; com- 
petitor. 

emulgent (e-murjent), adj. draining 
out: applied to the arteries and 
veins: n. an emulgent vessel; a med- 
icine that promotes a flow of bile. 

emulous (em'u-lus), adj. desirous to 
excel; rivaling; competitive. 

emulsion^ (e-murshun), n. any liquid 
preparation resembhng milk; a sub- 
stance suspended in gelatine or col- 
lodion, used in^ the preparation of 
dry photographic plates. 



enable (en'a-bl), v.t. to make able; 
furnish with adequate means or 
power; empower. 

enact (-akt'), v.t. to decree; pass into 
law; act the part of. 

enacting clause (kiawz), n. the in- 
troductory clause of a bill or act, 
usually commencing ^*Be it enact- 
ed/' 

enactment ('ment), n. the act of 
enacting; a statute; the passing of 
a bill into law. 

enactor Cter), n, one who enacts. 

enamel (-am'ei), ?i. an opaque, semi- 
transparent, or colored substance, or 
glass, used in coating the surface of 
metals or porcelain, and aftenv^ards 
fired; anything ^ enameled; any 
smooth hard coating, especially the 
dense white substance of the teeth: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. enameled, p.pr. en- 
ameling], to lay on, cover, or deco- 
rate with enamel. 

enamor (-am'er), v.t. to captivate. 

encamp (-kamp'), v.i. to form a 
camp; halt on the march; go into 
camp or settle in temporary quar- 
ters: v.t. to form into a camp. 

encampment ('ment), n. a tem- 
porary resting place for an army or 
company of travelers. 

encase (en-kas'), n, *o inclose in a 
covering. 

encaustic (-kaws'tik), adj. pertaining 
to the art of painting in burnt wax, 

encaustic-tile (-tU), n. a variegated 
paving-tile inlaid on ground of an- 
other color. 

enceinte (iing-sangt'), n. the line of 
works which forms the main in- 
closure of a fortress or place; a 
close or precinct: adj. with child; 
pregnant. 

enchain (en-chan'), v.t. to hold fast 
with, or as with, a chain. 

enchant (-chant), v.t. to charm or 
subdue, as by spells or sorcery; be- 
witch ; fill with delight. 

enchantment ('ment), n. the use or 
practice of magic, sorcery, charms, 
&c.; the state of being enchanted; 
rapture. 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boou, 
book; hue, hut; think, t/iea 



ENCIRCLE 



324 



ENDOGENOUS 



encircle (-serld), v,L to form, or in- 
close, in a circle; enclasp; embrace. 

enclitic (en-klit'ik), adj. relating in 
Greek and Latin granmiar to par- 
ticles that have their accent sub- 
merged in another word. 

encomiastic (en-ko-mi-as'tik), adj. 
bestowing praise ; eu logistic . 

encomium ('mi-um), n, [pi. encomi- 
ums (-umz)], formal praise; eulogy. 

encompass (-kum'p^s), v.t. to sur- 
round. 

encore (ang-kor'), adv. once more; 
again: n. sl repetition in response 
to a call by an audience.: v,t. to call 
for a repetition of (any particular 
part of a performance). 

encounter (en-koun'ter), v.t. to come 
upon suddenly; meet face to face: 
9}.i. to come into collision; meet in 
combat: n. a sudden or accidental 
meeting; conflict; battle. 

encourage^ (-kur'aj), v.t. to give, or 
inspire with, courage; stimulate. 

encouragement (-ment), n. the act 
of encouraging; that which gives 
courage or incites to action or per- 
severance. 

encrinite (To'i-mt), n. a stone-lily. 

encroach (-kroch'), v.i. to invade 
gradually or by stealth; infringe; 
intrude (usually with on or upon). 

encroachment ('ment), n. intrusion. 

encumber (-kum'ber), v.t. to im- 
pede; retard; clog; obstruct; load 
with debt or other legal liabihties. 

encumbrance ('brans), n. that 
which encumbers; a lien or liability 
attached to real property. 

encyclical (-sik'lik-al), adj. sent to 
all members of a class or commu- 
nity; intended for general circula- 
tion. Also encyclic: n. sl circular 
letter sent by the Pope to the bish- 
ops, treating of topics of general ec- 
clesiastical interest. 

encyclopaedia or encyclopedia (-sl- 
klo-pe'di-^), n. the circle of the 
arts and sciences; a dictionary of 
the arts, sciences, and literature; a 
comprehensive summary of knowl- 
edge; a cyclopaedia. 



encyclopaedic (-pe'dik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, an ency- 
clopaedia. Also encyclopedic. 

encyclopaedist (-pe'dist), n. a com- 
piler of an encyclopaedia; one whose 
studies embrace all knowledge. Also 
encyclopedist. 

encyst (-sist'), v.t. & v.i. to inclose, or 
become inclosed, in a cyst or vesicle. 

end (end), n. the extreme hmit or 
terminal point of anything; purpose 
in view; design; necessary termina- 
tion, or logical outcome; death: v.t, 
to bring to an end; finish; ter- 
minate; destroy : v.i, to come to an 
end; die. 

endanger ^ (en-dan'jer), v.t. expose 
to, or bring into, danger; hazard. 

endear (-der'), v.t. to make dear or 
beloved; attach to one's self. 

endearment ('ment), n. affection. 

endeavor (-dev'er), v.i. to strive for 
the attainment of some object; at- 
tempt: n. an effort or attempt; 
physical or intellectual exertion to- 
ward the attainment of some object. 

endemic (-dem'ik), adj. peculiar to 
a nation, people, or locality: ap- 
plied to a diseaso. * 

ending (end'ing), n. result; end. 

endive (en'div), n. an herb whose leaves 
are blanched and used for salads. 

endless (end'les), adj. without end; 
endless chain: n. a belt or rope 
whose ends are joined; a plan of 
writing letters whereby the number 
increases indefinitely. 

endo and endon, a prefix used in 
many scientific^ words, meaning 
within, denoting internal growth, as 
endodievTCi, endoplasm. 

endocarp (en'do-karp), n, the inner 
coat or shell of a fruit. 

endogen ('do-jen), n. an endogenous 
plant: pi, one of the primary 
classes of the vegetable kingdom, 
in which the plants increase by in- 
ternal growth and elongation at the 
summit, and have a distinct pith. 

endogenous (doj'en-us), adj. per- 
taining to the endogens; originating 
or growing within. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booiif 
book; hue, hut; think, thou. 



ENDOSCOPE 



325 



ENGINE 



endoscope ('do-skop), n. an instru- 
ment used for examining some in- 
ternal part of the body, as the 
urethra. 

endosmosis (-dos-mo'sis), n. the 
transmission of a fluid inward from 
outside when two fluids are sepa- 
rated by a porous septum. 

endosperm ('do-sperm), n. the albu- 
men of a seed. 

endow (-dou'), v.t. to bestow a fund 
or income upon; settle upon; fur- 
nish, as with some gift or quahty 
(with with), 

endowment ('ment), n. the act of 
endowing; that which is bestowed, 
settled, or appropriated to any ob- 
ject; that which is given or be- 
stowed on the person or mind: pi, 
natural gifts. 

endue (-du'), to clothe; invest; as- 
sume; furnish with some moral 
or spiritual gift. Also indue. 

endurability (-dur-^-biri-ti), n. the 
quality of being endurable. 

endurable Ca-bl), adj, bearable. 

endurance (-dur'ans), n. the capac- 
ity to endure; power of suffering 
without succumbing; continuance; 
fortitude. 

endure (-dur), v.t. to support with- 
out breaking or yielding; put up 
with; remain in: !;.i. to harden; re- 
main in the same state. 

enduring ('ing), adj, permanent. 

endways (end'waz), adv. on end; 
with the end forward or uppermost; 
lengthwise. Also endwise. 

enema (en'e-ma), n. an injection 
thrown into the rectum as a medi- 
cine. 

enemy ('e-mi), n. [pi. enemies (-miz)], 
one hostile to another; foe; an- 
tagonist; a hostile army. 

energetic (-er-jet'ik), adj, possess- 
ing, or displaying, energy; vigorous 
in action; forcible: n.pl. physical, 
as distinguished from vital dynamics. 

energico (-er'je-ko), adj. with energy, 
force, and strong accentuation [mus.]. 

energize ('er-jlz), v.t. to endow with 
energy: v.i. to act with energy. 



energy ('er-ji), n. [pi. energies (-jiz)], 
internal or inherent power; vigor- 
ous operation ; power efficiently and 
forcibly exerted; capacity for per- 
forming work; emphasis. 

enervate^ (en'er-vat or e-ner'vat), v.t. 
to deprive of nerve, force, or vigor; 
to render effeminate or feeble; de- 
bilitate. 

en famille (ang fa-mel), with one's 
family; at home; in domestic fash- 
ion, without formaHty. 

enfeeble (en-fe'bl), v.t. to weaken; 
relax. 

enfeoff ^(-fef), v.t. to invest with a 
feud, nef, or fee; give, sell or con- 
vey lands in fee to. 

enfilade (-fi-lad'), n. a straight line 
or passage; the situation of a place 
or a body of men liable to be raked 
with shot through its whole extent: 
v.t. to pierce or rake with shot in a 
straight Une. 

enforce (-fors'), v.t. to put into exe- 
cution with vigor; compel; make 
clear or intelligible. 

enfranchise (-fran'chiz), v.t. to lib- 
erate or set free ; make free of a state, 
city, or corporation; confer the 
electoral franchise upon; admit 
to the right of voting in public 
elections. 

engage (en-gaj'), v.t. to pledge or 
bind by oath or contract; make Ha- 
ble for a debt; secure for aid or em- 
ployment;^ encounter in battle; oc- 
cupy the time or attention of; inter- 
lock: v.i. to promise or assume an 
obligation; occupy one's self; enter 
a conflict. 

engaged (-gajd'), p.p. adj. busy or 
occupied; affianced. 

engagement (-g&j'ment), n. the act 
of engaging; the state or condition 
of being engaged; betrothal; occu- 
pation; a conffict between armies 
or fleets. 

engaging ('ing), adj. winning; pleas- 
ing. 

engender (-jen'der), v.t. to beget; 
excite: v.t. to come into existence. 

engine (-jin), n. anything used to 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon? 
book; hue, hut; think, /Aen. 



ENGINEER 



326 



ENLIVEN 



effect a purpose ; a machine by which 
power is apphed for the perform- 
ance of work; an apparatus for pro- 
ducing some mechanical effect: v.t. 
to furnish or fit up a vessel with 
engines. 

engineer^ (-ji-ner'), n. one who is 
skilled in the principles or practice 
of any branch of engineering; one 
who has charge of and manages an 
engine; one who carries through a 
scheme or undertaking by skill or 
astuteness: v.t. to plan, lay out, or 
direct, as an engineer, the forma- 
tion or execution of, as a road 
or work. 

engineeringf ('ing), n. the art of 
constructing and using machinery; 
the art and science by which natu- 
ral forces and materials are utilized 
in structures or machines. 

English (ing'glish), adj. belonging 
to, characteristic of, or pertaining 
to, the language or the people of 
England, or those descended from 
them: n. the English people or the 
language spoken by them; a size of 
printing-type (see type) : v.t. to give 
a twisting or spinning motion to, as 
a ball^ at billiards so as to deflect it 
from its course. 

engrailment (-gral'ment), n. a ring 
of dots roufnd the edge of a coin or 
medal. 

engrain y another form of ingrain. 

engrave (en-grav'), v.t. to cut or 
carve in sunken patterns; incise 
with figures or hues; impress deeply 
or indelibly. 

engraving ('ing), n. the act, process, 
or art of producing designs, &c., in- 
cised or relief, on metal, stone, or 
hard wood; that which is engraved; 
an impression from an engraved 
plate. 

engross (-grosO, v.t. to purchase in 
the gross or bulk; monopolize; write 
in a large distinct round hand. 

engrossment ('ment), n. the act of 
acquiring large or undue quantities 
of things; the act of engrossing 
documents; that which ha,, been en- 



grossed; attention to one thing to 
the exclusion of everything else. 

engulf, same as ingulf. 

enhance (-bans'), v.t. to raise in 
esteem; advance; heighten in price 
or value. 

enharmonic (-har-mon'ik), adj. pro- 
ceeding by smaller intervals than a 
semitone. Also enharmonical. 

enharmonically (-i-l-li), adv. in an 
enharmonic manner. 

enharmonic scale (skal), n. a mus- 
ical scale having more than 12 tones 
to the octave. 

enhydrite (-hi'drit), n, any mineral 
containing water. 

enigma (e-nig'm&), n. a riddle. 

enigmatic (-mat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to an enigma; obscure or puzzling. 
Also enigmatical. 

enigmatically (-al-li), adv. in an 
enigmatical manner. 

enjoin (-join'), v.t. to direct with 
authority or urgency; enforce; pro- 
hibit or restrain by an injunction. 

enjoy (-joi'), v.t. to feel or perceive 
with pleasure; have the use or pos- 
session of. 

enjoyment ('ment), n. the act of 
enjoying; pleasure or gratification. 

enkindle (-kin'dl), v.t. to set on fire; 
rouse. 

enlarge (-larj'), v.t. to make larger; 
extend in limits or dimensions; am- 
plify; extend to more purposes or 
uses; release from confinement; di- 
late upon: v.i. to become larger; 
expatiate. 

enlighten (-lit'n), v.t. to illuminate; 
make clear to the mind; furnish 
with increased knowledge; elevate 
morally or spintually. 

enlist (-list'), v.L to enroll, as for 
military service; register; gain 
over, or employ in some cause: v.i. 
to engage one's self for military 
service. 

enlistment ('ment), n. the act of 
enlisting; the state of being enlisted. 

enliven (-llv'n), y.f. to make vigor- 
ous, active, or vivacious; exhilarate; 
inspirit. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then 



EN MASSE 



327 



ENTERTAINING 



en masse (ang mas'), collectively; 
altogether. 

enmity (-mi'ti), n. [pi. enmities 
(-tiz) ] animosity; hatred; hostilit}^; 
ill-will. 

ennoble (-no^bl), v.t. to make noble; 
dignify; exalt; make famous or il- 
lustrious. 

ennui (ang-we'), languor of mind; 
listlessness. 

enormity (e-nor'mi-ti) , n, [pi. enor- 
mities (-tiz) ], something outrageous 
or extremely immoderate; an atroc- 
ity. 

enormous ('mus), adj. excessive; 
very great; immense; huge; ex- 
tremely wicked. 

en passant (ang pas-sang'), by the 
way. 

enough (e-nuf), adj. sufficient: n. a 
sufficiency: adv. so as to be suffi- 
cient; very; quite: inter j. stop! 

enquire, same as inquire. 

enrage (en-raj'), v.t, to throw into a 
rage. 

enrail (-ral'), v.t. to place a car 
upon rails: opposed to derail. 

en rapport (ang rap-por'), in sym- 
pathy with (with with). 

enrapt (-rapt'), adj. enraptured. 

enrapture (-rap'tur), v.t. to trans- 
port with delight; please intensely; 
charm. 

en regie (ang ra'gl), in due order. 

enrich (en-rich'), v.t. to make rich; 
fertihze; store; adorn. 

enrobe (-rob'), v.t, to clothe; invest. 

enroll (-rol'), v.t, to insert in a reg- 
ister; enlist; record. Also enrol. 

en route (ang root'), on the way. 

ens (enz), n. [pi. entia (en'shi-^) ], 
an entity; existence; being. 

ensanguine (en-sang'gwin), v.t. to 
smear or cover with blood. 

ensconce (-skons'), v.t. to hide; fix 
securely or comfortably; settle. 

ensemble (ang-sang'bl), the whole. 

enshrine (en-shrin'), v.t, to place in 
a shrine; keep sacred. 

ensheathe (-she^/i'), v.t. to sheathe. 

enshroud (-shroud'), v.t. to cover 
with, or as with, a shroud; conceal. 



ensiform ('si-form), adj. sword- 
shaped. 

ensign ('sin), n. a flag; badge; the 
lowest rank in the navy. 

ensilage ('si-laj), n. fodder or vege- 
table produce stored in a silo: v.t, 
to preserve in a silo. 

enslave (-slav'), v.t. to bring into, 
or reduce to, slavery; enthrall. 

ensnare (-snar'), v.t. to take in, or as 
in, a snare; take by craft; allure. 

ensue (-su'), v.i. to follow as a con- 
sequence; succeed. 

en suite (ang swet'), in a series. 

ensure, same as insure. 

entablature '(-tab'la-tur), n. the 
whole parts on the top of a pillar or 
colunm, composed of architrave, 
frieze, and cornice. 

entail (en-tal'), n. an estate in fee 
limited to a particular heir or heirs: 
v.t. to leave or settle, as if by en- 
tail; involve; necessitate. 

entangle (tang'gl), v.t. to involve; 
tangle; ensnare; perplex; bewilder. 

entente (an-tanf), n. (Fr.), an 
understanding, politically, between 
nations. 

enter ('^ter), v.t. to go or come into; 
begin; penetrate; set down in writ- 
ing; join or become a member of; 
initiate into a business, &c.; place 
on the records of a court: v.i, to 
effect an entrance; come in. 

enteric (-ter'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated near, the intestines. 

enteritis (-I'tis), n. inflammation of 
the small intestines. 

enterozoa (-ter-o-zo'a), n.pl. intes- 
tinal parasites. 

enterprise ('ter-priz), n. an un- 
dertaking of importance or risk; 
boldness; energy and invention. 

enterprising (-ing), n. adventurous, 
energetic, and progressive. 

entertain (-tan'), v.t. to receive and 
treat hospitably; afford diversion 
to; keep in the mind; take into con- 
sideration: v.i, to receive guests 
hospitably. 

entertaining ('ing), p. adj. amusing; 

' diverting. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ENTERTAINMENT 



328 



ENTWINE 



entertainment ('ment), n. the act 
of entertaining; hospitality at table; 
a feast or banquet; a diverting per- 
formance; amusement. 

enthrall (-thrawr), v.t. to enslave; 
bring or hold under some overmas- 
tering influence. 

enthrone (-thron'), v.t. to place on 
a throne; invest with sovereign 
power and authority. 

enthuse (-thuz'), v.t. to render en- 
thusiastic: v.i. manifest enthusiasm. 

enthusiasm (-thu'zi-azm), n. eleva- 
tion of fancy; ardor of mind; fer- 
vent zeal; fanaticism. 

enthusiast ('zi-ast)/ n. one who is 
filled with enthusiasm: one who 
thinks himself to be inspired; a 
visionary; fanatic. 

enthusiastic (-as'tik), adj. given to, 
or characterized by, enthusiasm ; ar- 
dent ; zealous. 

enthusiastically (-§.1-H), adv. with 
enthusiasm. 

entice (-tis'), v.t, to attract or allure; 
tempt. 

entire (-tir'), adj complete in all 
parts; whole; undivided or un- 
broken; unalloyed consisting of one 
piece: adv. entirely; wholly: n. the 
whole; entire beer. 

entirely ('h), adv fully; completely. 

entireness ('nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being entire; completeness. 

entirety (^ti), n. completeness; the 
whole, 

entitle (en-ti'tl), v.t. to give a title, 
name, or designation to; style; give 
a right to. ^ 

entity Cti-ti), n. [pi. entities (-tiz) ], 
anything that exists, or is supposed 
to exist; being. 

ento^ ent, a prefix forming many 
compounds with scientific words, 
meaning within , interior. 

entomb (en-toom'), v.t. to place in, 
or as in, a tomb. 

entombment ('ment), n. the act of 
placing in a tomb. 

entomoid ('to-moid), adj. resembUng 
an insect 

entomology (-to-moro-ji), n. that 



branch of zooolgy which treats of 
insects and their habits. 

entomologist (-jist), n. a student of 
entomology. 

entomophagus (-mofH-gus), adj, 
insect-eating. 

entonic (-ton'ik), adj. having great 
tension; strained. 

entourage (ang-too-razh'), n. asso- 
ciates, surroundings. 

entr'acte (ang'tr-akt), n. the interval 
between the acts of a play or opera; 
a musical interlude. 

entozoon (-to-zo'on), n. [pi. entozoa 
('a) ], a parasite living in the in- 
testines of another animal. 

entrails ('tralz), n.pl. the intestines. 

entrain (-tran'), v.t, to dispatch 
(troops) by train. 

entrance ('trans), n. the act of 
entering; a passage; avenue; the 
entry of a ship, or goods, at the 
custom house of a port. 

entrap (-trap'), v.t. to take in, or 
as in, a trap; inveigle; ensnare. 

entreat (-tret), v.t. to solicit ear- 
nestly; importune; beseech. 

entreaty (-tret'i), n. [pi. entreaties 
('iz) ], an earnest petition or request; 
prayer. 

entree (ang-tra'), n. entrance; ad- 
mission; a subordinate or side dish. 

entremets *(ang-tr-ma'), n. pi. side 
dishes; a made dish. 

entrench, same as intrench. 

entre nous (ang'tr noo), confiden- 
tially. 

entre pas (pa), n. an amble. 

entre-pot . (ang'tr-po), n. a commer- 
cial center for the distribution of 
goods; a free port where foreign 
merchandise is kept in bond. 

entrust, same as intrust. 

entry (en'tri), n. [pi. entries ('triz) ], 
an entrance; passage; entree; the 
act of entering and inscribing in a 
book ; item ; the act of taking right- 
ful possession of lands or tenements, 
or feloniously entering another's 
premises. 

entwine (-twin'), v.t. to twine around; 
twist together. 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hat; think, then.. 



ENUMERATE 



329 



EPICYCLE 



enumerate (e-nu'mer-at), v.t. to 
reckon or name singly; count; go 
over in detail. 

enumeration (-a 'shun), n. the act 
of numbering; counting up; a cata- 
logue; list. 

enunciable (-nun'shi-a-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of being enunciated. 

enunciate ('shi-at), v.t, to declare 
or proclaim; utter; Express; speak. 

enunciation (-a'shun), n. definite or 
declaratory statement; articulation; 
the words in which a proposition is 
expressed. 

enunciative ('shi-§,-tiv), adj. declar- 
atory. 

enunciator ('shi-a-ter), one who 
enunciates or declares. 

envelop (-verup), v.t. to surround 
vrith, or as with, a wrapper; hide; 
cover. 

envelope (en'vel-op), n. a case or 
wrapper, usually gummed, for safe 
conveyance of a letter by post, &c.; 
covering; wrapper; an investing in- 
tegument; exterior fortified works. 

envelopment (-verup-ment), n. the 
act of enveloping; a covering; wrap- 
per. 

envenom (-ven'um), v.t. make poison- 
ous; infuse venom into; embitter. 

enviable (Vi-a-bl), adj. exciting envy; 
capable of awakening the desire to 
possess. 

enviably (-bli), adv. in an enviable 
manner. 

envious ('vi-us), adj. feeling, or 
characterized by, envy; jealous. 

environ (-vi'run), v.t. to surround or 
inclose; encompass; hem in: n.pl. 
places near a town or city; suburbs. 

environment (-ment), ?i. that which 
surrounds; external circumstances 
of an organism. 

envoy Cvoi), n. a diplomatic repre- 
sentative, second in rank to an am- 
bassador; one sent on a special mis- 
sion. 

envy ('vi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. envied, 
p.pr, envying], to grudge; feel dis- 
pleasm-e at the excellence or prosperi- 
ty of; covet: v.i. to feel or exhibit 



envy: n. malice, ill-will; displeasure 
felt at the excellence of another; an 
object of envy. 

enwrap (-rap'), v.t. to wrap up. 

enzootic (-zo-ot'ik), adj. pertaining 
to a disease which affects animals of 
a particular district. 

epact (e'pakt), n. the excess of the 
solar over the lunar month, about 
11 days in the year. 

epaulment (e-pav/l'ment), n. sl side- 
work to protect troops in flank. 

epaulet (ep'aw-let), n. an ornamental 
badge sometimes worn on the shoul- 
der by naval and military officers. 

epenthesis (-en'the-sis), n. the in- 
sertion of a letter or syllable in the 
middle of a word. 

epergne (e-pern'), n. an ornamental 
stand with a dish and branches for 
holding flowers, <S:c. 

ephemera (ef-em'e-ra), n. [pi. eph- 
emerae (-re) ], that which exists but 
for a day; a May-fly. 

ephemeral ('er-^1), adj. existing 
only for a day ; short-Uved. 

ephemeris ('er-is), n. [pi. ephemer- 
ides (-mer'i-dez) ], an astronomical 
almanac showing the daily positions 
of the sun, moon, and planets. 

ephod (ef'od), n. a priestly vestment 
wxDrn by the Jewish high priest. 

ephor (ef er), n. [pi. ephori (-1), 
ephors ('erz) ], one of the five Spar- 
tan magistrates. 

epic (ep'ik), adj. heroic; narrative; 
said of a poem: n. a narrative poem 
of some heroic deed or event. 

epicarp ('i-kiirp), n. the outer layer 
or skin of a fruit. 

epicene ('i-sen), adj. of common 
gender: n. a noun common to both 
genders. 

epicranium (-i-kra'ni-um), n. the 
scalp of the cranium or skull. 

epicure ('i-ktir), n. one devoted to 
luxury, especially of a dainty kind. 
epicurean (-ku-re'an), adj. luxu- 
rious; devoted to the pleasures of 
the table: n. a voluptuary; gormand; 
epicure. 
epicycle ('i-si-kl), n. a small circle 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EPICYCLOID 



330 



EPIZOOTIC 



whose center is situated on the cir- 
cumference of a greater circle. 

epicycloid ('kloid), n, a curve de- 
scribed by a point in the^ circum- 
ference of one circle which rolls 
upon the convex circumference of 
another circle. 

epidemic (-i-dem'ik), adj, attacking 
many at the same time: said of a 
disease: n, a disease having this 
characteristic. 

epidermal (-der'mM), adj. pertaining 
to the epidermis. Also epidermic. 

epidermis ('mis), n. the cuticle or 
scarf skin; the outer coating or 
bark of a plant. 

epigamic (ep-i-gam'ik), adj, relating 
to the efforts among animals to at- 
tract mates in the pairing season. 

epigastrium (ep-i-gas'tri-um), n. a 
portion of the abdomen; the walls 
of the stomach and the stomach. 

epigenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. the hypoth- 
esis that the germ is created by the 
division or segmentation of a fecun- 
dated egg-celi. 

epiglottis (-glot'is), ^ n. the leaf- 
shaped cartilage which covers the 
upper part of the larynx in the act 
of swallowing. 

epigram ('i-gram),^ n. a verse or 
short poem ending in some ingenious 
or witty turn; a pithy phrase. 

epigrammatic (-at'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, an epi- 
gram; pointed. Also epigrammatical. 

epigrammatically (-al-h), adv. in 
an epigrammatical manner; pointed- 
ly and concisely. 

epigraph ('i-grM), n. an inscription 
on a building, naonument, &c.; a 
motto or quotation prefixed to a 
literary work. 

epilepsy^ ('i-lep-si), n. a chronic ner- 
vous disease accompanied by loss of 
consciousness and convulsions. 

epileptic Ctik), adj. pertaining to, 
or affected with, epilepsy: n, one af- 
fected with epilepsy. 

epilogue ('i-log), n. a poem or 
speech at the conclusion of a play. 

epinephrin (ep'i-nef'rin), n. the 



active principle of the secretion of 
the adrenal gland : also called adren- 
alin. It has extraordinary power to 
stop hemorrhages. 

epiornis (-or'nis), n. a gigantic fos- 
sil bird. 

Epiphany (e-pif'i.-ni), n. a Church 
festival (Jan. 6) to commemorate 
the visit of the Magi to Bethlehem, 
and the manifestation of Christ to 
the Gentiles. 

episcopacy (e-pis'ko-pa-si), n. church 
government by bishops; prelacy. 

episcopal ('ko-p^l), adj. pertaining 
to, or characterized by, episcopacy; 
vested in a bishop. 

episcopalian (-pa'li§,n), adj. per- 
taining to episcopacy. 

Episcopalian adj. pertaining to the 
Protestant Episcopal Church: n. a 
member or supporter of such Church. 

episcopally (-li), adv. by episcopal 
authority, 

episcopate ('ko-pat), n. the office 
and dignity of a bishop; bishopric. 

episode (ep'i-sod), n. an incident; a 
digression, or incidental narrative. 

episodic (-sod'ik), adj. pertaining to 
an episode; adventitious. Also epi- 
sodical. 

episodically (-M-li) , adv. incident- 
ally. 

episperm (-sperm), n. the outer cov- 
ering of a seed. 

epistle (e-pis'l), n. a letter; a writ- 
ten communication or message. 

epistolary ('to-l^-ri), adj. pertaining 
to letters. 

epitaph (ep'i-tHf), n. a memorial in- 
scription on a tomb or monument. 

epithet ('i-thet), n. an adjective de- 
noting any quality either good or 
bad; appellation. 

epitome (e-pit'o-me), n. a summary; 
abridgment; compendium. 

epitomize ('o-miz), v.t. to describe 
briefly; condense. 

epizoan (ep-i-zo'i^n), n. [pZ. epizoa 
('^) ], a parasitic animal whioh 
lives on the exterior of another ani- 
mal. 

epizootic (ep-i-zo-ot'ik), adj. parasit- 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



EPIZOOTY 



331 



EQUIPAGE 



ic on animals; prevailing among 
animals. 

epizooty ^ (ep-i-zo'o-ti), n. an epi- 
demic influenza prevailing among 
animals, especially horses. 

epoch (e'pok), n, a point o^ time 
from which succeeding years are 
reckoned; era; date. 

epode (ep'od), n. the last part of an 
ode; a burden or refrain in music. 

eponym ('o-nim), n, the presumed 
ancestor or founder of a race, tribe, 
city, nation, <fec.; surname. 

epsom salts ('sum sawltz), n.pL sul- 
phate of magnesia. 

equability (e-kwa-bil'i-ti), adj. even- 
ness. 

equable ('kw^-bl), adj. uniform; 
consistently equal; proportionate. 

equably (-bli), adv. in an equable 
manner. 

equal ('kwM), adj. of the same ex- 
tent, or magnitude; uniform; ade- 
quate; of the same rank, degree, or 
value; just; parallel: n. one of the 
same age, rank, office, talents, &c.: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. equaled, p.pr. equal- 
ing], to be, become or m.ake equal; 
return a full equivalent for. 

equality (-kwari-ti), n. [pi. equahties 
(-tiz) ], the state of being equal; 
uniformity; evenness; equability. 

equalize ('kw^-liz), v.t. to make 
equal; render uniform. 

equally (-h), adv. in an equal man- 
ner; in the same degree; uniformly; 
in equal parts or shares. ^ 

equanimity (-kwA,-nim'i-ti), n. even- 
ness of temper or mind; calmness. 

equate (-kwat'), v.t. to reduce to an 
average; put in the form of an equa- 
tion. 

equation (-kwa'shun), n. in mathe- 
matics, a proposition expressing the 
equahty of two quantities, the sign 
= being placed between ^ them ; a 
representation of a chemical reac- 
tion expressed by symbols. 

equator (-kw^a'ter), n. the imaginary 
circle which passes round the mid- 
dle of the -earth and divides it into 
two equal parts. 



equatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to the equator: n. a telescope 
moimted on two axes, one axis being 
parallel to the axis of^ the earth's 
rotation: used for keeping any star 
constanth^ in the field independently 
of the earth's rotation. 

equatorially (-li), adv. in a line 
with the equator. 

equerry (ek'wer-i), n. [pi. equerries 
(-iz) ], an officer in the house of a 
prince or nobleman, who attends 
him in public, and has the super- 
\4sion of his horses. 

equestrian (e-kwes'tri-an), adj. per- 
taining to horses or horsemanship; 
performing with horses: n. one 
skilled in horsemanship. 

equestrienne (-kwes-tri-en'), n. a 
skillful horsewoman. 

equi, a prefix ineaning equal, equally, 
same, found in many words, the 
sense of which is usually self-evi- 
dent, as equiangular, equidistant, 
equiiorm, &c. 

equilateral (e-kwi-lat'er-il), adj. 
having all the sides equal: n. a fig- 
ure with equal sides. 

equilibrator (e-kwi-ll'bra-ter), n. that 
which conduces to equilibrium. Tail 
of a flying machine. 

equilibrium (-lib'ri-um), n. equali- 
ty of weight, power, force, <fec.; 
equipoise, 

equine (e'kwin), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, a horse or horses. 

equinoctial (-kwi-nok'sh^l), adj. per- 
taining to the equinoxes: n. the 
equinoctial line. 

equinoctially (-li), adv. in the di- 
rection of the equinoctial fine. 

equinox (^kwi-noks), n. the point of 
intersection of the echptic and the 
equator; the time the sun enters 
one of the two equinoctial points 
when the days and nights are of 
equal duration. 

equip (e-k^s-ipO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
equipped, p.pr. equipping], to fur- 
nish or fit out; accoutre; prepare or 
, qualify. 

equipage (ek'wi-paj), n. the arms 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EQUIPMENT 



332 



ERODE 



and outfit of an army, vessel, trav- 
eler, &c.; the carriage, horse, liver- 
ied servants of a person of rank or 
gentleman. 

equipment (e-kwip'ment), n, arti- 
cles or suppUes necessary for any 
particular service; arms, horses, &c., 
required for military service; roll- 
ing-stock or plant of a railway. 

equipoise (e'kwi-poiz), n, equilibri- 
um; equality of weight. 

equiponderant (-pon'der-§;nt), adj. 
of the same weight. 

equitable (ek'wi-ta-bl), adj, impar- 
tial; just. 

equitably (-bli), adv, justly; impar- 
tially. 

equity ('wi-ti), n. [pi, equities (-tiz) ], 
justice; ^ just regard to right or 
claim; impartiality; the adminis- 
tration of law according to its spirit 
and not according to the letter. 

equivalence (e-kwiv'a-lens), n. equal- 
ity of value or power; in chemistry, 
the property of having equal valency. 
Equivalency. 

equivalent ('§.-lent), adj. equal in 
value or power; the same in signifi- 
cance or effect; commensurate: n. a 
thing of the same value, weight, 
power, effect, &c. 

equivocal ('o-kal), adj. of a doubt- 
ful or double significance; ambigu- 
ous; open to suspicion or doubt; 
uncertain. 

equivocally (-li), adv. in an equivocal 
manner. 

equivocate ('o-kat), v.i. to use words 
of double meaning; prevaricate. 

era (e'r^), n. the point of time from 
which a series of years is reckoned; 
period; the beginning of a new geo- 
logical system or formation. 

eradicate (e-rad'i-kat), v.i. to de- 
stroy thoroughly; exterminate. 

erase (-ras'), v.t. to obhterate by, or 
as by, scratching, or blotting out; 
expunge. 

eraser (-ra'ser), n. a knife or pre- 
pared india-rubber for rubbing out 
pencil-marks, &c. 

erasure ('zhLU") , n. the act of erasing. 



erbium (er'bi-um), n. a rare metal; 
one of the elements. 

ere (ar), conj. & prep, before; sooner 
than. 

Erebus (er'e-bus), n. a place of utter 
darkness; Hades. 

erect (e-rekV)y v.t. to raise upright; 
construct; build; raise; establish; 
distend or stiffen: adj. upright; 
firmly uplifted; bold or unshaken. 

erectile (-rek'til), adj. ^ having the 
property of, or susceptible to, erec- 
tion. 

erection ('shun), n. the act of con- 
structing or raising edifices; a struc- 
ture or building. 

erective Ctiv), adj, tending, or serv- 
ing, to erect, or to build up. 

erector Cter), n. one who erects; a 
muscle that erects any part. 

eremite, another form of hermit. 

erethisni (er'e-thizm), n. unnatural 
excitation of some organ or tissue 
of the body. 

erg (erg), n, a unit of work in the 
centimeter-gram-second system. Also 
ergon. 

ergmeter ('me-ter), n. an instrument 
for measuring the strength of an 
electric current in ergs. 

ergo (er'go), adv. therefore; conse- 
quently. 

ergometer (-gom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring work per- 
formed or force produced. 

ergot ('got), ji. a black horn-like 
fungus, growing upon rye, &c. 

erg- ten ('ten), n. a imit of work = 
10,000,000,000 ergs. 

erinite ('in-it), n. a rich emerald- 
green arseniate of copper. 

ermine (er'min), n. a weasel-like 
animal, much valued^ for its fur, 
which becomes white in winter, ex- 
cept the tip of the tail, which re- 
mains black; the emblem, dignity, 
or office of a judge. 

ermined ('mind), p. adj. clothed or 
invested with ermine. 

ern (ern), n. an eagle. Also erne. 

erode (e-rod'), v.t. to eat away; cor- 
rode. 



ate, arm,, ^.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EROSE 



333 



ESKIMO 



erose (-ros'), cdj. toothed irregularly, 
as if gnawed away: said of a leaf. 

erosion (-ro'zhun), n. the act of 
eroding; gradual destruction or eat- 
ing away; an eroded part. 

erosive (-ros'iv), adj. gnawing or 
wearing away. 

erostrate (-ros'trat), adj, beakless. 

erotic (-rot'ik), adj, pertaining to, or 
caused by, love; amorous: n. an 
amatory poem or composition. 

eroticism (e-rot'i-sizm), n. an ab- 
normal emphasis of sex and sexual 
relations. 

err _ (er), v.L to commit an error or 
mistake; wander; deviate from the 
path of rectitude. 

errand (er'^nd), n. a message; com- 
mission 

errant ('r§.nt), adj. roving; wandering. 

errantry (-ri), n. knight-errantry. 

erratic (-rat'ik), adj. wandering; 
irregular; eccentric: n.j)l. boulders 
transported by natural agencies 
from their original site. 

erratically (-M-H), adv. irregularly. 

erratum (-ra'tum), n. [pZ. errata ('t^) ], 
an error in printing or writing. 

erroneous (-ro'ne-us), adj. character- 
ized by error; incorrect; mistaken; 
wrong. 

error ('er), n. deviation from the truth; 
mistake; blunder; an irregularity. 

Erse (ers), adj. pertaining to the Kelts 
of Ireland or Scotland, or to their 
language. 

erst .(erst), adv. formerly. 

eructation (e-ruk-ta'shun), n. the 
act of throwing off wind from the 
stomach. 

erudite (er'u-dlt), learned. 

erudition (-dish'un), n. knowledge 
obtained by the study of books; 
learning. 

erupted (e-rupt'ed), adj, violently 
ejected. 

eruptive (-rup'tiv), adj. bursting 
forth. 

eryngo (e-ring'go), n. sea-holly. 

erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las), n. an in- 
flammation of the skin, accompanied 
with fever. 



escadrille (es-ka-dril), n. French, a 
small squadron; applied to a group 
of aeroplanes. 

escalade (es-k§,-lad'), n. the act of 
scaling the walls of a fortified place 
by means of scahng-ladders. 

escalator (es-ka-la-ter), n. a stairway 
which moves, carrying the person 
ascending, constructed on the end- 
less chain principle. 

escallop* Same as scallop. 

escapade (-pad'), n. a breach of pro- 
priety; misdeed; freak. 

escape (-kap'), v.t. to flee from; get 
out of the way of; avoid; enjoy 
immunity from: v.i. to get out of 
danger; fly: n. getting away from 
danger; flight; deliverance. 

escapement ('ment), n. a mechani- 
cal device for securing regularity of 
movement. 

escarp (-karp'), v.t. to give a steep 
slope to: n. the side of the ditch next 
the rampart forming a steep slope. 

escarpment ('ment), n. the precipi- 
tous face of a ridge of high land. 

escheat (-chet), v.t. to forfeit through 
failure of heirs: v.i. to revert to 
the crown or lord of the manor by 
reason of forfeiture of heirs. 

eschew (-chu'), v.t. to shun; avoid. 

escorial^ (es-ko'ri-^1), n. a worked- 
out mine. 

escort (es'kort), n. a body of armed 
men acting as a guard; a retinue: 
v.t. (es-korf) to accompany; con- 
voy. 

escritoire (-kri-twar'), n. a writing 
desk, table, or bureau. 

esculent ('ku-lent), adj. eatable. 

Elscurial (es-koo'ri-al), n. a notable 
palace near Madrid, Spain. Built 
in the form of a gridiron, on which 
St. Lawrence suffered martyrdom. 

escutcheon (-kuch'un), n. a shield 
on which the heraldic arms of a 
family are emblazoned. 

Eskimo ('ki-mo), adj. pertaining to 

' one of a tribe of diminutive people 
inhabiting Greenland and adjacent 
parts. Also Esquimau. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5dn 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ESOPHAGUS 



334 



ESTOP 



esophagus (e-sof'§,-gus), n, the gul- 
let or canal through which food and 
drink pass to the stomach. Also 
oesophagus. 

esoteric (es-o-ter'ik), adj, pertaining 
to doctrines taught privately; se- 
cret; confidential. 

esoterist ('o-ter-ist), n. an occultist. 

espaliers (-paryerz), n.pL fruit trees 
trained on a trellis. 

esparto (-par'to), n. a species of 
Spanish grass used for making pa- 
per. 

especial (-pesh'al), adj. particular; 
chief. 

especially (-li), adv, particularly; 
chiefly. 

Esperanto (es-per-an'to) , n, an ec- 
lectic, artificial language, based on 
root-words from several languages, 
chiefly those derived from the Latin 
tongue. Designed for international 
usage. 

espionage ('pi-o-naj), n. the act or 
practice of spying to detect wrong- 
doing, or of employing spies or se- 
cret agents. 

esplanade (-pla-nad'), n. a level 
walk or drive, especially by the sea- 
side ; a lawn ; glacis. 

espousal (-pouz'al), adj, pertaining 
to the act of espousing: n. the act 
of espousing or betrothing: pi. the 
ceremony of contracting a man and 
woman to each other in marriage. 

espouse (-pouz'),^ v.t. to promise, en- 
gage, or give in marriage; wed; 
adopt; advocate or defend, as a 
cause. 

esprit de corps (-pre' de kor'), a 
spirit of common devotion, honor, 
interest, binding together men of 
the same profession, society, &c. 

espy (-pi')?, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. espied, 
p.pr. espying], to see at a distance; 
discover (something intended to be 
hid); see unexpectedly. 

Esquimau, same as Eskimo. 

esquire (-kwir'), n. originally the ar- 
mor-bparer or attendant on a knight; 
a title next below a knight; a title 
applied to professional men, justices 



of the peace, and often used instead 
of Mr. in the address of a letter. 

essay ('sa), n. a short written com- 
position or treatise; an attempt; 
experiment: v.t. (es-sa'), [p-t. &, 
p.p. essayed, p.pr, essaying], to try 
or attempt. 

essence (/ens), n. the concentrated 
preparation of any substance; vola- 
tile matter; perfume; that in which 
the real character of a thing con- 
sists. 

essential (-sen'shSJ), adj. necessary 
to the existence of a thing; most 
important ; indispensable ; pure ; 
volatile; highly rectified. 

essentiality (-shi-ari-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being essential. 

essentially (-li), adv. in the highest 
degree. 

establish (-tab'lish), v.t. to fix firm- 
ly; settle; prove legally; strengthen; 
restore. 

establishment (-ment), n. the act 
of establishing; ratification; settle- 
ment; a place of residence or busi- 
ness; household; income; a form of 
reUgion connected with the state. 

estate (-taf), n. condition of life; 
rank, position, or quahty; the title 
or interest one has in lands or tene- 
ments; property in general: pi. or- 
ders or classes of men in a country; 
a legislative assembly composed of 
these classes. 

esteem (-tern'), v.t. to set a high 
value upon; respect; prize; con- 
sider: n. favorable opinion; estima- 
tion; respect; reverence. 

esthetics, same as aesthetics. 

estimable ('ti-ma-bl), adj. worthy of 
regard, esteem, or honor; calculable. 

estimate ('ti-mat), v.t. to compute; 
determine the value of : n. the com- 
puted cost or value of anything; 
appraisement. 

estimation (-ma'shun), n. calcula- 
tion; appraisement; honor, respect, 
or esteem; conjecture. 

estop (-top')» v-t' [P't- & P'P' es- 
topped, p.pr. estopping], to place 
under estoppel; bar. 



Ste, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ESTOPPEL 



335 



ETYMON 



estoppel ('el), n. a legal impediment. 

estovers (-toVerz), n.pT. alimony; wood 
taken for his ot\ti use by a tenant. 

estrade (-trad'), n. a level place; a 
slightly raised platform. 

estrange (-tranj'), v.t. to ahenate; 
keep at a distance; turn from kind- 
ness to indifference or enmity (with 
from). 

estj^apade (-tra-pad'), n, the effort 
of a horse in trying to throw his 
rider, by kicking, rearing, &c. 

estrich ('trich), n. a trade name for 
fine ostrich down. 

estuarial (-tu-a'ri-al) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or formed in, an estuary. 
Also estuarine. ^ 

estuary ('tu-a-ri), n. [pi. estuaries 
(-riz) ], the mouth of a tidal river. 

et caetera (et set'er-a), and others of 
the same kind; and so forth. Also 
et cetera. 

etch (ech), v.t, to engrave by biting 
out with an acid the design previous- 
ly drawn witih an etching needle: v.i. 
to practice etching. 

eternal (e-ter'nal), adj. without be- 
ginning or end; everlasting; per- 
petual ; incessant. 

Eternal, n. an appellation of God 
(with the)o 

eternally (-li), adv. perpetually. 

eternity ^ ('ni-ti), n. [pi. eternities 
(-tiz) ], infinite duration; unending 
existence. 

ete'sian (e-te'zhi-in), adj. noting the 
north or northeast wind which in 
early spring prevails over Europe. 

ether (e'ther), ?i. an extremely fine 
fluid, lighter than air, supposed to 
pervade all space beyond the atmos- 
phere of the earth; a volatile in- 
flammable liquid produced by the 
distillation of alcohol with sulphuric 
acid. 

ethereal (-the're-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or formed of, ether; airy; ex- 
quisite; heavenly. 

ethereally (-li), adv. in an ethereal 
manner. 

etherol (e'ther-ol), n. a yellowish, 
viscid, oily hydrocarbon. 



ethical (eth'i-kal), adj. pertaining to 
ethics; moral. Also ethic. 

ethics Ciks), n.pl. the science that 
treats of the principles of human 
moraUty and duty; moral philoso- 
phy; morals. 

Ethiopian (-thi-o'pi-an), adj. per- 
taining to Ethiopia: n. a native of 
Ethiopia. 

ethmoid (eth'moid), n. a light, 
spongy, sieve-hke bone, which forms 
the roof of the nose. 

ethnic ('nik), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, races or peoples. 
Also ethnical. 

ethnography (-nog'r§,-fi), n. the sci- 
entific description of races and na- 
tions of mankind. 

ethology (-oro-ji), n. the science of 
ethics. 

ethos (e'thos), n. the characteristic 
genius of a people, institution, or 
system. 

ethyl (eth'il), n. a monatomic fatty 
hydrocarbon radical, contained in 
alcohol and ether. 

ethylene (-en), n. heavy carburetted 
hydrogen, or olefiant gas. 

etiolate (e'ti-o-lat), v.t. to blanch or 
whiten by exclusion from sim- 
hght. 

etiquette (et'i-ket), n. the conven- 
tional rules or ceremonial observed 
in polite society ; ^ good breeding. 

etymological (et-i-mo-lojl-kal), adj. 
pertaining to et3^mology. 

etymologically (-h), adv. in an ety- 
mological manner. 

etymologist (-mol'o-jist), n. one 
who is proficient in etymology. Also 
et}Tnologer. 

etymologize (-moFo-jIz), v.i. to in- 
vestigate the origin and primary 
meaning of words. 

etyrnology ('o-ji), n. [pi. etymolo- 
gies (-jiz) ], that branch of philolo- 
gy which treats of the origin and 
derivation of words; that part of 
grammar which treats of the parts 
of speech and their inflections. 

etymon ('i-mon), n. the root of a 
word or its primitive 'signification. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EUCALYPTOL 



336 



EVANGELICAL 



eucaljrptol (u-ki,-lip'tol), n, a liquid 
contained in eucalyptus oil. 

Eucalyptus ('tus), n. [pi. Eucalypti 
('ti) ], a genus of Austrajian ever- 
green trees, some species of which 
furnish gum and a valuable medi- 
cine. 

eucalyptus, n. a tree of the genus 
above defined. 

Eucharist ^ (u'k§.-rist), n, the Holy 
Communion; the sacrament of the 
Lord's Supper; the elements, bread 
and wine, used in that sacrament. 

eucharistic (-ris'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to the eucharist; expressing 
thanksgiving. Also eucharistical. 

euchlorine (-klo'rin), n. a greenish 
explosive gas, having bleaching 
properties. 

euchre ('ker), n. a particular game 
of cards, those between seven and 
ace being discarded: v.t, to prevent 
(an opponent at euchre) from tak- 
ing three of the five tricks: hence 
to outwit. 

eudiometer (-di-om'e-ter), n. a grad- 
uated instrument for measuring the 
volume of a gas. 

eugenics (u-jen'iks), n. the science 
relating to the betterment of the 
human race by improving conditions 
as to conception, gestation and 
birth. 

eulogist (-jist), n. one who eulogizes. 

eulogistic Cik), adj. laudatory. ^ 

eulogize ('lo-jlz), v.t. to praise high- 
ly; commend. 

eulogy (-ji), n. [pi. eulogies (-jiz) ], 
the praise of anyone spoken or writ- 
ten; panegyric. 

eunuch Cnuk), n. a castrated per- 
son, especially an attendant in a 
harem. 

euphemism ('fem-izm), n. the sub- 
stitution of a delicate or pleasmg 
expression in place of that which is 
offensive or indehcate. 

euphemistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining 
to, or characterized by, euphemism. 

euphonic (-fon'ik), adj. sounding 
pleasantly to the ear. Also euphoni- 
cal, euphonious. 



euphonium (-fo'ni-um), n. a bass 
brass instrument; a musical instru- 
ment consisting of glass tubes unit- 
ed by metal bars. 

euphony ('fo-ni), n. [pi. euphonies 
(-niz) ], an agreeable sound, or pro- 
nunciation. 

euphuism ('fu-izm), n. the pedantic 
or affected use of words or language. 

Eurasian (u-ra'zhan), adj. pertaining 
to a person whose parentage is 
partly European and partly Asiatic. 

eureka (u-re'ka), ^ n. originally a 
Greek word meaning "I have found 
it.^' 

eurhythmies (u-rith'miks), n. physi- 
cal expression of music; rhythmic 
training of the body in response to 
musical values. 

European (-ro-pe'§;n), adj. pertain- 
ing to Europe. 

eustachian (-sta'ki-§,n), adj. noting 
a tube which leads from the cavity 
of the tympanum of the ear to the 
pharynx. 

eutectic (-tek'tik), adj. meltmg at a 
low temperature. 

euthanasia (-than-a'zhi-i;), n. a 
painless, easy death. Also euthanasy. 

euthenics (u-then'iks), n. the study 
of environmental conditions that 
tend to improve the race; comple- 
mentary to eugenics. 

evacuate (e-vak'u-at), v.t. to make 
void or empty; discharge through 
the excretory passages; abandon 
possession, or withdraw from. 

evade (-vad'), v.t. to elude; escape 
by artifice, stratagem, or sophistry. 

evadible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing evaded. Also evadable. 

evanescent (ev-§,-nes'ent) , adj. dis- 
appearing gradually from sight; 
vanishing. 

evangel (e-van'jel), n. good news, 
especially that of the Gospel. ^ 

evangelical ('ik-&l), adj. pertaining 
to the Gospel, or the four Gospels; 
maintaining the fundamental doc- 
trines of the Protestant faith; spir- 
itually minded. Also evangelic : n. 
one who holds evangelical doctrines. 



Me, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EVANGELICALLY 



337 



EVILLY 



evangelically (-li), adv, in an evan- 
gelical manner. 

evangelism ('jel-izm), n. the doctrine 
and preaching of evangelical princi- 
ples. Also evangelicalism. 

evangelist (-ist), n. one of the four 
writers of the Gospel; an itinerant 
preacher. 

evangelize ('jel-iz), v.t, to instruct in 
the Gospel; convert to Christianity. 

evaporate (-vap'o-rat), v.i, to dis- 
perse in vapor; pass away without 
effect: v.t. to convert into vapor. 

evaporation (-ra'slmn), n. the slow 
conversion of a fluid into vapor. 

evasion (-va'zhun), n, the act of 
evading; an excuse; equivocation; 
subterfuge. 

evasive (-va'siv), adj. tending, or 
seeking to evade; elusive. 

evasively (-li), adv. with evasion. 

Eve (ev), n. the first woman of Crea- 
tion. 

eve (ev), n. the fast or vigil before 

a church festival, or saint's day; 

.the period immediately preceding 

some important event; evening 

[poet.]. 

evection (-vek'shun), n. a periodical 
irregularity of the moon's motion. 

even (eVn), adj. level; uniform; 
smooth; parallel; divisible by 2 
without a remainder; equal; bal- 
anced; calm; whole: n. evening 
[poet.]: v.t. to level or make even: 
v.t, to be quits: adv. verily; exactly; 
noting emphasis; but also. 

evening (Vn-ing), n. the close of the 
day and beginning of the night; the 
latter end of life. 

evenly (-h*), adv. in an even man- 
ner; smoothly; uniformly; impar- 
tially. 

evenness (-nes), n. smoothness; uni- 
formity; regularity; equality of sur- 
face; equanimity. 

event (-vent'), n. an occurrence; in- 
cident; consequence of an action; 
any single item in a program of 
sports or games. 

eventful ('fool), adj. full of inci- 
dents or events; momentous. 



eventide (Vn-tid), n, evening. 

eventual (-ven'tu-al), adj. happening 
as a result; ultimate; contingent. 

eventuality C-ti), n. [pi. eventual- 
ities (-tiz) ], a possible occurrence; 
a propensity to take cognizance of 
events or facts. 

eventually (-li), adv. ultimately. 

eventuate ('tu-at), v.i, to happen; 
terminate result. 

ever (ev'er) adv at any time; al- 
ways without end ; in any degree. 

everglade (-glad), n. a low, swampy 
tract of land, with patches of tall 
grass. 

ever screen (-gren), 71. a tree or plant 
which retains its foliage throughout 
the year: adj. alwa^^s green, or 
fresh. 

everlasting (-last'ing), adj. perpet- 
ual: n. eternity; a plant whose flow- 
ers retain their color when dried; a 
kind of stout woolen material. 

Everlasting, n. God, the Eternal. 

evermore (-mor), adv. eternally; al- 
v.ays. 

evert (e-vert'), v.t. to destroy; over- 
throw; turn outwards. 

every (ev'ri or ev'er-i), adj. the 
whole, taken one at a time; each. 

evict (e-vikt'), v.t, to expel or dis- 
possess by legal process. 

eviction (-vik'shun), n. the act of 
evicting. 

evidence (ev'i-dens), n. indubitable 
certainty; proof; testimony: v.t, to 
prove; make evident or plain. 

evident (-dent), adj. plain; obvious. 

evidential (-den'shalj, adj. proving 
clearly. 

evidentially (-li), adv. as evidence. 

evil (e'vl), adj. morally bad; wicked; 
sinful; unfortunate; mischievous; 
disastrous; worthless: adv. badly; 
unkindly: n. moral depravity; in- 
jury; affiiction. 

evil-eye (-1), n. an influence for in- 
jury, supposed to be exerted by cer- 
tain persons who cast a malignant 
glance at anyone. 

evilly (-H), adv. maliciously; wick- 
edlv. 



ate, arm S-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 22 ' ' 



EVINCE 



338 



EXCELLENT 



evince (e-vins'), v.t, to manifest or 
make evident; demonstrate. 

evincible (-vin'si-bl) , adj. capable 
of proof or demonstration. 

eviscerate (-vis'er-at), v.t, to dis- 
embowel. 

evoke (-vok'), v.t. to call forth. 

evolution (ev-o-lu'shun), n. devel- 
opment or growth; the movements 
of troops in marching or on the bat- 
tlefield; the extraction of roots of 
any arithmetical oi algebraical pow- 
er; the gradual development or de- 
scent of forms of life from simple 
or low organized types consisting of 
a single cell. 

evolutional (-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or resulting from, evolution. Also 
evolutionary. 

evolutionist (-ist), adj. pertaining 
to evolution: n. one who maintains 
the doctrine of evolution; tactician. 

evolutive (-tiv), adj. evolutionary. 

evolve (e-volvO, v.t. to develop; un- 
fold; expand; work out. 

ewe (u), n. a female sheep. ^ 

ewer ('er), n. a large water jug, used 
in the toilet. 

ex, prefix, meaning out of, beyond , 
from; before words denoting occu- 
pation or office, it indicates previous 
occupancy. 

exact (egz-akt'), adj. very correct or 
accurate; precise; methodical; strict; 
particular: v.t. require or claim 
authoritatively; compel to be paid; 
insist upon as a right. 

exacting Cing), p. adj. making un- 
reasonable demands; oppressive; 
severe; arduous. 

exaction (-ak'shun), n. the act of 
exacting; extortion. 

exactly ('li), adv. accurately; precisely. 

exactness ('nes), n. accuracy; pre- 
cision. 

exactor ('er), n. one who exacts. 

exaggerate (egz-aj'er-at), v.t. to en- 
large or heighten by overstatement; 
color highly. 

exalt (-awlf), v.t. to elevate in rank, 
station, or dignity; raise on high; 
glorify or extol. 



examine (-am'in), v.t. to scrutinize 
or investigate^ carefully; search or 
inquire into; interrogate as a wit- 
ness; test orally or by papers the 
knowledge, qualifications, &c., of, as 
a candidate for a degree or office; 
experiment; analyze; test. 

examinee (-i-ne'), n. one who is ex- 
amined. 

example (-am'pl), n. a pattern; a 
model or copy; an illustration of a 
rule or precept; sample; specimen; 
one punished for the admonition of 
others. 

exasperate (egz-as'per-at), v.t. to 
irritate exceedingly; enrage great- 
ly; embitter; intensify: adj. cov- 
ered wuth hard, stiff points: said of 
a plant. 

ex cathedra (eks kk-the'drk), adv. 
with an air of official authority; 
dogmatically. 

excavate (eks'ka-vat), v.t. to dig or 
hollow out; scoop or cut out. 

excavation (-va'shun), n. a hollow 
cavity formed by cutting or digging 
out earth; an open earth-cutting. 

excavator ^ (-va-ter), n. one who, or 
that which, excavates; a digging 
machine. 

exceed (ek-sed'), v.t. to go beyond the 
limit or measure of; surpass; excel; 
transcend: v.i. to be greater; go be- 
yond bounds. 

exceeding ('ing), p.adj. very great. 

exceedingly (-li), adv. extremely. 

excel (-selO, v.i. [p.t. & p.p. excelled, 
p.pr. excelling], to possess good 
qualities in a great degree: v.t. sur- 
pass; outdo in comparison; to be 
superior to. 

excellence (-ens), n. the state of ex- 
celling in anything; superior merit, 
goodness, or virtue. 

Excellency (-en-si), n. [pi. excellen- 
cies (-siz) ], a title of honor of vari- 
ous high officials, as an ambassador, 
governor, &c. 

excellent (-ent) adj. oi great value, 
merit, or virtue; nighly useful or 
desirable; eminently distinguished 
for goodness, or ability. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
bookj hue, hut; think, then. 



EXCELSIOR 



339 



EXCOGITATE 



excelsior ('si-er), adj, yet higher: n. 
long wood shavings used chiefly for 
packing or stuffing. 

except (-sept'), v.t. to omit or leave 
out; exclude: v.i. to object (with 
to): prep, omitting; without inclu- 
sion of; besides: conj. unless. 

exception ('shun), n, ^ the state of 
being excepted; omission; exclu- 
sion; objection; offense taken (with 
to)] a formal objection to a decision 
of a court during trial. 

exceptionable (-a-bl), adj. objec- 
tionable. 

exceptional (-al), adj. unusual. 

exceptionally (-li), adv. unusually. 

excerpt (-serpf), v.i. to take out or 
select from, as a book; quote: n. a 
selection or extract from a book or 
writing. 

excess (-ses'), n. that which exceeds 
the ordinary limit, measure, or ex- 
perience; overplus; superfluity; in- 
temperance. 

excessive ('iv), adj, extreme; un- 
reasonable. 

exchange (eks-chanj'), v.t. to give in 
return for an equivalent; barter, 
give, resign, or abandon: n. the act 
of exchanging; barter; reciprocity; 
the act of resigning one thing for 
another; a place where merchants 
meet (often 'change). 

exchange-broker (-bro'ker), n. a 
broker who negotiates foreign bills. 

exchangeable i^h-hX), adj, that may 
be exchanged; ratable. 

exchanger ('er), n. a money-changer. 

exchequer (-chek'er), n, a treagoi^^; 
cash or funds; formerly an En^^h 
court of law, now merged into the 
Queen's Bench di\dsion of the High 
Court of Justice. 

excisable (ek-siz'a-bl), adj. dutiable. 

excise (-siz'), v.t. to levy an excise 
duty upon: n. an inland tax levied 
on commodities of home production 
and consumption. 

excision (-sizh'un), n. the act of cut- 
ting out, or off; the state of being 
cut off; destruction; ruin; amputa- 
tion. 



excitability (-slt-ta-bil'i-ti), n. f^. 
excitabihties (-tiz) ], the state or 
quality of being excitable or easily 
stirred up ; sensitiveness to irritation. 

excitant (-si'tant), n. a stimulant. 

excitation (-ta'shun), n. the act of 
exciting; the excitement produced. 

excite (-sif), v.t. to animate; rouse 
up; encourage; put into motion or 
action. 

excited ('ed), p. adj. aroused; pro- 
voked. 

exciting ('ing), p.adj. tending to ex- 
cite; stirring; hvely. 

excitement ('ment), n. the state of 
being excited; commotion; sensation; 
stimulation; warmth of temper. 

excito-motor (ek-sl-to-mo'ter), adj. 
pertaining to that which induces 
nutrition by reflex action. 

exclaim (ek.s-ldam'), v.i. <fe v.t. to cry 
out abruptly and passionately; to 
vociferate. 

exclamation (-kla-ma'shun) , n. an 
abrupt or clamorous outcry; an ex- 
pression of surprise, pain, &c.; a 
mark (!) in writing or printing to 
denote emotion, surprise, &c. 

exclamatorily (-li), adv. in an ex- 
clamatory manner. 

exclamatory (-klam'^-to-ri), adj. 
containing, expressing, or using, ex- 
clamation. 

exclave ('klav), n. a small part of a 
countr}^ lyii^g within the territory of 
another power. 

exclude (-klud'), v.t. to shut out; 
hinder from entrance or admission: 
prohibit; debar; except. 

exclusion (-klu'zhun), n. the act xA 
excluding; the state of being ex- 
cluded; omission. 

exclusionist (-ist), n. one who would 
debar another from any privilege or 
right. 

exclusive ('siv), adj. tending to ex- 
clude; illiberal; shutting out from 
Hinits fixed by law: n. one who ex- 
cludes all but a few from his society 
or feUowship. 

excogitate (-koj'i-tat), v.t. to invent; 
discover by thinking. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mlt-g, mit; note, north, not; hoon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EXCOMMUNICABLE 



340 



EXEGETIC 



excommunicable (-kom-mu'ni-ka- 
bl), adj. deserving, or punishable 
by, excommunication. 

excommunicate ('ni-kat), v.L to 
punish by cutting off from the 
membership and communication of 
the church. 

excoriate (-ko'ri-at), v,t to strip off 
the skin; rub or gall; abrade. 

excortication (-kor-ti-ka'shun), n. 
the act of stripping off bark. 

excrement ('kre-ment), n. matter 
discharged from the body of an 
animal after digestion. 

excremental (-men'tal), adj. of the 
nature of excrement. 

excrementitious (tish'us), adj. per- 
taining to, or consisting of, excre- 
ment. 

excrescence (-kres'ens), n. an un- 
natural or disfiguring outgrowth. 

excrescent Cent), adj. pertaining to 
an excrescence; superfluous. 

excreta (-kre'ta), n.pl. useless mat- 
ter eliminated from the body. 

excretion ('shun), n. the throwing 
off or ejection of waste matter from 
the body. 

excretory ('to-ri), adj. pertaining to 
excretion: n. [pi. excretories (-riz) ], 
a duct or vessel that transmits ex- 
creted matter. 

excruciate (-kru'shi-at) , v.t. to in- 
flict severe pains upon; torture. 

excruciating (-a-ting), ac^. agonizing. 

excruciation (-a'shun), n. agony; 
torture. 

exculpate (-kul'pat),2;.^.to clear from 
the imputation of a fault; exonerate. 

exculpatory ('pa-to-ri), adj. vindi- 
catory. 

excurrent (-kur'ent), adj. running 
out beyond the edge: said of trees 
or leaves. 

excursion (-ker'shun), n. a pleasure 
trip; a short or rapid tour; a di- 
gression. 

excursive ('siv), adj. rambling. 

excursus ('sus), n. a dissertation 
supplemental to a work, giving ad- 
ditional information on certain 
points; a digression. 



excusable (-kuz'a-bl) ,acZt?.pardonable. 

excusably (-bli), adv. pardonably. 

excuse (-kuz'), v.t. to extenuate by 
apology; pardon; free from obliga- 
tion or duty; remit; justify: n. 
(-kusO, a plea offered in extenua- 
tion of some fault or neglect of 
duty; apology; pretext. 

exeat ('e-at), n. leave of absence from 
a college; permission granted by a 
bishop to a priest to depart from 
his diocese. 

execrate ('e-krat), v.t. to imprecate 
evil upon; detest; abhor. 

execration (-kra'shun), n. the act 
of execrating: imprecation; detesta- 
tion. 

execute ('e-kut), v.t. to perform; 
carry into effect; put to death; pur- 
sue to the end; make valid or legal 
by signing or sealing: v.i. to per- 
form any act or oflfice; play some 
piece of music. 

execution (-ku'shun), n. the act of 
executing; performance; manner of 
carrying anything into effect; com- 
pletion; a legal warrant or order; 
the act of giving validity to a legal 
instrument; capital punishment; 
destruction; effective work or oper- 
ation. 

executive (egs-ek'u-tiv) , adj. per- 
taining to the governing body; ad- 
ministrative; active: n. an official, 
or body, charged with carrying the 
laws into effect; the administrative 
branch of a government. 

executor ('u-ter), n. a person ap- 
pointed by a testator to see that the 
terms of his will are duly carried 
out. Fern, executrix. 

executory ('u-to-ri), adj. pertaining 
to the execution of laws; carrying 
out official duties: to be performed 
at a future period. 

exegesis (eks-e-je'sis), n. explana- 
tion or interpretation of a text or 
passage, especially of the Bible. 

exegetic (-jet'ik), adj. expository; 
interpretative. Also exegetical: n. 
pi. the science which deals with the 
interpretation of Scripture. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EXEMPLAR 



341 



EXOGEN 



exemplar (egz-em'pEr), n. some- 
thing to be copied, or serving as a 
model; example. 

exemplary (-em'pla-ri), adj, serving 
as a copy or model; commendable. 

exemplification (-pli-fi-ka'shun), n. 
illustration by example. 

exemplify ('pli-fi), v.t. [pi. cz p.p. 
exempted, p.pr, exemplifying], to 
illustrate by example; transcribe. 

exempt (-emptO, v.t to free from 
some duty or obligation; grant im- 
munity to: adj, free from some duty 
or obligation (with from): n. a 
person t,hus set free; an exon. 

exequatur (eks-e-kwa'ter), n. a 
written recognition of a consul or 
commercial agent given by the for- 
eign government ^ to which he is 
accredited, authorizing him to exer- 
cise his authority in the place where 
he is stationed. 

exercise ('er-siz), v.t, to train by 
use; exert; practice; employ ac- 
tively; make anxious; harass: v,L 
to imdergo training: n. bodily exer- 
tion; mental or physical develop- 
ment; labor; practice* a lesson or 
example for practice. 

exercitor (egz-er'si-ter), n. the person 
to whom the profits of a ship belong. 

exergue (-erg'), n. the small space 
beneath the principal design on a 
coin or medal for the insertion of a 
date, &c. 

exert (-erf), v.t. to put forth; use 
with an effort. 

exeunt (eks'e-unt), they go out: a 
word used in plays to denote that 
the actors retire from the stage. 

exfoliation (-fo-h-a/shun), n. the 
act of scaling or peehng off. 

exhalation (eks-ha-la'shun) , n. the 
act of exhaling; emanation. 

exhale (-hal'), v.t, to breathe forth; 
emit or send out; cause to evapo- 
rate; v.i. to rise in vapor. 

exhaust ^ (egz-awsf), v.t. to empty 
by drawing off the contents; drain; 
weaken; wear out by exertion: dis- 
cuss or treat thoroughly: adj. whol- 
ly or partially deprived of strength. 



exhaustible ('i-bl), adj. capable of 
being exhausted. 

exhaustive ('iv), adj, exhausting; 
complete. 

exhibit (egz-ib'it and eks-hib'it), v.t, 
to present to view; display; show; 
manifest pubhcly; present formally 
or oflScially; administer: n. a legal 
document presented lq proof of facts; 
an object offered for pubhc view. 

exhibition ^ (-hi-bish'un), n, the act 
of exhibiting;^ a pubHc show; a pri- 
vate benefaction for the support of 
a scholar at a university. 

exhilarate (egz-iFi-rat and eks-hil'- 
i-rat), v.t, to make joyous, glad, or 
cheerful; enUven. 

exhort ^ (egz-ort and eks-hort'), v,t. 
to incite by appeal or argument to 
good deeds; caution; admonish. 

exhortative ('^-tiv), adj, containing 
exhortation. 

exhortatory ('a-to-ri), adj, tending 
to exhort. 

exhume (eks-hum'), v.t, to disinter. 

exigency (eks'i-j en-si), n, [pL exi- 
gencies (-siz) ], pressing necessity or 
demand ; urgency. 

exigent ('i-jent), a((;". urgent; pressing. 

exile (ex'il), v.t. to banish from one's 
native country: n. the state of being 
banished from one's native country; 
the condition of li\'ing away from 
one's home or friends. 

exist (egz-isf), v.i. to have existence; 
hve. 

existence ('ens), n. the state of 
being; life; duration; occurrence. 

existent ('tent), n. having being. 

exit (eks'it), n. the act of going out; 
egress; the departure of an actor 
from the stage. 

exo, a prefix^ meaning on the outside, 
occurring in many scientific words. 

exode (eks'od), n. an interlude, &c., 
at the conclusion of a play. 

ex officio (of-fish'i-o), by virtue of 
office. 

exogen ('o-jen), n, a plant which 
increases year by year by the addi- 
tion of layers outside the previous 
bark: opposed to endogen. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EXOGENOUS 



342 



EXPERIENTIALISM 



exogenous (-oj'en-us), adj. pertain- 
ing to exogens or their method of 
growth. 

exonerate (egz-on'er-at), v.t. to 
free from the imputation of a fault; 
acquit; justify; reheve or dis- 
charge from a responsibihty, duty, 

exonerative (-a-tiv), adj. tending to 
exonerate. 

exophthalmia (eks-of-thal'mii,), n. 
abnormal prominence of the eyeball. 

exorbitance (egz'or-bi-tans), n, go- 
ing beyond due limits; excess. Also 
exorbitancy. 

exorbitant (-tint), adj, excessive. 

exorcise (eks'or-siz), v.t, to expel (an 
evil spirit) by prayers or incanta- 
tions; pronounce exorcisms over. 

exorcism (-sizm), n, the act of ex- 
pelling evil spirits. 

exorcist (-sist), n. one who exor- 
cises; one of the minor orders in 
the Roman Catholic and Greek 
Churches. 

exorclium (egz-or'di-um), n. the 
opening part of a speech or compo- 
sition. 

exosmose (eks'os-mos), n. the pas- 
sage outwards through a membrane 
of gases and liquids. 

exoteric (-o-ter'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the uninitiated public: opposed 
to esoteric. 

exotic (-ot'ik), adj. foreign. 

expand (-pand'), v.t. to distend; di- 
late; extend: v.i. to increase in size. 

expanse (-pans'), n. a continuous 
area; the firmament; extent. 

expansible (-pan'si-bl), adj. capable 
of, or permitting, expansion. 

expansion (-pan'shun), n. the state 
of being expanded. 

expansive ('siv), adj. capable of 
being expanded; widely extended; 
large. Also expansile. 

ex parte (par'te), adj. one-sided. 

expatiate (-pa'shi-at) , v.i. to en- 
large in statement or language; be 
copious in discussion. 

expatriate (-pat'ri-at), v.t. to drive 
from one's native country. 



expect (-pekf), v.t. to wait for; 
look for with an apprehension of 
something good or evil. 

expectance ('ins), n. the act or 
state of expecting. Also expectancy. 

expectant ('int), adj. waiting in ex- 
pectation; presumptive. 

expectation (-ta'shun), n. the act of 
looking forward to; anticipation; 
contingent prospect of weaJth. 

expectorant ('to-rint), n. a medi- 
cine that promotes expectoration. 

expectorate ('to-rat), v.t, to eject 
from the lungs by coughing, &c. ; spit. 

expectoration (-to-ra'shun), n. the 
act of expectorating; the mucous 
matter expectorated. 

expediency (-pe'di-en-si), n. [pi. ex- 
pediencies (-siz) ], suitability to an 
end or purpose; fitness; propriety. 
Also expedience. 

expedient ('di-ent), adj. fit; con- 
venient; suitable; proper: n. that 
which aids as a means to an end; 
device. 

expedite ('pe-dit), v.t, to hasten; 
facilitate. 

expedition (-dish'un), n. haste; des- 
patch; promptness; a march, voy- 
age, &c., by an army or several per- 
sons for some particular purpose. 

expeditionary (-a-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or constituting, an expedition. 

expeditious ('us), adj. quick; speedy. 

expel (-pel'), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. expelled, 
p.pr. expelling], to drive away; 
force out; send away by authority; 
exclude. 

expend (-pend'), v.t, to lay out; 
spend. 

expenditure ('i-tur), n. a laying out, 
as money, time, labor, &c.; disburse- 
ment. 

expense (-pens'), n, expenditure; 
drain on resources; detriment; cost. 

expensive ('iv), adj. causing expense. 

experience (-pe'ri-ens), n, knowledge 
gained by trial and practice; test; 
practice; spiritual exercise of mind. 

experientialism (-en'shil-izm), n. 
the theory that all knowledge is 
based upon experience. 



ate, arm, &sk. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EXPERIMENT 



343 



EXPOSTULATORY 



experiment (-per'i-ment), n. a trial 
or operation to discover something 
or to verify something; proof; trial: 

v.i, to search out by trial. Also experi- 
mentalize. 

experimental (-M), adj, pertaining 
to, or founded on, experiment; 
guided, or learned by experience. 

experimentally (-h), adv, by ex- 
periment. 

expert (-pert'), cdj, skilful, through 
practice or experience; adroit; dex- 
terous. 

expiate ('pi-at), v.t, to atone for. 

expiatory (-i,-to-ri), adj. having the 
power or nature of atonement. 

expiration (-pi-ra'shun), n. termi- 
nation. 

expire (-pir'), v.t. to breathe out 
from the lungs: v.i. to die. 

expiry Cpi-ri), n. the end. 

explain (-plan'), v.t. to make in- 
telligible or clear; expound or in- 
terpret. 

explanation (-plarna'shun), 7i. the 
act of explaining; elucidation; in- 
terpretation; a mutual clearing up 
of a misunderstanding. ^ 

explanatory (-plan'4-to-ri), adj. serv- 
ing to explain. 

expletive ('ple-tiv), n. a word not 
necessary for the sense inserted in 
a sentence for ornament or to fill 
up a verse: adj. filling up; added 
or inserted for emphasis, <fec. 

explicable ('pli-k^-bl), adj. that may 
be explained or interpreted. 

explicative (-ka-tiv), adj. serving to 
explain. Also explicatory. 

explicit (-plis'it), adj, plain; definite. 

explode (-plod'), v.i. to burst forth 
with sudden noise and violence; col- 
lapse: v.L to cause to pass from a 
solid to a gaseous state; refute; 
demolish. 

exploit (-ploit), v.t to make use of 
for one's own profit; put to use; 
explore in search of; explain at 
length: n. a remarkable deed or 
heroic act. 

exploitation (-ploi-ta'shun), n. the 
act of exploiting; the improvement 



of lands, working of mines, &c.; an 
examination to utilize natural re- 
sources previously'' neglected; sel* 
fish utilization. 

exploration (-plo-4*a'shun), n. the 
act of exploring; careful investiga- 
tion or search, especially geographi- 
cal research. 

explore (-plor'), v.t, to search into 
or examine thoroughly; travel in 
or over (a country) to discover its 
characte];istic features, &c. 

explosion (-plo'zhun), n. the act of 
exploding; a sudden bursting with 
a loud report; a sudden and violent 
outbreak. 

explosive ('siv), adj. pertaining to, 
or causing, explosion: n. any sub- 
stance that causes an explosion; a 
mute consonant. 

exponent (-po'nent), n. the index of 
an algebraical power; one who ex- 
plains or interprets the principles 
of something. 

exponential (-nen'shM), adj. per- 
taining to an exponent. 

export (-port'), v.t. to send or csirry 
out of a coimtr}', as merchandise: 
v.i. to send goods to a foreign 
country: (eks'port), n. a commodity 
carried to a foreign country. 

expose (-poz'), v.t. to lay open; put 
forward for sale; leave to the ac- 
tion of any force or circumstance; 
disclose; place in peril; lay open to 
censure or ridicule. 

expose (-po-za'), n. an exposure. 

exposition (-zish'un), n. an expla- 
nation or interpretation; an exhi- 
bition. 

expositor (-poz'i-ter), n. one who ex- 
pounds or interprets. 

expository ('i-to-ri), adj. pertaining 
to, or conve\4ng exposition. Also 
expositive. 

ex post facto (post fak'to), (Latin, 
after the deed is done), a law en- 
acted with retroactive effect. 

expostulate (-pos'tu-lat), v.i. to 
reason earnestly or remonstrate 
(followed by mithy on or upon), 

expostulatory ('tu-1 i-to-ri), adj. per- 



ate, arnii &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EXPOSURE 



344 



EXTERMINATOR 



taining to, containing^ or of the 
nature of, expostulation. 

exposure (-po'zhur), n. the act of 
exposing; situation; aspect. 

expound (-pound'), v.t. to set forth, 
explain, or interpret; make clear. 

express (-pres'), v,L to exhibit by 
language; utter; show; represent; 
squeeze out; despatch by express: 
adj, plainly stated; exact; resem- 
bhng precisely; not implied; special- 
ly prepared; pertaining fo quick or 
direct conveyance: n, a person or 
vehicle that carries letters or small 
packages expeditiously; an express- 
train; a message or despatch; a 
regular and systematic method of 
conveyance for passengers, mails, 
goods of small bulk, &c. 

expressible ('i-bl), adj. capable of 
being expressed, in any sense of the 
word. 

expression (-presh'un), n. the act 
or power of representing anything; 
a saying; mode of speech; transient 
change of the countenance; modu- 
lation of the voice. 

expressive ('iv), adj, serving to ex- 
press; full of significance; forcibly. 

expressively (-li), adv. in an ex- 
pressive manner. 

expressly (-pres'h), adv. plainly; 
specially. 

expressman ('m§.n), n, the person 
who takes charge of express matter 
and attends to its delivery; the 
driver of an express wagon. 

expropriation (-pro-pri-a'shun), n. 
the exclusion of a small owner from 
the ownership of land, &c. 

expulsion (-pul'shun), n. forcible 
ejection. 

expulsive (-siv), adj. serving to expel. 

expunge (-punj'), v.t. to blot out; 
erase; destroy; obliterate. 

expurgate ('per-gat), v.t. to remove 
whatever is offensive to good taste 
or morality from: said of books. 

expur gator (-ga-ter), n, one who 
expurgates. 

expurgatory ('ga-to-ri), adj. serving 
to expurgate. 



exquisite ('kwi-zit), adj. refined; 
delicate; nice; accurate choice; ex- 
cellent; highly finished; very sen- 
sibly felt; extreme : n. a person 
over refined in dress; a dandy. 

extant ('tant), adj. still existing. 

extemporaneous (-tem-po-ra'ne-us) , 
adj. impremeditated; without pre- 
vious notes or study; off-hand. 
Also extemporary. 

extempore ('po-re), adj, without 
study or premeditation. 

extemporize ('po-riz), v.t. to com- 
pose on the spur of the moment: v.i, 
to discourse, &c., without notes or 
previous study. 

extend (-tend'), v.t. to stretch out; 
enlarge; amplify; continue; diffuse; 
communicate;^ disseminate; v.i. to 
reach to any distance; be prolonged. 

extensible^ (-ten'si-bl), adj. capable 
of extension. Also extensile. 

extension ('shun), n. the act of ex- 
tending; the state of being ex- 
tended; a branch line of railway, 
&c.; space regarded as having di- 
mensions. 

extensive ('siv), adj, having great 
extent; wide; comprehensive. 

extensively (-h), adv. widely; largely. 

extensometer (-som'e-ter), n. a mi- 
crometer for measuring the expan- 
sion of a body. 

extensor (-ten'ser), n. a muscle that 
extends, or straightens, a hmb. 

extent (-tent'), n. the space or de- 
gree to which a thing is extended; 
size; compass; reach; a writ of 
execution. 

extenuate (-ten'u-at), v.t. to offer 
excuses for; paUiate; mitigate. 

extenuator (-a-ter), n. one who ex- 
tenuates. 

extenuatory (-to-ri), adj. paUiative. 

exterior (-te'ri-er), adj. ^ outward; 
external: n. that which is outside; 
outer surface. 

exterminate (-ter'mi-nat), v.U to 
destroy utterly; annihilate; root 
out. 

exterminator (-na-ter), tt. one who, 
or that which, exterminates. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



EXTERMINATORY 



345 



EXTRAVAGANCE 



exterminatory (-to-ri), adj. per- 
taining to extermination; serving 
to exterminate. 

extern (-tern'), n. a non-resident 
scholar: adj. external; visible. 

external (-ter'nal), adj. outside; ex- 
terior; superficial; objective; for- 
eign : n. an exterior or outward part ; 
an outward form, rite, or ceremony. 

externally (-li), adv. outwardly. 

exterritoriality (-ter-ri-to-ri-ari-ti) , 
n. the right possessed by am- 
bassadors to live under the laws of 
their own country. 

extinct (-tingkt'), adj. extinguished; 
put out; quenched; worn out; in- 
active. 

extincteur f'tur or -tang-turO, n. a 
portable fire-extinguisher. 

extinguish (-ting'gwish), v.t. to put 
out; pay off and satisfy in full; 
eclipse. 

extinguisher (-er), n. one who, or 
that which, extinguishes; a hollow 
cone for extinguishing a light. 

extirpate ('ter-pat), v.t. to eradi- 
cate; destroy; exterminate. 

extirpative (-tiv), adj. capable of, 
or tending to, extirpate. Also ex- 
tirpatory. 

extirpator (-ter), n. one who, or 
that which, extirpates. 

extol (tol'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. extolled, 
p.pr. extolling], to praise highly; 
magnify; laud; celebrate. 

extorsive (-tor'siv), adj. tending to 
extort. 

extort (-tortO, v.t. to obtain by 
threats, violence, or injustice: v.i. 
to practice extortion. 

extortion (-tor 'shun), n. the act or 
practice of extorting; oppressive or 
unjust exaction. 

extortionate Cshun-at), adj. char- 
acterized by extortion; unjust. 

extortionately (-li), adv. in an ex- 
tortionate manner. 

extortioner ('shun-er), n. one who 
practices extortion. Also extortion- 
ist. 

extra, a prefix meaning over and 
above, beyond, besides, found in 



numerous words, the sense of which 
is self-evident, as extra-officidl, ex- 
/ra-parochial, ea;/ra-judicial, extra- 
mural, &c. 

extra ('tra), adj. additional: n. 
something not included in the 
usual fee or charge; an edition of a 
newspaper issued in addition to the 
regular edition, or for some par- 
ticular object. 

extract f-trakt'), v.t. to draw out 
of; pull out; select from a larger 
literary work: n. (eks'trakt) a -sub- 
stance extracted by distillation, so- 
lution, &c.; an abstract or excerpt 
from a book; quotation. 

extractible ('i-bl), adj. capable of 
being extracted. Also extractable. 

extraction ('-trak'shun), n. the act of 
extracting; lineage, birth, or de- 
scent. 

extractor ('ter), n. one who, or that 
which, extracts. 

extradite ('tra-dit), v.t. to surrender 
(a person) to another government 
under the terms of a treaty of ex- 
tradition. 

extraditable (-dfta-bl), adj. liable 
or subject to, extradition. 

extradition (-dish'un), n. the sur- 
render by the government of one 
nation to another of a person guilty 
of a crime, in accordance with the 
terms of a treaty existing between 
the two nations. 

extrados Tdos), n. the exterior 
curve of an arch. 

extramural (eks-tra-mti'ral), adj. out- 
side of the walls. 

extrane feks-tran'), adj. foreign: 
not in accord with the hypnotized 
subject: n. one who is extreme. 

extraneity (eks-tra-ne'i-ti), n. ex- 
ternality. 

extraneous ('ne-us), adj. external; 
foreign. 

extraordinary f-tror'di-na-ri, or -tra- 
6r'di-na-ri), adj. beyond or out of 
the usual course; uncommon; un- 
usual; remarkable; rare; eminent; 
special. 

extravagance (-trav'a-gans), n.excess 



ate, arm, ask, at awl; me, merge, ,et; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tken. 



EXTRAVAGANT 



346 



EYRIE 



in anything, especially expenditure; 
profusion. 

extravagant ('a-gant), ac^. exceeding 
reasonable limits; wasteful; prodi- 
gal; irregular; needlessly lavish in 
expenditure; visionary. 

extravaganza (-gan'za), n, a stage 
burlesque; an irregular piece of 
music; a wild flight of language or 
feeling. 

extravasate ('a-sat), v,L to force out 
of a duct or vessel, as blood: v.i, 
to escape out of the proper vessel. 

extreme (-trem'), Cidj, of the highest 
degree; last; utmost; furthest; final; 
most severe or strict; uncompro- 
mising: n. the utmost degree of 
anything; extremity; excess; end: 
2)Z. points at the greatest distance 
from each other. 

extremely ('li), adv. exceedingly. 

extremist ('ist), n, a supporter of 
extreme views or practice. 

extremity (-trem'i-ti), n. [pL ex- 
tremities (-tiz) ], the utmost point 
or degree; remotest part; utmost 
violence, vigor, or necessity; end: 
I. the limbs. 

extricate ('tri-kat), v,t to free from 
difficulties, complications, or per- 
plexities; disembarrass. 

extricable ('tri-ka-bl), adj. capable 
of being extricated. 

extrinsic (-trin'sik), adj, external; 
not inherent or essential; foreign. 

extrinsically (-al-li), adv, outwardly. 

extroversion (-tro-ver'shun) , n. 
the turning of an inner part out- 
ward. 

extrude (-trud'), v,L to thrust out. 

exuberance (-u'ber-ans), n. super- 
abundance. 

exuberant (-ant), adj. copious. 

exude (-ud'), vd. to discharge grad- 
ually through pores: vd, to flow 
out slowly. 

exult (egz-ultO, vA. to rejoice in tri- 
umph; be glad above measure. 

exultant ('ant), adj. rejoicing tri- 
umphantly. 



exuviae (eks-u'vi-e), n,pL the cast-off 
skins, shells, &c., of animals; fossil 
remains of animals. 

eye (i), n. the organ of sight; the 
eyeball; sight; observation; view; 
a small perforation; bud; that 
which resembles an eye: v.t, (p,t. & 
p.p. eyed; p.pr. eyeing], to watch 
closely; keep in view; scrutinize. 

eyeball ('bawl), n. the globe of the 
eye. 

eyebright ('brit), n, the plant eu- 
phrasy, of the figwort family. 

eyebrow ('brou), n. the hairy arch 
above the eyes. 

eyelash ('lash), n. the ridge of hair 
that lines the eyelid. 

eyelet ('let), n. a small hole to re- 
ceive a lace or cord. 

eyelid ('lid), n. the movable skin 
which covers over and closes the eye. 

eye-minded (i-mln'ded), n. having 
the tendency to acquire knowledge 
through the eye and to conduct 
mental processes in association 
with visual images. 

eye-opener (-op'en-er), n. anything 
that opens the eyes; something in- 
credible, as news; an early dram 
of spirits. 

eye-piece ('pes), n, the lens or 
lenses in an optical instrument 
through which the image of an ob- 
ject is magnified and viewed. 

eyesight ('sit), n. the sight of the 
eye; range of vision; view. 

eyesore ('sor), n. anything that of- 
fends the sight. 

eye-spot ('spot), n. a rudimentary 
visual organ; an eye-like marking. 

eye-tooth ('tooth), n. [pi. eye-teeth 
'teth) ], one of the upper canine 
teeth in the human jaw. 

eyot (I'ot), n. a little island in a river 
or lake. Also ait. 

eyra ('ra), n. the wild cat of Texas. 

eyre (ar), n, a circuit of itinerant 
judges. 

eyrie (e' or a'ri), n. the nest of a 
predatory bird. Also eyry. 



ate, arm, ask, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thing, then. 



F 



F, the sixth letter of the alphabet. 

fa (fa), n. the fourth note in the sol-fa 
musical notation = F. 

fable (fa'bl), n. a short fictitious nar- 
rative intended to convey some 
moral; an idle story or falsehood: 
v.t. to feign; fabricate: v.i, to speak 
falsely or untruthfully. 

fabric (fab'rik), n. an edifice or 
building; a woven, felted, or knitted 
material. 

fabricate ('ri-kat), v.t, to construct; 
form by manufacture or art; invent 
falsely. 

fabricator (-ka-ter), n. one who 
fabricates. 

fabulist ('u-Hst), n, sl writer of fa- 
bles; a liar. 

fabulize ('u-liz), v.i. to compose, 
write, or relate fables. 

fabulous ('ti-lus), adj, fictitious; 
mythical. 

facade (fS,-sad'), n, front elevation. 

face (fas), n. the countenance; dial 
of a clock, &c.; front; visage; sur- 
face; appearance; outward aspect; 
confidence; personal influence; an 
expressive grimace; value, exclud- 
ing discount or interest: said of a 
note, &c. (face-value): v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. faced, p.pr. facing], to meet 
in front; oppose with boldness or 
confidence; stand opposite to; cover 
with an additional surface: v,i. to 
turn the face. 

faced (fast), p.adj. having a face; 
dressed, as stone or tea; furnished 
with a covering of harder metal. 

face-hardening (fas'har'dn-ing), n. 
hardening the face of a metal by 
special treatment, as in the case of 
Harveyized steel. 



facer (fas'er), n. a blow in the face; 
a quick retort; an imexpected 
check. 

facet (fas'et), n, a small surface or 
face; one of the minute planes into 
which the surface of a diamond is 
cut: v,t. to cut or work a facet 
upon. 

facetiae (f i-se'shi-e) , n.pl. witty say- 
ings; books characterized by coarse 
wit. 

facetious ('shus), adj, humorous; 
jocular. 

facial ('shM), adj, pertaining to the 
face. 

facial angle (ang'gl), n, the angle 
formed by the two lines drawn re- 
spectively from the nostrils to the 
ear, and from the nose to the fore- 
head: used in craniometrical calcu- 
lations. 

facially (-li), adv, as regards the 
face. 

facies ('shi-ez), n. the face; the gen- 
eral resemblance or aspect of any 
group of organisms or rocks. . 

facile (fas'il), adj, yielding; pliant; 
affable. 

facile princeps (prin'seps), easily 
first. 

facilitate (f S,-siri-tat) , v.t. to make 
easy or less difficult; lessen the 
labor of. 

facility ('i-ti), n. [pi. facihties (-tiz)], 
freedom from difficulty; dexterity; 
ease; pliancy; ready comphance: 
pi. the means by which the per- 
formance of any act may be more 
easily accomplished. 

facing (fa'sing), n, a covering in 
front for ornamental or other pur- 
poses; a method of coloring tea. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tken» 

(347) 



FAC-SIMILE 



348 



FAIN 



&c. : pi. military movements in drill 
in turning to the right, left, &c.; 
the collars, cuffs, &c., of different 
color to the coat on a military uni- 
form. 

fac-simile (fak-sim'i-le), n. an ex- 
act reproduction, counterpart, or 
likeness of an original. 

fact (fakt), n, anything that is done; 
reality; event; truth. 

faction (fak'shun), n, a party in dis- 
loyal opposition; dissension. 

factious ('shus), adj, given to, or 
characterized by, faction; turbulent. 

factitious (-tish'us), adj. artificial; 
sham. 

factitive ('ti-tiv), adj. causative. 

factor ('ter), n. an agent who trans- 
acts business for another; one of 
two or more quantities (multiplier 
and multiplicand) which, multiplied 
together, give a product; any cir- 
cumstance, &c., which produces a 
result: v.t. to manage or act as a 
factor for; resolve into mathemat- 
ical factors. 

factor (fak'tor), n- iu heredity, the 
hypothetical element in the germ- 
plasm that transmits a character. 

factorage (-aj), n. a factor's com- 
mission. 

factory ('to-ri), n. [pi. factories 
(-riz) ], a manufactory; a trading 
settlement. 

factotum (-to'tum), n. a man of all 
work. 

faculae ('u-le), n.pl. luminous spots 
on the sun's surface. 

facultative ^ ('ul-ta-tiv), adj. ena- 
bling; permissive. 

faculty Cul-ti), n. [pi. faculties 
(-tiz) ], any mental or physical 
power; mental capacity; skill ob- 
tained by practice; ability; ease; 
readiness; the members collectively 
of any one of the learned profes- 
sions, especially the medical; the 
masters and professors of a depart- 
ment in a university. 
fad (fad), n. a crotchet; a pet idea 

or hobby; a passing fashion. 
faddist ('ist), n. one given to fads. 



faddy ('i), adj. given to fads. 
fade (fad), v.i. to lose color or dis- 
tinctness; languish; wither; droop; 

die away. 

fading ('ing), n. decay; loss of color. 

faecal (fe'kM), adj. pertaining to ex- 
crement or sediment. 

faeces ('sez), n.pl. excrement; sedi- 
ment. 

f secula, same as fecula. 

fag (fag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fagged, 
p.pr. fagging], to work hard; grow 
weary; drudge for another: v.t. to 
tire out or exhaust; to compel to 
drudge for another: n. one who 
drudges for another; a schoolboy 
who performs menial duties for an- 
other in a higher class; fatigue or 
weariness; drudgery. 

fag-end ('end), n. the latter or 
meaner part of anything; the frayed 
end of a piece of cloth, rope, &c. 

fagot Cot), n. a bundle of sticks 
bound together; a bundle of fish laid 
up for drying; a bundle of scrap- 
or wrought-iron or steel to be 
worked over; a kind of meat-cake of 
pork: v.t. to form into fagots. 

fagoting (-ing), n. a method of 
ornamenting textile fabrics. 

Fahrenheit (f a'ren-hit) , n. the name 
of a thermometer-scale, having 32° 
as its freezing point, and 212° as 
the boiling point of water. 

faience (f^-yangs'), n. a variety of 
decorated majolica ware. 

fail (fal), v.i. to fall short; be defi- 
cient; waste away; decline; turn 
out badly; become bankrupt: v.t. to 
be wanting, or insufficient for; for- 
sake: n. failure; omission. 

failing ('ing), n. a fault; weakness; 
imperfection; the act of becoming 
bankrupt. 
faille (fal, or f§,'ye), n. a soft un- 
. twilled silk used for dresses or bon- 
net trimmings, &c. 
failure (faFur), n. the act of fail- 
ing; omission; neglect or non-per- 
formance; want of success; lapse; 
the act of becoming bankrupt. 
fain (fan), adv. wiUingly; gladly. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FAINT 



349 



FALLEN 



faint (fant), t;.t. to become feeble; 
lose consciousness; swoon; lose 
courage and hope: adj, feeble; lan- 
guid ; depressed ; spiritless ; not bright 
or vivid in color; not loud or clear: 
n. a sudden loss of consciousness: 
pL the impure spirit which distils 
over first and last in making whisky. 

fainting ('ing), n. a sudden and tem- 
porary loss of consciousness; syn- 
cope. 

fair (far), adj. beautiful; handsome; 
pleasing to the eye or mmd; free 
from any dark hue; spotless; not 
cloudy; fine; favorable; prosper- 
ous; just; equitable; civil; legible; 
above mediocrity; of good reputa- 
tion;^ reasonable; passably good; 
blo^ving direct; the female sex (\\dth 
the); a market held at particular 
times: adv. distinctly; openly; hon- 
estly; on good terms; legibly. 

fairly ('li), adv. honorably; openly. 

fairness ('nes), n. the quality of 
being fair; beauty; equity; clear- 
ness; candor. 

fairy ^ (far'i), n. [pi. fairies (-iz)], 
an imaginary being of graceful and 
diminutive human form, supposed 
to interfere in human affairs for 
good or evil; an elf; fay; sprite; 
brownie: adj. pertaining to, or re- 
sembUng, fairies. 

fairy-land (-land), n. the supposed 
abode of fairies; an enchanting and 
pleasant abode. 

fairy ring (ring), n. a small circle 
of grass greener than the turf sur- 
rounding it, caused by an under- 
ground fungus. 

fait accompli (fat i.-kang-ple'), 
something already done. 

faith (fath), n. belief; trust in the 
honesty and truth of another; the 
assent of the mind to Divine revela- 
tion; unshaken adherence; fidelity; 
honesty; a system of doctrines or 

faithful ('fool), adj. full of faith; 
trustworthy; truthful; honest; loy- 
al: n. Christians in full communion 
(with the). 



faithfully (-h), adv. in a faithful 
manner. 

fake (fak),^ v.t. to fold or coil; to 
cover up imperfections of, or fabri- 
cate with the view to deception; 
steal: n. a coil or turn of a rope; a 
cheat or dodge; canard; hoax; a 
swindler or trickster. 

fakement ('ment), n. fraud; decep- 
tion. 

faker ('er), n. one who fakes; a 
swindler; pickpocket. 

fakir (fa'ker), n. a Mohammedan as- 
cetic or mendicant priest. 

falcate (fal'kat), adj. sickle-shaped. 
Also falciform. 

falchion (fawl'shun), n. a short, 
sUghtly curved sword, with a broad 
blade. 

falcon (Ten or faw'kn), n. a predatory 
bird with a hooked beak, trained for 
hunting. 

falconer (faw^'kn-er), n. one w^ho 
trains or sports with falcons. 

falconry (faw'kn-ri), n. the art of 
training hawks to pursue other 
birds. 

faldstool (fawld'stool), n. a litany- 
stool, or -desk; the bishop's chair 
near the altar. 

fall (fawl), v.i. [p.t. fell, p.p. fallen, 
p.pr. falhng], to drop from a higher 
to a lower place ; drop from an erect 
posture; descend; sink; flow into; 
perish; be degraded or disgraced; 
happen; apostatize or fa! into sin; 
begin with ardor; become the prop- 
erty of: adj. pertaining to the au- 
tumn: 71. the act of falling; distance 
through which anything falls ; over- 
throw; ruin; death; cadence; water- 
fall; cataract; decrease in value; a 
veil; autumn. 

fallacious (fal-la'shus), adj. decep- 
tive. 

fallacy ('a-si), n. [pi. fallacies (-siz)], 
a deceptive or false appearance; 
mistake; an unsound method of 
reasoning; sophism. 

'fallen (fawFn), p. adj. sunk to a low- 
er state or condition; degraded; 
ruined; outcast; overthrown; dead. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; m^, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FALLIBILITY 



350 



FANCIED 



fallibility (fal-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state 
of being fallible; liability to err. 

fallible (l-bl), adj, liable to be de- 
ceived, mislead, err, or fail. 

falling (fawring), p.adj, moving or 
hanging downwards; sinking; de- 
clining; decreasing in value or quan- 
tity: n. the act or process of falling; 
descent; downward displacement. ^ 

fallopian (fal-o'pi-an), adj. pertaining 
to the ducts which convey the ova 
to the uterus. 

fallow ('o), v.t, to make or keep fal- 
low: adj, plowed but not sown for 
the season; untilled; neglected; of 
a pale yellow or reddish-yellow col- 
or: n, land plowed but left un- 
seeded. 

fallow-deer (-der), n. a species of 
deer of yellowish-brown color, with 
branched and recurved horns. 

false (fawls), adj. untrue; dishonest; 
disloyal; perfidious; counterfeit; 
not well founded; unreliable; made 
for temporary use; not in harmony: 
adv. falsely. 

falsehood ('hood), n. an untruth; 
he. 

false-keel (-kel), n. the timber below 
the main keel. 

falsetto (fawl-set'o), n, an artificial 
tone higher in key than the natural 
compass of the voice. 

falsify Csi-fi), v.t, [p.t, & p.p, falsi- 
fied, p.pr. falsifying], to make, or 
prove to be false; counterfeit; forge; 
v.i. to lie. 

falsity ('si-ti), n. [pL falsities ^-tiz) ], 
the quality of being false; an un- 
truth; false statement. 

FalstafHan (fawl'staf-i-an), aaj. re- 
sembling Falstaff: hence boasting; 
coarsely jovial, etc. 

falter ('ter), v,t. to utter in a weak, 
trembling manner (with out): v.i. 
to exhibit moral or physical^ hesi- 
tancy; waver; tremble; fail in ut- 
terance. 

fame (fam), n. public report; rumor; 
celebrity; renown. 

famed ('d), adj, renowned; cele- 
brated. 



familiar (fi,-mil'yer), adj. well ac- 
quainted, or intimate, with; domes- 
tic; affable; easy; unconstrained; 
unceremonious; habituated by cus- 
tom: n. a spirit or demon supposed 
to attend at the call of a necroman- 
cer; a domestic of the papal house- 
hold. 

familiarity (-i-ar'i-ti), n. [pi. famil- 
iarities (-tiz) ], intimacy; ease of 
conversation; freedom from cere- 
mony or conventionality; a liberty 
or freedom. 

familiarize ('yer-iz), v.L to make 
famihar; habituate. 

family (tam'i-li), n, [pi. families 
(-liz) ], a household; children as dis- 
tinguished from the parent; a body 
of persons descended from a common 
ancestor; tribe; race; genealogy; 
noble lineage; class; a group of ani- 
mals larger than a genus, but less 
than an order; an order [Bot.]. 

famine (fam 'in), n. extreme dearth; 
great scarcity. 

famish ('ish), v.t. & v.i. to starve. 

famous (fa'mus), adj. renowned; 
conspicuous; noted. 

famously (-li), adv. in a famous 
manner; admirably. 

famulus ('u-lus), n. the famihar 
spirit ot a magician; an assistant. 

fan (fan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fanned, 
p.pr. fanning], to cool with a fan; 
agitate the air, as with a fan; ven- 
tilate; winnow: n. a flat implement 
used to cool the face by agitating the 
air; an instrument for exciting a 
current of air; anything resembling 
a fan in shape; a winnowing imple- 
ment; an enthusiastic lover of the 
game of baseball. 

fanatic (fa-nat'ik), n. one who is in- 
temperately zealous, or wildly ex- 
travagant, especially on religious 
subjects: adj. characterized by^ fa- 
naticism; visionary. Also fanatical. 

fanatically (-^1-h), adv. in a fanatic 
manner. 

fanaticism ('i-sizm), n. extravagant 
or frenzied zeal; wild enthusiasm. 

fancied (fan'sid), adj. imaginary. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FANCIER 



351 



FARO 



fancier ('si-er), n. one who breeds or 
sells animals and birds; an ama- 
teur. 

fanciful ('si-fool), adj. influenced by 
the fancy; unreal; v/himsical; wild. 

fancifully (-li), adv, in a fanciful 
manner.^ 

fancy ('si), v.t, [p.t, & p.p. fancied, 
p.pr, fancying], to imagine; take 
liking to; be pleased with: v.i. to 
imagine; suppose: adj, ornamental; 
elegant; imaginary; characterized 
by variety: n, creative imagination; 
idea; notion; liking; caprice; pet 
pursuit; sporting characters, as 
pugilists, &c. (with the), 

fandango (-dang'go), n. a lively 
Spanish dance; a lively ball. 

fane (fan), n, a temple; church. 

fanfare (fan 'far), n. a flourish of 
trumpets; noisy ostentatious parade. 

fanfaronade (-o-nad'), n. blustering 
talk or swagger: v.i, to make a noisy 
parade. 

fang (fang), n. the lower part of a 
tooth set in the socket; the poison- 
tooth of a serpent; a tusk, claw, 
talon, or pointed tootL. 

fanion (fan'yun), n, a small banner. 

fantail ('tal), n, a variety of pigeon. 

fan tan ('tan), n, a Chinese gambling 
game. 

fantasia (-ta or ta'zhi-d), n. a mu- 
sical composition not restricted by 
the usual laws of form or time. 

fantastic (-tas'tik), adj. odd; whim- 
sical; grotesque; unreal; imaginary. 
Also fantastical. 

fantastically (-M-li), adv. in a fan- 
tastic manner. 

fantasy. See phantasy. 

far (far), adj. . [coiii'p, farther, fur- 
ther, superl. farthest, furthest], re- 
mote; distant; extending widely or 
at length; contrary to design or pur- 
pose; ahenated: ac?y. remotely; very 
much; to a certain point or degree; 
to a great distance; widely. 

farad (far 'ad), n, a unit of electric 
capacity. 

farce (fiirs), n. a short comedy in 
wliich quaUties and actions are much 



exaggerated; ridiculous or empty 
parade. 

farcical (far'si-kal), adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, a farce; 
ludicrous. 

farcically (-h), adv, in a farcical 
manner. 

farcy ('si), n, a disease of horses, 
closely allied to glanders. 

fardage ('daj), n. loose wood, &c., 
stowed among the cargo to prevent 
it from moving, or to protect it from 
bilge water. 

fare (far), v.i, to be in any state, 
either good or ill; be entertained 
with food; Hve; succeed; result: n, 
the sum paid for a journey by rail, 
&c.; a person conveyed for hire in a 
vehicle; provisions of a table; enter- 
tainment; the quantity of fish taken 
by a smack. 

farewell ('wel), inter j. may you fare 
well or prosper; good-bye: adj. not- 
ing, or accompanying, a parting: n. 
an adieu. 

far-fetched ('fecht), adj. unnatural; 
forced. . 

farina (fS,-re' or fi-ri'n^), n, starch; 
flour or meal obtained by grinding 
the seeds of cereals and leguminous 
plants. 

farinaceous (na'shus), adj. consisting 
of, or made from, farina; hke meal. 

farinose (far'i-nos), adj, producing, 
or covered with, farina; mealy. 

farm ^ (farm), n, a portion of land, 
cultivated by one person, with the 
buildings, &c., appurtenant to it: v.t. 
to cultivate (land) at a fixed rental; 
lease or let: v.i,^ to carry on the 
operation of farming. 

farmer ('er), n. one who cultivates a 
farm; an agriculturist; one who 
collects revenues, taxes, &c., for a 
certain commission or rate. 

farming (/ing), adj. pertaining to, or 
engaged in, agriculture: n. the leas- 
ing out, or collection of taxes, rev- 
enues, &c., for a certain commission 
or rate per cent. 

faro (fa' or fa'ro), n, a game of 
chance, played with cards : so called 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mat; note* north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then.. 



FARNESS 



352 



FAT 



from the picture of Pharaoh, which 
formerly was printed on one of the 
cards. 

farness (far'nes), n. distance; re- 
moteness. 

farrago (far-ra'go), n. a medley; 
hotch-potch. 

farrier Ci-er), n, one who shoes 
horses; a veterinary surgeon. ^ 

farriery (-i), n. the occupation of 
shoeing horses; veterinary surgery. 

farrow ('o), v.L to give birth to: 
said of pigs: n. a Htter of pigs: adj. 
noting a cow not calving in a given 
season. 

farther (far'^/ier), adj., comp, of 
Jar; more distant or remote; addi- 
tional: adv. more remotely: conj. 
moreover. 

farthing (Hhing), n, l-4th of an 
English penny. 

farthingale (-gal), n. a kind of hoop- 
skirt formed of circles of whalebone, 
worn by women of the 16th and 
17th centuries. Also farthingdale. 

fasces (fas'ez), n.pL a bundle of rods 
containing an axe, carried by the 
lictors before the magistrates of an- 
cient Rome as a symbol of authority. 

fascia (fash'i-a), n. [pi. fascise (-e) ], 
a filet or belt; a broad volute; a 
jutting brick course beyond the 
windows; a ligature; the board over 
the top of the window of a shop, on 
which the owner's name, &c., are in- 
scribed. 

fasciculate (f as-ik'u-lat) , adj, formed 
of, or growing in, bundles. Also fas- 
ciculated. 

fascicle Ci-kl), n. a small collection, 
group, or bundle; a serial division 
of a book. 

fascinate ('i-nat), v.t. to influence 
the mind or will of as if by enchant- 
ment; bewitch; captivate: v.i. to 
exercise a bewitching or captivating 
power. 

fascination (-na'shun), n. the act of 
fascinating; the state of being fas- 
cinated; any invisible influence that 
overpowers the mind or will; be- 
witchment; charm. 



fascine (-en'), n. a cylindrical bundle 
of sticks or fagots bound together, 
used for fortifying ditches, building 
earthwork, &c. 

Fascistiy n, Italian reform party. 

fashion ('un), n. the shape or form 
of anything; conventional custom or 
usage, especially in dress; compli- 
ance with the rules of good society. 

fashionable (-a-bl;, adj, according 
to the prevailing mode; made in ac- 
cordance with the fashion of the 
day; observant of the rules of poUte 
society and its usages; well-bred. 

fashion-plate (fash'un-plat), n. a 
drawing ^ representing the current 
fashions in dress. 

fast (fast), v.i. to abstain from food, 
either from necessity, or as a reli- 
gious obligation: n. abstinence from 
food; rehgious mortification by ab- 
stinence. 

fast (fast), adj. quick; speedy in mo- 
tion; expeditious; in advance of the 
standard: said of a timepiece; firm; 
immovable; close; faithful; dissi- 
pated; gay: adv. rapidly; firmly. 

fast-day (-da), n. a day set apart by 
civil or ecclesiastical authority for 
religious fasting. 

fasten (fas'n), v.t, to fix securely; 
make fast; bolt or bar: v.i. to seize 
or take hold: generally with on. 

fast-fur (fast '-fur), adj. having refer- 
ence to the young of the harp-seal 
at a time when its fur is soft and 
woolly. 

fastening (-ing), n. the act of mak- 
ing fast; a bolt or clasp. 

fastidious (-tid'i-us), adj. squeamish; 
overnice. 

fasting (fast 'ing), n. abstinence from 
food, especially as a religious ob- 
servance. 

fastland (land), n, upland. 

fastness ('nes), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being fast; a fortress or nat- 
ural stronghold. 

fat (fat), adj. [comp. fatter, superl. 
fattest], corpulent; fleshy; adipose; 
greasy; unusually extended: said of 



fite, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then.. 



FATAL 



353 



FAUNA 



type; broad; sluggish; stupid; dull; 
lucrative; fertile; affluent: n. a 
solid, oily, yellow or white substance 
forming part of the tissue of ani- 
mals; the best or richest of any- 
thing: v.t. [p.U & p.p. fatted, p.pr. 
fatting], to fatten; cause to gain 
flesh: v.i. to become fat. 

fatal (fa'tM), adj. causing death or 
destruction; mortal; fateful. 

fatalism (-izm), n. the doctrine that 
all things happen by irresistible ne- 
cessity overruling all things. 

fatalist (-ist), n. a beUever in the 
doctrine of fatalism. 

fatalistic (-is'tik), adj, pertaining 
to fatalism. 

fatality ('i-ti), n, [pi. fatalities (-tiz) ], 
predetermined order or series of 
events; destiny; a calamity; fatal 
occurrence. 

fatally ('tal-i), adv. in a fatal manner. 

fata morgana (fa'tS, mor-ga'na), ?2. 
a name for the mirage sometimes 
seen near the straits of Messina. 

fate (fat), n, destiny; inevitable ne- 
cessity; death or destruction; pre- 
destined lot: pL the three classic 
goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and 
Atropos, who presided over the des- 
tinies of mankind. 

fated (fa'ted), p.adj, decreed by fate; 
destined. 

fateful (fat'fool), adj. possessing fatal 
power; determining destiny; fatal. 

father (fa'i/ier), n. a male parent or 
ancestor; one who stands in the re- 
lation of a father; an originator or 
founder; the official title of a con- 
fessor of the Roman Catholic 
Church, the superior of a convent, 
and of an ancient Roman senator; 
the senior member of any class, pro- 
fession, or body; an^ ecclesiastical 

' writer of the Early Christian Church : 
v.t, to adopt as a son or daughter: to 
ascribe to anyone as his offspring or 
production: with on. 

Father, n. the Creator, God. 

fatherhood (-hood), n. paternity. 

fatherland (-land), n. one's native 
country. 



fatherly (-H), adJ, pertaining to a 
father; kind, affectionate, as a fa- 
ther : adv. hke a father. 

fathom (fat/Vum), n, a measure of 
length = 6 ft. : v.t. to reach; ascer- 
tain che depth of. 

fatigue (la-tegO, n. weariness; toil; 
bodily or mental exhaustion: v.t. to 
weary ^sith bodily or mental exer- 
tion; tire; harass. 

fatigue-duty (du'ti), n. labor a sol- 
dier 's employed in distinct irom the 
practice of arms. 

ratling ('ling), n. a young animal 
fattened for slaughter. 

fatness ('nes), n. the quahty or state 
of being fat; corpulency; fertility. 

fatten ('n^, v.t. to make fat, plump, 
or stout; feed for the table; make 
fertile or abundant. 

fatty ('i), adj. consisting, or having 
the qualities of, fat; greasy; oil3\ 

fatuity (fi-tu'i-ti), n. weakness of 
intellect; obstinate folly. 

fatuous^ ('u-us), adj. weak in intel- 
lect; silly; obstinately fooliih; illu- 
sory. 

faubourg (folboorg), n. a suburb. 

fauces (faw'sez), n.pl. the upper part of 
the throat and entrance to the gullet. 

faucet Cset), n. a short pipe with a 
valve, used for dra-^-ing out Hquor. 

faugh (faw), inter j. an exclamation 
expressive of disgust or abhorrence. 

fault (fawlt), n. a slight crime or 
offense; blemish;^ defect; omission; 
the loss of scent in hunting: said of 
a hound; fracture of strata; an ac- 
cidental leak in an electric circuit; 
an improper ser^nce in lawn-tennis. 

faultfinder ('find-er), n. one given 
to finding fault; a mechanical de- 
vice for^ discovering faults in an 
electric circuit. ^ 

faulty ('ij, adj. imperfect; erroneous. 

faun (fawn), n. a classic woodland 
deity, resembling the satjTs in ap- 
pearance. 

fauna (faw'na), n. [pi. faunae ('ne) 
faunas Cnaz)], the animals charac- 

' teristic of an}^ particular region, or 
geological period. 



5te, arm, §5k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&Oi, 
Die. 23 



FAUTEUIL 



354 



FEBRILE 



f Euteuil (fo-tal' or -tul'), n. an up- 
holstered arm chair; membership in 
the French Academy; the seat of a 
president, &c. 

faux pas (fo pa'), n, an error or shp, 
especially in respect of good man- 
ners or morality. ^ 

Favonian (fa-vo'ni-an), adj. pertain- 
ing to Favonius, the west wind: 
hence auspicious. 

favor (faVer); n. kindness; support; 
patronage; good will; facihty; par- 
tiahty; bias; a love token; a bunch 
of ribbons worn on some special oc- 
casion; a letter: v.t. to regard with 
favor; befriend; facihtate; resemble 
in features; spare. 

favorable (-a-bl), adj. propitious; 
advantageous; friendly; partial. 

favored (Verd), adj. featured. 

favorite (-it), n. one who, or that 
which, is particularly esteemed; one 
regarded with undue preference; a 
person or animal considered to have 
the best chance of winning in a con- 
test: adj. preferred; esteemed. 

favoritism (-izm), n. the disposition 
or tendency to favor one person or 
class in preference to others possess- 
ing equal claims; partiahty. 

fawn (fawn), n. a young deer: v.i. & 
v.t. to court servilely (with on or 
upon); to exhibit affection by leap- 
ing upon, cringing, or hcking the 
hand of a person : said of a dog. 

fawning Cing), n. gross, or servile, 
flattery. 

fay (fa), n. an elf; fairy: v.t. to fit 
(two pieces of v/ood) flush together: 
V i. to fit closely: adj. fated; dead 
[Scotch]. 

faze (faz), v.t. to worry; annoy; 
frighten; disturb; produce an effect 
on. 

fealty (fe'M-ti), n. the duty of a 
vassal or tenant tt> his feudal su- 
perior; lo3^alt3''. 

fear (fer), n. apprehension of evil or 
danger; dread; anxiety; solicitude; 
reverence*: v.t. to regard with appre- 
hension; dread: v.i. to be in fear; 
feel anxiety. 



fearful ('fool), adj. affected with fear; 
timorous; apprehensive; inspiring 
fear. 

fearfully (-li), adv. in fear; so as 
to cause fear. 

fearless ('les), adj. intrepid. 

fearlessness (-nes), n. intrepidity. 

fearsome (fer'sum), adj. fearful; 
terrible. 

feasibility (-bil'i-ti), n. practicability. 

feasible (fe'zi-bl), adj. practicable. 

feasibly ('zi-bli), adv. practicably. 

feast (fest), n. a sumptuous repast, 
especially in commemoration of some 
event, &c.; a festival, especially of 
the Church; anything affording 
pleasure to the palate or mind : v.t. to 
entertain sumptuously; delight: v.i, 
to feed sumptuously; enjoy one's self. 

feat (fet), n. sl notable achievement, 
deed, or performance. 

feather (fe^/i'er), n. part of the ex- 
terior covering of a bird; a plume; 
something resembling a feather; the 
water thrown up by the turn of the 
blade of an oar; kind or class: v.t. 
to ornament with feathers; cover 
with, or as with, feathers; turn the 
blade ot (an oar) horizontally when 
leaving the water: v.i. to become 
covered with, or something resem- 
bling, feathers. 

feather-brained (-brand), adj. giddy. 

feather-edged (-ejd), adj. thin at 
the edges. 

feather-weight (-wat), n. in a 
handicap, the least weight than can 
be put on a racehorse. 

feathery (-i), adj. covered with, or 
resembling, feathers; very light. 

feature (fe'tur), n. the cast of the 
face; lineament;^ princip;;! part 
outline; characteristic; appearance. 

featured ('turd), adj. having a par- 
ticular cast of face. 

feaze (fez), v.t. to disturb; discon- 
cert; frighten. 

febrifuge (feb'ri-fuj), n. a medicine 
that lessens or dispels fever. 

febrile (feb' or fe'bril), adj. pertaining 
to, accompanied by, or indicating 
fever. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FECAL 



355 



FEELER 



fecal, same as faecal. 

feces, s^me as fseces. 

feckless (fek'-less), adj, trifling; shift- 
less. 

fecula (fek'ti-li,), n. farina; starch; 
chlorophyll. 

feculence (lens), n, the quahty of 
being feculent; dregs. Also fecu- 
lency. 

feculent (lent), adj. containing, or 
full of, dregs or sediment; turbid; 
muddy. 

fecund (fek' or f e-kimd'), ddj, fruit- 
ful; prolific. 

fecundate (fek'un-dat), v.t. to make 
fruitful or prolific; fertihze; im- 
pregnate. 

fecundity ('di-ti), n. f ruitf ulness ; 
prolificness; fertility of inventioi^; 
germination. 

fed, jp.t. & p.p. of feed. 

federal (fed'er-^l), adj. pertaining 
to, constituting, or founded upon, a 
league or treaty; consisting in a 
union or compact between the states, 
especially of the United States or 
Switzerland; confederated: n. a sup- 
porter of federalism. 

Federal, adj supporting the cause of 
the Union in the American civil war 
(1861-'65) : n. one who favored the 
Union cause in that war. 

federalism (-izm), n, the doctrine of 
federal union, and the support of the 
central government of the United 
States. 

federalize (-iz), v.L to bring together 
in a political federacy: v.i, to 
unite under a federal form of gov- 
ernment. Also federate. 

federate (-at), adj. united by com- 
pact. 

federation (-a'shun), n. a league; 
federal government. 

federative (-tiv), adj, forming a 
league or confederacy; federal. 

fee (fe), n. sl compensation or pay- 
ment for ser\dce rendered, especially 
professional service; a gratuity; an 
heritable or inherited estate; land 
held from a superior; feud: v.t, to 
pay or give a fee to. 



feeble (fe^bl), adJ/. weak; wanting m 
physical strength or mental vigor; 
infirm: v.t^ to weaken. 

feed (fed), v.t. to give food to; nour- 
ish; graze or pasture; supply with 
necessaries; furnish with materials, 
as a machine: v.i, to eat; subsist 
(with on or upon); n, a certain 
quantity of food given to animals at 
one time; fodder; pasture; a ban- 
quet. 

teed-board (fed'bord), n. a table to 
hold the pile of paper fed into a 
printing or folding machine. 

feeder-bar (fe'der-bar) n. a bar to 
control the supply of cotton to a 
cotton machine. 

feed-gage (fed'gaj), n. a guide to in- 
sure accuracy in printing or folding 
sheets of paper. 

feed-gate (fed'gat), n. the gate regu- 
lating supply of material to a ma- 
chine, or flow of water to a water- 
wheel. 

feeder ('er), n, one who, or that 
which, feeds; one who fattens cat- 
tle; that which nourishes or supplies 
tne needs of, or increases the im- 
portance or value of; a branch canal 
or railway; an electric wire supply- 
ing a current to a main conductor. 

feedfng ('ing), the act of eating; 
pasture. 

feed-pipe (-pip), n. a pipe which 
supplies water to the boiler of a 
steam-engine. 

feed-pump (-pump), n, a force-pump 
which supplies water to the boiler 
of a steam-engine. 

feel (fel), v.L to perceive by the 
touch; be conscious of ; understand; 
test; be influenced or moved by; ex- 
perience, as pleasure or pain; exam- 
ine by touching or handling; v.i. 
seem to the touch; have the pas- 
sions moved: n. the sense of feeling; 
touch; sensation. 

feeler ('er), n. one who, or that 
which feels; that part of an inverte- 
brate animal which serves as an or- 
, gan of touch, as the antennae of in- 
sects, &c.; something put forth as a 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FEELING 



356 



FEME COVERTE 



means of gaining information not 
directly obtainable. 

feeling ('ing), p.adj, easily affected; 
sympathetic; of great sensibility; 
perceptible by touch: n. sense of 
touch; physical or mental sensation; 
perception; tenderness. 

fee-simple (-sim'pl), n, an estate in 
land or tenement, held by a person 
in his own right, without restrictions. 

feet, pi. of foot. 

fee-tail (fe'tal), n. an estate entailed 
to a person and his heirs. 

feign (fan), v.t, to pretend; invent. 

feigned (fand), adj. pretended; coun- 
terfeited. 

feint (fant), n. a pretense; mock at- 
tack. 

feldspar (feld'spar), n. a name for 
various crystalline minerals occur- 
ring in igneous rocks, composed 
principally of silicate of aluminia. 
Also felspar. 

felicitate (fe-Us'i-tat), v.L to con- 
gratulate. 

felicitous ('i-tus), adj. characterized 
by, or causing, happiness; appropri- 
ate. 

felicitously (-li), adv. happily; suit- 
ably. 

felicity Ci-ti), n. [pi. f eh cities (-tiz) ], 
a condition of supreme happiness; 
blissfulness; prosperity; appro- 
priateness; a neat or well-chosen 
expression. 

feline Clin), adj. pertaining to, or 
resembling, a cat; stealthy; treach- 
erous. 

fell (fel), v.t. to hew, cut, or knock 
down; cause to fall; turn down (a 
seam):^ adj. cruel; savage; barbar- 
ous; hideous; powerful: n. the skin 
of an animal; a hem laid level with 
the material; a rocky or barren hill; 
small pieces of ore. 

fellah ('a), n. [pi. fellahs ('az), fel- 
laheen (-hen') ], in Egypt and Syria, 
a peasant or laboring man. 

felloe, same as felly. 

fellow ('o), n. a companion or asso- 
ciate; one of the same kind; com- 
peer; one of a pair; an individual; 



one held in sHght esteem; a member 
of an incorporated society; a gradu- I 
ate member of a college who holds a - 
fellowship; the trustee of a college; 
adj, associated or joined with (used 
in composition.) 

fellowship (-ship), n, association; 
communion; intimacy; society; joint 
interest or feehng; a college endow- 
ment for the support of a fellow; 
one of the rules of arithmetic. 

felly ('i), n. [pi. felhes ('iz) ], one of 
the curved pieces of wood which 
form the rim of a wheel; the rim. 
Also felloe. 

felo-de-se (fe'lo-de-se), n. a suicide. 

felon (feFun), n. one guilty of fel- 
ony; a whitlow: adj, malignant; 
traitorous. 

felonious (fe-Io'ni-us), adj. done 
with the intention of committing 
crime; malignant. 

felony (fero-ni), n. [pi. felonies 
(-niz) ], a crime punishable by 
death or imprisonment in a state 
prison. 

felsite (sit), n. a variety of feldspar. 

felspar ('spar), n. same as feldspar. 

felt, p.t. of feel. 

felt (felt), n. an unwoven fabric com- 
posed of wool or wool and hair, 
compacted together by pressure or 
heat. 

felting ('ing), n. the material of 
which felt is made, or the process 
of manufacturing it. 

felucca (fe-luk'^), n. a small sailing- 
vessel propelled by lateen sails and 
oars, used in the Mediterranean. 

female (fe'mal), n. one of that sex 
which conceives and produces young; 
the plant or flower which bears the 
pistil and receives the pollen of 
the male flower: adj. pertaining to 
that sex which produces young; 
feminine; womanly; having pistils 
but destitute of stamens;, noting, 
in mechanics, something, as a hol- 
low, into which another part fits. 

feme coverte (fem or fam kuv'ert), 
n. a married woman. Also femme 
coverte. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



FEME SOLE 



357 



FERNERY 



feme sole (sol), n. an unmarried 
woman. Also femme sole. 

feminine (fem'i-nin), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, women; deli- 
cate; tender; sensitive; wanting in 
manly characteristics; effeminate: 
n. a woman. 

femininity (-i-ti), n. the state or 
quahty of being feminine; woman- 
kind. 

feminism (fem'in-izm), n. sl condition 
ascribed to men apparently lacking 
in the chief masculine traits. 

femme de chambre (fam'de shang'- 
br), n. a lady's-maid; chambermaid. 

femoral (fem'o-r^l), adj, pertaining 
to the thigh. 

femur (f e'mer), n. the thigh-bone. 

fen (fen), n. low, flat, marsh land, 
covered with, sedges, &c.; a kind of 
mold or moss causing disease in hops. 

fence (fens), v.i. to practice fencing; 
deposit stolen property with a eon- 
federate: v.t. guard or protect; de- 
fend; to inclose or surround with a 
fence; fortify: n. the art of fencing; 
defense; guard; a boundary con- 
sisting of posts, wire, &c.; inclos- 
ure; skill in debate; a receiver of 
stolen goods. ^ 

f encibie (f en'si-bl) , adj. capable of de- 
fense, or being defended: n. a soldier 
enhsted for home ser^^ce. 

fencing ('ing), n, the art of skilfully 
using a foil or sword for attack or 
defense; materials used for con- 
structing a fence; a collection of 
fences; guard; skilful debate. 

fend (fend), v.t, to ward off; protect 
with a fender. 

fender ('er), n, a cusnion of rope, or 
piece of wood hung over the side of 
a vessel to prevent injury by con- 
tact with a landing-stage, &c.; a 
metal guard in front of a fireplace 
to prevent the hot coal falHng upon 
the floor; a device affixed to the 
front of a street car to prevent in- 
jury to pedestrians. 

fender-rail (fen'der-ral), n. a rail 
to protect street cars against injury 
from the wheels of other vehicles. 



fender-skid (fen'der-skid), n. a skid 
used by lumber men to hold the logs 
on a trail, when skidded or slid on a 
hillside. 

fenks (fenks), n. whale-blubber ref- 
use: used as a manure. 

fennec ('ek), n. small African fox. 

fennel (fen'el), n. an aromatic bien- 
nial herb of the parsley family, with 
yellow flowers. 

fenny ('i), adj. full of fens; marshy. 

fent (fent), n. a slit in a garment 
for convenience in putting it on; 
placket; remnant. 

ferae naturae (-n^-tu're), in law, 
wild animals as distinguished from 
those domesticated. 

feral (fe'rM), adj. wild; undomesti- 
cated. 

ferial ('ri-S,l), adj. pertaining to 
week days, especially those which are 
not festivals or fasts; pertaining to 
holidays. 

fer-de-lance (fer-de-lans'), n. a poi- 
sonous crotaloid snake inhabiting 
certain of the West Indies and the 
South American countries. Its 
name is derived from the shape of 
its head like a lance. 

ferment (fer'ment), n. a microscopic 
fungus which produces fermenta- 
tion; internal commotion; tumult: 
v.t. (fer-mentO, to produce fermen- 
tation in; excite: v.i. to be in a state 
of fermentation; effervesce; be ex- 
cited. 

fermentation (-men-ta'shun), n. the 
chemical decomp)osition which takes 
place in an organic substance ex- 
posed to the air, due to the action 
of microscopic organisms, or to un- 
organized ferments; excitement. 

fermentative (-men'ta-tiv), adj. 
causing, or characteristic of, fermen- 
tation. 

fern (fern), n. a crv^ptogamous or 
flowerless plant with broad and 
feathery fronds or leaves, on the 
under surface of which the repro- 
ductive seeds are situated. ^ 

fernery ('er-i), n, [pi. ferneries (-iz)I, 
a place where ferns are cultivated. 



ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FERNY 



358 



FESTIVAL 



ferny ('i), adj, fern-like, or abound* 
ing in ferns. 

ferocious (fe-r5'shus), adjr savage; 
fierce; rapacious; of cruel nature. 

ferocity (-ros'i-ti), n. {pL ferocities 
(-tiz) ], ^ savageness or cruelty of 
disposition; inhuman cruelty. 

ferrate (fer'at), w. a salt of ferric 
acid. 

ferret (fer'et), n. a domesticated va- 
riety of polecat, employed to hunt 
rats and rabbits from their holes: 
a kind of binding; an iron rod used 
for making the rings at the mouths 
of bottles, or trying melted^ glass: 
v.tc to search minutely or discover 
by cunning methods (with ovi). 

ferreter ('er), n. one who ferrets 

ferretto (-ret'to), n, a preparation 
of copper with sulohuric acid: usea 
in coloring glass. 

ferriage n-aj), n. money paid for 
conveyance by ferry. 

ferric^ ('ik), adj. pertaining to, con- 
taining, or extracted from, iron. 

ferric acid (as Id), n, an acid com- 
posed of 3 atoms of oxygen and 1 
of iron. 

ferric oxide (oks'id), n. red oxide of 
iron; haematite. 

ferro (fer'ro), a prefix denoting the 
presence of iron in a substance. 

ferro-bronze (fer'ro-bronz), n. an 
alloy composed of iron, copper and 
zinc. 

ferro-chrome (fer^ro-krom), n. an 
alloy of iron and chromium used 
in steel manufacture.^ 

ferro-cyanic (-si-an'ik), adj. per- 
taining to an acid formed by the 
tmion of iron and cyanogen. 

ferro-tnanganese (-mang'g^-nez), n. 
an alloy of iron and manganese, 
used in the Bessemer process of 
manufacturing steel. 

ferrotsrpe (-tip), n, a photograph 
taken upon a sensitized iron plate. 

ferrous (fer'us), adj. pertaining to, 
or obtained from, iron. 

ferrous oxide (oks'id), n monoxide 
of iron. 

ferruginous (-ru'ji-nus), ad^. con- 



taining, or impregnated with, iron; 
rust-colored. 

ferrule ('ril)^ n. a metal ring placed 
at the end of a stick, &c., to strength- 
en it. 

ferry ('i), n. [pi. ferries ('iz) ], a 
passage across a river, &c. ; a ferry- 
boat; the place where a ferry-boat 
lands its passengers: v.t. lp.L & 
p.p. ferried, p.pr. ferrying], to con- 
vey across a river, &c., in a boat: 
v.t. go across water in a boat. 

fertile (fer'til), adj. producing abun- 
dantly; fruitful; reproductive; rich 
in resources or invention. 

fertilization (-i-za'shun), n. the act 
or process of making fertile; im- 
pregnation. 

fertilize ('tU-iz), v.t. to make fer- 
tile; render fruitful; impregnate. 

fertilizer (-er), n. any material used 
as a manure for the land. 

fertilizing-pouch (fer'ti-li-zing- 

pouch), n. the sperm-receptical of 
the queen bee. 

fertility ('i-ti), n. the state or quali- 
ty of being fertile: abundance; fe- 
cundity; richness of resources or 
invention. 

ferule ('til), n. a rod or flat stick 
used for chastisement: v.t. to chas- 
tise with a ferule. ^ 

fervency (fer'ven-si), n. earnestness; 
ardor. 

fervent ('vent), ac?;. zealous; earnest; 
vehement; very hot. 

fervently ('H), adv. with fervor. 

fervid ('vid), adj. burning; ardent; 
fiery; intense; eager; vehement. 

fervor ('ver), n. intensity of feeling; 
zeal: warmth. 

festal ('tal), adj. pertaining to a 
feast; joyous; festive; hilarious. 

festally (-li), adv. festively. 

fester ('ter), v.t. to cause to fester 
or rankle: v.i. to become ulcerated; 
suppurate; rankle; become putrid; 
rot: n. an ulcerous or purulent sore; 
act of festering or rankling. 

festival ('ti-val), n. a joyful cele- 
bration in conunemoration of some 
event, religious or civil; an enter- 



Ste, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FESTIVE 



359 



FEUILLETON 



tainment'on behaU ot some charity 
at which tmit, &c , is sold. 

festive ('tiv), cdj, pertaining to a 
feast; gay; joyous; merry. 

festively (-h), adv. in a festive man- 
ner 

festivity (-tiv'i-ti), n. [pi. festivi- 
ties (-tiz) ], social gaiety at an en- 
tertainment or teast; merrymaking; 
joyfuhiess; a festival. 

festoon (-toon'), n. a wreath or gar- 
land suspended at the extremities 
and hanging in a curve; an archi- 
tectural ornament of such form: v.L 
to decorate with, or form into, fes- 
toons. 

fetal, same as f cetal. 

fetch (fech), v.t, to go after and bring; 
obtain as its price; call for and ac- 
company; heave, as a sigh; fascin- 
ate: v.i. to move and turn; reach 
or get : n. an artifice or trick ; the deep 
long breath, as of a person dying ; a 
wraith; the appearance at night of a 
light resembling a candle, supposed 
to portend death (fetch-Hght). 

fete (fat), n, a festival or holiday: 
v,t. to entertain, or honor, with fes« 
tivities. 

fete champetre (shang-pa'tr), n. a 
rural or open-air festivalc 

fete day (da), n. a birthday celebra- 
tion, especially the day of the saint 
whose name one bears [French]. 

feticidey same as f ceticide. 

fetid (fe'tid^ or let 'id), adj. giving 
forth ac offensive smell; stinking. 

fetish (fe'tish, or fet'ish), n. any 
material object, as a stone, weapon, 
feather, &c., supposed by the ne- 
groes of Western Africa to be the 
abode ot a spirit, and to give to its 
poasessor power over such a deity: 
hence any object of unreasoning de- 
votion; image or idol. Also fetich. 

fetishism (-izm), n. the worship of, 
or behef in, fetishes; unreasoning 
or superstitious devotion. Also fet- 
ichism. 

fetish-man (-m^), n. a medicine- 
maiu 

fetlock (lok), n. a tuft of hair be- 



hind a horse's pastern joint; the 
pastern joint. 

fetlocked (lokt), adj. having fet- 
locks; secured or fastened by the 
fetlocks. 

fetter ('er), n. a chain or shackle for 
the feet (usually vL)] 2l restraint; 
hindrance: v,t. to olace fetters upon; 
chain; bind; hmder; restrain. 

fettle (fet'l), v.i. to repair; work 
with activity; clean up: v.t. to put 
in order ^ cover or line; fasten* n. 
good condition or repair: fuss. 

fetus, same as foetus. 

feud (fud), n, an inveterate quarrel 
between clans or famihes; blood- 
feud; quarrel; enmity ; hatred. 

feud (fud), n. a fief, or land held 
from a lord on condition of render- 
ing him feudal service. Also feod. 

feudal C&l), adj. pertaining to a feud 
or quarrel ; pertaining to, or founded 
upon, a feud or fief. 

feudalize ('al-iz), v.t. to conform to 
feudalism. 

feudalist (-ist) , n. one skilled in feudal 
law. Also feudist; an upholder of 
feudalism. 

feudality (-al'l-ti), n. the state of 
being feudal; feudal principles or 
constitution. 

feudally (-li), adv. in accordance with 
the principles of feudaUsm. 

feudal system (sis'tem), n. the po- 
htico-social system formerly preva- 
lent in Europe during the Middle 
Ages of holding lands on condition 
of military ser^ace. Feudalism. 

feudatory (-d^-to-ri), n. [pi. feuda- 
tories (-riz)], one holding land by 
feudal tenure; a vassal: adj. per- 
taining to, or held by, feudal tenure. 
Also feudary. 

feu de joie (foo de zhwaO, n. an ex- 
pression of pubHc rejoicing, as the 
firing of guns, or burning of bonfires. 

feudist, same as feudalist. 

feuilleton (foo-i-tangO, Ti. that sec- 
tion of a French newspaper which 
is devoted to fight hterature, criti- 
' cal notices, fiction, &c.; a newspaper 
serial. 



ate^ arm, ^isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut* think, th&a. 



FEVER 



360 



FID 



fever (fe'ver), n, a disease charac- 
terized by marked increase of heat 
of the skin, quickened pulse, great 
debihty, thirst, &c.; a condition of 
extreme nervous excitement: v,t, to 
put into a fever. 

fever-few (-fu), n. a plant of the 
aster family, formerly esteemed as a 
febrifuge. 

feverish (-ish), adj, affected with, 
indicating, or resembling, fever. 

few (fu), adj, [corny, fewer, superl, 
fewest], not many; small in num- 
ber; Hmited. 

fewness ('nes), n. smallness of num- 
ber. 

fez (fez) n. a brimless, close-fitting, 
felt hat, usually red, \7ith a black 
tassel: worn by Turks, Egyptians, 
&c. 

fiacre (fe-a'kr), n. a hackney-coach 
[French]. 

fiance (fe-ang-sa'), n. one who is be- 
trothed or affianced. Fern, fiancee, 

fiasco (fe-as'ko), n. a complete or lu- 
dicrous failure, as of some enter- 
prise of which high hopes were en- 
tertained, as a musical performance, 
&c. ; a fiask or bottle. 

fiat (fi'at), n. sl peremptory order or 
decree; an order of a court authoriz- 
ing certain proceedings, as in bank- 
ruptcy. 

fib (fib), n, a falsehood; white ^ lie: 
v.i. [p.i, & p.p. fibbed, p.pr. fibbing], 
to tell fibs; to deliver a quick suc- 
cession of IdIows. 

fibber ('er), n, one who tells fibs. 

fiber (fi'ber), n, a slender, thread- 
like substance, or filament; raw 
material which can be separated into 
threads for making up textile fab- 
rics. 

fibriform Cbri-form'), adj. fiber-Uke. 

fibril Cbril), n. o, small fiber. 

fibriliferous (if'er-us), adj, bearing 
fibres or the fibrillae in bundles. 

fibrillse ('e), n.pL minute subdivi- 
sions of a root, as of the hchens. 

fibrillose (-os), adj. composed of» or 
covered with, fibrils. 



fibrin (filDrin), rto a white albumi- 
noid substance which forms the clot 
of blood; the fibrous part of flesh; 
gluten obtained from corn, nfec. 
Also fibrine. 

fibrinous (-us), adj. composed of, or of 
the nature of, fibrin. 

fibroid ('broid), adj, of the struc- 
ture of, or containing, fiber. 

fibroin^ Cbro-in), n. the principal 
constituent of raw silk, cobwebs, 
and horny sponge-tissue. 

Fibromyxoma (fi'bro-mik-so'ma), n, 
a common form of tumor combining 
fibrous and mucous tissues. 

fibrous ('brus), adj. composed of, or 
of the nature of, fibres. 

fibster (fib'ster), n, a liar in a small 
way. 

fibula Cu-m), n, [pi fibulae (-le) ], 
the outer and smaller of the two 
bones which form the lower leg; and 
ancient ornamental brooch or safe- 
ty-pin. 

fichu (fe-shoo') n, a light three-coi'- 
nered article of ladies' dress worn 
on, the neck, or over the neck and 
shoulders. 

fickle (fikl), adj, capricious; incon- 
stant. 

fictile (fik'til), adj. pertaining to pot- 
tery; readily molded; plastic. 

fiction ('shun), n. the act of feign- 
ing or inventing; that which is 
feigned or invented; a literary pro- 
duction of the imagination in prose 
form, as a novel, romance, &o.; 
a legal assumption for the purpose 
of convenience, the furtherance of 
justice, &c. 

fictional (-il), adj, pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or created by, fic- 
tion. 

fictionist (-ist), n, a writer of fiction. 

fictitious (-tish'us), adj, pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, fiction; false; 
unreal. 

fid (fid), n, an iron or wooden bar to 
support a topmast; a large tapering 
wooden pin for opening the strands 
of a rope; v.t, to put into place and 
secure by a fid. Also fidd. 



ate, arm, §<sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booiiv 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FIDALGO 



361 



FIERY 



fidalgo (fi-dal'go), n. a Portuguese 
nobleman; hidalgo. 

fiddle (fid'l), n. a violin; a frame 
used on board ship to prevent arti- 
cles from rolling off the table in 
stormy weather: v.i, to play the 
fiddle or violin: v.L to cheat by arti- 
fice. 

fiddle-de-dee (-de-de), inter j. non- 
sense! \n. a piece of nonsense. 

fiddle-faddle (-fad'l), n. nonsense; 
trifling conversation: v.i. to talk 
nonsense; fuss about trifles: adj, 
fussy about trifles. 

fiddler (nd'ler), n. a violinist; a 
name of the common sandpiper; 
sixpence, one who is fussy about 
trifles 

fiddlestick (-stik), n. a bow for 
playing upon the fiddle or violin: 
inter j. nonsense! (usually in pi.) 

fiddling (fid'ling), n. the act of play- 
ing, the violin : p.oc?/. trifling. 

fidelity (fi-deri-ti), n. [pi. fidelities 
(-tiz) J, integrity; faithful adher- 
ence to obligation or duty; honesty; 
loyalty; reliability. 

fid-fad (fid'fad), n. fiddle-faddle. 

fidget (fij'et), n. one who is fidgety; 
nervous restlessness (often in pL): 
v.t. to put in a fidget; worr\'; v.i. to 
move about uneasily or restlessly. 

fidgetiness (-i-nes), n. the state of 
being fidgety. 

fidgety Cet-i), adj. restless; impatient. 

fiducial (fi-du'shM), adj. of the na- 
ture of a trust; practical confidence. 

fiduciary ('shi-^-ri), n, [pi. fiducia- 
ries (-riz)], a trustee; one who de- 
pends for salvation on faith without 
works: adj. pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, a trust; confident; im wa- 
vering. 

fie (fi), inter j, for shame? Also fy, fye. 

fief (fef), n. a fee or feud; a landed 
estate or manor held imder a feudal 
superior. 

field (feld), n, a piece of land en- 
closed for tillage or pasture; open 
country; a region yielding some nat- 
ural product; site of a battle; sphere 
of action; a v*^ide expanse; space 



within which telescopic or micro- 
scopic objects are viewed; outdoor 
work; in heraldry, the surface of the 
shield; the ground upon which a 
game is played; the competitors in a 
race, hunt, &c.: v.t. to oatch or stop 
and return to the wicket-keeper, as 
a ball at cricket, &c.:v.i. to act as a 
fielder; in a race, bet on the field 
against the favorite. 

field-allowance (-a-lou'ans), n. ex- 
tra pay given to officers on active 
service. 

field-artillery (-ar-til1er-i), n. artil- 
lery so mounted as to be readily 
handled in active ser\dce. 

field-book (-book), n, a surveyor's 
note-book. 

field-day (-da), n. a miHtary review; 
a day of unusual excitement or dis- 
play; a day devoted to outdoor sci- 
entific research. 

field-glass (-gl4s), n. a small portable 
telescope. 

field-marshal^ (-mar'shil), n, the 
highest rank in the British army. 

field-officer (-of'i-ser), n, a major, 
lieutenant-colonel, or colonel. 

field-sports (-sportz), n.pl, outdoor 
diversions, especially shooting, hunt- 
ing, &c. 

field-work (-werk), n. outdoor oper- 
ations or observations. 

fiend (fend), n. an infernal beine; 
demon; one who is intensely mali- 
cious or wicked; a monomaniac. 

fiendish ('ish), adj. hke a fiend. 

fierce (fers), adj. savage; violent; 
merciless; ferocious; unrestrained. 

fiercely ('li), adv. in a fierce manner. 

fieri facias (fi'e-ri fa'shi-as), (Latin, 
cause it to be done), a writ of exe- 
cution authorizing a levy on the 
goods and chattels of the person 
against whom it is issued. 

fierily (fir'i-li), adv, in a fiery manner. 

fieriness (-nes), n. the quality of be- 
ing fiery; heat of temper. 

fiery ^ ('ri), adj. ^ [comp. fierier, superl. 
fieriest], pertaining to, or consisting 
of, fire; passionate; easily roused; 
fervent; ardent. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/iea- 



FIFE 



362 



FILCH 



fife (fif), n. a shrill-toned musical 
instrument of the flute class: v,U to 
play (a tune) on a fife. 

fifteen (fif 'ten), adj. consisting of 5 
and 10; a cardinal numeral: n. the 
number made up of 5 and 10; one 
point scored at lawn-tennis. 

fifteenth ('tenth) adj. next in ol'der 
after 14th: n. a fifteenth part. 

fifth (fifth) adj. next in order after 
4th: n. one of 5 equal parts; in 
music, an interval of three tones 
and a semi-tone; the dominant. 

fifthly ('h), adv. in the fifth place. 

fiftieth (fif'ti-eth), adj. next in order 
after 49th: n. one of 50 equal parts. 

fifty ('ti), adj. consisting of five times 

fifty-fifty ( — ), n. an even division. 

fig (fig), n. the pear-shaped fruit of 
the fig-tree; the fig-tree; a snap of 
the fingers in token of contempt; 
anything insignificant or worthless. 

figgy ('i), adj. fig-like. 

fight (fit), v.i. [p.t. & j).p, fought, 
p.pr. fighting], contend in battle or 
in arms; make war; offer resist- 
ance: v.t. to war against; strive for 
the mastery of; manoeuvre in bat- 
tle, as ships: n. a combat; battle or 
engagement; contest. 

fighting (Ing), adj. pertaining to 
conflict; ^ qualified, or trained, to 
fight; skilled in warfare: n, a com- 
bat. 

fig-leaf (figlef), w. the leaf of a fig- 
tree; a light covering in the form of 
a fig-leaf to conceal nakedness. 

fig-marigold (-mar'i-gold), n. a 
plant which produces a fig-shaped 
fruit. 

figment ('ment), n, an invention; 
fiction. 

figuline ('u-lin), n. potter's clay. 

figurant ('u-r&nt), n. an opera dancer 
who performs as one of the group. 
Fern, figurante. 

figurative ('u-r§,-tiv), adj. repre- 
senting by figure; symboHcal; un- 
real ; metaphorical. 

figuratively (-li), adv. in a figurative 
manner. 



figure Cur), n. the outline ^ or shape 
of a person or object; appearance; 
an image or statue; representation 
of a person by drawing or painting; 
idea; pattern; type; sign or charac- 
ter denoting a number; a movement 
in a dance; musical phrase, or re- 
peated theme; a horoscope; value 
or cost; in logic, the character of a 
syllogisnl as determined by the place 
of the middle term; a space bounded 
on all sides by fines or planes: v.t. 
to form into any determinate shape; 
show by resemblance; represent; 
symbohze; adorn or cover with fig- 
ures; calculate or compute: v.i. to 
be conspicuous; cipher. 

figured Curd), adj. covered or adorned 
with figures; symbolized; pictured; 
indicated by figures [mus.]. 

figure-head (-hed), n. a carved rep- 
resentation of a human or other fig- 
ure placed at the prow of a ship; a 
person who is only nominally im- 
portant. 

figure-painting (fig'ur-pan'ting), n. 
painting concerned largely with the 
presentation of the human figure. 

figure-skating ^ (fig'tir-ska'ting), n. 
skating in which geometrical figures 
are cut on the ice by the skates. 

figuring (fig'ur-ing), n. computation. 

figwort (figVert), n. a plant used as 
a specific for piles. 

filament Ca-ment), n.« a fine thread, 
or thread-like process or appendage; 
the stalk of an anther. 

filamentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. con- 
sisting of, or resembling,^ a filament. 

filar ipJlkr), adj. pertaining to, or 
furnished with, threads; having fine 
threads stretched across the field of 
view: said of a microscope, &c. 

filariasis (fi-la-ri-a'sis), n. , presence 
in the blood of the germ of elephan- 
tiasis, a disease characterized by 
enlargement of the extremities. 

filator (fi-la'tor), ^ n. the spinning 
mechanism of :a silk-worm. 

filbert (firbert), n. the edible nut of 
the cultivated hazel. 

filch (filch), v.t. to pilfer; rob. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boofig 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FILE 



363 



FILTH 



file (fil), n. a wire, &c., on which 
papers are strung for preservation 
or reference; a bundle of papers 
fastened together and endorsed with 
the date, contents, &c., of each; a 
line of soldiers ranged one behind 
the other; a tool of hard steel with 
small grooves on the surface, used 
for cutting and smoothing: v.t. to 
cut or smooth with a file; string 
(papers, &c.) on a file, or place 
them away, endorsed, for future 
reference; place among the records 
of a court or house of legislature: 
v.i. to march in a file or line. 

file-stripper (fll'strip'er), n. a work- 
man who prepares blank files, to 
be subsequently toothed. 

filial (firi-al), adj, pertaining to, or 
befitting, a son or daughter; due to 
a father. 

filially (-li), adv. in a filial manner. 

filiation (-a'shun), n. affiliation. 

filibuster (-i-bus'ter),n. a freebooter; 
buccaneer; a lawless military adven- 
turer who invades a foreign country, 
v.i. to act as a filibuster; to delay 
legislation by obstructive tactics. 

filiform (firi-form), adj. thread-like. 

filigree ('i-gre), adj. made of, or re- 
lating to, work in filigree: n. orna- 
mental work, resembling lace, in 
gold or silver wire: something deli- 
cate and ornamental, but not lasting. 

filigreed ('i-gred), adj. ornamented 
with, or as with, filigree. 

filing (filling), n. the act of using a 
file: pi. fine fragments rubbed off 
by the action of a file. 

Filipino (fil-i-pe'no), n. a native of 
the Philippine Islands. 

fill (fil), v.t. to make full; satisfy; 
crowd; engage; occupy; employ: v.i. 
to become full or replete; be dis- 
tended; pour a glass or vessel full: 
n. as much as produces complete 
satisfaction: satiety. 

filler Cer), n. one who, or that which, 
fills; a funnel for filling bottles, 
&c.; composition for stopping up 
holes or pores in a material before 
painting it; the body of a cigar. 



fillet Cet), n. a narrow band of metal, 
linen, silk, &c., worn around the 
forehead, for securing the hair; the 
fleshy part of the thigh: said of 
veal; a boneless lump of meat or 
fish served flat or rolled together 
and tied round; a raised rim, nar- 
row ornament, or molding; a plain 
line or band; the loins of a horse: 
v.t. to bind with a fillet; ornament 
with a fillet; make into fillets, as 
veal, &c. 

filling (firing), p.adj. serving to fill; 
occupying the whole space; satiat- 
ing: n. something that serves to fill 
up a vacant space, cavity, or pore: 
pi. prepared wort. 

fillip (^ip), n. a sudden sharp jerk or 
stroke with the finger; an incite- 
ment: v.t. to strike with the nail of 
the finger by a sudden movement; 
project: v.i. to aim a fillip. 

fillister Cis-ter), n. a rabbet-plane: 
a groove or rabbet on the outer 
edge of a window-sash to receive 
glass. 

filly Ci), n. [pi. fillies ('iz) ], a young 
mare; a bold, lively girl. 

film (film), n. a thin skin or filament; 
a thin covering of some sensitized 
substance to receive a photographic 
impression: v.i. to become covered 
with a film. 

filminess Ci-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being filmy. 

filmy Ci), adj. composed of, or re- 
sembling, films. 

filo-fioss (fi'lo-flos), n. a fine soft 
thread, used in embroidery. 

filo-plume ('('-plum), n. a long slender 
feather with a delicate shaft. 

filose Clos), adj. thread-like. 

filoselle Clo-zel), n. a kind of fioss- 
silk. 

filter (^firter), n. any material or ap- 
paratus by which water or any 
other liquid is purified; a contri- 
vance for arresting particles of 
steel, dust, &c., in the air; a strainer: 
v.t. to purify, as a liquid. 

filth (filth), n. foul matter; dirt; de- 
filement, moral or physical. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FILTHILY 



364 



FINGER 



filthily (-li), adv. in a filthy manner. 

filthiness (-nes), n, imcleanness; im- 
purity. 

filthy ('i), adj, [comp, filthier, superl, 
filthiest], foul; dirty; unclean, moral- 
ly or physically; obscene. 

filtrate (fil'trat), n. a liquid which 
has been filtered: v.t. to filter. 

fin (fin), n, one of the organs of loco- 
motion of a fish. 

finable (fin'a-bl), adj, liable to a 
fine; capable of being refined. 

final (fi'nM), adj. pertaining to the 
end; ultimate; finishing; decisive: 
n. that which is last, or makes an 
end; the deciding heat of an ath- 
letic contest. 

final cause (kawz), n. the end for 
which a thing is done. 

finale (fe-na'la), n. the last passage 
in a musical composition; the final 
act, &c., of a scene or performance; 
termination; end. 

finality (fl-nari-ti), n. completeness. 

finally (fi-nal-U), adv, lastly com- 
pletely. 

finance (fi-nans'), n, the public 
revenue of a government or state; 
the science of the profitable manage- 
ment of monetary affairs: v.t. to 
manage the financial arrangement 
of: v.i. to raise money for some spe- 
cial object. 

financial (-nan'sh§,l), adj, pertaining 
to finance. 

financially (-H), adv. with respect 
to finance. 

financier (fin-an-ser'), n, one who is 
skilled in the principles of banking, 
or conducts private or pubhc finan- 
cial affairs. 

finback (fin'bak), n. a variety of 
whale, having the dorsal fin promi- 
nent. Also finner, razorback. 

finch (finch), n, the common name 
for various small birds, as the chaf- 
finch, canary, &c. 

find (find), v.t, [p.t, & p.p, found, 
p.pr, finding], to discover; obtain 
by searching; ascertain by experi- 
ment; meet by accident; regain, as 
something lost; snpply; declare by 



judicial verdict: n, the discovery of 
something valuable. 

finder ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, finds; a small telescope at- 
tached to a larger one to locate 
some particular star, &c., to be ex- 
amined by the larger instrument. 

fin de siecle (fang de sia'kl) [French], 
at the end of the century. 

finding (find'ing), n. discovery; the 
verdict of a jury, or court: pi. the 
tools, &c., which a workman himself 
supplies. 

fine (fin), n. money paid as a pen- 
alty; forfeiture: v.t. to impose a 
monetary penalty upon; purify; re- 
fine; clarify. 

fine (fin), adj. slender; thin; keen; 
pure; refined; subtle; dehcate; ele- 
gant; of small diameter; very hand- 
some; noble; showy; admirable; 
splendid; beautiful in thought or 
language; free from clouds or rain; 
dexterous; discriminating; artful: 
adv. very much; finely. 

fine-cut Ckut), adj. dehcately cut or 
chiseled; cut fine, as tobacco. 

finedraw ('draw), v.t, to sew up 
neatly, as a rent, so that it is im- 
perceptible; draw out to extreme 
tenuity, as wire. 

finedrawn ('drawn), adj. spun very 
fine; over-subtle; far-fetched. 

finely ('li), adv. in a fine manner. 

fineness ('nes), n. the state or quali- 
ty of being fine; in an alloy, the 
quantity of pure metal contained. 

finery (fi'ner-i), n. [pi. fineries (-iz) ], 
personal adornment, as fine or showy 
clothes, &c.; outward show. 

finesse (fi-nes'), n. artifice or strat- 
agem; skill; dexterity; finessing at 
whist: v.i. to use artifice or skill to 
accomplish some end; in playing 
whist, to endeavor to take a trick 
with a lower card than tiiat held 
by an opponent, while* holding a 
higher card. 

finger (fing'ger), n. one of the five 
divisions of the hand; one of the 
four digits of the hand, as dis- 
tinguished from a thumb; a fin- 



5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^ju 



FINGER-BOWL 



365 



FIRE-BALLOON 



ger's breadth; any mechanical con- 
trivance resembhng a finger; an in- 
dex; musical touch: t;.^. to handle, or 
perform, with the fingers; meddle 
with; steal; pilfer: v.i. to use the 
fingers skilfully in performing upon 
a musical instrument. 

finger-bowl (fing'-ger-bol), n, a bowl 
used at the end of a meal for moisten- 
ing the fingers. 

fingerer ('ger-er), n. one who fin- 
gers; a pilferer. 

fingering (-ing), n, the act of touch- 
ing with the fingers; the act of 
manipulating the fingers on a fin- 
gered instrument; fine work exe- 
cuted by the fingers : a loose-tmsted 
woolen yarn, used for knitting 
stockings, &c. 

fingerling ('hng), n. a young trout. 

finger-print (print), n. an impres- 
sion of the markings on the fingers, 
used by the pohce to identify crimi- 
nals. 

fingerstall (-stawl), n. a protective 
covering for an injured finger. 

finial (fin'i-M), n. a pointed orna- 
ment at the top of a spire, gable, &c. 

finical {'\-kk\)f adj. fastidious; over 
particular. 

finicality ('i-ti), n. the characteris- 
tic of being finical. 

finically (-E), adv, in a finical man- 
ner. 

finikin ('i-kin), adj. fussy or affect- 
edly precise in trifles, as in dress, 
manner, &c.; a variety of pigeon. 
Also finicking. 

fining (fin 'ing), n. the act or process 
of purifying or refining; clarifica- 
tion. 

finis (fi'nis), n. the end. 

finish (fin'ish), v.i. to bring to an 
end; complete; put an end to; con- 
clude; make perfect; polish; kill or 
render powerless: v.i. to come to an 
end; expire: n. completion; careful 
elaboration; the final touches given 
to a work. 

finished ('isht), p.adj. complete; of 
superior excellence or quahty; care- 
fully elaborated. 



finite (fl'nit), adj. having limits: n. 
that which is finite (with the). 

finitely (-h) , adv. in a limited degree. 

finiteness (-nes), n, the state of be- 
ing finite. 

fin-keel (fin 'k el), n. a type of keel 
resembling the fin of a fish, and used 
to ballast boats carrying a relatively 
large expanse of sails. 

Rnlet (fin'let), n. a small fin. 

finned (find), adj. having fins. 

finny ('ni), adj. having fins; resem- 
bhng, or abounding in, fish. 

finos (fe'nos), n. wool of the merino 
sheep of the second best quahty. 

Finsen-ray (fin'sen-ra), n. a fight 
cure for eruptive diseases; consists 
of a powerful electric hght focussed 
through colored glass telescopes on 
a diseased surface. 

Finsen lamp (fin-sen-lapip), n. a 
hght for developing tslys of ultra- 
violet hght, used particularly in the 
treatment of lupus and other super- 
ficial diseases. 

fiord (fyord), n. a long narrow inlet 
or arm of the sea between high rocks 
or banks. 

fir (fer), n. the name of various cone- 
bearing trees of the genus Abies, 
and alhed genera; a fir-tree. 

fire (fir), n. heat and light evolved 
by ignition and combustion; the 
result of combustion of bodies; 
a burning; conflagration; flame; 
discharge of firearms; light; in- 
tensity of feehng; ardor; spirit; 
severe trial or affliction: v.t. to set 
on fire; inflame; kindle; bake, as 
porcelain; explode; excite violently; 
irritate; illuminate; cauterize: v.i. 
to become ignited; be inflamed; dis- 
charge firearms; ring a peal of bells 
all together. 

firearms ('armz), n.pL rifles, cannon, 
&c. 

fire-ball Cbawl), n. a grenade; meteor. 

fire-balloon ('bal-loon), n. a bal- 
loon inflated by hot air; a balloon 
sent up with fireworks, which be- 
come ignited when at a certain 
height. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FIRE-BOX 



366 



FIRST-MATE 



fire-box Cboks), n, in a locomotive 
engine, the receptacle for the fire. 

firebrand ('brand), n. a piece of 
burning wood; an incendiary; one 
who inflames the passions of others. 

fire-brigade (fir'bri-gad), n. the 
members of a fire department. 

firebug ('bug), n. an incendiary. 

fire-clay ('kla), n. a kind of clay 
capable of resisting intense heat. 

firecracker ('krak-er), n. a small 
explosive firework. 

fire-damp ('damp), n. carburetted 
hydrogen. 

fire-dog ('dog), n. an andiron. 

fire-drill (fir'dril), n. the drill of 
school pupils or inmates of any in- 
stitution preparing them for quick 
exit in case of fire. 

fire-engine ('en-jin), n. a hand or 
steam engine for ejecting water 
through hose to extinguish a fire. 

fire-escape ('es-kap), n. a kind of 
ladder for rescuing persons from the 
upper parts of a building on fire. 

firefly ('fli), n. a winged insect which 
emits light at night. 

fire-irons ('i-erns), n.pL the shovel, 
poker, and tongs. 

fire-kiln ('kil), n. an oven. 

fireman ('m^n),^ n. [pi. firemen 
('men)], one trained to extinguish 
fires; a stoker. 

fire-ship ('ship), n. a ship filled with 
combustibles, set fire to, and floated 
among the vessels of an enemy. 

fireside ('sid), n. the hearth: hence 
domestic hfe and comfort. 

fire-water ('waw-ter), n. ardent spir- 
its [American Indian]. 

firework ('werk), n. a preparation of 
gunpowder, sulphur, charcoal, &c., 
inclosed in a cardboard or paper 
case, which, when ignited, scintil- 
lates and explodes: pL a pyrotechnic 
display. 

fire-worship ('wer-ship), n. the wor- 
ship or veneration of fire as a deity. 

firing ('ing), n. the act of discharging 
firearms; the application of intense 
heat, as in baking, &c.; fuel; cauter- 
ization. 



firkin (ferldn), n, a small wooden 
vessel for holding butter, lard, &c.; 
a measure of capacity = l-4th of a 
barrel; 9 gals. 

firm^ (ftjrm), adj. hard; compact; 
solid; closely compressed; unyield- 
ing; not easily moved; rigorous; 
staunch; unfaltering; steadfast: n. 
the title or style under which a mer- 
cantile house transacts its business; 
a mercantile partnership. 

firmament (fer'm§,-ment), n. the 
sky. 

firman ('mi.n, or 'man), n. a spe- 
cial decree, edict, or license of an 
oriental potentate, as of the Turk- 
ish Sultan. 

first (f erst) J adj. the ordinal of one; 
foremost in place, rank, dignity, 
time, excellence, &c.; earliest; most 
important; chief: adv. before all 
others in order, place, rank, time, 
&c.; sooner: n. the beginning; the 
upper part of a vocal or instru- 
mental duet, trio, &c. [mus.]. 

first-aid (first-ad), a. surgical or med- 
ical treatment given by a layman 
while waiting for a physician, or by 
an ambulance surgeon at the place 
of injury or by a soldier on the battle- 
field. Efficient first-aid treatment 
has materially lessened the mortaUty 
in modern warfare. 

first-chop ('chop), adj, of the first 
quaHty. 

first-class ('klSs), adj, of the high- 
est excellence, rank, or quaHty. 

First-day (,'da), n. the name given 
to Sunday by the Society of Friends. 

first-fruits (-fruits), n.pL the first 
gatherings of the produce of the 
season; the first profits of any office 
or undertaking. 

first-hand ('hand), n. the mate of a 
fishing-smack: adj. obtained direct 
from the producer or grower. 

firstling ('Hng), n. the first-born; 
first produced. ^ 

firstly ('H), adv. in the first place. 

first-mate ('mat), n. in the mer- 
chant service, the officer next in 
rank to the captain. 



ate, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tken. 



tiRST-RATE 



367 



FIT 



first-rate ('rat), adj, of the highest 
excellence; having the highest qual- 
ity or character: n. a warship of 
the first class : adv, excellently. 

firth, same as frith. 

fiscal (fis'k^l), adj. pertaining to the 
exchequer or public revenues; finan- 
cial: n. a state treasurer [Spanish]. 

fish (fish), n. [pi. fish, fishes ('ez) ], 
a vertebrate, cold-blooded, aquatic 
animal furnished with permanent 
gills; the flesh of fish used as food; 
a machine for hoisting an anchor; 
a piece of wood fastened to an- 
other to strengthen it; one of the 
signs (Pisces) of the zodiac; a 
counter used at cards: v.t. to search 
in quest of fish; catch (fish); seek 
for and bring to light; draw up; 
strengthen by spars: v.i. to try to 
catch fish; seek to gam or obtain 
something by artifice or indirect 
methods. 

fish-beam (bem), n. a beam of tim- 
ber bulging downward. 

fish-block Cblok), n. a hoisting- 
block for raising the flukes of an 
anchor to the gunwale. 

fish-davit ('dav-it), n. a strong spar, 
or crane, for fishing the anchor. 

fisher Cer), n, one who fishes; the 
pekan. 

fisherman (-m§,n), n. one whose oc- 
cupation it is to catch fish; a fish- 
ing-smack. 

fishery ('er-i), n. [pi. fisheries (-iz) ], 
the^ business of catching fish; a 
fishinor-ground; the right to fish at 
a particular time or ground. 

fishgarth ('garth), n. a fish-weir. 

fishgig Cgig), n. a pronged instru- 
ment for spearing fish. Also fizgig. 

fish-glue Cgloo), n. isinglass. 

fish-hawk ('hawk), n. the osprey. 

fishiness ('i-nes), n, the state or 
quahty of being fishy. 

fishing ('ing), n. the art, sport, or 
business of taking fish; a fishing- 
ground; the operation of hoisting 
an anchor up to the gunwale of a 
vessel. 

fish- joint ('joint), n. a paii' of iron 



plates for fastening the ends of two 
rails together. 
fish-maw ('maw), n. the sound of a 

fish. 

fishmonger ('mimg-ger), ». one who 
sells fish. 

fish-sound ('sound), n. the swinmiing 
or air-bladder of a fish. 

fish-torpedo ('tor-pe-do), n. a sub- 
marine torpedo somewhat resem- 
bling a fish in shape. 

fish-weir ('wer), n. a dam for stop- 
ping or preserving fish. 

fish-wife ('wif), n. a woman who 
retails fish. Also fish woman. 

fishy ('i), adj. pertaining to, consisting 
of, abounding in, or like, fish; dull; 
vacant; questionable; incredible.^ 

fissi, prefix, meaning clefty occurring 
in various scientific words, as fissi- 
parous, propagating or multiplying 
by fission. 

fissile (fis'il), adj. capable of being 
split: said of rocks. 

fission (fish'un), n. the act of cleav- 
ing or splitting up into parts; the 
spontaneous division of a simple 
organism into two parts, each of 
which becomes a new individual. 

fissiparous. See fissi. 

fissiped (fis'i-ped), adj. having the 
toes separated: n. an animal belong- 
ing to the Fissipedia, a division of 
carnivorous mammals, including the 
dogs, cats, &c. 

fissure (fish'ur), n. a cleft or crack; 
a narrow opening; furrow: v.t. to 
make a fissure: v.i. to crack. 

fist (fist), n. the hand when closed or 
clenched: v.t. to grip or strike with 
the fist. 

fistic (fis'tik), adj, pertaining to pu- 
gilism. 

fisticuffs ('ti-kufs), n. a combat with 
the fists ; boxing. 

fistula ('tu-1^), n, 8L deep pipe-like 
ulcer. 

fistulose (-los), adj. of the nature of 
a fistula; hollow like a pipe. Also 
fistulous. 

fit (fit), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. fitted, p.pr. 
fitting], to make fit or suitable; 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FIT 



368 



FLAG 



adapt; accommodate to anything; 
qualify; adjust; equip; benefit: v.i. 
to be proper or suitable: n. adapta- 
tion of one thing to another; suit- 
ability: adj, [comp. fitter, superL 
fittest], convenient; suitable; pre- 
pared; qualified. 

fit (fit), n. a sudden attack of disease 
attended with convulsions, and 
often with loss of consciousness; a 
temporary mental paroxysm, or 
attack of pain or illness; caprice. 

fitch (fitsh), n, the pole-cat. 

fitful (fit'fool), adj, capricious; spas- 
modic. 

fitfully (-li), adv. in a fitful manner. 

jfitly (fit'li), adv, suitably; properly. 

fitness ('nes), n, the state or quality 
of being fit. 

fitter ('er), n, one who adjusts pipes, 
or puts the parts of a machine to- 
gether; one who fits on and shapes 
an article of dress; a coal-broker. 

fitting Cing), p. adj, suitable; appro- 
priate: n.pl, the necessary fixtures, 
&c., of a house or shop. 

fitty ('i), adj, subject to fits. 

five (fiv), adj, consisting of 4 and 1: 
a cardinal numeral: n, the sum of 
4 and 1: pi. a game resembling 
tennis. 

fivefold ('fold), adj, five times as 
much or as great; multiplied by 5. 

fix (fiks), v,t, to make fast, secure, or 
staple; direct steadily; set or place 
permanently; adjust; transfix; de- 
prive of volatility; predispose: v,i, 
to become solid or firm; settle down: 
n. an awkward situation; quandary. 

fixation (-a'shun), n, the act of fix- 
ing; stability; absence of volatility; 
reduction from a fluid to a solid 
state. 

fixative ('a-tiv), n, something that 
serves to fix, as a mordant, &c. 

fixed (fikst), p. adj, firm; lasting; 
settled; permanent; stable; estab- 
lished; resolute; not volatile. 

fixed body (bod'i), n, a substance 
not readily volatilized, as a fixed oil. 

fixedly (fiks'ed-li), adv, steadily; 
firmly. 



fixedness (-nes), n, the state of being 
fixed; absence of volatility. 

fixed star (star), n, a star which 
retains relatively the same position 
in the heavens. 

fixing (fiks'ing), n, the act of making 
firm, or rendering permanent; the 
act of adjusting or amending; a 
cast to carry a shaft-bearing: pi, 
ornaments, outfit, apparatus, &c. 

fixity ('i-ti), n. stability; perma- 
nence. 

fixture (fiks'tur), n, that which is 
firmly fixed, an article of furni- 
ture fixed to a house and regarded 
as part of it. 

fizgig (fiz'gig), n. a firework made 
of damp powder; a flirting, giddy 
girl. 

fizz (fiz), n, a hissing noise; an ef- 
fervescent beverage, as sparkling 
champagne: v.i, to make a fizzing 
noise. 

fizzle (fiz'l), v,i. to burn with a fizz 
and soon go out. 

fjeld (fyeld), n, a lofty barren table 
land [Norwegian]. 

fjord. Same as fiord. 

flabbily (flab'i-li), adv. in a flabby 
manner. 

flabbiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being flabby. 

flabby ('i), adj. easily shaking or 
yielding to the touch; lacking mus- 
cle; mentally or physically feeble. 

flabellate (-bel'at), adj. fan-shaped. 

flabelluip (fla-bel'um), n. [pi. flabel- 
la ('a) ], a large fan carried by the 
Pope's attendants; in the Greek 
Church, a fan used to drive away 
flies from the chalice during the 
celebration of the eucharist. 

flaccid (flak'sid), adj. flabby, weak. 

flaccidity ('i-ti), n. the state of 
being flaccid. 

flag (flag), n. a piece of cloth or 
bunting on which usually some de- 
vice is wrought, used as a standard, 
ensign, signal, &c.; a plant of the 
genus Iris; a flagstone: v.i, [p.t. & 
p.p. flagged, p.pr. flagging], to be- 
come weary; lose vigor; hang down: 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thing, then. 



FLAGELLANT 



369 



FLANNELED 



v.L signal with a flag; pave with 
flagstones. 

flagellant (flaj 'el-ant), adj. using a 
whip or scourge: n. one who 
scourges himself for religious disci- 
pline. 

flagellata (-a'ta), n.pL a class of in- 
fusorians with whip-like append- 
ages. 

flagellate ('el-at), v.t. to whip: adj. 
having whip-like processes. 

flageolet (flaj'o-let), n. a musical 
instrument of the flute class. 

flagging flagging), n. pavement of 
flagstones. 

flagitious (fla-jish'us), adj. atrocious; 
wicked; highly criminal. 

flag-officer (-ofi-ser), n. an admiral. 

flagon (flag'un), n. a large drinking 
vessel with a narrow mouth. 

flagrant (fla'grant), adj. openly wick- 
ed; heinous; glaring; notorious. 

flagrante ^ delicto (-gran'te de-lik'- 
to) [Latin], in the very act. 

flagstone ('ston), n. a large flat pav- 
ing stone. 

flail (flal), n. a wooden instrument 
for threshing wheat, &c., by hand. 

flake (flak), n. a small film of any- 
thing loosely held together, as 
snow; a thin scaly piece of any- 
thing;^ a carnation with a single 
color in stripes on a white ground: 
v.t. & v.i. to form into flakes; scale 
or peel off. 

flake-white ('whit), n. pure white 
lead. 

flaky Ci), adj, consisting of flakes 
or layers. 

flam (flam), n. a falsehood; freak; 
blarney; false pretense. 

Hambage (flam-bazh'), n. a process 
of sterilization with the aid of a 
flame or red hot plate. 

flambeap ('bo), n. [pi. flambeaux 
Cboz) ], a lighted torch; a large 
ornamental candlestick. 

flamboyant (-boi'ant), adj. denoting 
a florid or showy style, especially as 
deficient in good taste; denoting the 
French Pointed Gothic, character-, 
ized by flame-like tracery. 



flame (flam), n. fire, ardor of temper 
or passion; glow of imagination; 
excitement; a sweetheart: v.t. to 
heat; excite: v.i. to burst into 
flame; blaze. 

flamen (fla'men), n. one of fifteen 
priests in ancient Rome devoted to 
the service of a special deity. 

flaming (flam'ing), adj. giving forth 
flames; blazing; causing excite- 
ment; violent. 

flamingo (fla-ming'go), n. a long- 
legged, web-footed, red-colored bird. 

flamingo-plant (-plant), n. a. hand- 
some hot-house plant belonging to 
the arum family. 

flammule fflam'ul), n. a little flame, 
especially the small flame symboliz- 
ing Chinese and Japanese deities. 

flamy (flam'i), adj, resembling flame; 
flame-colored. 

flang (flang), n. a miner's double- 
pointed pick. 

flange (flanj), n. a raised or project- 
ing rim for preventing a wheel slip- 
ping, or as an attachment: v.t. to 
attach a flange to. 

flange-steel (flanj'-stel), n. steel that 
is soft enough to be bent at right 
angles without cracking or being 
overstrained. 

flank (flangk), n. the fleshy part of 
an animal between the ribs and 
hip; the side of an army, regiment, 
or building; that part of a fortifica- 
tion constructed to defend another: 
v.t. to attack or turn the flank or 
side of (an army); guard on che 
flank: v.i. to border or touch (with 
on) : adj. pertaining to, or cut from, 
the flank. 

flanker Cer), n. one of a body of 
troops thrown out to protect a line 
of march; a man who walks on the 
flank of grouse-drivers to keep the 
birds in the line required. 

flannel (flan'el), n. a soft-textured, 
loosely-worn cloth with a light nap. 

flannel-cake (flan'el-cake), n. a grid- 
dle cake of wheat flour, raised with 
baking-powder or yeast. 

flannelecl('eld),a(ii.covered in flannel. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; m^e, merge, met; mTte, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FLANNELET 



370 



FLATTING 



fiannelet (-et), n. a soft cotton ma- 
terial resembling flannel. 

flap (flap), n. anything broad and 
flexible, hanging loosely, and fas- 
tened on one side; the motion or 
noise of anything broad and flat; 
a slap; the tail of a coat: v.t. [p.t, 
& p.p. flapped], to strike with, or 
as with, a flap; let fall; move back- 
wards and forwards rapidly; vd. to 
move, as wings, with noise. 

flap-jack (flap'jak), n, a pancake that 
is turned in the air permitting the 
reverse side to be cooked on the 
griddle. 

flapper ('er), n, one who, or that 
which, flaps; a flipper. 

flare (flar), n. a large, unsteady, 
glaring light: v.i, to burn with a 
broad, unsteady light; be offensive- 
ly showy in dress. 

flash (flash), n. a sudden, quick, 
transitory blaze or light; sudden 
outburst, as of merriment, wit, or 
passion; a short, transient state; a 
body of water driven by violence; 
a sluice above a shoal on navigable 
rivers for easing the water for the 
passage of boats: v.L to cause to 
act, burst, or appear suddenly; 
cover with a thin coating of colored 
glass: v.i. to shine with a sudden, 
quick, transient blaze or light; act, 
or burst forth, suddenly; gleam; 
splash: adj, pertaining to thieves or 
their language; cheap and gaudy; 
sham; vulgarly ostentatious or 
showJ^ 

flash-boiler (flash-boil 'er), n. type 
of steam generator for automobiles. 

flash-light ^ (-lit), n. a momentary 
brilHant light for taking photo- 
graphs. 

flashily ('i-li), adv. in a flashy manner. 

fiashiness (1-nes), n. gaudiness. 

flashing ('ing), n. a name for va- 
rious operations in glass-making: pi. 
pieces of lead or other metal used 
as a cap-joint to keep roofs, &c., 
watertight : adj, emitting flashes. 

flashing-point (-point), n. the tem- 
perature, below the burning-point, 



at which the vapor of a volatile 
Uquid will ignite and explode: used 
as a test for illuminants. 

flashy ('i), adj. brilUant, but empty; 
gaudy. 

flask (fl§,sk), n. a small bottle; a ves- 
sel, usually metal or leather, for 
holding powder or shot. 

flat (flat), adj. level; even; smooth; 
prostrate; horizontal; insipid; posi- 
tive; downright; low: said of prices; 
dull: said of sales; without interest: 
wanting relief or promintnce: said 
of figm-es in painting; sounded below 
the true pitch : n. a level or extended 
plain; a shallow; shoal; story or 
floor of a house; the broad or plane 
part of a thing; surface without re- 
hef or prominence; depression in 
thought or language; a musical 
sign {b) which lowers the succeeding 
note haK a tone; one of the halves of 
a scene which meet in the middle of 
the stage of a theater; a person 
easily duped: adv. in a level or pros- 
trate position. 

flatflsh Cfish), n. any fish with a 
compressed body, having its eyes 
situated on one side, and the under 
side colorless, as the sole. 

flatten ('n), v.L to lay flat; make 
level or even; beat down; depress; 
make dull, insipid or tasteless; lower 
in tone: y.i. to become flat or level; 
become insipid. 

flatter (er), v.t. to gain over or please 
by complimentary speech; soothe; 
persuade; raise false hopes or expec- 
tations: v.i. to employ flattery. 

flattering (-ing), p.adj. pleasing to 
pride or vanity; fallacious; partial. 

flattery ('er-i), n. [pi. flatteries (-iz)], 
insincere complimentary speech; ad- 
ulation; false praise. 

flatting Cing), n. the act or process 
of making flat or smooth; the pro- 
cess of rolHng metal into sheets by 
cylindrical pressure; the sounding 
of a note below the true pitch; a 
method of house painting by which 
the paint appears lusterless; a coat 
of size laid over gilding to protect it. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FLATULENCE 



371 



FLESHY 



flatulence ('u-lens), n. distension 
of the stomach, ^ caused by gases 
generated within it; emptiness; con- 
ceit. Also flatulency. 

flatulent ('ii-lent), adj, affected with, 
or tending to produce, flatulence; 
pretentious; conceited. 

flatwise ('wiz), - adv. with the flat 
side downwards. 

flaunt (flant and flawnt), v.i. to 
make an ostentatious display in 
dress: v.t, behave or exhibit pertly 
or impudently: n. the act of flaunt- 
ing; a boast; brag. 

flav, prefix, occurring in vario'us sci- 
entific compound words, meaning 
yellow. Also flavi, flavo. 

flavor (Ver), n. a particular smell or 
taste: v.t to impart a flavor to. 

flavoring (-ing), n. an essence or 
extract for giving a flavor to any- 
thing. 

flaw (flaw), n. a blemish; inherent 
defect; crack: v.t, to make a flaw 
in; crack. 

flax (flaks), n. a plant of the genus 
Linum, the fiber of which is spun 
into Hnen cloth. 

flaxen ('en), adj. resembling, or made 
of, flax; of golden color: said of the 
hair. Also flaxy. 

flaxseed ('sed), n. linseed. 

flay (fla), v.U Vp.t. & p.p. flayed, p.pr. 
flaying], to strip off, skin, torture. 

flea (fle), n. a small blood-sucking 
insect of the genus Pulex, remark- 
able for its agihty and irritating 
bite. 

fleabane ('ban), n. a plant of the 
aster family. 

flea-bite ('bit), n. the bite of a flea; 
the red spot it causes; a trifling 
wound or trouble; a very small 
quantity. 

fleaking Cking), n. a Hght covering 
of reeds under the thatch of a 
house. 

fleam (flem), n, a lancet for bleeding 
cattle. 

fleck (flek), n. a streak or spot: v.t, 
to streak or spot; variegate. 

flection. Same as flexion. 



fledge (flej), v.i. to acquire the fufi 
plumage or feathers necessary for 
flight. 

fledgling ('ling), n, a young bird 
just fledged. 

flee (fle), v.t. [p.t. fled, p.pr. fleeingl, 
to run away from; avoid: v.i. to 
hasten away from danger; scatter; 
disappear. 

fleece (fles), n, the whole wool shorn 
from a sheep at one time: vJ,. to 
deprive of the wool or fleece; strip; 
plunder by injustice or fraud; cover 
with, or as with, a fleece. 

fleece- wool ('wool), n. wool cut 
from a living animal. 

fleecy ('i), adj. resembling a fleece; 
woolly. 

fleer (fler), n. mockery or contempt ex- 
pressed in words or gesture: v.i. to 
mock or sneer; grin contemptuously. 

fleering ('ing), p. adj. mocking; scoff- 
ing: n. the act of mocking or scoffing. 

fleet (flet), adj. swift; rapid; nimble: 
n. a company of warships or mer- 
chant vessels; a creek or inlet: v.U 
to move or pass rapidly over; skim. 

fleeting ('ing), p. adj. passing quickly. 

flense (flens), v.t. to cut up and strip 
the blubber from: said of a whale 
or seal. Also flench, flinch. 

flesh (flesh), n. that part of an ani- 
mal body underlying the skin, and 
composed of soft muscular tissue; 
animal food; pulp of fruit, &c,; the 
body: opposed to soul; human na- 
ture or race; carnal state or ap- 
petites; present life; kindred: adj. 
resembling flesh in color or ap- 
pearance: v.t. to satiate or glut; in- 
ure or harden by practice; initiate; 
make famiUar with. 

fleshiness ('i-nes), n. corpulence. 

fleshings ('ingz), n.pl. flesh-colored 
tights. 

fleshliness (li-nes), n. carnality. 

fleshly ('h), adj. pertaining to the 
body; corporeal; human; carnal; 
lascivious: adv. carnally. 

fleshy ('i), adj. [comp. fleshier, superL 
fleshiest], full of flesh; plump; 
corpulent; succulent; gross. 



5te, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FLETCHERISM 



372 



FLIRTING 



Fletcherism (fletch'-er-izm), n. a 
method of diet based on thorough 
mastication of food. 

fleur-de-lis (floor-de-le'), n. {pi. 
fleurs-de-lis], the royal bearing or 
emblem of France; the name for 
various species of iris. 

flewy p.L of fly. 

flexibility (fleks-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or^ quahty of being flexible. 
Also flexibleness. 

flexible ('i-bl), adj, easily bent; pli- 
ant; yielding to persuasion. Also 
flexile. 

flexion (flek'shun), n. the act or pro- 
cess of bending; a curve; in gram- 
mar, inflection. 

flexor (fleks'er), n. a^ muscle that 
acts in bending the joints: opposed 
to extensor. 

flexure ('ur), n, the act of bending; 
the part bent; a curve or fold; 
joint. 

flick (flik), n. a Hght, quick stroke, 
as with a whip: v.t. to whip Hghtly. 

flicker ('er), v.i. to move with an un- 
steady and quick motion; flutter 
with the wings: n, an unsteady light 
or movement; the golden- winged 
woodpecker of North America. 

flickering (-ing), n, the state of 
burning unsteadily. 

flier (fli'er), n, one who flies, or 
flees; ^ a fugitive; that part of a 
machine that regulates and equalizes 
motion; an essay or feeler: yl. a 
straight flight of steps. 

flies, 'pL of fly. 

flight (flit), 71. the act, process, man- 
ner, or power of flying; hasty de- 
parture; birds flying together, or 
produced in the same season; a 
soaring forth; extravagant ^ sally; 
the distance traveled by a projectile; 
a shower or volley; a series of 
steps. 

flightily ('i-li), adv, capriciously. 

flightiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being flighty. 

flighty ('i), adj. changeful; capri- 
cious; extravagant in fancy; wild; 
giddy. 



flimsily (flim'zi-li), adv. in a flimsy 
manner. 

flimsiness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being flimsy. 

flimsy ^ ('zi), n. [yL flimsies ('ziz) ], 
a thin manifold paper, especially 
that used for making reporting 
copies; a bank-note: adj, unsub- 
stantial; thin; weak; ineffective. 

flinch (flinch), v.i, to shrink or draw 
back, as from pain, danger, &c.: n, 
the act of flinching. 

flinder (flin'der), n, a splinter; frag- 
ment. 

fling (fling), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flung, 
p.yr. flinging], to throw or hurl; 
drive by violence; scatter; cast to 
the groimd: v.i, to flounce; throw 
out the legs violently: n, the act of 
throwing or casting; a sneer or 
gibe; kick or leap; unrestrained 
pleasure; dash; a Highland dance. 

flint (flint), n, a variety of quartz; 
a flint implement; anything pro- 
verbially hard. 

flinty ('i), adj, composed of, or re- 
sembling, flint; hard; obdurate. 

flip (flip), n, a liquor of beer, spirit, 
sugar, &c.; a short quick stroke; a 
flick: v.t, to jerk with the fingers; 
strike with a short quick blow. 

flip-flap (-flap), n. the noise caused 
by something flapping: adv, with a 
flapping sound. 

flippancy (flip'§.n-si), n. pertness; 
thoughtless fluency of speech. 

flippant {'knVjy adj. characterized 
by thoughtless levity of speech, or 
pertness. 

flipper ( er), n, a broad fin, arm, or 
paddle used in swimming, as that of 
the whale, seal, or turtle. 

flirt (flert), v.t. move to and fro with 
a short rapid action; throw with a 
quick elastic motion: v.i. make love 
from mere amusement; coquette: n, 
a coquette; a sudden jerk or toss. 

flirtation (fler-ta'shun), n, the act 
of flirting. 

flirtatious ('shus), adj. inclined to flirt. 

flirting ('ting), n. coquetry: adj. co- 
quettish. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



FLIT 



873 



FLORA 



flit (flit), v,t. [p.L & p.p. flitted: 
p.pr, flitting], to remove (a thing) 
from one house to another [Scotch] : 
vd. to pass Hghtly and swiftly 
along; fly away; skim; migrate. 

flitch (flich), n. the side of a hog. 
salted and cured. 

flitter-mouse (flit'er-mous), n. a bat. 

flitting (flit'ing), n, the act of flying 
or moving lightly and swiftly; a 
removal. 

flix (fliks), n. soft fur. 

float (flot), v.L to cause to rest or be 
conveyed on the surface of a hquid; 
convey without effort or will; to 
start, sell, or dispose of; smooth 
or level plaster with a float: v.i, to 
be buoyed up on the surface of a 
liquid or gaseous fluid; move lightly 
or ghde without apparent effort; 
drift about: n. anything that floats 
on the surface of a hquid or buoys 
up something; a raft; the cork or 
quill used in angling; a ball-cock; 
a plasterer's tool for spreading and 
smoothing; the water-gauge of a 
steam-boiler. 

floater ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, floats; a voter not belonging 
to any particular party. 

floating^ p.adj. swimming, or buoyed 
up, on the surface of a hquid; free 
to move about; circulating; not 
fixed or settled; ready for use: n. 
the act or state of anything that 
floats. 

float-valve (flot'-valv), n. a floating 
valve operated by the rise or fall 
of the Hquid on which it rests. 

floccillation (flok-sil-a'shun), n. the 
picking of bed-clothes by a deHrious 
patient: regarded as a serious 
symptom. 

floccose (flok'os), adj, covered with 
soft hair or w^ool; woolly. 

flocculence ('u-lens), n. the state of 
being flocculent. 

flocculent ('u-lent), adj, woolly. 

flocculus ('u-lus), n. [pi, flocculi 
(-h) ], a small flake; a small tuft 
of down or wool-like hair. 

floccus Cus), n. [pi. flocci ('si) ], the 



long tuft of hair which terminates 
the tail of certain quadrupeds, as 
the Hon; the down on an unfledged 
bird. 

flock (flok), n, a company or collec- 
tion of sheep or birds; a congrega- 
tion; crowd; a lock of wool; fibrous 
material used for stuffing uphol- 
stery, &c.: v.i. to come together in 
a flock; assemble. 

floe (flo), n. a large flat mass of float- 
ing ice. 

floe-rat ('rat), n. the ringed seal. 

flog (flog), v.t. [p.L & p.p. flogged, 
p.pr. flogging]," to whip; chastise; 
to lash (the water) with the fine in 
anghng. 

flogging ('ing), n. a whipping. 

flood (flud), n. a great flow of water; 
inundation; the deluge; high tide; 
the sea; an abundant supply or out- 
pouring of anything: v.t. to deluge; 
inundate; overflow. 

flood-gate ('gat), n. a gate in a 
water-way, which when opened al- 
lows the water to escape when at a 
certain height. 

flood-tide ('tid), n. the rising tide. 

floor (flor), n. the part of a house, 
room, &c., on w^hich one treads; 
story; a level suite of rooms; any 
smooth or level area; pavement; the 
part of a legislative chamber oc- 
cupied by the members: v.t. to cover 
with a floor; put to silence; strike 
down. 

floorage ('aj), n. the area of a floor. 

floorer ('er), n. a knock-down blow; an 
unanswerable question or argmnent. 

flooring ('ing), n. materials for 
floors; floors collectively ; pavement. 

flop (flop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flopped, 
p.pr. flopping], to strike frequently; 
unfold w^ith a jerk: v.i. to plump 
down; faU loosely and flatly: n. the 
sound caused by^ a soft flat body 
coming suddenly in contact with the 
ground: adv. suddenly.^ 

flora (flo'ri,), n. the wild plants of 
a particular region, district, or geo- 
logical period; a description of such 
plants. 



ate, arm, S^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book, hue, hut; think, then. 



FLORAL 



374 



FLOWERY 



floral ('r§,I), adj, pertaining to, re- 
sembling, or consisting of, flowers. 

floral envelope (en'vel-op), n, the 
corolla and calyx of a flower. 

fioran ('ran), n. fine-grained tin ore. 

fioreated ('re-a-ted), adj. ornamented 
with floral decorations. Also flori- 
ated. 

florescence (flo-res'ens), n, the flow- 
ering of a plant. 

floret ('ret), n. a little flower. 

floretum ('re-tum), n. a botanical 
garden specially devoted to flowers. 

floricultural (-ri-kurtur-al), adj, per- 
taining to floriculture. 

floriculture ('ri-kul-tur), n, the cul- 
ture of flowers. 

floriculturist ('tur-ist), »• one who 
is skilled in floriculture. 

florid^ (flor'id), adj. bright in color; 
brilliant with decorations; profuse- 
ly embellished. 

floridly (-li), adv. in a florid manner. 

florin ('in), n. a European silver 
coin, ranging in value in different 
countries from 40 to 50 cents. 

florist (flo'rist), n. one who culti- 
vates flowers for pleasure, or sells 
them for profit. 

flory-boat (flo'ri-bot), n, a sinall 
boat for conveying passengers be- 
tween a steamboat and the shore at 
low tide. 

flosh (flosh), n. a receptacle into 
which ore is put for stamping. 

floss (flos), n. floss-silk; the soft, 
downy, silken substance in the husks 
of certain plants; the slag on the 
surface of molten iron in a puddling- 
fumace; a small stream. 

floss-silk ('silk), n. an inferior un- 
twisted soft silk. 

flossy ('i), adj. like floss; downy. 

flotation (flo-ta'shun), n. the act or 
state of floating; the science of float- 
ing bodies. 

flotilla (-til'i;), n. a fleet of small 
vessels. 

flotsam (flot'si-m), n. goods lost in 
shipwreck, and found floating upon 
the sea. Also flotson. 

flounce (flouns), n. a narrow piece 



of cloth sewed to the kirt of a 
dress or petticoat, with the lower 
border loose and spreading; a sud- 
den jerk or movement of the body, 
indicative of impatience : v t. to fur- 
nish or trim with flounces: vd. to 
throw about the limbs and body. 

flouncing ('ing), n. material for 
flounces. 

flounder (Sound 'der), v.i» to strug- 
gle, roll, or proceed with difficulty, 
as an animal in the mire: n. a flat- 
sea-fish; a bootmaker's tool. 

flour (flour), n. the fine meal of 
ground wheat; a fine soft powder: 
v.L to sprinkle flour upon. 

flourish (flur'ish), v.i. to prosper or 
thrive; be vigorous; be copious or 
flowery in language; embeUish: v.L 
swing about or brandish; give flour- 
ishes to: n. a figure formed by lines 
or strokes fancifully drawn; the act 
of brandishing; a musical passage 
intended only lor display; ostenta- 
tious parade. ^ 

flourishing ^ (-ing), p. adj. prosperous; 
thriving; vigorous; ostentatious. 

floury (flour 'i), adj, resembhng, con- 
sisting of, or covered with, flour. 

flout (flout), v.t, to insult; treat con- 
temptuously; Jeer: v.i, to scoff; 
sneer: n. an insult; scoff. 

flow (flo), v.i. to run or spread, as 
water, circulate; glide; rise, as the 
flow or inundate: n. a current or 
stream; copiousness; the rise of the 
tide. 

flower (flou'er), n. that part of a 
plant which contains the reproduc- 
tive organs; blossom; the best, or 
choicest, part of anything; the 
prime; a figure or ornamental ex- 
pression: pi. a fight powdery sub- 
stance obtained by sublimation : v.i. to 
put forth flowers; blossom or bloom: 
v.t. ornament or cover with flowers. 

floweret (-et), n. a little flower. 

flowering-fern ('er-ing-fem), n, the 
Osmunda regalis. 

flowery ('er-i), adj. abounding, or 
adorned, with flowers; highly figu- 
rative or embellished. 



ate, arm, §;Sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, ihoxi. 



FLOWING 



375 



FLUSTER 



/lowing (flo'ing), p. adj. mo\aRg, or 
pouring forth, as a stream; copious; 
fluent; hanging loosely or swaying. 

flown, p.p. of fly. 

fluctuate (fluk'tu-at), v.i. to roll to 
and fro, as a wave; undulate; rise 
and fall; be irresolute or wavering. 

flue (flu), n, a pipe or passage to con- 
vey away smoke, hot air, &c.; soft 
dov/ny matter; fluff. 

fluency (flu'en-si), n, the quality of 
being fluent. 

fluent Cent), adj. possessing readiness 
and ease of speech; voluble; eloquent. 

fluey ('i), adj. hke flue; fluffy. 

fluff (fluf), n. light down or fur nap: 
v.t. to spread out, as feathers: n. a 
flash. 

flufliness ('nes), n. the quality of be- 
ing fluffy. 

fluffy ('i), adj. consisting of, or cov- 
ered with, fluff; feathery. 

fluid (flu'id), adj. hquid or gaseous; 
n. a substance the particles of which 
are readily separable. 

fluidity (-id'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being fluid. 

fluke (fluk), n. the broad part of an 
anchor which is fixed into the 
ground; a flounder; a parasitic dis- 
ease in sheep; a variety of potato; 
one of the two lobes of a whale's 
tail; a lucky stroke in billiards: v.i. 
to score by a lucky stroke; use the 
flukes in swimming: said of a whale. 

fluky ('i), adj, like a fluke; obtained 
by chance. 

flume (flum), n. a channel for the 
conveyance of water. 

flummery (flum'er-i), n. ^ jelly made 
of flour; blanc-mange; insipidity; 
humbug. 

flung, p.t. & p.p. of fling. 

flunk (flungk), n. a complete failure: 
v.i. to fail completely; retire through 
fear. 

flunky ('i), n. [pi. flunkies ('iz)], a 
liveried servant; a toady; snob; a 
foolish, incautious speculator. Also 
flunkey. 

flunkyism ('i-izm), n. the character- 
istics of a flunky. Also flunkeyism. 



fluoresce (floo-o-res'), v.i, to exhibit 
fluorescence. 

fluorescence ('ens), n. the quahty 
existing in certain transparent bodies 
of giving off under the action of 
hght a color differing from their 
own; the property possessed by cer- 
tain substances of becoming lumi- 
nous when exposed to X-rays or oth- 
er forms of radiant energy. 

fluorescent Cent), <idj. pertaining 
to fluorescence; possessing the ca- 
pacity of fluorescing. 

fluoric (-or'ik), adj. percaining to, or 
obtained from, fluorine. 

fluoride Co-rid), n. a compound of 
fluorine with a metallic bitse. 

fluorine Co-rin), n. an elementary 
gaseous body allied to chlorine. 

fluoroscope (floo'er-o-skop), n. a de- 
vice for use in making X-iay ex- 
aminations on a screen covered \nXh 
fluorescent material. 

fluor-spar Cer-spar), n. a trans- 
parent or semi-transparent mineral, 
composed of fluoride of calcium. 
Also fiuorite. 

flurry (flur'i), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. flur- 
ried, p.pr. flurrying], to agitate, 
confuse, or bewilder: n. sudden com- 
motion or excitement; hurry; a 
sudden gust. 

flush (flush), v.t. to cause to blush; 
excite; clean out with a rush of 
water; drive from cover: said of / 
game birds: v.i. to blush; glow: 
n. a sudden rush of water: flow 
of blood to the face; sudden ex- 
citement or impulse; a flock of 
game birds suddenly started; abun- 
dance; bloom; growth; a hand of 
cards all of the same suit: said of 
cribbage; a bog or morass: ady. level 
with the surface; quite full; abun- 
dant ; plentifully supplied with mon- 
ey; vigorous: adv, so as to be level. 

flush deck (dek), n. a deck level from 
stem to stern. 

flushing Cing), n. the act of cleans- 
ing out by a copious flow of water; 

' a glow of red in the face, 

fluster (flus'ter), v.t. to confuse or 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die, 25 



FLUTE 



376 



FOCUS 



agitate; hurry: n. agitation or con- 
fusion; excitement. 

flute (fiut), n. a tubular wind-instru- 
ment furnished with finger-holes and 
keys; a long channel or groove cut 
in the shaft of a column; crimping 
or furrowing: v.t. to sound as a 
fiute; form parallel grooves or chan- 
nel in; crimp or furrow. 

Hutina (-te'n&), a kind of accordion. 

fiuting (flu'ting), n, a channel or 
groove; fluted work; a flute-shaped 
crimp. 

flutist ('tist), n. a performer on the 
flute. 

flutter (flut'er), v.i, to move or flap 
the wings rapidly; move rapidly and 
irregularly; be in agitation or un- 
certainty: v,t, to throw into con- 
fusion: n. a quick and irregular mo- 
tion; vibration; state of excitement 
or anxiety. 

flutter-wheel (-hwel), n, a water- 
wheel connected with a chute. 

fluty (fiu'ti), adj. flute-like in tone. 

fluvial (fluVi-al), adj. pertaining to, 
growing or living in, or caused by, 
rivers. Also fluvatile. 

flux (fluks), n. any flow or issue of 
matter; flowof the tide; a substance 
added to assist in the reduction of a 
metal by fusion: v.t. to melt or fuse. 

fluxion (fluk'shun), n. the act of 
flowing or melting; matter that 

^ flows: "pl. in mathematics, the analy- 
sis of infinitely small variable quan- 
tities. 

fly (fli), v.i. {p.t. flew, p.p. flown, p.pr. 
flying], to move through, or rise in, 
the air with wings; pass swiftly; be 
driven through the air; move rapid- 
ly; run away; part with violence; 
burst; face: v.t, to avoid or shun; 
cause to fly or float in the air; flut- 
ter: n. [pi. flies (fliz) ], a two- 
winged insect of many species, in- 
cluding the house-fly, Musca domes- 
tica; an artificial fly used in an- 
gling; a disease in turnips; a hack- 
ney carriage : adj. wide awake. 

flyblow Cblo), n. the egg or larva 
of a fly: v.t. & v.i, [p.p. flyblown, 



p.pr. flyblowing], to lay eggs in 
meat, &c., and taint it. 

flying Cing), n. the action of the 
Yerb to fly: p.adj. adapted for flight; 
floating; waving; brief, or hurried. 

flying-bridge (-brij), n, a tempo- 
rary bridge. 

flying-buttress (-but'res), n. an 
arched brace for strengthening and 
supporting a part of a buflding 
which rises above the rest. 

flying-fish (-fish), n. a fish with long 
pectoral fins, which has the power 
of sustaining itself in the air for a 
short time. 

flying-jib (-jib), n. a sail beyond the 
jib. 

flying-squirrel (fli'ing-skwer'el), n. 
a squirrel having elastic folds of 
skin attached to the legs and body, 
permitting it to make long, flying 
leaps. 

fly-wheel (flihwel), n. a heavy 
wheel in a machine w^hich regulates 
its motion. 

foal (fol), n. the young of a horse, 
ass, or camel; v.i. to bring forth 
young: said of a mare, &c. 

foam (fom), n. the white substance 
formed on a liquid by violent agita- 
tion or fermentation; spume; v.t. 
to cause to foam : v.i, to gather foam; 
be enraged; froth. 

fob (fob), n. a small pocket, especially 
for a watch: v.t. to cheat. 

focal (fo'kM), adj. pertaining to, or 
placed at, a focus. 

focal distance (dis'tS^ns), n. the dis- 
tance between the optical center of 
a lens or mirror and the point where 
the rays converge. 

focimetry (fo-sim'e-tri), n. measur- 
ing the focal distance of mirrors, or 
lenses. 

focometry (fo-kom'e-tri), n. measur- 
ing the focal. length of optical in- 
struments; same as focimetry. 

focus (fo'kus), n. [pi. focuses, (-ez), 
foci ('si) ] the point where a sys- 
tem of rays of light or heat meet 
after being reflected or refracted; 
any central point: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; hoou^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FODDER 



377 



FOLK 



focused, p.pr. focusing], to bring to 
a focus or center. Also focalize 
(-iz). 

fodder (fod'er), n. food for horses, 
cattle, or sheep; a weight for lead = 
21 cwt. (Also fotker): v,t. to feed 
with fodder. 

foe ^ (fo), n. a personal enemy; ill- 
wisher; an adversary in war. 

foehn (fon), n. a warm, dry Alpine 
wind, prevalent in Switzerland. 

foetnan (fo'man), n. [pL foemen 
('men) ], an adversary in war. 

foetal (fe'til), adj. pertaining to the 
foetus. 

foeticide ('ti-sid), n. the destruction 
of a foetus in the womb; criminal 
abortion. 

fcetus Ctus), n. the young of vivipa- 
rous animals in the uterus. 

fog (fog), n, condensed watery vapor 
near the surface of the sea or land; 
bewilderment; a cloud or haze ob- 
scuring a photographic plate; the 
after-grass of autumn; winter pas- 
ture: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fogged, p.pr. 
fogging], to become foggy. 

fog-bank ('bangk), n. a dense mass 
of fog at sea, appearing like land in 
the distance. 

foggily (fog'i-H), adv. in a foggy 
manner; dimly. 

fogginess ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being foggy. 

foggy Ci), adj. abounding in, or filled 
with, fog; bewildered; obscure; ob- 
tuse. 

fogy (fo'gi), n. [pZ. fogies ('giz) ], a 
person of old-fashioned or eccentric 
habits. Also fogey, fogie. 

fohat (fo'at), n. a term used in oc- 
cultism to denote the connecting 
link between mind and matter. 

foible (foi'bl), n. a failing or imper- 
fection in character; the weakest 
part of the blade in a sword. 

foil (foil), v.t. to baffle or frustrate; 
defeat: n. a long thin fencing weapon 
with a button on the end; the trail 
of hunted game; a thin plate, or 
sheet of metal; a contrast to set« 
something off to advantage; a small 



arc in the tracery of a Gothic win- 
dow, &c. 

foist (foist) v.t. to place in wrong- 
fully or surreptitiously; palm off 
slyly (with in, into, upon). 

fokker (ioic'er), n. 1916 type of Ger- 
man war-planes. 

fold (fold), v.t. to bend one part over 
another; inclose; wrap up; shut up 
m a pen or fold. n. a part bent or 
doubled over another; a plait. 

folder ('er), n. one who, or that which, 
folds; a name for various instruments 
or contrivances for folding. 

folderol (foFde-rol), n. mere non- 
sense; an idle fancy or conceit; a 
silly trifle. 

folding ('ing), n. the act or process 
of doubling one part over another. 

folding-doors (-dorz), n.pl. sl pair 
of doors hung on opposite side-posts 
and meeting in the middle. 

foliaceous (fo'li-a'shus), adj. resem- 
bling, shaped like, or having, leaves; 
consisting of thin plates or laminae. 

foliage ('li-aj), n. leaves coflectively; 
the artistic representation of leaves,, 
flowers, (fee, as in architectural 
decoration. 

foliated ('li-a-ted), p. adj. beaten^ 
formed into, or covered with, thin, 
plates; spUtting into laminae; deco- 
rated with leaf -like ornamentation. 

foliation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
leafing; the act or process of beating: 
a metal into thin plates; lamina^ 
tion : said of a mineral ; the number 
of the leaves of a book. 

folio (fo'li-o), n. a book of the larg- 
est size formed by folding a sheet of 
paper once; a page of MS. or print- 
ed matter; the right and left hand 
pages of a ledger, &c.; in legal doc- 
uments 72 words of MS., 100 words 
in Congressional proceedings; a case 
for music, &c.; adj. having a sheet 
of paper folded once: v.t. to page. 

foliole (fo'li-ol), n. a leaflet. 

foliose ('li-os), adj. resembling a leaf; 
covered with leaves. 

folk (folk or fok), n. people in gen- 
eral; nation or race; one's relatives.. 



5te, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not;^ boon,^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FOLK-LORE 



378 



FOOT 



f oik-lore ('lor), n. popular tradi- 
tions, customs, beliefs, &c. 

folk-song ('song), n, a popular song 
or ballad, illustrative of the com- 
mon life of the people. 

follia (fol-le'a), n. a kind of musical 
composition consisting of varieties 
on a given air. 

follicle (foVi-kl), n, a seed-vessel; 
a very small tube or cavity; a sim- 
ple gland. 

follicular (-ik'u-lar), adj. like a fol- 
licle. 

follow (fol'o), v.t, to go or come 
after; pursue; succeed in order; 
accompany; attend; espouse the 
opinions or cause of; imitate or 
conform to; watch or attend to 
closely; to practice: vA, to go or 
come after another; result: n. a par- 
ticular stroke in billiards or croquet. 

follower (-er), n. one who follows 
another: a disciple, attendant, or 
dependent; one of the same sect or 
party; a maidservant's sweetheart. 

following ('o-ing), adj. succeeding: 
n. vocation or calling; disciples or 
adherents collectively. 

folly (fori), n. [pi. follies ('iz) ], 
want of understanding; foolishness; 
unbecoming conduct; criminal 
weakness; sin. 

foment (fo-menf), v.t. to bathe with 
warm or medicated liquids; excite; 
stir up or instigate. 

fomentation (-men-ta'shun), n. the 
act of fomenting; warm or medi- 
cated liquids applied to a diseased 
part; incitement. 

fomes (fo'mez), n. {pi. fomites ('mi- 
tez) ], a porous substance, as wool, 
&c., capable of retaining germs, and 
thus communicating contagion. 

fond (fond), adj. affectionate; lov- 
ing; ardently attached or devoted; 
partial to; injudiciously, foolishly 
indulgent (with of). 

fondle (fon'dl), v.t. to caress; treat 
with tenderness; handle tenderly: 
v.t. to exhibit fondness. 

fondling ('dling), n. one who, or that 
which, is fondled. 



fondu (fdng-doo'), adj. in caHco 
printing and paper hangings, the 
gradual blending of one color into 
another. 

font (font), n. a stone receptacle to 
hold the water used in baptizing; a 
complete assortment of a particular 
kind of type. 

fontal Cal), adj. pertaining to a 
font. 

fontanel (fon'ta-nel), n. one of the 
six open spaces in the skull of an 
infant; a seton. 

food (food), n. nutriment; material. 

fool (fool), n. a person devoid of rea- 
son or intelligence; idiot; one who 
acts in a foolish manner; a victim 
or butt; a compound of crushed 
gooseberries with cream: v.t. to 
make a fool of; treat with contempt; 
disappoint. 

foolery ('er-i), n. {pi. fooleries (-iz) ], 
habitual folly; absurd conduct or 
action. 

foolhardiness ('har-di-nes), n. a 
courage without sense. 

foolhardy ('har-di), adj. foolishly 
bold; daringly rash; regardless of 
consequences. 

fooling ('ing), n. foolish speech or 
conduct; buffoonery; banter; idle 
interference. 

foolish ('ish), adj. acting without 
reason or judgment; weak-minded; 
silly; ridiculous; trifling; contempt- 
ible. 

foolishly (-li), adj. in a foolish man- 
ner. 

foolishness (-nes), n. folly. 

foolscap (foolz'kap), n. a size of 
paper about 17 in, by 14 in.: origin- 
ally water-marked with the cap and 
bells formerly worn by professional 
jesters. 

foot (foot), n. {pi. feet (fet)l, that 
part of the leg on which an animal 
walks or stands; the lower part, 
base, foundation, or end of any- 
thing; that part of a boot or stock- 
ing which receives the foot; a meas- 
ure equal to 12 in.; infantry soldiers; 
a certain number of syllables consti- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FOOTBALL 



379 



FOREARM 



I tuting part of a verse: v,L to add a 

' foot to, as a stocking; add fig- 

ures in a column, and place the total 
at the bottom: v.i. to dance; go on 
foot. 

football ('bawl), n. a large india- 
rubber ball encased in leather, used 
in the game of football. 

footing ('ing), n. ground or support 
for the feet; tread; a firm or as- 
sured position; dance; an enter- 
tainment given by a new employe, 
&c., to his fellow-workmen; state 
or condition. 

footman ('man), n. [pi, footmen 
('men) ], a livery servant who at- 
tends a carriage, waits on table, &c. 

footpad ('pad), n. a highwayman 
who robs on foot. 

foot-pound ('pound), n. the unit of 
energy equal to work required to 
raise 1 lb. through a space of 1 ft. 

foots (footz), n.pl. the sediment of 
oil or sugar. 

fop (fop), n, a dandy; pretentious 
fool. 

foppery ('er-i), n. [pi. fopperies 
(-iz) ], dandyism. 

foppish Cish), adj, affected in dress 
and manners. 

for (for), prep, in place of; on account 
of; for the sake of; notwithstand- 
ing; to the number or amount of: 
conj. because; since: prefix, mean- 
ing thoroughly, before, greatly, with 
a privative, or negative force. 

forage (for'aj), n. food for horses 
and cattle; a search for provisions: 
v.i. to wander about in search of 
provisions: v.t. to supply with for- 
age. 

foraging (-ing), n. the act of search- 
ing for forage. 

foramen (fo-ra'men), n. [pi. foram- 
ina (ram'i-na) ], a short passage or 
opening, as in a bone, or ovule. 

foraminated (-ram'i-na'ted), ac?;. fur- 
nished with small holes or foram- 
ina. Also foraminate. 

foray (for'a), n. a predatory expedi- 
tion in border warfare: v.t. to plun-^ 
der or ravage. 



forbade p.t. of forbid. 

forbear (-bar'), v.t. [p.t. forbore, 
p.p. forborne, p.pr. forbearing], to 
abstain from; excuse; spare: v.i. to 
restrain one's self; be patient: n. an 
ancestor. Also forbear. [Scotch,] 

forbearance Cans), n. patience; in- 
dulgence; self-command. 

forbid (-bid'), v.t. [p.t. forbade, p.p. 
forbidden, forbid, p.pr. forbidding], 
to prohibit; command not to do; 
oppose. 

forbidding ('ing), p.adj. repellent; 
disagreeable. * 

force ffors), n. active power; vigor; 
strength; energy; violence; power 
to persuade or convince; validity; 
legality; efficacy; meaning; troops; 
armament; a trained or organized 
body; unlawful violence to property 
or person; any cause that produces, 
or tends to produce, motion, or a 
change of motion, in a body; a 
water fall: v.t. to compel; overpower 
by strength; impel; push; press; 
strain; cause to grow or ripen by 
artificial means: v.i. to endeavor. 

forced (forst), p.adj. strained; af- 
fected. 

forcemeat (fors'met), n. meat chop- 
ped fine and seasoned. 

forceps (for'seps), n. pincers or pliers 
for seizing and extracting anything. 

forcible (for'si-bl), adj. character- 
ized by mental or physical power; 
vigorous; violent. 

forcibly ('si-bli), adv. in a forcible 
manner; vigorously; violently. 

ford (ford), n. a shallow part of a 
stream, &c., which can be crossed 
by men or animals: v.t. to wade 
through, or pass over without 
swimming. 

fore, a prefix meaning before, in front, 
much used on composition: its 
meaning is usually self-evident. 

fore and aft (aft), the entire length 
of a ship. 

forearm (for'arm), n. the arm be- 
tween the wrist and elbow: t?.^. to 
prepare for attach or resistance 
before the time of need. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit: note, north, not: boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thpn. 



FOREBEAR 



380 



FORFEIT 



forebear. See under forbear. 

forebode (-bod'); v.t. to presage, es- 
pecially evil; feel a presentiment 
of: v.i. to foretell (evil). 

forebow ('bo), n, the pommel of a 
saddle. 

forecast ('kast), n. a previous con- 
trivance; foresight; prediction of 
the weather: v.t. (for-kasf), to plan 
or calculate beforehand; foresee; 
predict. 

forecastle (fok'sl), n. the part of a 
vessel forward of the foremast, 
where the seamen take their meals 
and sleep. 

foreclose (for-kloz'), v.t. to cut off 
from the right of redemption: said 
of a mortgage. 

forefather ('fai/i-er), n. a male an- 
cestor. 

Forefather's Day ('fa-^/ierz da), n. 
Dec. 21, the date when the Pilgrim 
Fathers landed at Plymouth, Mass., 
1820: observed as an anniversary in 
New England, &c. 

foregather (-ga^/i'er), v.i. to assemble; 
associate (with with), 

forego (-goO, v.t. [p.t. forewent, p.p. 
foregone, 'p.'pr, foregoing], to re- 
nounce or refrain from; give up: 
v.t. precede. 

forehead (for'ed), n. that part of the 
face between the eyes and the hair; 
brow. 

foreign (for'en), adj. belonging to 
another nation or country; alien; 
exotic; extraneous; remote. 

forel ('el), n. a kind of parchment 
used for covers of books. 

foreland (for 'land), n. point of land 
projecting into the sea; headland. 

forelock Clok), n. a lock of hair 
growing on the forehead; a linchpin. 

foreman ('man), n. [pi. foremen 
('men)], the spokesman of a jury; 
an overseer. 

foremost ('most), adj. chief; first. 

forensic (fo-ren'sik), adj. pertaining 
to, or used in, courts of justice or 
public debate. 

forensic medicine (med'i-sin), n. 
medical jurisprudence. 



forereach (for-rech'), v.t. to gain 
upon: v.i. to forge ahead in stays: 
said of a vessel. 

forerun (-run'), v.t. [p.t. foreran, 
p.p. forerun, p.pr. forerunning], to 
run before; precede; announce. 

forerunner ('er), n. a messenger 
sent before; herald; something that 
precedes a person or event. 

foresail ('sal), n. a large square sail, 
the principal one on the foremast. 

foreshore ('shor), n. that part of a 
beach or shore situated between the 
high and low water marks. 

foreshorten (-short 'n), v.t. to depict 
(figures as they appear to the eye 
when viewed obliquely) so as to 
convey the impression of fuU length. 

foreskin ('skin), n. the prepuce. 

forespeech ('spech), n. a preface. 

forest (for'est), n. sl large extent of 
ground covered with trees; wood- 
land; an uncultivated tract of land, 
more or less covered with trees and 
undergrowth: adj. pertaining to a 
forest; rustic; sylvan: v.t. to cover 
with trees or forest. 

forestall (-stawl'), v.t. to be before- 
hand with; anticipate; buy up in 
advance. 

forestay ('sta), n. a strong rope 
reaching from the foremast-head to 
the bow of a vessel to strengthen 
the foremast. 

forester (for'est-er), n. one skilled 
in forestry, or an officer who has 
charge of a forest; an inhabitant of 
a forest or wild region. 

forestry ('est-ri), n. the art of cul- 
tivating forests or managing timber. 

foretop (for'top), n. the platform at 
the head of a foremast. 

foretopmast (-mast), n. the mast 
immediately above the foremast. 

forever (for-ev'er), adv. endless; for 
eternity. 

forewind ('wind), n. a favorable wind. 

forfeit (for 'fit), n. a fine or penalty: 
v.t. to lose (some position, right, or 
advantage) by breach of conditions, 
omission, or conduct: adj. alienated 
or lost. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boonj 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FORFEITURE 



381 



FORMALITY 



forfeiture ('fi-tur), n. the act of for- 
feiting; that which is forfeited; pen- 
alty. 
forfend (-fend'), v.t. to ward off. 
forgave, p.t. of forgive. 
forge (forj and forj), v.L to fashion 
(a piece of metal) by heating and 
hammering; form into shape; in- 
vent; counterfeit, with intent to de- 
fraud; impel forw^ard: v.i, to be 
guilty of the crime of forgery; go 
slowly or with difficulty: n. an open 
fire in which a blacksmith heats 
irons by forced draught, and fash- 
ions the metal while hot; a place 
where metal is forged; smithy; 
workshop. 
forgeable ('i,-bl), adj. capable of 

being forged. 
forger ('er), n. one who commits the 

crime of forgery; a fabricator. 
forgery (-i), n. the act of counter- 
feiting the handwTiting of another 
with intent to defraud; the act of 
counterfeiting coin. 
forget (for-gef), v.t. [p.t. forgot: p.p. 
forgotten, p.pr. forgetting], to lose 
the remembrance of; overlook or 
neglect; shght. 
forgetable C^-bl), adj. hable to be 

forgotten. 
forgetful ('fool), adj. apt to forget; 

careless; negligent; heedless. 
forgetfully (-h), adv. in a forgetful 

manner. 
forgetfulness (-nes), n. the quahty 
of being forgetful; loss of remem- 
brance; neglect. 
forget-me-not ('me-not), n. a per- 
ennial plant with small bright sky- 
blue flowers. 
forgivable (-giv'^-bl), adj, that may 

be forgiven. 
forgive (-giv'), v.L [p.t. forgave, p.p. 
forgiven, p.pr. forgiving], to par- 
don; remit, as a sin, offense, debt, 
&c.: v.i. to exhibit forgiveness. 
forgiveness ('nes), n. pardon; re- 
mission. 
forgotten, p.p. of forget. 
fork (fork), n. an instrument with 
two or more prongs; anything re- 



sembling, or branching like, a fork; 
the branch or space caused by the 
junction of two roads or rivers: v.t. 
to raise, throw, or dig with a fork*, 
steal; v.i. to branch off. 
forked (forkt), adj. shaped like a 
fork I opening into two or more 
parts; zigzag, as Hghtning. 
forlorn (-lorn'), cidj. abandoned; de- 
serted; destitute; miserable; bereft; 
hopeless. 
forlorn-hope (-hop), n. a body ot 
men detached.for some service of ex- 
ceptional peril; a hopeless enter- 
prise. 
form (form), n.. the external appear- 
ance or shape of anything; image; 
likeness; orderly arrangement; beau- 
ty; symmetry; determinate shape 
or structure; estabhshed practice, or 
ritual; a mold or pattern; an offi- 
cial formula; a long bench without 
a back; a class; state of high con- 
dition or fitness; the bed or seat of 
a hare; types, plates, &c., imposed in 
a chase ready for printing (forme): 
v.t. to give shape to; create; mold 
to a particular pattern; conceive or 
imagine; constitute; devise; adjust: 
v.i. to take shape. 
formal ('M), adj. according to form 
or estabhshed rules; precise; cere- 
monious; conventional; essential; 
having the outward form without 
the inward reality. 
formaldehyde (form-al'de-hld), n. a 
gas obtained by the partial oxida- 
tion of methyl alcohol, used largely 
as a disinfectant and as an anti- 
septic. 
formalin (form'il-in), n. a 40 per 
cent solution of formaldehyde, used 
for preserving specimens for biolog- 
ical work. Also formol. 
formalism (-izm), n. exact and scru- 
pulous observance of outward forms 
and conventional usages, especially 
in religious duties. 
formalist (-ist), n. a scrupulous ob- 
server of outward forms. 
formality ('i-ti), n. [pi. formalities 
(-tiz)], strict adherence to external 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not: booUp 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FORMALLY 



382 



FORTITUDE 



or customary forms; ceremony; 
method or mode. 

formally (-li)^ adv. in a formal manner. 

formate^ (for 'mat), n. a salt of for- 
mic acid. 

formation (-ma'shun), n. the act of 
forming; that which is formed; 
structm-e; figure; production; a 
group of strata of nearly the same 
age having certain common charac- 
teristics. 

formative ('m4-tiv), adj. giving or 
serving to form; plastic; germinal: 
n. a word formed by adding a pre- 
fix, or suflBx. 

former ('mer), adj, preceding in time 
or place; first mentioned: n, a mak- 
er; author.^ 

formerly (-li), adv, anciently; some 
time ago. ^ 

formic ('mik), adj, pertaining to, or 
produced by, ants; derived from 
formic acid. 

formic acid (as'id), n. a colorless 
corrosive acid consisting of oxygen, 
hydrogen, and carbon, obtained from 
oxalic acid and glycerine: originally 
obtained from the bodies of red ants. 

formicant ('mi-kant), adj. weak: 
said of the pulse. 

formication (-mi-ka'shun), n. irri- 
tation of the skin,^ resembling that 
made by the creeping of ants. 

formidable ('mid-4-bl), adj, exciting 
dread; fearful; powerful. 

formidably (-li), adv, in a formid- 
able manner. 

formula Cu-1§,), n. [pL formulas 
(-li.z), formulae (-le)], a prescribed 
form, rule, or model; a group of 
symbols, expressing the composition 
of a chemical compound; a formal 
statement of faith or doctrine; a 
prescription; the expression of a 
rule by algebraic symbols. 

formulary (-ri), n, [pi, formularies 
(-riz)], a book of stated and pre- 
scribed forms, or of prayers, ritual, 
&c.; a formula. 

formulate ('u-lat), v.t, to put into 
the form of, or reduce to, a formula; 
fix or state, in definite terms. 



formyl ('il), n. the hypothetical base 
of formic acid. 

fornicate (forn'i-kat), v,i, to com- 
mit fornication : adj, arched : vault- 
ed. 

fornication (-i-ka'shun), n. the illicit 
sexual intercourse of unmarried per- 
sons; adultery; idolatry; an arch- 
ing or vaulting. 

fornix (for'niks), n, [pi, fomices 
('ni-sez)], in anatomy, an arch- 
shaped part; the upper shell of an 
oyster. 

forsake (-sak'), v.t, [p.t. forsook, p.p. 
forsaken, p.pr. forsaking], to leave; 
desert; abandon; depart from. 

forsooth (-sooth'), adv, verily; in 
truth. 

forswear (-swar'), v,i, [p.t, forswore, 
p.p. forsworn, p.pr, forswearing], to 
swear falsely; commit perjury: v.t. 
to deny on oath; abjure. 

fort (fort), n. an inclosed fortified 
place; castle; fortress. 

fortalice ('^-lis), n, a small fort, or 
fortified outwork. 

forte (fort), n. one's strong point, or 
special talent. 

forth (forth), adv. onward in time, 
place, or order; forward; abroad; 
away. 

forthcoming (-kum'ing), adj. ready, 
or about to appear , n, a coming 
forth. 

forthwith (-wi^/i), adv, immediately. 

fortieth (for'ti-eth), adj. next in or- 
der after 39th: n. one of 40 equal 
parts. 

fortification (-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
art or science of fortifying; a mili- 
tary defensive work; a strengthen- 
ing. 

fortifier ('ti-fi-er), n. one who forti- 
fies. 

fortify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. forti- 
fied, p.pr. fortifying], to strengthen 
against attack by military works; 
make strong; encourage or confirm: 
v.i. to erect works of defense. 

fortitude ('ti-tud), n. mental strength 
to endure suffering or adversity with 
courage; patient endurance. 



ate, arm, S-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FORTNIGHT 



883 



FOUNDLING 



fortnight (fort 'nit), n. 14 days. 

fortnightly (-li), adv. once every 14 
days. 

fortress ('res), n. a large permanent 
fortified place for defense or secur- 
ity; castle. 

fortuitous (-tu'i-tus), adj, happen- 
ing by chance; accidental. 

fortuity Ci-ti), n. {pL fortuities 
(-tiz) ], an accidental occurrence; 
chance. 

fortunate ('tu-nat), adj, happening 
by good fortune; lucky; auspicious; 
successful. 

fortunately (-U), adv, luckily; au- 
spiciously. 

fortune Ctun), n. the good or ill 
that happens to mankind; chance; 
fate; estate; wealth; possessions; 
future destiny. 

fortune-hunter (-hun'ter), n. one 
who seeks to marry an heiress, or 
wealthy woman. 

forty ('ti), adj. one more than 39: n. 
the sum of 10 and 30. 

forum (for'um), n. [pi, fora ('i), 
forums ('umz) ], the pubhc place of 
meeting in ancient Rome, where the 
law courts, public offices, &c., were 
situated : hence a place of public re- 
sort, or court of law. 

forward (for'werd), adv. onward; in 
advance; toward the forepart: adj. 
situated near the front; early in sea- 
eon or preparation; ready; prompt: 
presumptuous; unreserved; not over 
modest; eager; earnest; imperti- 
nent: inter j. on (!) t;.^ to help for- 
ward; quicken or hasten; improve; 
transmit. 

forwardness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being forward; imperti- 
nence; pertness. 

forwarder (-er), n. one who for- 
wards or promotes; a merchant who 
transmits goods; the workman who 
forwards tbft rough work in book- 
binding to the finisher. 

forwards, adv. Another form of for- 
ward. 

fossil (fos'il), n. any organic body 
which by burial in the earth's strata 



has become petrified; a person an- 
tiquated in his ideas: adj, pertain- 
ing to, of the nature of, or converted 
into, a fossil; dug from the earth; 
antiquated. 

fossiliferous (-if'er-us), adj, con- 
taining fossils. 

fossilize (-Iz), v.t. to petrify: v,i, to 
become antiquated. 

foster ('ter), v.t. to nourish; nurse; 
rear up; sustain or support; cherish. 

foster-brother (-bru^/^'er), n. a 
brother by nursing, but not by birth. 

foster-child (-child), n. a child 
nursed or reared by one who is not 
its parent. 

fother. Same as fodder. 

fought, p.t. & p.p. of fight. 

foul (foul), adj. offensive, morally or 
physically; dirty; impure; scurril- 
ous; filthy; hateful; loathsome; dis- 
graceful; unfair; cloudy and stormy; 
contrujy, as a wind; thick with 
weeds, &c.; entangled, as an anchor: 
n. a wilful collision: v.t. to make 
foul or dirty; sully or defile; come 
into collision with: v.i, to become 
foul or dirty . 

foulard (foo-liirdO, n, a light silk, or 
silk-cotton washable dress fabric; a 
silk handkerchief for wear round the 
neck or head. 

foum2u*t ('mart), n. the pole-cat. 

found, p.t. & p.p. of find. 

found (found), v.t. to lay the basis 
of; build; fix firmly; establish; orig- 
inate; form by melting a metal and 
pouring it into a mold; cast. 

foundation (foun-da'shun), n. the 
basis or lowest part of a structure; 
groundwork; the principles or origin 
of anything; an endowment or en- 
dowed institution; the first stitches 
in knitting or crocheting. 

founder (foun'der), n. one who 
founds or originates; builder; one 
who casts metal: v. I. to sink by fill- 
ing with water: disable or make 
lame: said of a horse: v.i, to fill and 
sink; go lame. 

foundling (foundling), n, a child 
found whose parent is unknown. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; not«, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FOUNDRY 



884 



FOXY 



^Foundry ('ri), n, [ph foundries ('riz) ], 

the place where metal casting is 

carried on. 
fount (fount), n, a fountain or 

spring; original source. 
fountain (foun'ti.n), n. a natural or 

artificial spring of water; the head 

or source of a river; a jet or spout 

of water; the first cause or origin. 
fountain-head (-hed), n. the spring 

from which a stream flows; the first 

source. 
fountain-pen n. a pen having a 

reservoir of ink in the holder. 
four (for), adj. consisting of 1 more 

than 3; a cardinal numeral: n, the 

sum of 3 and 1; a four-oared boat, 

or its crew. 
iourchette (foor-shef), n, a forked 

surgical instrument; the wish-bone 

of a bird; the frog of a horse's foot. 
fourfold (for'fold), n, a quantity 

four times as much: adj, four times 

told. 
fourgon ^ (foor-gong'), n, a military 

ammunition wagon, or baggage car- 
riage. 
Fourierism (foo'ri-er-izm), n. the 

socialistic and cooperative system 

advocated by Fourier, the French 

socialist. 
four-in-hand (for 'in-hand), n, a 

coach drawn by four horses and 

driven by one person; a necktie, worn 

tied in a knot so as to leave the ends 

hanging vertically: adv, with a team 

of four horses. 
fourneau (foor-no'), n. the chamber 

of a mine in which the powder is 

placed. 
four-o'clock Co-klok), n. a flower, 

the Marvel of Peru. 
fourscore ('skor), adj. 80. 
fourteen ('ten), adj. consisting of 4 

more than 10: n. the sum of 4 and 10. 
fourteenth ('tenth), adj. fourth in 

order after 10th: n. one of 14 equal 

parts. 
fourth, (forth), adj, next in order 

after third: n. one of 4 equal parts; 

a musical interval of two tones and 

one semitone. 



Fourth, n. the fourth day of July* 

Independence Day. 
fourthly ('U), adv. in the fourtb 

place. 

fovilla (f6-vil'§,), n. the gummy fer- 
tilizing protoplasmic hquid of pollen 
grain. 

fowl (foul), n, a galhnaceous bird, 
especially the domestic cock or hen; 
poultry; birds collectively: v.i. to 
catch or kill wild birds for sport or 
food. 

fowler Cer), n. one who catches or 
kills wild birds for sport or food. 

fowling ('ing), n. the act or practice 
of catching or shooting wild birds. 

fowling-piece (-pes), n, a hght gun 
used for ordinary sporting. 

fox (foks), n. a canine mammal with 
a long bushy tail, belonging to the 
genus Vulpes, notorious for its cun- 
ning: hence sly, a cunning person; 
a small strand of rope, formed by 
twisting several rope-yarns together : 
v.t, to make sour, or turn reddish; 
repair: said of boots; watch slyly: 
v.i, to turn sour or become reddish; 
act as a spy. 

fox-bats • ('batz), n. a genus of bats 
with a fox-hke head. 

fox-brush ('brush), n, the tail of a 
fox. 

foxed (fokst), p. adj, stained, as tim- 
ber, or spotted, as prints, books, &c., 
with a reddish discoloration; re- 
paired with leather: said of a boot. 

foxglove ('gluv), n. a plant of the 
genus Digitalis, especially the purple 
foxglove, the leaves of which are 
used medicinally. 

fox-grape ('grap), n. a variety of 
grape. 

foxhound Chound), n. one of a breed 
of dogs used for fox-hunting. 

foxiness ('i-nes), n. sly cunning, or 
shrewdness; the state of being de- 
cayed, or sour. 

fox-squirrel ('skwer-el), n, the North 
American tree squirrel. 

foxtail Ctal), n. the name of various 
species of grass; the tail of a fox. 

foxy ('i), adj. pertaining to, or re- 



Me, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met, mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think. ^Aen, ^ 

VI 



FOYER 



385 



FRANTIC 



sembling, a fox; cunning; crafty; 
reddish-brown; soured; discolored. 

foyer (fwa-ya'), n, the lobby of a 
theater. 

fracas (fra'kas), n. a noisy quarrel. 

fraction (frak'shun), n. a part bro- 
ken off; act of breaking; the state of 
being broken; a part of a unit, as 3^. 

fractional ^ (-al), adj, pertaining to, 
or constituting, a fraction; very 
small. 

fractious ('shus), adj. unruly; cross. 

fracture ('tur), n. a part broken; a 
break caused by violence; separa- 
tion; the direction in which a min- 
eral breaks sc as to show its texture: 
v.t. to break, or crack, as a bone, &c. 

fragile (fraj'il), adj, easily broken; 
weak; delicate. 

fragilely (-li), adv, in a fragile man- 
ner 

fragileness (-nes), n. the state of 
being fragile. 

fragility (fra-jU'i-ti), n. the state of 
being fragile. 

fragment (frag'ment), n, a part 
broken off from a whole; an imper- 
fect part. 

fragmental (-M), adj. pertaining to, 
or composed of, fragments, discon- 
nected; made of parts of pre existent 
rock; conglomerate. Also fragmen- 
tary. 

fragmentation (-ta'shun), ,i. fission. 

fragrance (fra'grans), n. the state 
or quality of being fragrant. Also 
fragrancy. 

fragrant ('grant), adj, sweet-smell- 
ing. 

frail (fral), adj. fragile; brittle; 
weak, physically or morally; infirm: 
n a basket made of rushes. 

f raise (fraz), n. palisading formed 
of inclined or horizontal stakes. 

framable (fram'^-bl), adj, capable 
of being framed. 

frame (fram), n. something con- 
structed or composed of parts fitted 
and joined together; that on which 
anything is held or stretched; any 
contrivance for inclosing, admitting, 
or supporting something; a compos- 



itor^s stand; an inclined table of 
planks for washing ore; shape; 
temper; state: v.t. to fit (one thing) 
into another; shape or form; adjust 
or regulate; invent; adapt: v.i, to 
wash ore on a frame. 

frame-bridge Cbrij), n. a timber 
bridge. 

framer ('er), n, one who frames; a 
contriver. 

framework (Verk), n. that which 
incloses or supports something else. 

franc (frangk), n. a French coin, the 
unit of monetary value equal to 19.3 
cents. 

franchise (fran'chiz), n. the consti- 
tutional right of suffrage; a particu- 
lar privilege or right granted by a 
sovereign or by a legislative body to 
an individual, or to a corporation 
the district or jurisdiction to which 
a particular privilege extends. 

Franco, a form used in composition 
to denote France, or French, as the 
Fra/ico-German war. 

Franco (frang'ko), n. name appKed 
by the French to one who belongs 
to the Franc-tireurs or volunteer 
riflemen. 

francolin (frang1<:o-lin), n, a bird al- 
hed to the partridge. 

frangibility (franj-i-bil'l-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being frangible. 

frangible ('i-bl), adj. easily broken. 

frank (frangk), oAj. open or ingenu- 
ous; candid; outspoken; unreserved: 
n. a signature that exempts mail- 
matter from payment of postage : a 
letter privileged to go post-free: v.t. 
to send or have conveyed free of 
charge. 

Frank (frangk), n. name by which 
the Christian Europeans were known 
to the Mohammedans during the 
period of the Crusades. 

frankincense ('in-sens), n. a fra- 
grant inflammable resin burnt as in- 
cense. 

frankly (li), a^v. candidly, openly. 

frankness ('nes), n, candor; open- 
ness. 

frantic (fran'tik), adj. violently mad 



ate, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



FI^NTICALLY 



FREEMASONRY 



or distracted; outrageous; trans- 
ported by passion, 

frantically (-al-li), adv. in a frantic 
manner. 

frap (frap), v.L {p,L & p.p. f rapped, 
p.pr, frapping], to strengthen or 
draw together by ropes crossing each 
other; under gird. 

frappe (-pa'), cbdj. chilled with ice. ^ 

fraternal (fra-ter'nal), adj, pertain- 
ing to, becoming, or like, brothers. 

fraternally (-h), adv. in a fraternal 
manner. 

fraternize (frat'er-niz), v.L to asso- 
ciate or hold fellowship as brothers. 

fraternity (fra-ter'ni-ti), n. [pL fra- 
ternities (-tiz) ], brotherly relation- 
ship; a body of men associated to- 
gether by a common bond of interest, 
especially of a religious character; 
men of the same profession or class. 

fratricide (frat'ri-sid), n. the crime 
of killing a brother; one who kills a 
brother. 

fraud (frawd), n. deceit; artifice; 
trick; cheat; a humbug. 

fraudulence ('u-lens), n. deceitf ill- 
ness; trickery; unfairness. 

fraudulent ('u-lent), adj. character- 
ized by, founded on, or obtained by, 
fraud. 

fraught (frawt), adj. laden; charged. 

fraxin (fraks'in), n. a crystalhne 
substance obtained from the bark of 
the ash tree. Also fraxinin. 

fray (fra), n, a riot; quarrel; a chafe 
or rub: v.t. to chafe or wear away. 

fraying ('ing), n. the act of wearing 
away by friction; the peeling off of 
the velvet of a deer's horn, 

frazzle (fra'zl), n. worn-out woven 
stuff, rope etc.: v.i. to become 
frayed. 

freak (frek), n, sudden or capricious 
change of mind, or whim; a prank; 
an abnormal animal or plant: v.U 
to variegate; spot or streak. 

freckle (frek'l), n. a brownish spot 
in the skin: v.t. to mark with freck- 
les: v.i. to become freckled. 

freckly ('li), adj, marked with freck- 
les. 



free (fre), adj. [comp. freer, superL 
freest], without restraint; at liber- 
ty; permitted; liberal; generous; 
open; free from guilt; independent; 
familiar; licentious; not arbitrary 
or despotic; spirited; not attached 
or fixed; uncombined; invested with 
the franchise, &c. (with of): v.t. to 
set at liberty; emancipate; rid or 
exempt; clear: adv. gratuitously. . 

free-board ('bord), n. that part of 
the side of a ship between the upper 
side of the deck and the water-line. 

freebooter ('boot-er), n. one who 
roves about for plunder or pillage; 
buccaneer, 

free city (sit'i), n. a city having an 
independent franchise and govern- 
ment. 

freedman (fred'm§,n), n. [pi. freed- 
men ('men) ], a slave who has been 
legally emancipated, 

freedom (fre'dum), n. the state of 
being free; liberty; independence; 
ease in performance; particular 
privilege; absence of conventionali- 
ty; undue familiarity. 

free-hand ('hand), adj. drawn by 
the hand without the aid of instru- 
ments. 

free-handed (-ed), adj. generous; 
liberal. 

freehold Chold), n. an estate or ten- 
ement held by fee-simple, fee-tail, or 
for life. 

free-lance ('l^ns), n. one of a class 
of mediaeval soldiers who sold their 
services to fight for the highest bid- 
der; one who acts, speaks, or writes 
irrespective of any party. 

freeman ('m^n), n. [pi. freemen 
('men) ], one in the enjoyment of 
liberty; one possessed of certain 
franchises or municipal privileges. 

Freemason ('ma-sn), n. a member of 
a secret society in the Middle Ages, 
consisting formerly of skilled crafts- 
men, now a social association pro- 
fessing principles of brotherly love, 
charity, and mutual aid. 

Freemasonry (-ri), n. the system, 
rites, &c., of the Freemasons. 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FREE PORT 



387 



FRET 



free port (port), n. a port where no 
duties are levied on merchandise. 

Free-soil ('soil), adj. opposed to the 
extension of slavery: said of the 
party formed at Boston, United 
States, 1848, to restrict slavery. 

freestone ('ston), n. a sandstone 
suitable for working. 

freethinker ('thingk-er), n. one who 
forms his opinions independently of 
others; ^ one who rejects revelation 
in reHgion, and dogmatic belief; a 
latitudinarian. 

free trade (trad), n. trade with other 
countries unrestricted by tariffs or 
customs duties. 

free-will Cwil), adj^ voluntary; hold- 
ing the theological doctrine that 
man is free to exercise his will for 
good or evil. 

freezable (frez'^-bl), adj, that may 
be frozen. 

freeze (frez), v.t, [pi. froze, p.p. 
frozen, p.pr. freezing], to congeal or 
harden into ice; kill by cold: v.i. to 
be congealed with cold; be chilled 
with cold; be at or below the tem- 
perature of 32°. 

freezing-point ('ing-point), n. 32° 
above 0° in the Fahrenheit scale 
(0° Centigrade), at which water 
freezes. 

freight (frat), n. the goods tdth 
which a vessel is loaded; cargo; 
goods carried by rail; the sum paid 
or charged for the conveyance of 
goods: adj. used for conveying 
goods: ^Kt. to load with goods for 
conveyance; hire or charter. 

freightage ('aj), n. charge for freight; 
cargo. 

freight-car Ckar), n. a railway car 
for transporting freight. 

freighter Cer), n. one who freights 
a ship or car; shipper; a vessel for 
conveying freight. 

French (french), adj. pertaining to 
France, its inhabitants, or language. 

frenchify ('i-fi), v. [p.t. & p.p. 
frenchified, p.pr, frenchifying], to 
infect with French manners, char- 
acteristics, or customs. 



french leave (-lev), n. departure 
without ceremony or notice. 

frenzied (fren'zid), p.adj, affected 
with frenzy; delirious. 

frenzy ('zi), n. [pi. frenzies ('ziz) ], 
violent agitation; temporary mad- 
ness; fury: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fren- 
zied, p.pr. frenzying], to throw into 
a frenzy; render mad. 

frequency (fre'k wen-si), n. the re- 
peated occurrenge of a thing at 
short intervals. 

frequent ('kwent), adj. recurring 
often: v.t. (fre-kwenf) to resort to, 
or visit often. 

frequentative ('ta-tiv), adj. in 
grammar, noting repetition, as cer- 
tain verbs. 

frequently (-li), adv. often; repeat- 
edly. 

fresco (fres'ko), n. [pi. frescos, fres- 
coes ^ ('koz) ], a method of wall- 
painting in water- colors on fresh 
plaster: v.t. to decorate or paint in 
fresco. 

fresh (fresh), adj. new;^ recent; un- 
faded; uninjured by time; in good 
condition; not forgotten; healthy; 
strong and active; not wearied; live- 
ly; brisk; pure and cool; not salt; 
inexperienced; intoxicated: n. a 
spring; freshet; the union of fresh 
and salt water in a river. 

freshen ('en), v.t. to make fresh; 
render less salt; re\dve; slacken (a 
rope) to relieve the part exposed to 
friction: v.i, to become vigorous; 
grow fresh; lose saltness. 

freshet ('et), n. a flood caused by 
melting snow or heavy rain. 

freshman ('m§,n), n. [pi. freshmen 
('men) ], a college student in his 
first year. 

fresh-water ('waw-ter), adj.^ per- 
taining to, living in, found in, or 
formed in, fresh water; accustomed 
to river navigation or the coasting 
trade. 

fret (fret), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fretted, 
p.pr. fretting], to wear away by fric- 
tion; injure by rubbing; coirode; 
agitate; vex; irritate; make rough 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FRETFUL 



388 



FRIJOLE 



on the surface; ornament with 
raised or interlaced work; varie- 
gate: v.L to be worn away by fric- 
tion or corrosion; be agitated or 
irritated; utter peevish complaints: 
n. the act or process of fretting; an 
ornament formed by small bands or 
fillets interlacing each other at right 
angles; perforated or interlaced or- 
namental work; an agitation on the 
surface of a Hquid; chafing, or irri- 
tation; a small piece of ivory or 
wood on the keyboard of certain 
stringed instruments. 

fretful ('fool), adj. peevish: irritated. 

fret-saw ('saw), n. a long, thin, nar- 
row saw with fine teeth, used for 
cutting frets. 

frette (-ta'), adj. decorated with fret- 
work. Also fretted. 

fretwork (Verk), n. carved, raised, 
or open ornamental work. 

friability (fri-^-biri-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being friable. Also 
friableness. 

friable C^-bl), adj. readily crum- 
bled, or reduced to powder. 

friar ('er), n. one of a mendicant 
order of monks in the Roman Cath- 
olic Church. 

friary (-ri), n. a monastery. 

fricassee (frik-i,-seO, n. a dish of 
chicken, rabbit, or other meat cut 
into small pieces, stewed and fried 
with gravy or sauce: v.L to make 
into, or dress like, a fricassee. 

fricative ('i,-tiv), n. a name for cer- 
tain letters, as thj shy zhy produced 
by the friction of the breath issuing 
through the narrow aperture of the 
organs of articulation. 

friction ('shun), n. the act of rub- 
bing; attrition; resistance to the 
motion of a body, caused by contact 
with the surface upon which it 
moves; the act of rubbing to stimu- 
late the circulation of the blood ves- 
sels; irritation or disagreement 
caused by divergence of opinion. 

frictional (-&1), adj. pertaining to 
or produced by, friction. 

Friday (fri'da), n. the sixth day of 



the week: named from the Scandi- 
navian deity Frigga, the goddess of 
love. 

fried, p.t. & p.p, of fry. 

friend (frend), n. one attached to 
another by affection, regard, or es- 
teem; an intimate acquaintance; a 
supporter or favorer of a cause, 
&c.; an ally; a term of salutation. 

Friend, n. Sb member of the Society 
of Friends. 

friendliness ('li-nes), n. the state 
or quahty of being friendly. 

friendly ('h), adj. pertaining to a 
friend; having the characteristics of 
a friend; amicable; affable; genial; 
convenient; favorable: ady. amicably. 

friendship ^ ('ship), n. intimacy; 
united with affection or esteem; 
mutual attachment; good-will. 

Friesian (fre'zian), adj. pertaining 
to Friesland, its inhabitant^, or its 
language. Also Frisian. 

frieze (frez), n. the middle part of 
the entablature of a column between 
the architrave and cornice: usually 
ornamented with sculpture, ifec; a 
coarse woolen cloth with a rough 
shaggy nap on one side. 

frigate (frig'at), n. formerly a war- 
ship with an upper flush deck, car- 
rying from 24 to 50 guns. 

frigate-bird (-berd), n, a swift rap- 
torial bird aUied to the pehcan. 

frigeratory (frij'er-i,-to-ri), n. a cool- 
ing or refrigerating chamber. 

fright (frit), n. sl sudden and violent 
fear; alarm; a person whose dress 
or appearance is ridiculous. 

frighten ('n), v.t. to terrify. 

frightful ('fool), adj. terrible; dread- 
ful; alarming; shocking; grotesque. 

frightfully (-li), adv, terribly; gro- 
tesquely. 

frigid (frij'id), adj. without warmth; 
wintery; cold in temperament; stiff; 
formal; dull. 

frigidity (fri-jid'i-ti), n. the state of 
being frigid; coldness. 

frijole (fre-hol'), n. a bean much 
cultivated in Mexico as an article 
of food. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booni 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 



FRILL 



389 



FROND 



frill (fril), n. a pleated or crimped 
edging of fine linen to a garment, 
as a shirt front, &c.; ruffle: pi. af- 
fectation of manner; ornamentation 
of dress, &c.: v.i. to ruffle or shiver 
the feathers with cold: said of a 
hawk: v.t. to make into a frill. 

frilling ('ing), n, gathered trimming 
or edging for garments. 

Frimaire (fre-mar'), n, one of the 
months of the calendar of the French 
people during the Revolution, from 
November 21st to December 20th. 

fringe (frinj), n, an ornamental bor- 
der of hanging cords, &c.; any 
border or edging resembling a fringe : 
v.t. to border with, or as with, a 
fringe. 

fringy ('ji), adj, fringe-like. 

frippery (frip'er-i), n. old clothes or 
furaiture; the place where old 
clothes are sold; trade in second- 
hand clothes; adj\ trumpery: con- 
temptible. 

frisk (frisk), v.i, to gambol or dance 
in froUc: n. a gambol, dance, or 
frolic. 

frisket (fris'ket), n. a light frame 
for holding down the sheet while 
the impression is being printed. 

f riskiness ('ki-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being frisky. 

frisky Cki), adj. lively in action; 
sprightly; gay; frolicsome. 

frit (frit), n. the mixture of sand 
and fluxes from which glass is made 
after being calcined and baked in a 
furnace prior to fusion: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. fritted, p.pr. fritting], to decom- 
pose and melt partially. 

frit-fly (ffli), n, a small fly injurious 
to wheat. 

frith (frith), n, an inlet of the sea 
at the mouth of a river; estuary 
[Scotch]. Also firth; a kind of weir 
for capturing fish. 

fritter (frit'er), v.t. to waste by de- 
grees; cut up as meat into small 
pieces for frying: n. sl small piece 
of meat cut for frying; a small cake 
with meat or fruit in it. 

frivolity (f ri-voFi-ti) , n. [pi. frivoli- 



ties (-tiz) ], levity; a trifling act, 
thought, or action. 

frivolous (friv'o-lus), adj. trifling; 
trivial; petty; silly; inchned to 
levity. 

frizette (fri-zef), n. a small piece of 
hair worn as a bang. Also frisette. 

frizz (friz), v.t. to curl or crisp; form 
into httle hard burrs: said of the 
nap of cloth: n. that which is frizzed, 
as hair. 

frizzle (friz'l), v.t. to curl on hot 
coals; curl or frizz: n. a crisped 
lock of hair. 

fro (fro), adv. away from; backward. 

frock ^frok), n. a loose upper gar- 
ment worn by children and women; 
dress; a monk's habit; a coarse 
over-garment worn by laborers, &c.; 
an undress regimental coat. 

frock-coat ^ Ckot), n. a close-fitting, 
strait-bodied coat with wide skirts 
of the same length before and be- 
hind. 

frog (frog), n. a small tailless am- 
phibious animal of the genus Rana; 
a tender horny substance growing 
in the middle of the sole of a horse's 
foot; a spindle-shaped button or 
toggle used for fastening military 
cloaks, ladies^ mantles, &c.; a section 
of a railway fine where the rails 
diverge. 

frogged (frogd), adj. ornamented or 
fastened with frogs. 

frogging ('ing), n. ornamentation 
with frogs; fishing with frogs as 
five bait. 

'frolic (frol'ik), n. a scene of merry- 
making or gaiety; a sportive out- 
burst; wild prank: adj. sportive; 
merry or gay: v.i. to indulge in 
tricks of mirth and levity; play wild 
pranks. 

frolicsome (-sum), adj. full of frolic. 

from (from), prep, out of, away; 
since; noting source or beginning, 
distance, logical or physical se- 
quences. 

frond (frond), n. the union of a leaf 
and a branch; the leaf of a fern, 
palm, or seaweed. 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FRONS 



390 



FRUIT 



frons (fronz), n. [pL f rentes (fron'- 

tez) ], the forehead. 

front (frunt), n, the forehead; the 
forepart or foremost of anything; 
van; the most conspicuous part; 
impudence or boldness; a false shirt- 
bosom or dickey : adj. situated at the 
front: v.t. to stand, or be situated, 
opposite to, or over against: v.i. to 
have the front turned in a particular 
direction. 

frontage ('aj), n. the front part of a 
building or its area. 

frontal (fron'tal), adj. pertaining to 
the front or forehead: n, something 
worn on the forehead; an ecclesias- 
tical hanging in front of an altar; 
a small pediment over a window or 
door. 

frontier (fron'ter), n. the boundary 
or limits of a country: adj, pertain- 
ing to, or situated near, the boun- 
dary of a country; contiguous. 

frontispiece (fron'tis-pes), n. an 
illustration facing the front page of 
a book. 

frontlet (frunt let;, n. a fillet or 
band worn on the forehead; a Jew- 
ish phylactery; the margin of the 
head of a bird behind the bill. 

fronton (fron'ton), n, the entrance 
to a building ornamented. 

frost (frost), n, minute frozen parti- 
cles of moisture; the temperature of 
the atmosphere which causes the 
congelation of water; hoar-frost; an 
enterprise ending in failure: v.t. to 
cover with, or as with, hoar-frost; 
injure by frost; sharpen (horses' 
shoes) in frosty weather. 

frosted Ced), p.adj. covered with, 
resembling, or injured by, frost. 

frostily ('i-li), adv, with frost, or ex- 
cessive cold. 

frostiness (l-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being frosty. 

frosting ('ing), n. a preparation of 
fine sugar and white of egg for cov- 
ering cakes; rough powdered glass 
used in decorative work. 

frosty ('i), adj, [comp. frostier, su- 
perl, frostiest], producing, or accom- 



panied with, frost; frozen; hoary, 
cold or distant in manner. 

froth (froth), n. the mass of bubbles 
formed on the surface of a liquid by 
agitation, or fermentation; foam; 
superficial knowledge; vapid elo- 
quence. 

frothily ('i-li), adv. in a frothy man- 
ner. 

frothiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being frothy. 

frothy ('i), adj. [comp. frothier, su- 
perl. frothiest], full of, or composed 
of, froth; empty; frivolous; unsub- 
stantial. 

f rousy. Same as frowsy. 

frow (frou), n. a German or Dutch 
woman; slattern; (fro), potato-flour; 
a tool used for cleaving shingles, 
staves, &c. 

fro ward (fr5'werd), adj, perverse; 
wayward. 

frown (froun), n. a contraction of 
the brows indicative of displeasure, 
&c.: v.i, to contract the brows to 
indicate displeasure, &c.; scowl; 
lower. 

frowzy (frou'zi), adj, musty; untidy. 

froze, p.t, of freeze. 

frozen (froz'en), p.adj. congealed, 
benumbed, or killed with cold; icy; 
wanting in warmth of feeling or 
sympathy. 

fructify (fruk'ti-fi), v.t, [p.t, & p.p. 
fructified, p.pr, fructifying], to make 
productive; fertihze: v.i, to bear 
fruit. 

fructidor (fruk-ti-dor'), n. one of 
the months of the calendar of the 
French people during the Revolu- 
tion, from August 18th to Septem- 
ber 16th. 

fructose ('tos), n. sugar in ripe fruit 
cr honey. 

frugal (fru'gi.1), adj. thrifty; eco- 
nomical. 

frugality ('i-ti), n. thrift; economy. 

frugally (-h), adv. with economy. 

frugivorous (fru-jiv'o-rus), adj. fruit- 
eating. 

fruit (frut), n. the product of a tree 
or plant containing the seed; prod- 



ate, arm, §«k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FRUITAGE 



391 



FULL 



uct; result or profit; offspring: v.i. 
to produce fruit. 

fruitage ('aj), n. fruit collectively; 
product. 

fruiterer ('er-er), n. one who deals 
in fruit. 

fruitful ('fool), adj. yielding fruit; 
prolific. 

fruitfully (-li), adv. abundantly. 

fruitfulness (-nes). n. the quality of 
being fruitful. 

fruiting ('ing), p.adj, bearing fruit. 

fruition (fru-ish'un), n. the bearing 
of fruit; realization; enjoyment de- 
rived from use or possession. 

fruity (frutl), adj. full-flavored; 
rich. 

frumenty (fru'men-ti), n. food made 
of wheat and boiled milk. 

frustrate (frus'trat), v.t. to defeat 
or disappoint; thwart; nullify: adj. 
vain; useless; void. 

frustrum ('trum), n. [pi. frustra 
i'tr^) ], that part of a soHd next 
the base, as a cone, p>Tamid, &c., 
which is left after cutting off the 
top. 

fry (fri), v.t [p.L & p.p. fried, p.pr. 
frying], to cook or roast with fat 
in a pan over a fire : v.i, to be cooked 
with fat in a pan; be subjected to 
intense heat: n. a dish of things 
fried; a swarm of young fish. 

fuchsia (fu'shi-§,), n. a garden plant 
with handsome pendulous elongated 
flowers. 

fuddle (fudi), v.t to stupefy with 
drink; intoxicate: v.i. to become in- 
toxicated. 

fudge (fuj), n. a made-up story; 
interj. nonsense!: v.t. to make or do 
in a bungling, careless manner: v.i. 
to contrive by imperfect or impro- 
vised means: n a candy. 

fuel (fu'el), n. combustible material 
for suppl^dng a fire; anything that 
serves to inflame or sustain passion 
or excitement. 

fugacious (fu-ga'shus), adj. fleeting; 
volatile; falling off very early. 

fugal ('g§i), adj. pertaining to a 
fugue. 



fugh (foo), interj. an exclamation of 
disgust. 

fugitive (fu-ji-tiv), adj. unstable; 
volatile; fleeting; not permanent; 
fleeing from danger, pursuit, or 
duty: n. one who flees from danger, 
pursuit, or duty; a runaway or de- 
serter; one who takes shelter with 
another power to escape punish- 
ment. 

fugitively (-li), adv. in a fugitive 
manner. 

fugleman (fu'gl-min), n. [pL fugle- 
men (-men) ], a trained soldier who 
stands in front of a fine of men 
and leads them by his movements 
in their drill. 

fugue (fug), n. a musical composi- 
tion in which the parts follow each 
other with repetitions at certain 
intervals. 

fuguist Cist), n. a composer or per- 
former of fugues. 

fulcrum (furkrum), n. [pL fulcra 
Ckr§,), fulcrums ('krumz) ], that 
part of a lever on which it rests. 

fulfill (fool'fil), v.t. to complete or 
accomplish; execute; perform or 
carry out, as that which is prom- 
ised, foretold, or anticipated. 

fulfillment ('ment), n. accomphsh- 
ment; completion; execution. 

fulgency (ful'jen-si), n. brightness; 
splendor. 

fuliginous (ful-ig'i-nus), adj. resemb- 
ling soot; dark shade of brown, or 
black. 

full (fool), adj. filled; having no 
empty space; well supplied; stored; 
saturated; satiated; copious; round- 
ed out; plump; expressing much; 
clear; distinct; _ sonorous; having 
the whole disk illuminated: said of 
the moon: n. the highest state, ex- 
tent, or measure: v.i. to pucker: 
v.t. scour and thicken, as cloth, in a 
mill: adv. without diminution or 
qualification; directly; quite. [Full 
is used in composition to express 
full extent or degree^ its meaning 

. being generally self-evident, as full- 
armed, fidl-fiedged, &c.]. 



ate, arm, §.sk. at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
Dock: hue, hut; think, then, 

Olc. 26 



FULL AGE 



392 



FUNDED DEBT 



full age, n. age of twenty-one years. 

full-back Cbak), n. in football, the 
player furthest from the goal of the 
opposing side. 

full-butt ('but), adv. meeting di- 
rectly and violently. 

full-dress ('dres), n. dress required 
for formal or ceremonial occasions. 

full-drive ('driv), adv. with full 
speed or vigor. 

fuller Cer), n. one who fulls cloth. 

fuller 's-earth ('erz-erth), n. a soft 
clay used for fulhng cloth and the 
removal of grease. 

fully (fool'i), adv. completely; abun- 
dantly. 

fulminate (ful'mi-nat), v.t, to cause 
to explode; send out or utter (a 
threat or denunciation, as a Papal 
bull): vd, to thunder; make a loud 
sudden noise; detonate: n. a de- 
tonating compound formed of a salt 
of fulminic acid. 

fulminating powder (-ing pou'der), 
n. an explosive substance which 
on being struck detonates with a 
loud report. 

fulminic acid (-min'ik as'id), n. an 
acid composed of cyanogen and oxy- 
gen. 

fulsome (ful'sum), adj, offensive; 
gross. 

fulvous (ful'vus), adj. tawny; saf- 
fron-colored. 

fulwa (fulVi,), n. the butter-tree of 
India; the butter obtained from it. 

fumarole (fu'm^-rol), n. a small 
hole from which volcanic smoke 
issues. 

fumble ('bl), v.i. to grope or feel 
about; handle or attempt something 
in an awkward manner: v.t. to man- 
age awkwardly. 

fume (fum), n. vapor or exhalation, 
especially of a narcotic or suffocat- 
ing nature; mental irritation or agi- 
tation: v.i. to emit smoke; pass off 
in gas or vapor; to be in a passion: 
v.t. fill with gas or vapor; exhale. 

fumigate ^ ('i-gat), v.t. smoke; per- 
fume; disinfect by the action of 
smoke or vapor. 



fumitory ('i-to-ri), n. a plant, the 
leaves of which were formerly used 
as a specific for skin diseases. 

fun (fun), n. mirth; drollery; sport: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. funned, p.pr. fun- 
ning], to indulge in fun. 

funambulist (fu-nam'bu-list), n, a 
rope-walker or dancer. 

function (fungk'shun), n. the dis- 
charge or performance of any duty, 
office, or business; faculty; power; 
the office of any organ, animal or 
vegetable: public or official cere- 
mony; any mathematical quantity 
considered as formed from another 
quantity, the change in the one af- 
fecting the other correspondingly: 
v.i. to perform a function; act. 

functional (-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or performing, a function; official. 

functionary ^ (-a-ri), n. [pi. func- 
tionaries (-riz) ], one who holds an 
office, or discharges some trust; an 
official. 

fund (fund), n. established stock or 
capital; money set apart for carry- 
ing out some permanent or tempo- 
rary object; a permanent debt due 
by a government on which interest 
is paid at a ceratin rate per cent.; 
a stock in reserve: pi. money: v.t. 
to place in, or convert into, a fund. 

fundament ('a-ment), n. the base 
of the body; anus; foundation. 

fundamental ^ ('^1), adj. pertaining 
to a foundation or basis; essential; 
primary: n. a primary or essential 
principle; basis; the note on which 
a chord is formed [mus.]. 

fundamental bass (bas), n. that 
part in musical harmony which 
contains the fundamental notes of 
chords. 

fundamentally (-h), adv. in a fund- 
amental manner. 

funded (fund'ed), p.adj.^ converted 
into a permanent loan; invested in 
the public funds. 

funded debt (det), n. that part of a 
public debt for the payment of the 
interest of which certain funds are 
appropriated. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FUNDING 



393 



FURROW 



funding ('ing), n. he act or proc- 
ess of converting money lent to the 
government into a permanent fmid 
bearing a fixed rate of interest; in- 
vestment in government stocks or 
funds. 

fundus (fun'dus), n. the base or 
depth of anything. 

funeral (fti'ner-al), n, the ceremony 
of burying a dead human body and 
the procession of mourners accom- 
panying it: adj. pertaining to, be- 
fiicmg, or used at, a funeral. 

funereal (-ne're-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or suitable for, a funeral; mourn- 
ful; sad. 

fungous (fung'gus), adj. pertaining 
to the nature of fungi; spongy; ex- 
crescent; growing up suddenly. 

fungus Cgus), n. [pi. fungi (fun'ji), 
funguses (-ez) ], a crj^ptogamous 
plant not containing chlorophyll, as 
a mushroom, toadstool, &c.; a 
spongy excrescence. 

funicle (fu'ni-kl), n. a small cord, 
ligature, or fiber. 

funicular (-nik'u-lir), adj. pertain- 
ing to, composed of, or resembling, 
a funicle or funiculus; rope-shaped. 

funiculus ('u-lus), n. [pi. funiculi 
(-h) ], a small cord, ligature, or 
fiber; a little stalk or cord-like ap- 
pendage uniting a seed with the 
placenta. 

funk (fungk), n. an ©verpowering or 
offensive odor; cowardice; a kick; 
Hi-temper [Scotch]-, fright: v.i. to 
be in a state of cowardly fear; to 
kick backwards [Scotch]. 

funnel (^fun'el), n. a wide-mouthed, 
conical vessel terminating in a 
spout for pouring liquids into close 
vessels; the chimney of a steam- 
ship or steam-engine. 

funneled ('eld), adj. having, or re- 
sembling, a funnel. ^ 

funnily ('i-li)> od'^- ^ a funny man- 
ner. 

funning ('ing), n. merry jesting. • 

funny ('i), adj. [cornp. funnier, sw- 
perl. funniest], comical; droll; pro- 
voking laughter; ludicrous; queer; 



curious; strange: n. a long narrow 
clinker-built pleasure boat rowed 
with sculls. 

funny-bone . (-bon), n. the lower 
part of the elbow over which the 
nerve of the ulna passes. 

fur (fer). n. the soft hair of certain 
animals groT^ing thickly upon the 
skin; morbid matter collected on the 
tongue; the calcareous coating on 
the interior of a boiler, &c.: pi. the 
dressed skins of fur-bearing animals, 
used for apparel or ornament: adj. 
consisting, lined, or trimmed, wdth 
fur: v.t. [p.t. furred, p.pr. furring], 
to cover, fine, or trim with fur; 
cover with a calcareous deposit or 
morbid matter. 

furbelow ('be-lo), n, an ornament of 
feminine attire. 

furbish Cbish), v.t to make bright 
by rubbing, polishing, or burnish- 
ing; renovate. 

turcate ('kat), adj. forked. 

furious (fu'ri-us), adj. full of fury, 
frenzied; mad, tempestuous. 

furl {ieT\)j v.t. to roll up and secure 
to something, as a sail, flag, &c. 

furlong (fer long), n, l-8th of a 
mile. 

furlough (1o), n. leave of absence: 
v.t. to grant leave of absence to. 

furnace ('nas), n. a chamber or ap- 
paratus for producing a violent heat 
to reduce ores, metals, &c.; severe 
trial. 

furnish ^ ('nish), v.i. to supply with 
what is requisite; fit out; equip: 
v.i. to improve in flesh and condi- 
tion: said of a racehorse. 

furnishing (-ing), n. the act of pro- 
viding with furniture. 

furniture ('ni-tur), n. the necessary 
equipments of a house, ship, or a 
trade; outfit; equipage; trappings 
of a horse. 

furore (fu'ror or fu-ro're), n. a 
great outburst of excitement or en- 
thusiasm. 

furrier (fur'i-er), n. one who pre- 

' pares or sells furs; fur-dresser. 

furrow (fur '5), n. a trench made in 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, metj mite, mit; note, north, not; booDf 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



FURRY 



394 



FYKE 



the ground by a plow; a groove; 
wrinkle: v.t. to plow; make grooves 
or wrinkles in. 

furry (fur'i), adj. covered with, or 
consisting of, fur. 

further (fur'^/ier), adj. more dis- 
tant; additional: adv. to a greater 
distance or degree; moreover; also: 
v.t, to promote; help forward. 

furtherance (-&ns), n. advancement. 

furthermore (-mor), adv. moreover; 
besides. 

furthermost (-most), adj. most remote. 

furthest (Uhest), adj. most distant 
in time or degree: adv. at, or to, the 
greatest distance. 

furtive (fer'tiv), adj. sly; secret; 
stealthy. 

fury (fu'ri), n. [pL furies ('riz) ], 
violent or uncontrollable rage; mad- 
ness; one of the three avenging dei- 
ties of Greek mythology; a terma- 
gant woman. 

furze (ferz), n. a hardy spiny shrub, 
belonging to the bean family. 

furzy ('i), adj. covered with furze. 

fuse (fuz), v.t. to hquefy by heat; 
melt: v.i. to become melted by heat; 
blend, as if melted: n. a small tube 
filled with an inflammable material, 
or a cord impregnated with such 
material, used for exploding gun- 
powder, &c. 

fusee (fu-zeO, n. a kind of match, 
used for igniting tobacco; a grooved 
cone in a watch, &c., around which 
the chain is wound. 

fusel-oii ('zel-oil), n. an oily poi- 
sonous product produced in rectify- 
ing grape-, potato-, or corn-spirit. 

fusible (fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing fused. 

fusil (fu'zil), n. the old flint-lock 
musKet. 

fusileer ('zi-ler), n. the name of sev- 
eral British line regiments. Also 
fusilier. 
fusillade (-zi-lad'), w. a simulta- 
neous discharge of firearms: v.t. to 
shoot down or kill by a fusillade. 
fusinist ('zin-ist), n. an artist who 
draws with charcoal crayons. 



fusion ('zhun), n. the act or process 
of melting by heat; the state of be- 
ing fused or melted; union by, or 
as by, melting. 

fuss (fus), n. unnecessary or irritat- 
ing activity, especially in small mat- 
ters; disorderly bustling about; con- 
fusion; stir: v.i. to worry. 

fussy ('i), adj. making a fuss. 

fustanelle (-ti,-ner), n. the short 
white skirt worn by modern Greeks. 

fustian ('chan), n. a kind of coarse 
twilled cotton cloth, as corduroy, 
velveteen, &c.; an inflated or pre- 
tentious style in writing or speak- 
ing; bombast: adj. made of fustian; 
bombastic. 

fustiness ('ti-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being fusty. 

fusty ('ti),^ adj. [comp. fustier, su- 
perl. fustiest], ill-smelling; moldy; 
meddlesome; officious. 

futile ('til), adj, vain; useless. 

futilely (-li), adv. in a futile man- 
ner. 

futility (-til'i-ti), n. the quality of 
being futile. 

futtocks (fut'oks), n.pl. the upright 
curved ribs of a ship springing from 
the keel. 

futtock-shrouds ('ok-shrouds), n. 
pi. the short shrouds which go to 
the shrouds above. 

future ('tur), adj. that will be here- 
after: n. time to come yet; a tense 
in grammar; a commodity, &c., sold 
or bought for future delivery. 

futurist (fu-tur'ist), n. one of a new 
school of painters which seeks to 
present the individuality of the artist 
without considering naturalism. 

futurity ^('i-ti), n. [pi. futurities 
(-tiz) ], time to come; future events. 

fuzz (fuz), n. fine minute particles 
of down, wool, &c.: v.i. to fly off in 
fuzz. 

fuzzy ('i), adj. covered with, or like, 
fuzz. 

fp. Same as fie. 

fyce or fice (fis), n. a diminutive 
cur dog. 

fyke (fik), n. a kind of fish-trap. 



&te, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



G 



G, seventh letter of the EngHsh 
alphabet. 

gab (gab), n. idle chatter; loquadty; 
a hook on the eccentric rod of a 
steam-engine; the mouth [Scotch]: 
v.i. [p.L & p.p. gabbed, p,pr. gab- 
bing], to chatter. 

gabardine (-er-den'), n, a coarse 
smock frock. 

gabble (gab'l), v.t. to utter rapidly 
without sense: v.i. to chatter inco- 
herently: n. rapid incoherent talk. 

gabion (ga'bi-un), n, a large cylin- 
drical bottomless basket filled with 
earth: used for purposes of military 
defense, &c. 

gabionnade (ga-bi-o-nad'), n, a de- 
fensive work formed of gabions. 

gable (ga'bl), n. the triangular end 
of a building. 

gablet (ga'blet), n. a small ornamen- 
tal gable: used for the summit of 
niches, &c. 

gad (gad), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gadded, 
p.pr. gadding], to roam about in a 
purposeless manner: n. the act of 
roaming about without an object; 
an iron or steel pointed mining 
tool; a gadfly. 

gadfly Cfii), n. [pi. gadflies ('fliz)], 
a fly that stings cattle. 

gadolinite ('o-li-nit), n. a silicate of 
yttrium. 

gaduin (gad'u-in), n. a substance 
derived from cod-liver oil. 

gad wall ('wawl), n. a large fresh- 
water duck, esteemed as game. 

Gael (gal), n. a Scottish Highlander. 

Gaelic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or be- 
longing to, the Keltic inhabitants of 
the Scottish Highlands, or to their 
language: n. the language of the 
Gaels. Also Gadhelic, Galic. 

gaff (gaf), n. a large hook for land- 



ing salmon, &c.; a boom or yard to 
extend the upper edge of a fore-and- 
aft sail; a low-class theater, &c., 
admission to which is a penny: v.U 
to seize or land with a gaff. 

gaffer (gaf'er), n. a man of old age. 

gaff-topsail ('top-sl), n. a hght sail 
set above a gaff. 

gag (gag), n. something placed in the 
mouth to hinder speech: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p, gagged, p.pr. gagging], to stop 
the mouth of, with, or as with, a 
gag; silence by force; introduce 
one's own words, &c., into: said of 
an actor, &c. 

gage, gauge (gaj), n. a standard of 
measure; the number of feet a ves- 
sel sinks in the water; position of 
one ship to another and the wind; 
a measuring rod; the distance be- 
tween the rails of a railway line: v.t. 
to ascertain the capacity or contents 
of; estimate. 

gageable (gaj'^-bl), adj. that may 
be gaged. 

gager (gaj'er), n. one who gages. 
See ganger. 

gage-rod (gaj 'rod), n. a tapering steel 
rod to measure the internal bore 
of a tube. 

gage-weir (gaj'wer), n. a dam having 
moveable wickets to regulate the 
height of- the water. 

gagger ('er), n. one who gags; a T 
shaped piece of iron used by foun- 
ders. 

gahnite (gan'it), n. sl greenish and 
dark-brown mineral; zinc-spinel. 

gaiety (ga'e-ti), n. [pi. gaieties (-tiz)], 
the state or quality of being gay; 
merriment; pleasure; finery. 

gaily (ga'li), adv. merrily; finely. 

gain (gan), n. advantage; profit, a 
mortise: v.t. to obtain, as profit or 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booiij 
book; hue, but; think, then, 

(395> 



GAINSAY 



396 



GALLEY 



advantage; earn; win; arrive at; 
v.i, to improve or make progress; 
increase; advance. 

gainsay ('sa), v.L [p.t, & p.p. gain- 
said, p.pr. gainsaying], to contra- 
dict; speak against; oppose. 

gairish, same as garish. 

gait (gat), n, manner of walking; 
way or course. 

gaiter ('er), n. a covering of cloth 
for the ankle, fitting over the top 
of the boot; a shoe with a cloth 
top. 

gala ('li), n. a festive show; pomp. 

galactic (ga-lak'tik), adj. pertaining 
to the secretion or flow of milk; per- 
taining to the Milky Way. 

galactOy a prefix meaning milky form- 
ing compound words, as galactophsi- 
gus, feeding on milk. 

galanga (-lang'ga), n. the name for 
various species of Alpinia, from the 
rootstocks of which an aromatic 
medicine, used in China, is obtained. 

galantine (gar^n-tin), n. a dish 
composed of chickens, veal, or other 
white meat, boned, seasoned, tied 
up, boiled, and served cold in its 
own jelly. 

galatea (-§,-te'§,), n. a cotton fabric 
with blue and white stripes. 

Galaxy ('aks-i), n. the Milky Way. 

galaxy, n. an assemblage of splendid 
persons or things. 

galbanum ('ba-num), n. an odorous 
and bitter gum resin used in medi- 
cine. 

gale (gal), n. a strong wind, less vio- 
lent than a tempest; a quarrel; 
noisy merriment; bog myrtle. 

galeate (ga'le-at), adj. wearing, cov- 
ered with, or shaped like, a helmet. 

galena (ga-le'n^), n, sulphide of lead. 

galiot (gal'i-ot), n, a heavily-built 
two-masted trading vessel. 

galipot ('i-pot), n. a white resinous 
juice which exudes from pine trees. 

gall (gawl), n. the bile; anything 
very bitter; mahgnant feeling; ran- 
cor; the gall-blader; the morbid 
excrescence of plants caused by in- 
sects; gall-nut; a wound caused by 



friction; low-lying marshland with 
rank vegetation: v.t. to break the 
skin of by friction; wear away; 
vex; fret; harass; impregnate with 
an infusion of gall-nuts: v.i. to fret; 
be vexed, &c. 

gallant (gal'^nt), adj, brave; high- 
spirited; chivalrous: n. a person of 
sprightly and gay manners; a beau. 

gallant (gal-anf), ddj. showing court- 
esy and respectful deference to 
women: n. a man who is attentive 
to women (used either in a good 
or bad sense): v.t. to pay court to; 
accompany or escort. 

gallantly ^ (gal'^-nt-h), adv. bravely; 
(gal-antTi) politely. 

gallantry ('§,nt-ri), n. [pi. gallant- 
ries (-riz)], bravery; heroic cour- 
age; polite and deferential attention 
to women; court paid to women for 
immoral purposes; intrigue.^ 

gallate ('at), n. a salt of gallic acid. 

gallatin ('^-tin), n. coal tar oil used 
in the Bethell process for preserving 
timber. 

galleass ('e-as), n. a large low-built 
three-masted vessel propelled by 
sails and oars, and carrying twenty 
or more guns. 

galleon ('e-on), n. a large Spanish 
three-decked vessel, formerly used 
as a warship, or as a merchantman 
for trading to South America. 

galleried ('er-id), adj. furnished with 
galleries. 

gallery ('er-i), n. [pi. galleries (-iz)], 
a long apartment serving as a 
means of communication to others; 
corridor; the upper seats of a 
theater, church, assembly-room, &c.; 
a building, or room, used for the 
exhibition of works of art, &c.; 
a covered passage in a work for de- 
fense, or for communication; a bal- 
cony at the stern of a large ship. 

galley ('li), n. [pi. galleys ('Hz)], a 
low, flat, one-decked vessel pro- 
pelled by oars, and sometimes with 
sails, formerly rowed by slaves or 
convicts; an open boat used by 
British men-of-war, river police, and 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GALLIC 



397 



GAMBLE 



customs officers; the cook-house of 
a ship; a flat, oblong frame for hold- 
ing composed type. 

Gallic Cik), adj. pertaining to an- 
cient Gaul, or modern France. 

gallic acid (as'id), n, an organic 
crystalline compound found in gall- 
nuts, tea, &c. 

Galilean ('i-kan), adj. pertaining to 
Gaul, or France, or the Roman 
Catholic Church in France. 

Gallicism (l-sizm), n, a French 
idiom. 

Gallicize ('i-siz), v.L to conform to 
the French idiom. 

galling (gawl'ing), p.adj, chafing; 
irritating. 

gallinipper (gal'i-nip-er), n. a large 
mosquito. 

gallipot ('i-pot), n. a small glazed 
earthenware jar. 

gallium ('i-um), n. a metallic element. 

gallivant ('i-vant), v.i. to flirt; idle 
or gad about with women. 

gallivat ('i-vat), n. a large, two- 
masted, quick-saihng boat, used by 
Malay pirates. 

gallnut (gawrnut), n. a round ex- 
crescence produced on the oak by 
the puncturing of the leaf -buds by 
an insect, the gall-beetle. The gall 
contains tannin, and is used in the 
manufacture of ink, dyeing, &c. 

gallon (garun), n. a liquid measure 
= 4 quarts; a dry measure = l-8th 
of a bushel. 

galloon (-oon'), n. a cotton, silk, or 
worsted fabric used for dress trim- 
mings; a thin tape made of metal 
woven ir. silk, worsted, &c., used for 
uniforms. 

gallop ('up), n. the rapid forward 
springing movement of a horse; the 
act of riding at a gallop: v.i. to run 
with leaps, like a horse; ride a 
horse at a gallop; hasten. 

gallopade (-lo-pad'), n, a lively 
dance; music appropriate to it; a 
curvetting or sidelong gallop. 

galloper (-er), n. one who gallops. 

galloping (-ing), p.adj. going at a- 
gallop; progressing very quickly. 



gallows ('oz), n. a wooden structure 
consisting of two uprights with a 
cross bar on the top; used for hang- 
ing criminals; execution by hanging. 

gallstone (gawl'ston), n. a concre- 
tion formed in the gall bladder or 
bihary duct. 

galore (ga-lor'), adv. in great plenty. 

galosh (ga-losh'), n. an overshoe of 
india-rubber. Also goloshe. 

galvanic (gal-van'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to galvanism; voltaic; spas- 
modic. 

galvanism (-izm), n, that branch of 
electric science w^hich treats of 
cmrents arising from the chemical 
action of certain bodies placed in 
contact, or an acid on a metal. 

galvanize (-iz), v.t. to affect with 
galvanism; to imbue with fictitious 
animation; to electrotj^^e. 

galvanography (-v^-nog'r§,-fi), n. a 
method of reproducing by the elec- 
trot}TDe process copies of stone and 
metal objects, so as to resemble a 
copper-plate engra\ang. 

galvanometer (-v^-nom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the pres- 
ence, extent, and direction of an 
electric current. 

galvanometry (-nom'e-tri), n. the 
art, science, or process of measuring 
currents of electricit3^ 

galvanoscope ('os-kop), n. an in- 
strument for measuring dehcate 
currents of electricity. 

gambang (jam'bang), n. a Japanese 
musical instrument made of strips 
of resonant wood or metal to be 
struck with a hght hammer. 

gambler (gam'ber), n. a vegetable 
extract used medicinally as an as- 
tringent, and for tanning and dyeing. 

gambit ('bit), n. an opening in chess 
in which a pawn, or piece, .s sacri- 
ficed to obtain a favorable position 
for the action of the more important 
pieces. 

gamble ('bl), v.i. to practice gam- 
ing; play for money; risk money on 
an event or contingency: v.t. to 
squander in gaming (with away). 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



GAMBLER 



GANGWAY 



gambler ('bier), n. one who gambles, 
especially one who gambles as a 
business. 

gamboge (-boojO, n, a yellow gum- 
resin obtained from Cambodia, used 
as a pigment, and as a drastic pur- 
gative. 

gamboised ('boizd), adj, quilted or 
padded. 

gambol ('bol), n, a dancing or skip- 
ping about for joy or sport; frolic: 
v.i, {p,t, & p.p. gamboled, p.yr, 
gamboling], to skip about sportively; 
frolic. 

gambolier (gam-bo-ler'), n. a gay, 
sportive person. 

gambrel ('brei), n. the hock of a 
horse; a bent stick, resembling a 
horse's leg, used by butchers. 

gambrel-roof (-roof), n, a curved 
roof. 

gambroon ^ (-broon'), n, a twilled 
linen fabric used for linings. 

game (gam), n, a sport or diversion; 
fun; frolic; a single match at play; 
the advantage required in order to 
win; wild animals pursued and 
killed by shooting or hunting; any 
object of pursuit: -pi. athletic con- 
tests: adj. pertaining to game; 
ready; plucky :^ v.i. to play at any 
sport or diversion*; play for a stake 
or prize. 

game-cock (Icok), n. a cock bred 
and trained for fighting. 

game-fowl ('foul), n. one of a breed 
of fancy poultry, of a pugnacious 
disposition, kept for fighting 

gameful C/ool), adj. sportive. 

gamely ('H), adv. pluckily. 

gamesome ('sum), adj. merry; sport- 
ive. 

gamete (gam'et), n. a protoplasmic 
body that in conjunction with an- 
other forms a zygote. 

gamiey (gam'i), adj. flavored like the 
meat of game. 

gamin ('in), n. a precocious street 
child; street Arab. 

gaming (gam'ing), n. the act of 
playing games for stakes; gambling. 

Gamma rays (gam'-mii ras), n. the 



most penetrating rays given off by 
radio-active substances, having the 
properties of the X-ray. 

gammon ('un), v.t. to impose upon 
(a person by inducing him to beheve 
improbable stories); hoax; to de- 
feat at the game of backgammon; 
cure by salting and smoking; at- 
tach or fix a bowsprit to (a ship) : n. 
a hoax; imposition; the buttock of 
a hog salted and smoked: interj. 
nonsense! 

gamut (gam'ut), n. the lines and 
spaces^ upon which musical notes 
are written or printed: hence entire 
range or extent. 

gamy (gam'i), adj, having the flavor 
of game. 

gander (gaii'der), n. a male goose. 

gang (gang), n, a number of persons 
associated together for a particular 
purpose; a selected number of a 
ship's company for special duty; a 
lode of course; the matrix in which 
an ore is embedded. Also gangue. 

gangboard ('bord), n. a plank with 
pieces of wood fastened on it for 
going on board a vessel. 

ganger ('-er), n. the foreman of a 
gang of workmen, especially of nav- 
vies or platelayers. 

ganglion ('gli-on), n. [pi, ganglia 
(-S), ganglions (-onz) ], an enlarge- 
ment in the course of a nerve; an 
encysted tumor on a tendon. 

ganglionic (-gU-on-ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to a ganglion. 

gangrene ^ ('grene), n, the first state 
of mortification: v.L to mortify. 

gangster (gang'ster), n. one of a 
gang of desperate characters. 

gangue (gang), n, superfluous mineral 
matter in vein or smelting furnace. 

gangway (gang'wa), n. a narrow 
platform of horizontal planks used 
as a temporary passageway, or to 
enter a ship; a passageway between 
two rows of seats; that part of 
a ship's side, within or without, 
by which persons enter or depart; 
the waist of a vessel or clear way by 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&n. 



GANNET 



399 



GARROTE 



the side of the bulwarks; the main 
level in a mine. 

gannet ('et), n. the solon goose. 

gantlet, same as gamitlet. 

gaol, same as jail. 

gap (gap), n, an opening; cleft; 
passage; hiatus; breach: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. gapped, p.pr, gapping], to 
make a gap in. 

gape (gap), v.i. to open the mouth 
wide, as from drowsiness, wonder, 
&c.; yawn; open as a fissure or 
chasm: n. the act of gaping; yawn; 
the opening between the mandibles 
of birds; the width of the mouth of 
a fish when opened: pL a disease in 
poultry 

gar (gar), n. a garfish. 

garage (ga-raj'), n. sl shed, shelter 
or stable for automobiles. 

garb (garb), n. a dress; external 
form: v.t. to clothe. 

garbage ('aj), n. offal; refuse. 

garble (gar'bl), v.t. to cleanse by 
sifting; select such parts of as are 
wanted or may serve some partic- 
ular purpose. 

garboard (^bord), n. the first plank 
fastened to the keel on the outside. 

garcon (-song'), n. a boy; waiter 
[French]. 

garden ('dn), n. a piece of ground 
set apart for the cultivation of flow- 
ers, fruit, vegetables, &c.; a place 
specially dehghtful or fertile: v.t. 
cultivat;e as a garden: v.t. to lay 
out and cultivate a garden. 

gare (gar), n. coarse wool growing dn 
the legs of sheep. 

garfish (gar'fish), n, sl marine fish 
with a long body and spear-like 
snout. 

Gargantuan (gar-gan'tu-an), adj. 
with huge appetites; from the chief 
character in a work by Rabelais. 

garget ('get), n. a disease in cattle. 

gargle Cgl), n. a medicinal liquid 
for washing the throat and mouth: 
v.i. to wash the throat and mouth 
with a gargle. 

gargoyle Cgoii), n. in Gothic archi- 
tecture, a projecting stone water- 



spout, often in the form of a gro^ 
tesquely-shaped man or animal. 

Garibaldi (gar-i-bal'di), 72^. a loose 
blouse-shaped shirt, usually red. 

garish (garfish), adj. gaudy, dazzling. 

garland (garland), n. a chaplet or 
wreath made of flowers, &c.; a col- 
lection of choice extracts of prose 
or poetry; a netted provision-bag 
used by sailors; in heraldry, a 
WTeath of laurel, or oak-leaves and 
acorns: v.t, to deck or adorn with 
a garland. 

garlic Clik), n. a bulbous-rooted 
plant of the lily family, with a 
strong pungent taste and unpleasant 
smell. 

garment ^'ment), n. any article of 
clothing: pi. clothing collectively. 

garner ('ner), n. a granary: v.t. to 
store for preservation in, or as in, 
a granary; gather up. 

garnet ('net), n. a precious stone. 

garnish ('nish), v.t.^ to adorn; em- 
bellish with something laid round a 
dish: n, an ornament or decoration; 
something laid round a dish as an 
embeUishment. 

garnishee (-e'), n. the person in 
whose bands the property of an- 
other is attached pending the satis- 
faction of the claims of a third 
party. 

garnishment (-ment), n. an embel- 
lishment; a warning or summons; 
especially a notice to a party not to 
pay money, &c., to a defendant, but 
to appear in court. 

garniture ('ni-tur), n. embellishment. 

garpike Cpik), n, the garfish. 

garret (gar'et), n. the uppermost 
room of a house. 

garrison ('i-sn), n. a body of troops 
stationed in a fort or fortified place; 
a fortified place with troops, guns, 
&.C.: v.t. to furnish (a fortified 
place) with troops. 

garrot Cot), n. sl kind of torniquet; 
a sea-duck. 

garrote (-rot'), n, an instrument 
for strangling a criminal: used in 
Spain; strangulation: v.t. to exe- 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GARROTER 



400 



GASTRIC JUICE 



cute with a garrote or by stran- 
gling; seize by the throat so as to 
render a person helpless and then 
to rob him. 

garroter ('er), n. one who is guilty 
of the crime of garroting. 

garrulity (-roo'li-ti), n. incessant 
and inconsequent loquacity. 

garrulous (-lus), adj. characterized 
by garruhty; verbose. 

garter (gar'ter), n. an elastic band, 
&c., by which a stocking is held up 
on the leg; the distinctive badge of 
the Order of the Garter, the highest 
order of British knighthood (insti- 
tuted about 1348 by Edward III.): 
v,t, to bind or fasten with a gar- 
ter; invest with the Order of the 
Garter. 

garter-fish (-fish), n. a long thin- 
bodied fish. 

garter-snake (-snak), an innocuous 
yellow striped snake, common in 
America. 

garth (garth), n. a fish- weir. 

gas (gas), n. [pZ. gases ('ez) ], mat- 
ter in its most rarefied state: op- 
posed to fluid, and solid; carburet- 
ted hydrogen used for lighting and 
cooking; empty talk: y.t. [p.^. & 
p.p. gassed, p.pr. gassing], to im- 
pose upon by empty talk: v.i. to 
boast or indulge in empty talk. 

gasconade (-kun-ad') n. boastful or 
blustering talk : z;i. to bluster; boast. 

gaselier ('e-ler), w. a gas-burning 
chandelier. 

gaseous ('e-us), adj, having the na- 
ture or form of gas. 

gash (gash), n. a deep or gaping 
wound: v.t. to cut deep. 

gasify (gas'i-fi), v,t. [p.t. & p.p, gas- 
ified, p.pr. gasifying], to convert 
into gas. 

gasket Cket), n. a flat plaited cord by 
which the sails are furled or tied to 
the yard; hemp, &c., used for pack- 
ing the piston of a steam-engine, 
&c.; a thin round piece of rubber, 
metal, &c., placed between two flat 
surfaces to make a water-tight 
joint. 



gaslog (gas'log), n. an imitation of a 
wood or log fire in a fireplace, made 
of hollow, perforated metal and 
lighted by illuminating gas. 

gasogene ('o-jen), n. an apparatus 
for making aerated beverages. 

gasolier, another form of gaseher. 

gasoline ('o-len), n, a volatile in- 
flammable colorless product of petro- 
leum: used for heating purposes, 
&c. 

gasometer (-om'e-ter), n. a circular 
hollow reservoir for storing gas, 
open at the bottom and closed at 
the top; an apparatus for measuring 
gases. 

gasometry ('e-tri), n. the science or 
process of measuring gas. 

gasoscope ('o-skop), n. an instru- 
ment for detecting the presence of 
inflammable gas. 

gasp (g§-sp), n. a convulsed pain- 
ful effort to catch the breath: v.L 
to catch the breath with difficulty; 
crave earnestly: v.L to breathe out 
in gasps (with away). 

gasping ('ing), n, convulsive or dif- 
ficult breathing. 

gassing (gas'ing), n. pretentious 
talk. 

gassy ('i), adj, impregnated with gas; 
given to pretentious talk; inflated. 

gafsteroy a prefix, meaning the stom- 
ach: found in various compound 
scientific words, as gasteropoda one 
of the gasteropoda. Also gastro. 

gasteropoda (gas-ter-op'o-da), n.pL 
a division of univalve moUusks, 
which move by means of a broad 
muscular foot under the belly, in- 
cluding the snails and slugs. Also 
gastropoda. 

gasteropodous (-dus), adj. pertain- 
ing to the gasteropoda. 

gastralgia (-trarji-a), n. neuralgia 
of the stomach; stomachache. 

gastric ('trik), adj. pertaining to the 
stomach. 

gastric juice (jus), n. a thin acid 
fluid secreted in the mucous mem- 
brane of the stomach: the chief 
agent in digestion. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut; think, then. 



GASTRITIS 



401 



GAWKY 



gastritis (-tri'tis), n, inflammation 
of the stomach. 

gastro-cephalitis (sef-§,-li'tis), n, in- 
flammation of the stomach and 
brain. 

gastro-enteritis (-en-te-ri'tis), n. in- 
flammation of the stomach and in- 
testines. 

gastro-enteralgia (gas'tro-en-te- 
rarji-a), n. pain referred to both 
stomach and intestines. 

gastroiogy (gas-troro-ji), n. the art 
of cooking foods; also the study of 
diseases of the stomach. 

gastronomic (-tro-nom'ik), adj. per- 
taining to gastronomy. Also gastro- 
nomical. 

gastronomically (-§,l-li), adv, in a 
gastronomic manner. 

gastronomist (-tron'o-mist), n. an 
epicmre. 

gastronomy (-tron'o-mi), n. the art 
of good eating, or the preparation 
of food. 

gastropoda, same as gasteropoda. 

gatch (gach), n. plaster. 

gate (gat), n. a frame of wood, iron, 
&c., closing an entrance or passage, 
usually I moving on hinges; a large 
entrance to a city, castle, &c.; an 
avenue; entrance; power. 

gather (ga^/i'er), v.t. to assemble; 
collect; bring into one place; pick 
up; glean; pluck; accumulate; 
pucker or plait; infer: v.i. to con- 
gregate; generate pus; increase; 
ripen: n, a plait or pucker in cloth, 
made by drawing thread through 
the folds. 

gathering (-ing), n, the act of as- 
sembUng together;^ an assemblage; 
a charitable contribution; an ab- 
scess or suppurating tumor. 

Gatling gun (gat 'ling-gun), n. a 
cannon with numerous small barrels, 
which are discharged in succession 
by turning a handle. 

gaud (gawd), n. finery; ornament. 
Also gaudery. 

gaudily ('i-li). adv. in a gaudy manner. 

gaudiness ('i-nes), n, the quality of 
being gaudy. 



gaudy ('i), adj. [comp. gaudier, 
superl, gaudiest], showy; vulgarly 
gay or fine. 

gauge (gaj), same as gage. 

gauger Cer), n. one who gauges; 
an officer of excise who ascertains 
the contents of casks. 

gauging Cing), n. the art or science 
of measuring the contents of ves- 
sels of capacity. 

Gaul (gawl), n. an inhabitant of an- 
cient Gaul or France. 

gaunt (gant), adj. pinched and lean. 

gauntlet (gantlet), n. a military 
or naval punishment, formerly prac- 
ticed, by which the culprit ' was 
compelled to run between two lines 
of soldiers or sailors, who chastised 
him with rods, ropes, &c.; a series 
of unpleasant events; a mailed 
glove, or one with a long wrist-ex- 
tension. Also ganlet,^ gantlope. 

gauntleted (-ed), adj wearing a 
gauntlet. 

gaur (gawr), n. a large fierce, dark- 
colored ox found in Indian jungles; 
Bengal bison. 

Gautama (gou-ta-ma'), n. one of 
the names of Buddha; the name 
of the tribe from which descended. 

gauze (gawz), n. a very thin light 
transparent silk or cotton fabric; 
Hght open-work material, as wire 
gauze. 

gauzy ('i), adj. thin and semi-trans- 
parent, like gauze. 

gave, p.t. of give. 

gavel (gav'el), n. a small mallet; a 
small unbound sheaf; toll or cus- 
tom: v.t. to bind into sheaves. 

gavial (ga'vi-§,l), n. the crocodile of 
the Ganges, with a long, narrow 
snout. 

gavotte (g^-vof), n. a Uvely, but 
dignified, dance of the minuet class; 
a dance-tune in common time. 

gawk (gawk), n. a simpleton; 
cuckoo. 

gawkiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being gawky. 

gawky Ci), cidj. awkward; ungainly: 
n. a tall, awkward, stupid person. 



ate, armj &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booiif 
book; hue. hut: think, then. 



GAY 



402 



GENECLEXIS 



gay (ga), adj, lively; merry; full of 
spirits; cheerful; sportive; given to 
pleasure; licentious. 

gayal ('M), n. a short-horned, semi- 
domesticated East Indian ox. 

gaze (gaz), v,i, to look earnestly and 
fixedly: n. a steady, fixed look. 

gazelle (ga-zel'), n. a small, elegant, 
swift-iooted antelope, with large, 
soft, black eyes. 

gazette (-zetO, w. EngHsh govern- 
ment bi-weekly newspaper contain- 
ing official announcements; news- 
paper: v.t. to publish in a gazette. 

gazeteer (gaz-e-ter'), n. a dictionary 
of geographical names. 

gear (ger), n. accoutrements; ap- 
paratus; tackle; harness; dress; the 
moving parts of machinery: v,L to 
put gear on; harness; dress. 

gearing ('ing), n. a train of toothed 
wheels for transmitting motion; 
ropes and tackle. 

gear-wheel ('hwel), n. a cog-wheel. 

gecko (gek'o), n. the wall-lizard. 

gee (je), v.L to turn to the off side; 
to move; stir. 

geese, pL of goose. 

gelatinate (jera-ti-nat), v.t. to con- 
vert into gelatine or a jelly-like sub- 
stance: v.i, to be converted into 
gelatine. Also gelatinize. 

gelatine ('a-tin), n, a transparent 
nitrogenous animal substance found 
in bones, hoofs, connective tissue, 
&c., from which it is extracted by 
boiling, &c.; animal jelly. Also 
gelatin. 

gelatine process (pro'ses), n. a 
method of photo-engraving by tak- 
ing a negative on a gelatine film im- 
pregnated with a bichromate. 

gelation (-a'shun), n. solidification. 

geld (geld), v.t. to castrate: said of 
horses; deprive of any essential 
part. 

gelding ('ing), n. castration; a young 
horse which has been castrated. 

gelid (jerid), adj. intensely cold; icy. 

gelidity ('i-ti), n. intense cold; iciness. 

gelogenic (jel-o-jen'ik), adj. tending to 
produce laughter. 



gelose (jel'Ss), n. a vegetable gummy 

isinglass prepared from seaweed 

and Chinese moss. 
gem (jem), n. a precious stone; leaf- 
bud; any perfect or rare object; 

jewel: t; J. [p.t. & p.p. gemmed, p.pr. 

gemming], to adorn with, or as with, 

gems. 
gemel-window (-win 'do), n. a win- 
dow with two bays. 
geminate ('i-nat), adj. growing or 

occurring in pairs. 
gemination (-i-na'shun), n. duplica- 
tion. 
Gemini ('i-nl), n.pl. one of the signs 

in the zodiac (Castor and Pollux); 

the Twins. 
gemmule ('ul), n. a small bud; an 

ovule; a kind of cell produced by 

certain molds. 
gemmy ('i), adj. full of, set with, or 

resembling, a gem; spruce. 
gemmology (jem-oFo-ji), n, the study 

of gems. 
gemote (ge-mof), n. an assembly; 

the court of the hundred, or local 

court. 
gemsbok (gemz'bok), n. the South 

African antelope. 
genappe (je-nap'), ^. a smooth 

worsted yarn, used for fringes, &c. 
gendarme (zhang-darm'), ^. Ipl- 

gendarmes], in France and Belgium 

an armed policeman. 
gendarmerie ('e-re), n. gendarmes 

collectively. 
gender (jen'der), n. the grammatical 

distinction of sex, expressed by suf- 
fixes, prefixes, or by a different 

word: v.t. to produce. 
genealogical (je-ne or jen-e-Wcj'i- 

kM), adj. pertaining to genealogy; 

exhibiting descent. 
genealogist (-aFo-jist), n. one skilled 

in tracing pedigrees or genealogy. 
genealogize ('o-jiz), v.u to trace 

family lineage. 
genealogy ('o-ji), n. [pi. genealogies 

(-jiz)], family pedigree; lineage; 

the science that treats of tracing 

pedigrees. 
geneclexis (jen-e-klek'sis), n. natural 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boonj 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



■I 



GENERA 



403 



GENIUS 



selection in the orgrmic world as 
distinguished from artificial selection 
through man's influence, the latter 
being sometimes termed teleciexis. 

genera, pL of genus. 

general (jen'er-al), adj. relating to a 
whole genus, kind, class, order, or 
race; not special or particular; per- 
taining to the majority; not restrict- 
ed; usual; ordinary; common; ex- 
tensive but not universal; indefinite; 
taken as a whole; senior or highest, 
as Postmaster-General: n. the whole; 
the chief part; a general principle 
or statement; the populace; the com- 
mander of an army division or 
brigade; the chief of a religious order; 
the roll of a drum to summon troops 
(usually generale). ^ 

generalissimo (-is'i-mo), n. a com- 
mander-in-chief. 

generality Ci-ti), n. {pi. generalities 
(-tiz)], the state of being general: 
opposed to specific; bulk; majority. 

generalization ('i-za'shun), n. the 
act or result of generalizing; an in- 
duction. 

generalize ('er-al-Iz), v.t. to reduce 
to, or arrange in, a genus or genera; 
infer inductively, as a general prin- 
ciple from particular instances. 

generally (-il-i), adv. commonly; in 
the main; without exact limitation. 

generalship (-ship), n. the office, 
rank, or military skill of a general; 
skilful tactics or leadership. 

generate ('er-at), v.t. to produce; 
procreate; originate; trace out or 
form by motion. 

generation (-a'shun), n. the act or 
process of generatmg; a single suc- 
cession in natural descent; people 
of the same period ; progeny. 

generative ('er-a-tiv), adj. pertain- 
ing to generation; having the power 
to generate. 

generator ('er-a-ter), n. one who, or 
that which, generates; a machine 
in which steam or gas is produced; 
the principal sound or sounds by 
which other musical sounds are pro- 
duced. 



generic (je-ner'ik), adj. pertaining 
to a genus, kind, or class: opposed 
to specific; comprehensive. Also ge- 
neric al. 

generically (-al-li), adv. with re- 
spect to a genus or generic charac- 
teristics. 

generosity (jen-er-ds'i-ti), n. [pi. 
generosities (-tiz)], the quality of 
being generous; liberality; magna- 
nimity; munificence. 

generous (-er-us), adj. characterized 
by liberality; munificent; bounti- 
ful; high-minded; honorable; strong; 
stimulating. 

genesis ('e-sis), n. the act or process 
of producing or originating; begin- 
ning. 

genet (-et'), n. an animal allied to 
the civet, valued for its fur; the fur 
of a cat made in imitation of genet. 
Also genette. 

genet ('et), n. a small Spanish horse. 
Also jennet. 

genial (jen'i-§,l), adj. kindly and 
sympathetic in disposition; cordial; 
contributing to cheerfulness and 
life; agreeably warm and cheerful. 

geniality Ci-ti), n. the quahty of 
being genial; cheerfulness. 

genially (-li), adv. in a genial manner. 

geniculate (je-nik'u-Iat), adj. having 
knee-like joints. 

genie. Same as jinn. 

genii, pi. of genius. 

genital (jen'i-tal), adj. pertaining to 
generation. 

genitival fi-tiv-^l), adj. pertaining 
to the genitive case. 

genitive ('i-tiv), n. a grammatical 
case, indicating origin, possession, 
or relation. ^ 

genius (jen'ius), n. innate bent of 
mind or disposition; remarkable 
aptitude or natural endowment for 
some special pursuit, <ltc.; character 
or essential principle; embodiment; 
a person possessed of high mental 
powers or faculties {pi. geniuses): 
a good or evil spirit supposed to 

- preside over the destinies of men 
{pi. genii). 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booni 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GENOBLAST 



404 



GEOGRAPHY 



genoblast (jen'o-bl^t), n. the nu- 
cleus of an impregnated ovum. 

Genoese (-o-ezO, adj, pertaining to 
Genoa, or to its inhabitants. Also 
Genovese. 

genre (zhang'r), n, a style of paint- 
ing or sculpture representing some 
scene of common life. 

gens (jenz), n, [pi, gentes (jen'tez)], 
among the ancient Romans, a clan, 
house, or subdivision of a curia. 

genteel (jen-tel'), cidj, graceful or 
elegant in manners or dress; poHte; 
well bred. 

gentian ('shi§,n), n, a bitter herb 
with tonic roots. 

Gentile ('til), adj. belonging to a 
non- Jewish people: n. one who is 
not a Jew. 

gentility (-til'i-ti), n, [yl, gentilities 
(-tiz)], high or gentle birth; good 
breeding; social status and refine- 
ment. 

gentle ('tl), adj, mild and refined in 
manner and disposition; kindly; 
moderate in action; peaceful; docile; 
easy; well born or descended: n. the 
larva of the flesh-fly; a rained fal- 
con. 

gentle-folks (-foks), n.pl, persons of 
good birth or breeding. 

gentleman (-m§,n), n. [pi, gentle- 
men (-men)], one who is entitled 
to bear a coat of arms; a well-bred 
and honorable man; a person of in- 
dependent income; a term uf poUte- 
ness, used in addressing an assem- 
bly. 

gentlewoman (-woom'^n), n, [pi. 
gentlewomen (-wim'en)], a woman 
of good birth and breeding; lady. 

gently (jen'tli), adv, in a gentle man- 
ner. 

gentry ('tri), n, the upper class of 
society. 

genuflection (-u-flek'shun), n, bend- 
ing of the knee, especially in wor- 
ship. Also genuflexion. 

genuine ('u-in), ^ adj, real; unadul- 
terated; belonging to, or derived 
from, the original or true stock; 
not hypocritical; open. 



genus (je'nus), n, [pi, genera (jen'- 
er-a)], that which has under it sev- 
eral species or sub-genera, having 
certain common characteristics; in 
logic, a class made up of two or 
more species or subordinate classes. 

geo, a prefix, meaning earth, lorming 
the first element of many scientific 
words, as g^eobotanical, pertaining to 
geographical botany. 

geocentri (je-o-sen'trik), adj, per- 
taining to the center of the earth; 
having the earth as the center; 
viewed from the earth as a center. 

geode ('od), n. a rounded nodule of 
stone, usually hollow and lined with 
crystals. 

geodesy (-od'e-si), n. the science of 
measuring large portions of the 
earth's surface; the determination 
of the earth's figure and size. 

geodetic (je-o-det'ik), ac?;. pertaining 
to, determined by, or carried out by, 
geodesy. Also geodetical. 

geodetic survey (ge-o-det'ik-ser'va), 
n, a determination of the figure, &c., 
of portions of the earth by ge detic 
processes. 

geodetically (-M-li), adv, by geode- 
sy. 

geodetic line (lin), n, the shortest 
line between any two points on the 
earth's surface. 

geodynamic (je-o-di-nam'ik), adj, re- 
lating to the forces that operate 
within the substance of the earth, 
including the phenomena of earth- 
quakes and volcanos. 

geoglyphic (je-o-glif'ik), a, relating 
to the marks on the rocks from which 
the story of geological history is 
read. 

geographer (-og'rl,-fer), n, one who 
is versed in, or a writer on, geog- 
raphy. 

geographical (-o-grM'i-k§,l), adj. per- 
taining to geography. 

geographically (-li), adv. with ref- 
erence to geography. 

geography (-og'ra-fi), n. [pi, geog- 
raphies (-fiz)], the science thai 
describes the surface of the earth. 



ate, atiH^ ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; booj 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



1 



GEOLOGICAL 



405 



GET 



and its division into continents, 
kingdoms, &c. 

geological (-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to geology. 

geologically (-li), adv, according to 
geology. 

geologist (-ol'o-jist), n, one versed 
in geology. 

geology ('o-ji), n. the science that 
investigates the structure of the 
earth, the successive physical 
changes it has undergone, and the 
causes which have operated in pro- 
ducing such alterations in the crust 
of the globe. 

geometer (-om'e-ter),n. a geometrician. 

geometric (-o-met'rik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or done by, geometry. Also 
geometrical. 

geometrician (-om-e-trish'§,n), n. 
one who is skilled in geometry. • 

geometry (-om'e-tri), n. [pi. geom- 
etries (-triz) ], that branch of 
mathematics that treats of the meas- 
urement of lines, angles, surfaces, 
and solids, with their various rela- 
tions; a text-book on geometry. 

georgic (jor'jik), adj, pertaining to 
husbandry or rural: n. a poem on 
agriculture. 

geotropism (je-ot'ro-pizm), n. a 
tendency in the roots of certain 
plants to turn in the direction of 
the ea'-th. 

geranium (-ra'ni-um), n. a plant of 
various species, cultivated for its 
handsome scarlet or white flowers. 

germ (jerm), n. the rudimentary 
form of an organism; origin; first 
principle. 

German (jer'min), adj. pertaining 
to Germany, its inhabitants, or lan- 
guage; of the same stock or parent- 
age; germane. 

germander (-man'der), n. a wild 
plant of the mint family with a blue 
flower, used sometimes as a substi- 
tute for hops. 

germane (jer-man'), adj. related; 
akin ; relevant ; appropriate. 

Germanic (-man'ik), adj. pertaining 
CO Germany; Teutonic. 



Germanism (-izm), n. a German 
idiom, custom, or characteristic; 
love of German institutions. 

germanium (-ma'ni-um), n. one oi 
the metallic elements. 

Germanize (-iz), v.t. to make Ger- 
man, in language, customs, &c. 

German-millet (-mil-et), n. an edi- 
ble grain obtained from a grass. 

German-silver (-sil-ver), n. a white 
alloy of zinc, nickel, and copper. 

German-text (-tekts), n. a black 
letter type similar to Old English 
and modern German. 

germicide (jer'mi-sid), n. a substance 
used to destroy disease germs. 

germinal ('mi-nll), adj, pertaining 
to a germ or seed-bud. 

.germinant ('mi-n^nt), adj. sprouting; 
gradually developing. 

germinate ('mi-nat), v.i. to sprout 
or bud; begin to develop into a 
higher form. 

germination (-na'shun), n. the first 
act of growth in a seed, bud, or 
germ. 

germ-plasm (jerm'-plazm), n. the 
essential substance through which 
the traits of the parents, either male 
or female, are transmitted to the 
offspring. 

germule (jerm'ul), n. a small or in- 
cipient germ. 

gerrymander (ger'i-man-der), v.t, to 
divide, as a state, voting district, 
&c., so as to give an unfair advan- 
tage to a particular political party; 
misrepresent; garble. 

gerund (jer'und), n, a kind of verbal 
noun. 

gestation (jes-ta'shun), n. pregnancy. 

gestatory ('ta-to-ri), adj. pertaining 
to gestation. 

gesticulate (-tik'u-lat), v.i. to make 
gestures or motions, as in speaking 
or attracting attention. 

gesticulator (-la-ter), n. one who 
gesticulates. 

gesture Ctur), n. a movement of the 
face, body, or limbs, to express 

' ideas, emotions, &c. 

get (get), v.t. [-p.t. got, p.p. got, got- 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, thou. 



GETTER 



406 



GILD 



ten, p.pr. getting], to obtain; pro- 
cure; win; gain; acquire; deserve; 
meet with; realize; learn; pro- 
create; prevail upon: v.L to arrive 
at; become; find time, opportunity, 
&c. ; depart quickly. 

I^etter ('er), n. one who gets or ac- 
quires. 

getting ('ing), n. acquisition; profit. 

get-up Cup), n. style, as of dress, 
&c. 

gewgaw (gu'gaw), n. a showy trifle. 

geyser (gi'ser), n. an intermittent 
hot or boiling spring from which 
water or mud is ejected. Also gey- 
sir. 

ghastliness (gastli-nes), n, the qual- 
ity or state of being ghastly. 

ghastly ('h), adj, death-like; pale; 
haggard; cadaverous; ^ horrible. 

'ghaut (gawt), n, in India, a moun- 
tain pass; chain of mountains; a 
flight of steps to a river, or to a 
temple; approach; a wharf. Ghat. 

gherkin (ger'kin), n, a small cucum- 
ber used for pickling. 

Ghetto (get'o), n. [pL ghettos ('oz)], 
ghetti ('i)], the Jev/s' quarter. 

ghost (gost), n. the spirit of a de- 
ceased person; apparition; the soul; 
breath of life; shadow ; remotest 
likelihood; a false image due to 
some defect in a lens. 

ghostly ('li), adj\ pertaining to the 
soul; spiritual; supernatural. 

ghoul (gool), n. a supposed demon 
who robs graves and feeds on the 
flesh of the dead. 

giant (ji'ant), n. a man of extraor- 
dinary bulk or stature; one pos- 
sessed of great physical or intellec- 
tual power; one of a race of mon- 
strous size who, according to classic 
mythology, assailed the gods: adj. 
like a giant; huge. 

giaour (jour), n, the term applied 
by Mohammedans to unbehevers, 
especially Christians. 

gibber (gib'er), vd. to speak inco- 
herently. 

gibberish (-ish), n. rapid incoherent 
talk; adj, incoherent. 



gibbet (jib'et), n. a gallows: v.t, to 
hang on a gibbet; expose to public 
scorn or ridicule. 

gibbon (gib'un), n, a long armed 
anthropoid ape of Southern Asia. 

gibbosity^ (-os'i-ti), n. [pL gibbosi- 
ties (-tiz) ], a round or Rwelling 
prominence. 

gibbous Cus), adj. protuberant; ir- 
regularly rounded; between full and 
half-full: said of the moon; hump- 
backed. Also gibbose. 

gibe (jib), n. a scoff ;^ taunt; sneering 
or sarcastic expression: v.t. to sneer 
at; taunt; vd, to use gibes; cast re- 
proaches; sneer; scoff. 

giblet Giblet), n. one of the edible 
internal parts of a fowl, goose, &c. 

gid (gid), n. a disease in sheep. 

giddiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 

• being giddy. 

giddy X'i)y adj. [comp. giddier, siO" 
perl, giddiest],^ having a confused 
whirHng sensation in the head; friv- 
olous; fickle. 

gift (gift), n. something given or be- 
stowed; present; donation; offering; 
benefaction; natural talent. 

gifted Ced), adj. talented. 

gig (gig), n. a two-wheeled open 
chaise drawn by one horse; a rotary 
machine for raising nap on cloth; 
a long ship's boat, rowed by alter- 
nate oars, and usually reserved for 
the commanding officer; a racing 
boat; a whirhgig; a fish-gig: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. gigged, p.pr. gigging], 
to fish with a fish-gig. 

gigantic (ji-gan'tik), adj. huge; co- 
lossal. 

gigantize (ji-gan'tiz), v.t. to cause to 
appear of relatively gigantic size. 

gigantoblast (ji-gan'to-blast), n. a 
type of large red blood-corpuscle. 

giggle (gig'l), v.i. to laugh in a ner- 
vous, fooHsh, tittering manner: n. 
a nervous, silly laugh. 

gild (gild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gilded, 
gilt, p.pr. gilding] to overlay or 
w^ash with gold; give a fair external 
appearance to; illuminate; n. an- 
other form of guild. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then.. 



GILDING 



407 



GIRT 



gilding ('ing), n. the art or process 
of overlaying or covering with gold; 
gold, leaf, powder, &c., applied to a 
surface; a superficial covering de- 
signed to give a fair external ap- 
pearance. 

gill (gil), n. the respiratory organ of 
aquatic animals, especially fishes; 
the wattle of a fowl; a deep, nar- 
row glen through which a rivulet 
flows; pi, the thin, spore-bearing 
lamellae, or plates, under a cap of 
certain fungi, as a mushroom. 

gill (jil), n. 3^ of a pint; ground- 
ivy; a wanton girl; sweetheart. 

gilling (giring), n. a salmon of the 
second year. 

gillyflower (jil'i-flou-er), n. one of 
various plants of the mustard fam- 
ily, as the wall-flower, stock, &c. 

gilt (gilt), adj, covered with, or yel- 
low like gold: n. gilding. 

gimbal (jim'bal), n. one of two brass 
rings mo-'/ing within each other at 
right angles: used for suspending a 
mariner's compass, chronometer,&c. 

gimcrack ('krak), adj. showy, but 
of no value; trumpery: n. a pretty, 
useless thing; toy. 

gimlet (gim'let), n. a small boring- 
tool with a pointed screw at the 
end: vA, to make a hole in with a 
gimlet. 

gimp (gimp), n. a kind of interlaced 
silk twist or trimming interwoven 
with wire or cord; used for furni- 
ture, dresses, &c.: vd. to border 
with gimp. 

gin (jin), n. an aromatic alcoholic 
liquid flavored with juniper berries; 
a trap or snare; a machine for clear- 
ing cotton fibers from the seeds; a 
portable hoisting-machine; a pile- 
driving machine: v,L [p.t. & p.p. 
ginned, p.pr. ginning], to catch in a 
trap; clear cotton. 

ginger Cjer), n. the scraped and 
dried root of a pungent aromatic 
East & West Indian plant. 

gingerade (-ad'), n. an aerated bev- 
erage flavored with ginger. 

ginger-beer (-ber), n, an efferves- 



cent beverage made from ginger, 
yeast, cream of tartar, and sugar. 

gingerbread (-bred), n. a dark col- 
ored cake made of flour, ginger, 
molasses sugar, &c. 

gingerly (-B), adv, cautiously; 
daintily. 

gingham (ging'am), n, a cotton 
dress-cloth. dyed in the yarn before 
weaving; an umbrella. 

gingioal (jin-ji'oal), adj. relating to 
the gums. 

gingko (ging'ko), n. a Japanese tree 
with handsome foliage; the maiden- 
hair tree. 

ginn, same as jinn. 

ginseng (jin'seng), n. an herb with 
an aromatic root, much valued in 
China. 

Gipsy (jip'si), n. [pi. Gipsies ('siz) ], 
one of a wandering, dark-skinned, 
and dark-eyed race, of Eastern, 
probably Hindu, origin; the lan- 
guage of the Gipsies (Romany); a 
person of dark complexion; a hoy- 
denish girl: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gipsied, 
p.pr. gipsying], to picnic or camp 
out in the woods. Also Gypsy. 

giraffe (ji-raf), n. the camelopard. 

girandole (jir'an-dol), n. a branch- 
ing chandelier; a kind of rotating 
firework. 

girasol ('a-sol), n. a variety of opal; 
the fire-opal. Also girasole. 

girba (gir'ba), n. a stiff leather water 
vessel, used in Africa. 

gird (gerd), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. girded, 
girt, p.pr. girding], to surround with 
a flexible substance; bind; encircle; 
gibe; ':aunt. 

girder ('er), n. the main beam in a 
floor. 

girdle (ger'dl), n. a belt or zone for 
the waist; anything that encompass- 
es like a girdle; a circular band 
round the shaft of a column: v.t. to 
bind with, or as with, a girdle; en- 
close; to make a cut round the bark 
of the trunk of a tree and so kill it. 

girl (gerl), n. 2l female child; young 
unmarried woman. 

girt (gert), p.t of gird: p. adj. moored 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5n, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GIRTH 



408 



GLARE 



so taut by two cables as not to 
swing to the wind or tide. 

girth (gerth), n. the band by which 
the saddle is kept secured on a 
horse; the circumference of a tree, 
animal, &c. ; anything that binds or 
encircles. 

gist (jist), n. the substance of a mat- 
ter; main point; object. 

gittern ^ (git'ern), n. a cithern. 

give (giv), v.t. [p.t, gave, p.p, given, 
p.pr, giving], to bestow; confer 
without price or reward: grant; 
yield; deliver;^ supply; enable; 
emit: v.i, to give gifts; yield to 
pressure; grow moist: n, elasticity. 

gizzard (giz'^rd), n. the muscular 
part of the intestinal canal in cer- 
tain birds. 

glabrous (gla'brus), adj. bald; 
smooth. 

glace (-sa'), odj, iced or cooled: n, a 
thin shiny silk. 

glacial ('shi-M), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or caused by, ice. 

glaciate ('shi-at), v.t, to cover over 
with, or transform into, ice. 

glacier (gla'shi-er or glas'i-er), n. a 
vast accumulation of ice and snow 
found in the valleys ajid ravines of 
lofty mountains which moves slowly 
down the^ slopes till it melts or 
breaks off into icebergs. 

glacis (gla'sis), n. sb sloping bank of 
earth directly in front of a fortifica- 
tion and designed for its defense; a 
protective slope on an ironclad to 
throw off hostile hot. 

glacure (-sur'), n. a thin glaze on 
the finer sorts of pottery. 

glady adj. [comp. gladder, superl. glad- 
dest], in a state of hilarity; joyous; 
gay; pleased; cheerful; satisfied. 

gladden^ ('n), v.t, to make glad: v.i. 
to rejoice. 

glade (glad), n. an open space or 
passage in a wood or forest; an 
open space surrounded by ice. 

glad i ate (glad'i-at), adj. sword- 
shaped. 

gladiator ('i-a-ter), n. in ancient 
Rome a professional swordsman who 



fought in the arena with other men 
or animals; a combatant. 

gladiatorial (-a-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to gladiators or their com- 
bats. 

gladiolus (gla-di'o-lus), n. the sword- 
lily. 

gladsome (glad'sum), adj. joyous; 
gay; pleased; cheerful. 

Gladstone ('ston or 'stun), n, a four- 
wheeled pleasure-carriage carrying 
two passengers; a long narrow tiav- 
ehng bag with a wide mouth. 

glair (glar), n. the white of egg, used 
as size or varnish; any sticky or 
glairy matter. 

glairy ('i), adj. consisting of glair. 

glaive. Same as glave. 

glamour (glam'er), n. a charm on 
the eyes causing them to see things 
differently from what they are in 
reality; fascination; witchery: v.t. 
to fascinate. Glamer. 

glance (gli^ns), n. a sudden shoot of 
fight; quick passing look of the eye; 
a quick momentary view; a lustrous 
ore: v.i. to shoot a sudden ray; view 
with quick movement of the eye: 
v.t. to shoot or dart suddenly or ob- 
liquely; allude to in passing. 

gland (gland), n. a bodily organ by 
which secretion is carried on; small 
secreting organ for sap in plants; 
an acorn; a name for various me- 
chanical contrivances. 

glanders^ (erz), n.pl. a contagious 
disease in horses, in which mucus is 
discharged profusely from the nos- 
trils. 

glandular ('u-l§,r), adj. pertaining 
to, resembling, or having glands; 
covered with hairs tipped with 
glands : said of a plant. 

glandule ('ul), n. a small gland. 

glare (glar), n. a bright dazzling 
light; overpowering luster; a fierce 
piercing look: v.i. to shine with a 
dazzling overpowering light; look 
with fierce piercing eyes; be exces- 
sively gaudy in dress or ornamenta- 
tion : adj. having a smooth, slippery 
surface, as ice. 



Ete, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boou^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GLARING 



409 



GLISTEN 



glaring ('ing), p,adj. emitting or 
reflecting a dazzling light; gaudy. 

glass (glas), n. a Hard, brittle, trans- 
parent substance formed of silica 
and certain metallic oxides; an in- 
strument or vessel made of glass; 
a drinking^ glass, or the quantity 
contained in it; a mirror; lens; a 
telescope, or barometer: adj. per- 
taining to, or made of, glass; vitre- 
ous: v,t. to mirror, or reflect in a 
mirror; glaze. 

glasswort ('wert), n, a plant from 
which a soda is obtained; used in 
glass-making. 

glauberite (glaw'ber-it), n, a min- 
eral formed of sulphate of lime, and 
sulphate of soda. 

glauber's-salt ('berz-sawlt), n. sul- 
phate of soda, used medicinally as a 
strong purgative. 

glaucous (glaw'kus), adj. sea-green; 
green with a bluish-grey tinge; cov- 
ered with bloom of a bluish-white 
color. 

glave (glav), n. a cutting weapon 
fixed to a pole, somewhat resembl- 
ing a halbert, formerly used by foot 
soldiers. Also glaive. 

glaze (glaz), v.t. to furnish with 
glass; overlay with a transparent 
substance resembling glass: v.L to 
become glassy or glazed: n. the 
vitreous or glassy coating on pot- 
ter's v/are. 

glazier ('zher), n. one whose business 
is to set glass in windows, &c. 

glazing ('ing), n. a glaze; the opera- 
tion of setting glass, or applying a 
glaze; window-panes; glass; semi- 
transparent colors passedthinly over 
other colors to tone down their effect. 

gleam (glem), n. a stream or shoot 
of light; brightness: v.i. to emit 
brightness; shoot, or dart, as rays 
of light. 

glean (glen), v.t. to gather, as grain 
that the reapers have left; collect 
little by little, or piece by piece; 
infer: v.i. to gather gleanings: n. a 
collection made by gleaning; a 
collection, as of herrings. 



glebe (gleb), n. land belonging to a 
parish church, or ecclesiastical bene- 
fice; in mining, a plot of land con- 
taining ore. 

glede (gled), n. the kite. 

glee (gle), n. gaiety; mirth; exhila- 
ration; a musical composition for 
voices in harmony. 

gleeful ('fool), adj. merry, joyous. 

gleet (glet),n.a thin mucous discharge 
resulting from gonorrheal disease. 

glen (glen), n. a narrow valley; a 
secluded hollow between hills. 

glib (glib), adj. voluble; flippant: n. 
the tongue; smooth talk. 

gliddery (glid'er-i), adj. slippery. 

glide (glid), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. glided, 
p.pr. gliding], flow or move along 
smoothly and noiselessly; to slur 
[music]: n. the act of gliding; a 

^gliding movement; a slur [music]. 

glider (glid'er), n. an aeroplane 
without motor power on which the 
operator descends or glides from a 
height to the ground. 

gliff (glif) n. a glimpse; brief inter- 
val; sudden fear. 

glim (glim), n. a light or candle. 

glimmer ('er), v.i. to shine faintly 
and intermittently: n. a faint inter- 
mittent light; sheen. 

glimpse (glimps), n. a weak, faint 
light; transient view; slight trace: 
v.t. to catch a glimpse of: v.i. to 
glance: appear for the moment. 

glin (glin), n. a haze on the horizon 
at sea, indicative of a storm. 

glint (glint), n. a gleam of light; sly 
glance: v.i. to gleam or flash out. 

glioma (gll-o'ma), n. a tumor of 
rapid growth on the brain, spinal 
cord, or auditory nerve. 

glissade (glis-ad'), n. the act of slid- 
ing down a glacier; a glide in danc- 
ing: v.i, to slide, especially down a 
glacier. 

glissando (-san'do), n. in pianoforte 
playing, a run by sliding the fingers 
over the keys; in violin-playing, a 
quick slur. 

glisten (glis'n), v.i. to sparkle with 

' light; shine: n. a glitter. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GLITTER 



410 



GLOSSA 



glitter (glit'er), vA, to sparkle with 
light; gleam; be showy, attractive, 
or specious: n, brilliancy; specious 
luster. 

giizade (gli-zad'), w. a sliding move- 
ment of the foil in fencing. 

gloam (glom), vA, to begin to grow 
dark, like twilight; exhibit suUen- 
ness or gloom. 

gloaming ('ing), n. twilight: adj, 
pertaining to twilight. 

gloat (glot), vA. to stare or gaze earn- 
estly or with admiration, often in a 
bad sense with feelings of lust and 
cruelty. 

global (glo'bal), adj. pertaining to 
a globe; world-wide. 

giobate ('bat), adj, globe-shaped. 

globe (glob), n. a spherical body; 
ball; the terraqueous earth (with 
the); a sphere on which are repre- 
sented the divisions of the earth, &c. 
(terrestrial globe), or the heavenly 
bodies (celestial globe). 

globe-fish ('fish), n. a fish capable of 
inflating itself to a globular shape. 

globeflower ('flou-er), n, a plant of 
the crowfoot family with globular- 
shaped flowers. 

globe-trotter ('trot-er), n. an ex- 
tensive traveler. 

globi, a prefix in various scientific 
words, meaning a ball, or ball- 
shaped. Globo. 

globin ('bin), n. a constituent of red 
blood corpuscles. 

globular (glob'u-lar), adj. globe-like; 
spherical. Also globose. 

globule Cul), n. a small spherical 
particle; a minute homoeopathic 
pill; a blood- or lymph- corpuscle. 

globulin Cu-lin), n. an albuminous 
proteid substance forming one of 
the constituents of the blood and 
cellular tissue of plants. 

glome (glom), n. a roundish head of 
flowers. 

glomerate (glom'er-at), adj. gath- 
ered into a roundish head or mass 

glonoin (glon'o-in), n. a pure nitro- 
glycerine. 

gloom (gloom), n. partial darkness; 



obscurity; melancholy; depression; 
sadness; sullenness: v.L to be, or 
become, cloudy or partially dark; 
present a gloomy aspect: v.t. to 
make gloomy; deject or sadden. 

gloomily ('i-li), adv. in a gloomy 
manner. 

gloominess ('i^nes), n. the state of 
being gloomy* 

gloomy ('!), adj. [comp. gloomier, 
superl. gloomiest], overspread with, 
or enveloped in, darkness; dismal; 
melancholy; dispirited; cheerless; 
morose. 

gloria (glo'ri-a), n. an inscription of 
praise, especially the Gloria in Ex- 
celsis and Gloria Patri; a musical 
setting of these. 

glorification (-ri-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
act of glorifying; exaltation to honor 
and dignity; a jollification. 

glorify Cri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glori- 
fied, p.pr. glorifying], to raise in 
honor and dignity; magnify and 
honor in worship; adore; beautify. 

gloriole ('ri-ol), n. a circle of light. 

gloriosa (-ri-o'sa), n. genus of plants 
of the lily fatmily; with bright red 
or yellow flowers. 

glorious Cri-us), adj. full of glory; 
illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; 
exalted. 

glory Cri), n. [pi. glories ('riz) ], 
splendor; magnificence; brightness; 
praise ascribed in adoration dis- 
tinction; renown; honor; the Divine 
perfection or presence; the felicity 
of heaven; in art, a circle of rays 
surrounding the head of a saint: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. gloried, p.pr. glorying], 
to rejoice or exult (with in). 

gloss (glos), n. luster from a polished 
surface; specious show; an explana- 
tion or comment to elucidate some 
difficulty or obscurity in the text; a 
plausible, specious representation: 
v.t. to explain by notes or com- 
ments; palliate by plausible repre- 
sentation; varnish; make glossy: 
v.i. to annotate. 

glossa ('a), n. [pi. glossae ('e) ], the 
tongue, especially of insects. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GLOSSARIAL 



411 



GLYCERIDE 



glossarial (-a'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, a glossary. 

glossary Ca-ri), n. [pi. glossaries 
(-riz) ], a dictionary of obsolete, ob- 
scure, or technical words. 

glossily Ci-ii), adv. in a glossy man 
ner. 

glossiness ('i-nes), n. superficial lus- 
ter. 

glossitis (-i'tis), n. inflannnation of 
the tongue. 

glosso^ a prefix in scientific words 
meaning tongue^ or tongne-likej as 
^^ssocele, protrusion of the tongue 
due to inflammation. 

glossograph (glos'o-graf), n. an in- 
strument for recording the vibra- 
tions of the tongue in speaking. 

glossography (-og'ra-fi), n. an an- 
atomical description of the tongue. 

glossology (-oro-ji), n, that branch 
of anthropology which treats of the 
classification of languages; compar- 
ative philology. 

glossonomy (-on'o-mi), n. the sci- 
ence of language and the laws which 
govern it. 

glossy ('i), ^ adj, [comp, glossier, 
superl. glossiest], having a lustrous 
smooth surface; smooth and plausi- 
ble. 

glottal (glot'^1), adj. pertaining to, 
or produced by, the glottis. 

glott\c Cik), adj. pertaining to the 
tongue. 

glottis ('is), n. the small elastic ob- 
long opening at the top of the \sdnd- 
pipe, 

glove (gluv), n. a hand-covering with 
a separate sheath for each finger: 
pi. boxing-gloves: v.t. to cover with, 
or as with, a glove. 

glover ('er), o. a maker or seller of 
gloves. 

gloving ('ing), n. glove-making. 

glow (glo), v.i, to shine with intense 
heat; radiate heat and Hght; be in- 
candescent; be red or flushed; be 
animated with passion, love, zeal, 
&c.: n. intense or shining heat; in- 
candescence; redness, or brightness 
of color; passion; ardor. 



glower (glou'er), v.i. to stare with a 
threatening or angry countenance; 
frown. 

glowworm (glo'werm), n. a beetle, 
the wingless female of which emits 
a shining green light at night. 

gloxinia (gloks-in'-i-a) n. a genus of 
tropical plants with befl-shaped 
flowers. 

gloze (gloz), v.t. to gloss over. 

glucic acid (glbo'sik as'id), n. a col- 
orless hone3'-like compound obtained 
by the action of acids from cane- 
sugar. 

glucinum (-si'num), n. a metallic 
element resembling magnesium. 

glucose Ckos), n. the particular form 
of sugar existing in many animal 
and vegetable organisms: it is pro- 
duced for commercial use by the ac- 
tion of sulphuric acid on starch. 

glue (gloo), n. a tenacious viscid ce- 
ment made by boiling some ammal 
substance to a jelly: v.^. to unite or 
cement with glue. 

gluey Ci), adj. like glue; sticky. 

glum (glum), adj. gloomy; moody; 
sullen. 

glume (gloom), n. the husk of com 
or grasses. 

glut (glut), n. a superabimdance: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. glutted, p.pr. glutting], 
to fill to repletion; oversupply. 

gluten (gloo'ten), n. a tough grey al- 
buminous substance obtained from 
wheat and other grains. 

glutinous ('ti-nus), adj. viscid: 
gluey. 

glutton (glut'n), n. one who eats to 
excess; a carnivorous animal, the 
wolverine. 

gluttonize (-iz), v.i. to act as a 
glu tton. 

gluttonous (-us), adj. pertaining to, 
or characterized by, gluttony. 

gluttony (-i), n. pi. gluttonies (-iz)], 
the act or habit of eating to ex- 
cess. 

glyceric (glis'er-ik), adj. obtained 
from glycerine. 

glyceride (-id), n. an ether of glyc- 
erine. 



ate, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GLYCERINE 



412 



GOAD 



glycerine (glis'er-in), n. a sweet col- 
orless viscid liquid obtained from 
oils, fat, &c.: used extensively in 
various manufactures and medicine. 
Also glycerin. 

glycerol, another name for glycerine. 

glycogen (glfko-jen), n. a white in- 
soluble starch-like substance ob- 
tained from the livers of animals. 

glycol (gli'kol, or ^kol), n. a viscid 
Hquid, intermediate between glycer- 
ine and alcohol. 

glyph (glif), n. a perpendicular fluting. 

glyphic Cik), adj. pertaining to 
carving or sculpture: n. a hiero- 
glyphic. 

glyphography (-og'ra-fi), n. a meth- 
od of producing engravings in re- 
lief for printing, similar to electro- 
typy, after etching the picture on 
a copperplate covered thinly with 
wax. 

glyptic (ghp'tik), adj, pertaining to 
engraving on gems; figured: n.pL 
the art of engraving designs on pre- 
cious stones, ivory, &c. 

glyptograph ('to-graf), n, a design 
cut or engraved on a gem. 

gnarl (narl), n, a knot on the trunk 
or branch of a tree. 

gnarled ('d), ad^ full of knots: dis- 
torted. 

gnash (nash), v,t, to strike together, 
as the teeth: v.i. to grind the teeth 
in anger or agony. 

gnat (nat), n. a small stinging winged 
insect of several species, allied to 
the mosquito. 

gnaw (naw), v.t, to bite off, or eat 
away, by degrees; corrode; bite in 
agony, rage, or despair; fret; v.i. 
to exercise the teeth in biting re- 
peatedly; act as if by continual 
biting. • 

gneiss (nis), n. a crystallized rock 
composed of quartz, mica, and feld- 
spar. 

gnome (nom), n. a fabulous deformed, 
diminutive goblin, supposed to dwell 
in the earth or to be the guardian 
spirit of miners; a pithy or sen- 
tentious saying. 



gnomic ('mik), adj, dealing in, or 
containing, pithy or sententious say, 
ings; didactic. Also gnomical. 

gnomide ('mid), n. a female gnome, 
supposed to keep guard over dia- 
monds. 

gnomiometrical (-mi-o-met'ri-kM), 
adj, employed in the measurement 
of angles. 

gnomon ('mon), n. the style which 
by its shadow on a dial shows the 
time of day; the figures made up of 
the two complements of a parallelo- 
gram, together with either of the 
parallelograms about the diameter. 

gnomonics ('iks), n.'pl, the science 
of dialing. 

gnosiology (no-si-oFo-ji), n, that 
branch of philosophy that treats of 
the principles of cognition. 

gnosis ('sis), n, higher knowledge or 
insight. 

Gnostic (nos'tik), adj. pertaining to 
the Gnostics or the adherents of 
Gnosticism. 

gnostic, adj, knowing; shrewd. 

Gnosticism ('ti-sizm), n. a system 
of religion and Greek and Oriental 
philosophy (lst-6th century A.D.) 
intermediate between Christianity 
and paganism. 

gnu (noo), n, a ruminant horned ani- 
mal with a head resembling a buf- 
falo, of the antelope kind, inhabit- 
ing South Africa. 

go (go), v.i, [p.t, went, p.p. gone, 
p.pr, going], to depart; proceed; 
move on; pass from one state or 
place to another; conduce; contrib- 
ute; be habitually used or said; 
pass current; succeed; fall out or 
terminate; move by mechanism; 
strike, as a clock; act in harmony 
with; fit or suit; be expended; car- 
ry young in the womb: n, the fash- 
ion; enterprise or push; difficulty 
or scrape; a glass of spirits. 

goa ('a), n, the Tibetan gazelle. 

goad (god), n, a pointed stick to urge 
on cattle: v.t. to urge on with, or as 
with, a goad; stimulate: v.i, to act 
as a goad. 



ate, arm, S,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booa« 
book: hue. hut: think, then.. 



GOAF 



413 



GOLDEN AGE 



goaf (gof), n. [pi. goaves (govz) ], 
a place left in the old workings of a 
coal mine; the coal- waste left there 

goal (gol), n. the winning post at a 
race or at football; hence, the end 
aimed at. 

goat (got), n. a ruminating horned 
quadruped with long hair. 

goatee (go-te'), n. a goat-like beard. 

gobble (gob'l), v.L to swallow hasti- 
ly or greedily: v.i, to utter a cry like 
a turkey: n. the noise of a turkey; 
a quick straight stroke in putting at 
golf. 

gobelin (gol^e-lin, golDlin, go-be- 
langO, n. a-superior kind of French 
tapestry. 

go-between Cbe-twen), n. an inter- 
mediary. 

goblet (goblet), n. a drinking- vessel 
with a stem and without a handle. 

goblin ('hn), n an evil, mischievous 
spirit; gnome; fairy. 

goby (go'bi), n. [pi. gobies (Ibiz) ], 
a fish of peculiar shape. 

go-by ('bl), n. avoidance; evasion. 

go-cart ('kart), n, a contrivance for 
teaching children to walk; a child's 
cart; a light village cart. 

God (god), n. the Supreme Deity, 
and self-existent Creator or Up- 
holder of the Universe. ^ 

god, n. a supernatural being conceived 
of as possessing divine powers or 
attributes; idol; a person or thing 
deified or honored to excess; an oc- 
cupant of the upper gallery of a 
theater. 

godchild ('child), n. one for whom 
one is sponsor at baptism. 

goddess Cdes), n. sl female deity; a 
woman of superior charms or excel- 
lence. 

godfather ('fa-^/ier), n. one who 
acts as sponsor to another at bap- 
tism: v.t. to act as godfather to. 

Godhead Ched), n. the Divine es- 
sence, nature, and attributes; the 
Supreme Deity. 

godhood ('hood), n. divinity. 

godliness ('H-nes), n. piety; devotion. 

godly (li), adj, devout; pious. 



God-man ('man), n, the union of 
deity and manhood in Jesus Christ. 

godmother {'muth-er), n. a female 
sponsor at baptism. 

godroon (go-droon'), n. fluting or 
beading of ohve shape. 

God's-acre (godz'a-ker), n, a church- 
yard. 

godsend (god'send), n. imexpected 
assistance or acquisition. 

godspeed ('sped), n. success. 

godwit Cwit), n. a curlew-like bird. 

goer (go'er), n, one who, or that 
which, goes. 

goffer (gofer), v.t, to form flutes 
in; crimp. 

goffering (-ing), n. fluting for frills, 
&c.; indented ornamentation on the 
edge of a book. 

goggle (gog'l), v.i. to strain or roll 
the eyes: adj. staring; prominent: 
n. a strained or affected rolling of 
the eyes: pi. a particular kind of 
spectacles for protecting the eyes 
from dust, excessive Hght, &c. 

going (go 'ing), n. the act of depart- 
ing or moving; state of roads. 

goiter (goi'ter), n. a swelling of the 
glands in the front part and side of 
the neck; prevalent in mountainous 
districts. 

goitrous ('rus), adj. affected with 
goiter. 

Golconda (gol-kon'd^), n. a, mine of 
wealth. 

gold (gold), n. a metallic element, 
soft, ductile, and of a bright yellow 
color when pure; mone}^; wealth; 
precious or pure quality; in archery, 
the bull's-eye. 

gold-beater ('be-ter), n. one who 
beats gold into thin leaves for gild- 
ing. 

gold-bug Cbug), n. one who advo- 
cates gold as the only money stand- 
ard. 

gold-carp Ckarp), n. the goldfish. 

golden (gold'n), adj. formed of, con- 
sisting of, or resembling, gold; shin- 
ing; lustrous hke gold; bright; most 

' valuable; excellent. 

golden age, n. the fabled primeval 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue^ hut; think, then. 



GOLDEN NUMBER 



414 



GOODLINESS 



age of perfect human happiness and 
innocency. 

golden number (num'ber), n. a 
number which shows the year of the 
moon's cycle. 

golden-pheasant (-fez-^nt), n. a 
handsome Chinese pheasant. 

golden rod (-rod), n. a tall plant of 
the aster family v/ith yellow flowers. 

Golden Rule (rool), n, the rule to 
treat others as we ourselves wish 
to be treated (cf. Matthew vii. 12). 

goldfields ('feldz),^ n.pL auriferous 
deposits and diggings in Australia, 
Alaska, California, South Africa, &c. 

goldfinch ('finch), n, a beautiful 
singing bird with yellow-streaked 
wings and a red throat. 

goldfish Cfish), n, an orange-colored 
fresh-water fish of the carp family. 

goldsmith ('smith), n. a worker in 
gold, or dealer in gold-plate. 

goldylocks (-loks), n. a common 
name for various plants with yellow 
flowers, as the buttercup. 

golf (golf), n. a game played with a 
small gutta-percha ball and club- 
headed sticks, the object being to 
drive the ball into a series of small 
holes with the fewest possible 
strokes: v.i. to play golf. 

Golgotha (gol'go-th^), n. (Hebrew 
the place of a skull) the place where 
Jesus Christ was crucified. 

golgotha, n. a burial place. 

gommer (gom'er), n, milled amel- 
corn (an inferior wheat): much 
used in parts of Germany as an in- 
gredient in soups. 

gomphiasis (-fl'a-sis), n, looseness 
of the teeth. 

gomuti (go-moo'ti), n. a tough hair- 
like fiber obtained from the sago- 
palm: used for cordage; ejoo. 

gonad (gon'ad), n. a germ-gland. 

gonagra (go-nag'r§,), n, gout in the 
knee. 

gondola (gon'do-l§.) , n. a long nar- 
row Venetian pleasure boat pro- 
pelled by one oar; a flat-bottomed 
boat or railway car used for carry- 
ing coal, produce, &c. 



gondolier (-do-ler'), n. the rower of 

a gondola. 

gondolino (-le'no), n, sl racing gon- 
dola. 

gone (gon), p.adj. ruined; lost; char- 
acterized by faintness or weakness; 
carried away: said of a spar, &c. 

goneness ('nes), n. a state of weak- 
ness or collapse. 

goner Cer), n. one who is lost or 
ruined. 

gonfalon ('fa-Ion), n. standard or 
ensign, usually with streamers. 

gong (gong), n, sl tambourine-shaped 
musical instrument of bronze, which 
is struck by a padded stick. 

goniometer (go-ni-om'e-ter), n, an 
instrument for measuring angles. 

gono, a prefix in many scientific 
words, meaning generation, repro- 
duction, as monoblast, a reproduc- 
tive cell or bud. 

gonophore (gon'o-for), n, the gen- 
erative bud or receptacle of a hy- 
drozoan; in plants, an elongated re- 
ceptacle elevating the pistil and sta- 
mens above the floral envelope. 

gonorrhoea (-rea), n. a venereal dis- 
ease. 

good (good), adj. [comp, better, su- 
perl, best], having excellent quah- 
ties; proper, fit for, adapted, or con- 
ducive to, any particular object; 
pious; moral; kind; well-disposed; 
favorable ; beneficial ; convenient ; 
useful; unblemished; adequate; ex- 
pedient; rehable; well-informed; full; 
not irritable: n. that which contri- 
butes to happiness; moral quahties; 
prosperity; benefit: pi. household 
furniture; merchandise: inter j. an 
expression of assent or pleasure. 

good-bye (good-bi'), ^. salutation 
at parting; farewell greeting; con- 
traction of "God be with you'': adj. 
relating to parting. 

Good Friday (fri'da), n. a fast held 
in commemoration of the crucifixion 
of Jesus Christ on the Friday b&- 
for's Easter Day. 

goodliness ('h-nes), n. grace; physi- 
cal beauty. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boom 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GOODLY 



415 



GOSPEL 



goodly (li), ^ adj. [comp. goodlier, 
superl. goodliest], good-looking; no- 
ble; considerable; pleasant. 

goodman ('man), n. the master of a 
house. 

goodness ('nes), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being good; benevolence. 

goods and chattels (chat'iz), n. per- 
sonal property. 

goodwife (Vif), n. [pL goodwives 
('wlvz)], the mistress of a house. 

goodwill (-wir), n. benevolence; 
kindly feeling; the value a business 
has over and above stock-in-trade, 
&c.; the money paid for such value; 
friendly disposition. 

goody ('i), adj, affectedly or weakly 
pious; namby-pamby: n. {pi. good- 
ies) a poor old rustic woman; a 
kind of sweetmeat. 

googul (goo'gul), n. a gum obtained 
from a tree of the myrrh family. 

goose (goos), n. [pi. geese ^ (ges)], a 
web-footed domesticated bird of the 
genus Anser; a tailor's smoothing 
iron; a silly person. 

gooseberry (gooz'ber-i), n. [pi. goose- 
berries (-iz)], the fruit of a shrub of 
the genus Ribes; the shrub itself: 
adj. made of gooseberries. 

goose-flesh (goos'flesh), n. a pimpled 
condition of the skin resembling 
a plucked goose, caused by terror or 
cold. 

gooseneck (goos'nek), n. a bent iron 
fitted to the extremity of a boom or 
yard. 

gooses tep ('step), n. the peculiar 
parade-step of the German soldier. 

goosewing ('wing), n. a studding- 
sail; the lower corner of a fore-sail 
or square main-sail when the body 
of the sail is furled. 

gopher (go'fer), v.i. to mine unsys- 
tematically: n. a North A^nerican 
burrowing, rat-like rodent; a wood 
mentioned in the Old Testament 
(Gen. vi. 14). 

goral ('ril), n. the Nepaul antelope. 

Gordian (gor'di-^n), adj. pertaining 
to the Phrygian King Gordius, or to 
the intricate knot tied by him in his 



harness, which Alexander the Great 
cut with his srv^ord. 

gordian, n. anything intricate or 
difficult. 

gore (gor), n. congealed or clotted 
blood; a triangular piece sewn into 
a dress, sail, S:c.; a narrow or tri- 
angular piece of land: v.t. to pierce 
as with a horn; furnish with gores: 
said of a garment, &c. 

gorge (gorj),^ n. the throat; gullet; 
that which is gorged or swallowed; 
a narrow passage between moun- 
tains or hills: y.t. to swallow with 
greediness or in large mouthfuls; 
satiate: v.i. to feed greedily. 

gorged (gorj'd), adj. having a gorge; 
in heraldr}^, bearing a crown or the 
hke about the neck. 

gorgeous Cjus), adj. glittering in 
various colors; splendid; showy; in- 
chned to m.agnificence. 

gorget Cjet), n. a protective piece 
of armor for the throat or neck; a 
crescent-shaped breast-plate. 

Gorgon ('gun), n. one of three sis- 
ters in Greek mythology whose as- 
pect was so terrible that anj^one who 
beheld them was turned to stone. 

gorgoneia^ (-go-ni'a), n.pl. masks 
carried in the form of Gorgons' 
heads: used as keystones in arches. 

gorilla (go-rir&), n. an African an- 
thropoid ape some 5 ft. in height 
with powerful limbs; the largest 
ape known. 

gormand (gor 'mind), n. a greedy or 
ravenous eater; glutton; a connois- 
seur in table delicacies. 

gormandize (-iz), v.i. to eat greedily 
or voraciously. 

gorse (gors), n. the common furze; 
whin. ^ 

gorsy ('i), adj. covered with gorse. 

gory (gor'i), adj. covered or stained 
with gore. 

goshawk (gos'hawk), n. sl raptorial 
bird of the hawk family. 

gosling (goz'ling), n. a young goose; 
a catkin. 

Gospel (gos'pel), ?i. the announce- 
ment of the salvation of mankind by 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boOn, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GOSPELER 



416 



GRAB 



Jesus Christ; the history of the hfe 
and doctrines of Jesus Christ, con- 
tained in the four canonical books 
of SS. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and 
John; a selection from these in ths 
Church service the general doc- 
trines of the New Testament; some- 
thing received as infallibly true: 
adj, pertaining to the gospel. 

gospeler (-er), n, an evangelist; the 
priest who reads the gospel at the 
altar. 

gossamer ('i,-mer), n. a very fine 
spider^s web which floats in the air; 
a very thin soft filmy strong gauze: 
adj, very thin, like gossamer; flimsy. 

gossip ('ip), n, familiar or idle talk; 
scandal; a babbler? formerly a 
sponsor, neighbor, or friend: v.i. to tell 
idle tales about others; tattle; chat. 

gossoon (gos-soon'), n, a young lad. 

got, p.t. of get. 

Goth (goth), n. one of an ancient 
Teutonic tribe that overran the Ro- 
man Empire (3rd and 4th centuries 
A.D.); an uncivilized person, espe- 
cially one who is destitute of artis- 
tic taste. 

Gothic ('ik), adj. pertaining to the 
Goths or their language; denoting 
the style of architecture character- 
ized by high and pointed arches, 
clustered columns, &c.: n, the lan- 
guage of the Goths; the Gothic or 
pointed style of architecture. 

gouge (gouj), n. sl rounded hollow 
chisel for cutting grooves or holes; 
a swindle: v.t. to scoop out with a 
gouge: v.i. force out the eye with 
the thumb or finger. 

gouger ('er), n. one who, and that 
which, gouges; a swindler. 

goulash (goo 'lash), n. a Himgarian 
meat stew, richly seasoned. 

gourami (goo'r§,-mi), n. an Oriental 
fish, cultivated for food. Also go- 
ramy. 

gourd (gord), n. a plant and fruit 
of various species of the genus Cu- 
curbita, the shell of which is used 
for holding liquids; a gourd-shaped 
vessel. 



gourmand (goor-mang'), n. one «^ha 
has a gluttonous appetite. 

gourmet (gSor'ma'), n. an epicure. 

gout (gout), n. a painful inflamma- 
tory disease of the joints or extremi- 
ties, especially of the great toe. 

gouty (gout'i), adj. pertaimng to, or 
affected with, gout. 

govern (guv'ern), v.t. to control bv 
authority; regulate; direct; man- 
age; steer; restrain; require to be 
in a particular mood, case, &c.: v.i. 
to exercise authority; administer 
the law. 

governance (-Sns), n. government; 
control. 

governante (-int), n. a governess; 
duenna. 

governess (-es), n. a lady who trains 
and instructs children; an instruc- 
tress; teacher. 

governing (-ing), p.adj. exercising 
control; prevalent; ruling. 

government (-ment), n. the act of 
governing; administration of pub- 
lic affairs; established state of le- 
gal authority; executive power; 
self-control; relation between two 
words by which one determines the 
case or mood of another. 

governmental (-men't§.l), adj. per- 
taining to, connected with, or pro- 
ceeding from, the government. 

governor ('ern-er), n. one who is 
invested with supreme authority; 
chief ruler; tutor; a mechanical de- 
vice for regulating the speed of an 
engine, &c. 

gown (goun), n. a woman's outer 
garment, or dress; a long loose robe 
worn by university or professional 
men: the emblem of peace; a long 
loose outer covering or wrapper, as 
a dressing-gown, &c. 

gowned (gound), adj. attired in a 
gown. 

gownsman (z'm§,n), n. one who 
wears a gown professionally; a ci- 
vilian. 

gowt (gout), n. a sluice in an em- 
bankment for letting out water. 

grab (grab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grabbed* 



fite, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GRABBLE 



417 



GRAFT 



p.pr. grabbing], to seize suddenly 
and forcibly; snatch: n. a sudden 
and forcible seizure: a large East 
Indian coaster with two or three 
masts. 

grabble (1), vd. to feel about; grope. 

grabouge (gra-boozh'), n, a, card 
game. 

grace (gras), n. any excellence, char- 
acteristic attraction, or endowment, 
natural or acquired; elegance of 
action or language; beauty; embel- 
lishment; the unmerited favor and 
love of God toward man in Christ; 
divine sanctifying, regenerating, 
and preserving influence; spiritual 
excellence; virtue; a brief prayer 
before or after meals, a respectful 
title of address applied to an arch- 
bishop or duke; behavior or de- 
meanor; indulgence or privilege; in 
music, an ornamental note or pas- 
sage; an act, vote, or decree of the 
governing body of a university or 
college: t;.^ to adorn or embellish; 
honor; dignify; favor. 

graceful ('fool), adj. full of grace 
or beauty; easy and degant in man- 
ner or demeanor. 

gracefully (-h), adv. in a graceful 
manner. 

grace-note Cn5t), n. an ornamental 
note. 

gracious (gra'shus), adj. showing or 
bestowing grace, kindness, or mer- 
cy; affable; poUte. 

grackle (gmk'l), n. a starling-like 
bird. 

gradate (gra'dat), v.L to produce in 
grades; blend by gradation. 

gradatim (gr^rda'tim), adv. by de- 
grees. 

gradation (gra-da'shun), n. a regu- 
lar advance or progress, step by 
step; regular arrangement;^ a grad- 
ual blending of one tint into an- 
other; series; order. 

gradatory (grad'^-to-ri), adj. pro- 
ceeding by gradations; suited for 
walking: n.pl. (gradatories) sl se- 
ries of steps leading from a cloister 
into a church. 



grade (grad), n. a step or degree in 
rank, dignity, quahty, order, &c. 
the rise or descent of a railroad, &c. 
v.L to level and prepare (ground 
for laying the rails of a railway; 
arrange in a regular series: v.i. to 
take rank. 

gradely ('h), adv. decently; properly. 

Sfradient (gra'di-ent), adj. advancing 
by steps; walking or iiinning on 
legs; ascending or descending in a 
certain proportion: n. the incline of 
a railway or road; in meteorology, 
the rate of atmospheric pressure or 
temperature. 

gradine (-den) , n. a sculptor' s toothed 
chisel; a tier of seats (gra-dang'). 

gradusd (grad'u-al), adj. proceeding 
by degrees; step by step; regular 
and slow: n. a response sung after 
the Epistle; an ancient book of an- 
thems or scripture sentences: so 
called because some were chanted on 
the steps of the pulpit. Also grad- 
uale, grail. 

gradually (-li), adv. in a gradual 
manner. 

graduate ('u-at), n. one on whom 
an academical degree has been con- 
ferred: v.t. to mark with degrees or a 
scale; temper: v.i. to take or re- 
ceive an academical degree; change 
by degrees: adj. having been gradu- 
ated. 

graduation (-a'shun), n. the con- 
ferring or reception of an academi- 
cal degree; regular progression; a 
marking into degrees or parts. 

graduator ('u-^-ter),^ n. an I nstru- 
ment for dividing lines into equal 
minute parts; an electro-magnet for 
making and^ breaking gradually a 
telegraphic circuit. 

gradus (gra'dus), n. a dictionary of 
Greek and Latin prosody (Gradus 
ad Pamassum). 

graffito (graf-fe'to), n. [pi. graffiti 
('te) ], rude writing, or sketching, 
on the wall of an ancient building, 
as at Rome. 

graft (grMt), n. a small shoot of a 
tree inserted into another tree: 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon/ 
book; hue, hut; think, ^en. 



GRAFTER 



418 



GRANDEUR 



hence something incorporated with 
a foreign stock; an unlawful or ir- 
regular perquisite; a bribe; v.t. to 
insert as a shoot in another tree; 
join so as to receive support from 
anothing thing; in surgery, to trans- 
plant (tissue) : v,i. to practice graft- 
ing; to accept bribe money. 

grafter (graft er), n. an office holder, 
employ^ or any person under pay 
who uses the office to acquire per- 
quisites dishonestly. 

grail ^ (gral), n. a dish or chalice, es- 
pecially the Holy Grail (Sangreal), 
the cup used by Jesus Christ at the 
Last Supper, said to have been pre- 
served by Joseph of Arimathea, who 
collected in it some of the blood 
which flowed from our Lord on His 
crucifixion; a gradual. Also graal. 

grain (gran), n, any minute hard 
mass; a single seed of corn; the 
smallest particle or amount; a unit 
of weight = l-20th of a scruple, 
l-24th of a pennyweight; the ar- 
rangement CI particles in a body; 
texture; a red dye obtained fr^m 
cochineal insects: pL the refuse of 
malted barley: v.t, form into grains; 
to paint in imitation of the grain of 
wood. 

grainer ('er), n, one who imitates 
the grain or texture of wood; a 
graining tool. 

graining ('ing), n. painting in imi- 
tation of the grain or texture of 
wood; a process in dyeing; the peb- 
bling of paper or leather in book- 
binding. 

gram, see gramme. 

grama-grass (gra'm§,-gr§.s), n, Sb 
low pasture grass of the West and 
Southwest United States. 

gramercy (gr^-mer'si), inter j, great 
thanks! 

graminivorous (gram-i-niv'o-rus), 
adj, feeding on grasses. 

grammalogue ('^-log), n. in pho- 
nography, a word represented by a 
single sign. 

grammar ('er), n. the art of speak- 
ing or writing a language correct- 



ly; the science that treats of the 
principles that govern the correct 
use of language; an elementary 
treatise. 

grammarian (-ma'ri-§,n), n. one 
who is versed in grammar; a phi- 
lologist. 

grammatical (-at'ik-M), adj, per- 
taining to grarhmar, or its rules. 

grammatically (-li), adv, in a gram- 
matical manner. 

grammaticism (S-sizm), n, a point 
in grammar. 

grammaticize ('i-siz), v,U to render 
grammatical. 

gramme ^ (gram), n, the unit of 
weight in the metric system, 15.43 
grains troy. Also gram. 

grammopetalous (-o-pet'S.-lus), ddji 
having the petals very narrow. f 

gramophone ('o-fon), n, an instru- 
ment for recording and reproducing 
speech. 

grampus ('pus), n. a large cetacean, 
akin to the porpoise; a corpulent 
person. 

granadilla (gran-^-dil'^), n, the edi- 
ble fruit of a species of passion- 
flower. 

granary C^-ri), n. [pZ. granaries 
(-riz) ], a store-house for grain ;^ a 
country where grain is the chief 
product. 

grand (grand), adj, high in dignity 
or power; illustrious; chief; great; 
magnificent; splendid; sublime; no- 
ble; of striking excellence or im- 
pressive dignity; conceived or ex- 
pressed in dignified language; com- 
prehensive; complete; the second 
degree of parentage or descent: n, 
a grand piano. 

grandam (gran'dam), n. a grand- 
mother; an old woman. 

grandchild (grand 'child), n, the 
child of one's son or daughter. 

granddaughter ('daw-ter), n, the 
daughter of one's son or daughter. 

grandee Cgran-de'), n, B, Spanish no- 
bleman of the highest rank, 

grandeur Cjur), n. greatness; vast- 
ness; sublimity; splendor of ap- 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GRANDFATHER 



419 



GRASP 



pearance; social distinction and 
display; elevation of thought, sen- 
timent, or demeanor. 

grandfather (grand'fa-^/ier), n. the 
father of one's father or mother. 

gr andiloquent (gran-diFo-kwent) , 
adj. speaking in, or characterized 
by, a lofty or bombastic style. 

grandiose {'di'6s),adj, really or af- 
fectedly grand or impressive. 

grandparent ('par-ent), n. the par- 
ent of one's parent. 

grandsire ('sir), n. a grandfather; 
male ancestor. 

grandson ('sun), n. the son of one's 
son or daughter.^ 

grand vizier (viz'er), n. the chiet 
minister of the Turkish Empire. 

grange (granj), n. a farm with its 
dwelling-house, appurtenances, &c.; 
a local lodge of the Patrons of Hus- 
bandry, a powerful agricultural as- 
sociation in the United States. 

granite (gran'it), n. a massive crys- 
talUne rock composed of quartz, 
feldspar, and mica. 

granitic (-it'ik), adj, pertaining to, 
or formed of, granite. 

granitoid (granl-toid), adj. resem- 
bling granite. 

granivorous^ (gra-niv'o-rus), adj, eat- 
ing grain; Hving on seeds. 

granny, abbreviation of grand- 
mother. 

grant (grant), v.t. to give or confer, 
especially in response to a request; 
admit as true (what has not been 
proved); concede; transfer the title 
of, for any good consideration: n. 
the act o^ granting; a gift; a be- 
stowing; an allowance; the thing 
conveyed; an admission or conces- 
sion. 

grantee (-e'), n. the person to whom 
property is transferred by deed, <fec. 

granter ('er), n. one who grants. 

grantor Cer), n. one who transfers 
property by deed, &c. 

granular (gran'u-lar), adj. composed 
of, or resembling, grains or granules. 

granulate ('u-lat), v.t. to form into 
grains or small masses; roughen 



the surface of: v.i, to become granu- 
lar. 

granule ('ul), n. a small grain or 
particle. 

granulosa ('u-l6s), n. the more solu- 
ble part of starch grains in plants, 
capable of being formed into sugar. 

grape (grap), n. the fruit of the 
grape-vine; a vine of the genus 
Vitis; grape-shot. 

grapery ('er-i), n. a vinery. 

grape-shot ('shot), n. a cluster of 
small shot arranged in tiers of three 
shots each between plates, so as to 
disperse when fired. 

graphic (rgaf'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the art of writing or delineating; 
vividly described; well delineated; 
life-hke. Also graphical. 

graphically (-^1-U), adv. in a graph- 
ic manner. 

graphite ('It), n. a metaUic variety 
of carbon. 

graphitic (gra-fit'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or obtained from, graphite. 

grapho, a prefix meaning writing or 
delineation, as ^rap/iophone, an in- 
strument resembling the phono- 
graph, but having a rubber cylinder 
instead of one of wax. Also graph. 

graphology (graf-ol'o-ji), n. the art 
of describing character by the hand- 
writing. 

graphometer (-om'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the degrees 
in an angle. 

graphophone. See under grapho.^ 

graphotype ('o-tip), n. a chemical 
process for producing surface-blocks 
speedily; the chalk process. 

grapnel (grap'nel), n. a kind of small 
anchor usually with flukes; heavy 
tongs used for lifting stone, ice, &c. 

grapple (grap'l), v.t. to lay fast hold 
of: v.i. struggle or contend in close 
fight: n. a close fight; a seizing; 
close hold, as in wrestling, &c.; a 
mechanical de\dce for taking hold 
of anything. 

grasp (grasp), v.t. to seize or catch 

' at; hold by clasping or contracting: 

v.i. to endeavor to seize; struggle 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met;* mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GRASPING 



420 



GRAVITATE 



or grapple; lay hold of greedily; 
encroach: n. a seizure of the hand; 
reach of the hand; power of seiz- 
ure; hold; intellectual capacity. 

grasping Cing), p. adj, avaricious. 

grass (gras), n. field or hill pasture; 
herbage having hollow- jointed stalks, 
a husky calyx, and the seed single; 
springtime; that which is subject 
to decay: v.t. to cover with grass 
or turf; bleach, by exposure on 
grass; pasture or graze. 

grasshopper ('hop-er), n, a large 
nimble insect of the locust kind. 

grassiness ('i-nes), n, the state of 
being grassy. 

grass-widow ('wid-o), n, a wife 
whose husband is away, or divorced. 

grassy ('i), adj. abounding in, cov- 
ered with, or like, grass. 

grate (grat), n. a framework of iron 
bars to hold fuel ; a set of bars: v.t. 
to rub or wear away by the friction 
of a rough body; produce a sound 
of by the friction of rough or hard 
surfaces; grind down; furnish with 
a grate: v.i. make a harsh noise; 
produce mental irritation. 

grateful Cfool), adj. thankful; 
pleasurable. 

gratefully (-li), adv. in a grateful 
manner. 

graticulation (gr§.-tik-u-la'shun) , n. 
the art of dividing a plan, &c., into 
small squares for reduction or en- 
largement. 

gratification (grat-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of gratifying; satisfaction; 
pleasure; reward or recompense. 

gratify ('i-fi), v.t.[p.t. &v.p. gratified, 
p.pr. gratifying], to afiord pleasure 
to; indulge; delight; humor. 

grating (gracing), n. an open frame- 
work or lattice of bars: p. adj. 
harsh; irritating. 

gratis (gra'tis), adv. gratuitously. 

gratitude (grat'i-tud), n. the state 
of being grateful; appreciation of 
favors received; thankfulness. ^ 

grattoir (gr^t-twar'), n, a chipped 
stone or flint implement. 

gratuitous (gr§,-tu'i-tus), adj. free- 



ly bestowed; 'voluntary; without 
cause or provocation; granted with- 
out merit or claim. 

gratuity ('i-ti),^ n. [pi. gratuities 
(-tiz) 1, a donation or present; free 
gift. 

gravamen ^ (gra-va'men), n. cause- 
of complaint or action. 

grave (grav), adj. serious; solemn; 
thoughtful; sedate; important; in 
grammar, the grave, or long-sound- 
ing accent; plain; slow in move- 
ment; very deep in pitch [mus.]: 
n. an excavation in the earth for 
the reception of a dead body; place 
of interment; place of great slaugh- 
ter or mortality; the place of the 
dead (Hades): v.t. to shape or 
carve by cutting with a chisel; en- 
grave. 

gravel (grav'l), v.t. to cover with 
gravel; run aground on a beach: 
said of a vessel; embarrass; lame 
a horse by gravel under the shoe: 
n. fragments of rock coarser than 
sand, and frequently intermixed 
with it; a disease occasioned by the 
presence of calculi in the bladder 
and kidneys. 

gravelly (-li), adj. composed of, or 
abounding in, gravel. 

gravely (grav'h), adv. in a grave 
manner. 

graver ('er), n. o, cutting tool used 
by engravers and sculptors; an en- 
graver, or carver in stone. 

gravestone (grav'ston), n. sl stone 
placed at a grave. 

graveyard (grav'yard), n. a burial 
ground; a cemetery. 

gravid (grav'id), adj. pregnant. 

gravied (gra'vid), adj. covered, or 
served with, gravy. 

gravimeter (gra-vim'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the spe- 
cific gravity of liquid or sohd bodies. 

gravimetric (grav-i-met'rik), adj. de- 
termined by weight. 

graving (grav'ing), n. the act of en- 
graving or incising; the clearing of 
the bottom of a ship. 

gravitate (grav'i-tat), v.i. to be acted 



ate, arm, .^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 



GRAVITATION 



421 



GREEK-FIRE 



upon or attracted by the force 
of gravity; be naturally attracted. 

gravitation (-i-ta'shun), n. the force 
which attracts material bodies to 
each other. 

gravity ('i-ti), n, that force which 
tends to draw all bodies toward 
the center of the earth; weight; im- 
portance; seriousness; solemnity; 
weight of guilt; lowness of a tone 
or note [mus.]. 

gravy (gra'vi), n. [pi. gravies ('viz) ], 
the fatty juice from roasting flesh. 

gray, another form of grey. 

graybooky n, official name of a col- 
lection of diplomatic messages issued 
by Belgium just before the European 
War of 1914. 

grayling (gra'ling), n, a fresh-water 
fish of the salmon family. 

graze (graz), v.t, to furnish pasture 
for; touch or rub lightly: v.i. to eat 
grass; move along while grazing: n. 
a slight rub or touch. 

grazier (gra'zher), n. one who pas- 
tures cattle or breeds them for the 
market. 

grease (grez), n. soft animal fat; 
oily matter; inflammation of the 
hoof and fetlock in horses, with a 
fetid discharge: v.t. to smear or 
rub with grease; cause to move easi- 
ly; bribe. 

greaser ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, greases; a Mexican, or Mex- 
ican Creole. 

greasily Ci-li), adv. in a greasy manner. 

greasiness (1-nes), n. the state of 
being greasy. 

greasy ('i), adj, [comp. greasier, sii- 
perl, greasiest], resembling, smeared, 
or spotted with, grease; oily; unctu- 
ous; foggy; muddy. 

great (grat), adj. large; chief; prin- 
cipal; weighty; marvelous; eminent; 
illustrious; high in rank or position; 
subhme; noble; able; accomplished; 
long-continued; magnanimous; high- 
minded; wealthy; sumptuous; proud; 
swollen; pregnant; intimate; denot- 
ing a step of ascending or descending 
consanguinity: adv. very much: n. 



the whole, or gross; noble, or 
influential, people. 

Greater Britain ('er-brit'n), n. the 
■ colonies of Great Britain. 

Great Father (fa'^/ier), n. name given 
by the American Indians to the 
chief executive of the United States. 

great primer (grat prim'er), n. a 
size of type (see type) . 

great seal (sel), n. the chief ofiicial 
seal of a kingdom, government, 
state, &c. 

Great Spirit (spir'it), n. the title 
applied to the Supreme Being by 
the Red Indians. 

greaves (grevz), n.pl. armor to pro- 
tect the legs from the ankle to the 
knee; the sediment of melted tallow. 

grebe (greb), n. a four-toed tailless 
diving bird. 

Grecian (gre'sh5.n), adj. pertaining 
to Greece; a native or inhabitant of 
Greece; a Greek scholar. 

Grecian bend (bend), n. a fashion 
prevalent among women in 1868 of 
bending the body forward in walk- 
• ing. 

Grecism ('sizm), n. a Greek idiom. 

Grecize (gre'slz), v.t. to make Gre- 
cian; translate into Greek: v.i. to 
imitate the Greeks in language, man- 
ner, &c. 

Greco, a prefix meaning Greek. 

greed (gred), n. avarice; greediness. 

greedily Ci-h), adv. in a greedy 
manner. 

greediness ('i-nes), n. the quahty of 
being greedy. 

greedy ('i), adj. [comp. greedier, 
superl. greediest], voracious; glut- 
tonous; eagerly desirous; covetous. 

Greek (grek), adj. pertaining to, or 
resembling, Greece or the Greeks; 
Hellenic: n. a Grecian; the lan- 
guage of ancient and modem Greece; 
something unintelligible. 

Greek Church (cherch), n. the East- 
ern or Oriental Church. 

Greek-cross ('kros), n. a cross with 
four equal arms. 

Greek-fire Cflr), n. an inflammable 
material used by the ancient Greeks 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
♦ book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GREEK ORDERS 



422 



GRIEVOUS 



in warfare: said to have been inex- 
tinguishable in water. 

Greek orders (or'derz), n.pL in 
architecture, the Doric, Ionic, and 
Corinthian orders. 

green (gren), adj. having the color 
of growing grass or plants; of a 
color omposed of blue and yellow; 
fresh; flourishing; unripe; not salted; 
immature; inexperienced; raw; 
pale; sickly; not four months old: 
said of a goose: n, a grass plot 
or common: v.L to make green: v.i. 
to become green. 

greenback ('bak), n, a paper money 
(U. S. legal-tender note) with a 
green back, first issued in 1862. 

greencorn ('korn), n. immature maize 
used in cooking. 

greenfinch ('finch), n. the green 
grosbeak. 

greenfly ('fli), n. a green plant-louse. 

green goods (gren' goodz), n. term 
used by counterfeiters for counter- 
feit paper money. 

greenhorn ('horn), n, a sinvpleton; 
novice. 

greenhouse (Tious), n. a conserv atory . 

greenroom ('room), n, the actors^ 
retiring-room in a theater. 

green sickness ('sik-nes), n, chloro- 
sis. 

greet (gret), v.t, to salute in kind- 
ness or respect; congratulate: v.i, 
to exchange greetings. 

greeting ('ing), n, salutation; Wel- 
come. 

gregale (gr§;-ga1a), n. a cold dry 
northeast wind prevB^iling at M^lta; 
the euroclydon. 

gregarian (gre-ga'ri-an), odj. lav- 
ing in herds; common. 

gregarina (greg-§,-ri'n^), n. a very 
minute parasite belonging to the 
Protozoa. 

gregarious (gre-ga'ri-us), ad[;. asso- 
ciating or going together in herds. 

grege (grej), n. raw silk. 

Gregorian calendar (kal'en-der), n, 
the reformed calendar introduced, 
1582, by Pope Gregory XIII. 

Gregorian chant (chS^nt), n, the 



mediaeval system of choral music, in- 
troduced by Pope Gregory the 
Great; plain song. 

gremial (gre'mi-M), an ecclesias- 
tical vestment worn by a bishop of 
the Roman Catholic Church. 

grenade (gren-ad'), n. an explosive 
shell fired by a fuse and thrown by 
hand. 

grenadier (gren-§,-der'), n. originally 
a foot soldier who threw grenades, 
now a soldier of the Grenadier 
Guards. 

grenadine (-§.-den'), n, a dress fabric 
of thin gauzy silk or wool; a dyestuff. 

gres (gra), n, a. fine stoneware made 
in Germany. 

gressorial, n. suitable for walking. 

grew, y.t, of grow. 

grey (gra), adj, of a white color 
with a mixture of black; hoary; ma- 
ture: n. a grey horse. 

greybeard ('berd), n. an old man. 

greyhound ('hound), n. a slender 
swift hound used for coursing. 

griddle (grid'l), n. a broad shallow 
pan, used for cooking cakes; a large 
sieve for sifting ore. 

griddle-cake (-kak), n. a thin but- 
ter cake. 

gride (grid), «;.f. to Jar harshly. 

gridelin (grid'e-lin), n. a color mixed 
of white and red, or a grey violet. 

gridiron Cirn),^ n, a grated iron 
utensil for broiling meat or fish; a 
contrivance for examining and re- 
pairing the hulls of ships. 

grief (gref), n. mental pain on ac- 
. count of present or past trouble; 
that which causes sorrow or sad- 
ness; physical pain. 

grievance (grev'^ns), n, a sense of 
wrong or oppression; just or sup- 
posed ground of complaint; an in- 
justice; cause of annoyance. 

grieve (grev), v.t, to cause to ex- 
perience grief; afflict mentally: v,i, 
to be in sorrow; lament. ^ 

grievous ('us), adj, causing grief or 
sorrow; hard to be borne; painful; 
oppressive; pitiable; atrocious; vex- 
atious. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, t/ien. ^ 



GRIFFIN 



423 



GRIT 



griffin ('in), n, a fabulous animal 
with the body and legs of a lion, 
the wings and beak of an eagle, and 
with listening ears; a watchful 
chaperon. Also griffon and* gryphon. 

grig (grig), n. a grasshopper; crick- 
et; the sand-ell; heather. 

grill ^ (gril), v.t, to broil; torment, 
as if by grilHng: v.i, to be broiled: 
n. a gridiron; grilled meat. 

grillade ^ (-ad'), n, the act of grill- 
ing; grilled meat. 

grillage ('aj), n. an arrangement of 
sleepers and crossbeams forming a 
foimdation in loose or marshy soil 
for erections. 

grille (gre-la), n. lace with a back- 
ground of parallel bars. 

grille (gril), n. an open grating or 
screen of wrought metal; a kind of 
frame for hatching fish. 

grim (grim), adj. [comp, grimmer, 
superl. grimmest], of a forbidding 
aspect; stern and surly; hideous; 
frightful; cruel; unjdelding. 

grimace (gri-masO, n, a distortion 
of the countenance; smirk: v.i. to 
make grimaces. 

grimalkin (-mawlTdn), n. an old 
cat. 

grime (grim), n. foul matter; dirt 
deeply ingrained: v.t. to make dirty 
or grimy. 

grirr*ily ('i-li), adv, in a grimy man- 
ner. 

griminess ('i-nes), ». the state of 
being grimy. 

grimy ('i), adj. full of grime. 

grin (grin), n, the act of closing the 
teeth and showing them; a broad 
smile v.i. [p.t. & p.p. grinned, p.pr. 
grinning], to show the teeth in 
laughter, scorn, or pain: v.t. to ex- 
press by grinning. 

grind (grind), v.t. [p.t. ' p.p. & ground, 
p.pr. grinding], to pulverize or reduce 
to powder by friction; sharpen or 
smooth by friction; grate; oppress; 
harass; prepare for examination; 
study hard: v.i. to perform the act 9! 
grinding; be rubbed together: n, 
the act of grinding; tedious work. 



grinder ('er), o. one who, or that 
which, grinds; a molar tooth; one 
who coaches pupils for an examina- 
tion. 

grindstone ('ston), n. a flat, circu- 
lar stone for sharpening tools, &c. 

gringo, n. Sp. Amer. term for for- 
eigner, from Griego (Greek). 

grinningly (grin'ing-h), adv. with a 
grm. 

grip (grip), n. a grasp with the hand; 
a holding fast; that by which^ any- 
thing is held firmly; a particular 
mode of grasping the hand, as 
among Freemasons; grasping pow- 
er; a small ditch or trench; grippe: 
v.t. to grasp, or seize: v.i. to take 
fast hold. 

gripe (grip), n. a clasping with the 
hand or arms; a squeeze ;^ pressure; 
pinching distress: pi. colic: v.t. to 
hold with closed fingers; grasp; 
hold tightly; seize; clutch; op- 
press; pinch; v.i. to take firm hold. 

griping ('ing), adj. avaricious. 

grippe (grip, or grep), n. influenza. 
Also grip. 

gripper (grip'er), n. one who, or 
that which, grips; a mechanical de- 
vice for seizing and holding. 

grisaille (gri-zal' or gri-za'ya), n. 
a method of painting in grey tints, 
so as to represent a solid body in 
bas-rehef. 

grisette^ (gre-zef) n. a Parisian 
shop-girl; a French girl of the 
operative class who dresses coquet- 
tishly; a moth. 

griskin (gris'kin), n. a hog's spine. 

grisly (griz'U), adj. terrible; savage- 
looking. 

grisly. Same as grizzly. 

grison (gri'sun), n. a carnivorous 
mammal of South America resem- 
bhng a weasel. 

grist (grist), n. grain for grinding; 
ground corn; provision or supply. 

gristle (gris'l), n. cartilage. 

gristly ('h), adj. cartilaginous. 

grit (grit), n. rough, hard particles, 
as sand, &c., a hard sandstone com- 
posed of sharp silicious grains; the 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 

Die. 28 



GRITTINESS 



424 



GROUND 



coarse part of meal; firmness of 
character; courage: pL oats hulled 
and coarsely ground. 

grittiness (l-nes), n. the state of 
being gritty. 

gritty ('i), adj. composed of, con- 
taining, or resembling, grit; cour- 
ageous. 

grisszly ('h), adj, somewhat grey: 
n. the grizzly bear, a large, fierce 
bear of North America. 

groan (gron), n, a low, deep sound 
uttered in pain or sorrow; a deep, 
rumbling sound expressive of dis- 
approbation or ridicule; a low, 
dismal sound, as of the wind: v.i, 
to utter a groan; lament; be bur- 
dened: v.t to express disapproval of 
by groans. 

groat (grot), n. formerly a silver 
coin current in England, value 4d.; 
a trifling sum: jpl. hulled oats. 

grocer (gro'ser), n. one who sells 
groceries. 

grocery (-1), n. {pi. groceries (-iz) 1, 
tea, coffee, sugar, spices, &c. (usu- 
ally pi.)) a grocer's shop; a grog- 
shop. 

grog (grog), n. a mixture of spirits 
and water; spirituous liquor: v.t. 
to make into grog by the addition 
of water. 

groggery ('er-i), n. a low drinking 
place; a grog-shop. 

grogginess ('i-nes), ru the state of 
being groggy. 

grogging Cing), n. the extraction of 
spirits from empty casks by hot 
water. 

groggy ('i), adj. tipsy; moving with 
an unsteady gait: said of horses; 
staggering as if dazed: said of a 
pugihst. 

groin (groin), n. the depressed part 
of the human body between the 
thigh and the belly j the angular 
curve made by the intersection of 
two arches: v.t. to build or form 
into groins. 

grommet (grom'et), n. a ring formed 
of a strand of rope laid round; an 
eyelet of metal; a cannon-wad made 



of rope, and rammed between the 
powder and the ball. 

groom (groom), n. a man or boy who 
has charge of horses; a bridegroom; 
the title of several officers of the 
royal household: v.t. to feed and 
take care of, as a groom does a 
horse; curry and brush. 

groomsman (groomz'mi,n), n, one 
who attends a bridegroom; best man. 

groove (groov), n. a channel or fur- 
row, especially as cut by a tool; set- 
tled habit or routine: v.t, to form 
or cut a groove in. 

grope (grop), v.i. to feel one's way 
with the hands, as in the dark; seek 
blindly: v.t. to search out, as in 
the dark, by feehng with the hands. 

gros (gro), n. a heavy silk fabric. 

grosbeak (gros'bek), n. the name of 
various warblers with a large stout 
beak, allied to the finches. 

grosgrain (gro'gran), w. a stout 
double-corded silk. 

gross (gros), adj. bulky; thick; coarse; 
rude; indehcate; flagrant; dull; 
heavy; corpulent; dense; whole: n. 
12 dozen; main body; mass; entire 
amount. 

grossuline (gros'u-lin) , n. a principle 
obtained from certain acid fruits, 
as gooseberries. Also grossahne. 

grot (grot), n. a grotto [poet.]. 

grotesque (gro-tesk'), adj. fantas- 
tically or oddly formed; extrava- 
gant; whimsical; ridiculous: n. whim- 
sical ornamentation, figures, or 
scenery; the incongruous or uncouth 
in art. 

grotto (grot'o), n. a natural or arti- 
ficial cavern in the earth. 

grotto-work (-werk), n. ornamental 
work in imitation of grottos. 

grouch (grouch), n. a sulky mood. 

grouchy (grouch'i), adj, sullen; ill- 
tempered. 

ground (ground), n. the earth or 
soil; surface of a floor or pave- 
ment; land; territory; country; es- 
tate; foundation; ^Jause or reason; 
origin; original principle; a funda- 
mental or preparatory part in va- 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen, 



GROUND-HOG 



425 



GRUYERE 



rious arts; plain song: pi. dregs 
or sediment: v.t. to place or set on, 
or in, the ground; settle in first 
principles; base; cover with paint 
or plaster; run aground: v.i. to take 
the ground; place dependence on: 
adj, fundamental: p.t, & p.p. of 
grind. 

ground-hog ('hog), n, the wood- 
chuck; the aardvark. 

groundsel ('sel), n. Sb weed of the 
aster family with yellow flowers. 

ground-swell ('swel), n. a broad, 
deep heavy, rolling sea, caused by a 
distcint storm or earthquake. 

group (groop), n. a small crowd or 
assemblage; a cluster; an assem- 
blage of figures or objects forming 
an artistic whole; a division of 
organisms with certain characteris- 
tics; the chief division of a geological 
system: v.t. to form into a group. 

grouse (grous), n. red and black 
heath-game; partridge; pheasant; 
prairie-hen. 

grout (grout), n. mortar or cement 
mixed with gravel, used for founda- 
tions and joints of masonrj^; a fine 
plaster for ceilings; coarse meal: v.t. 
to surround or fill in with grout. 

grouty (grout 'i), cross; sulky; dreg- 
gy. 

grove (grov); n. a small wood; a row 
of trees shading an avenue. 

grovei (grov'el), v.i. to lie prone; 
move with the body prostrate on the 
ground; be mean or debased. 

groveler (-er), n. one who grovels. 

groveling (-ing), p. adj. lying pros- 
trate; mean; undignified. 

grow (gro), v.t. [p.t. grew, p.p. grown, 
p.pr. growing], to cultivate: v.i. 
to increase in stature or size by 
natural organic development; be 
produced by vegetation; increase; 
flourish; thrive; become; advance; 
become fixed or attached. 

growl (groul), n. a deep angry snarl 
or murmur: v.i. to snarl or murmur 
like a dog; grumble. 

growler ('er), n. one who, and that 
which, growls; a North American 



perch; a four-wheeled cab; pitcher 

or pail of beer. 

grown, p.p. of grow. 

growth (groth), n. the progressive 
increase of animal or vegetable bod- 
ies; advancement; increase; progress; 
result; effect. 

grub (grub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grub- 
bed, p.pr. grubbing], to dig up; root 
out of the ground; provide with 
food: v.i. to drudere or toil; per- 
form dirty work: 7i. the larva of a 
beetle, moth or other insect; food; 
a sloven or dirty person. 

grubber ('er), one who, or that 
v.hich, grubs. 

grub-stake (grub'-stak), n, outfit 
given to a miner for exploration. 

grude (grud), n. a person -with am 
extreme grouch. 

grudge (gruj), v.t. to regard witk 
envy or discontent; give or take 
with reluctance: n. secret malice or 
ill-will; an old disHke or quarrel. 

gruel (groo'el), n. a light semi-Hquid 
food made of oatmeal, «fec., for in- 
vahds. 

gruesome (groo'sum), adj.'' horrible 
of aspect; inspiring gloom or horror. 

gruff (gruf), cidj. rough or surly im 
voice or manner; harsh; hoarse. 

gru-gru (groo'groo), n. the larva of 
a South American weevil, cooked foi 
food as a dehcacy. 

grumble (grum'bl), v.i. to murmui 
discontentedly; find fault. 

grumbling ('bUng), n. the act oi 
murmuring discontentedly. 

grumous (groo'mus), adj. consisting 
of clustered grains; thick or clotted. 

grumpily (grump'i-ii), adv. in a 
grumpy manner. 

grumpiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being grumpy. 

grumpy ('i), adj. surly; cross; low- 
spirited. 

grunt (grunt), n. the guttural noise 
of a hog; an edible marine Ameri- 
can fish: v.i. to make a noise like a 
hog. 

gruyere (groo-yarO, n. a Swiss or 
French cheese made from skim-milk. 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; mS, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thea. 



GRYPOSIS 



426 



GUIDE 



gryposis (gri-po'sis), n. an ingrow- 
ing of the nails. Also gryphosis. 

grysbok (gris'bok), n. a South Afri- 
can antelope. 

guaco (gwa'ko), n. a tropical Ameri- 
can plant, used as a specific for 
snake-bites. 

Guaiacum (gwi'§,-kum), n, a genus 
of tropical American and West In- 
dian shrubs and trees from which a 
resin, extensively used in medicine, 
is obtained. 

guan (gwan), n. a gallinaceous bird 
of South America. 

guanaco (gwa-na'ko), n, the wild 
llama of the Andes. 

guaniferous (gwa-nif'er-us), adj, 
yielding guano. 

guanine Cnin), n. a principle found 
in guano, pancreatic juice, &c. 

guano ('no), n. the dung of sea-birds 
found in thick layers in South 
America and Africa, yielding a valu- 
able manure. 

guarantee (gar-an-teO, n, an en- 
gagement made by a third person 
to secure the fulfillment of an agree- 
ment; one who becomes surety for 
the performance of another's acts: 
v.t. to undertake that another shall 
perform a certain stipulation; war- 
rant; be responsible for. Also guar- 
anty. 

guarantor ('an-tor), n. one who 
guarantees, or makes, a guaranty. 

guaranty, the legal form of guarantee. 

guard (gard), v,L to watch over or 
protect; preserve by caution; shield 
or defend: v.i, be cautious (with 
against):^ n, security or defense 
against injury or attack; a state 
of vigilance or caution ; ^ attention ; 
any contrivance or ^ device for se- 
curity; an official in charge of a 
train; a man or body of men em- 
ployed for defense or control. 

guarded ('ed), p.adj. defended; care- 
ful; cautious; circumspect. 

guardian ('i-any, n. one who has the 
care of the person or property of 
another; a warden: aci;. protecting; 
tutelary. 



guard-ship ('ship), n, a warship 
stationed at a port or harbor for its 
protection. 

guardsman (z'm§,n), n. [pi. guards- 
men ('men) ], an officer or soldier of 
the guards. 

guava ^ (gwa'vl.), a tree of tropical 
America yielding a pear-shaped 
fruit, from which a jelly is made. 

gubernatorial (gu-b er-na-to 'ri-al) , 
adj, pertaining to a governor or to 
his office. 

gudgeon (guj'un), n, a small edible 
fresh-water fish; a person who is 
easily imposed upon; an iron pin 
or shaft on which a wheel revolves. 

guerdon (ger'dun), n. a reward. 

guerilla (ger-il'a), n, one of an ir- 
regular force engaged in harassing 
an enemy in small bands; petty war- 
fare; adj. belonging to, or consisting 
of, guerillas; pertaining to irregular 
warfare. 

Guernsey (gern'zi), n. a breed of 
dairy cattle from the island of 
Guernsey. 

guernsey (gern'zi), n, a close-fitting 
knitted woolen shirt. 

guess (ges), n. a conjecture; the act 
of guessing: v.t. to hit upon at ran- 
dom; believe or think: v.i. to con- 
jecture. 

guess-work ('werk), n. random con- 
jecture; work performed by guess. 

guest (gest), n. one who is entertained 
at the house or table of another. 

guevi (gwa've), n, a South African 
antelope. 

guffaw (guf-faw'), n, a rude boister- 
ous laugh. 

guffer ('er), n. the eel-pout. 

guhr^ (goor), n. a loose earthy de- 
posit found in the clefts and cavities 
of rocks. 

guib (gwib), n. a West African ante- 
lope. 

guidable (gid'i,-bl), adj, that may be 
guided. 

guidance ('&ns), n, direction; lead- 
ing. 

guide (gid), n, one who leads or 
directs; conductor; director; a soldier 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



GUIDE-BOOK 



427 



GUMPTION 



or other person who obtains infor- 
mation for an army; that by which 
one directs his course; a guide- 
book: v.t.to lead or direct; influence; 
regulate; govern by counsel. 

guide-book ('book), n, a handbook 
for the direction of travelers. 

guidon (gi'dun), n. the forked flag of 
a troop of light cavalry; the flag of 
a guild or confraternity. 

guild (gild), n. sl fraternity; corpora- 
tion; association. Also gild. 

guilder Cer), n. the Dutch florin, 
value about 40.2 cents. 

guile ^ (gil), n, deceit; cunning; du- 
plicity. 

guileful ('fool), adj. full of guile. 

guillemot (gil'e-mot), n. a species of 
auk. 

guilloche (gil-loshO, n, a series of 
interwoven or twisted ornaments. 

guillotine ('o-ten), n. an apparatus 
for beheading a criminal by means 
of a heavy knife sliding in two up- 
right grooves: v.t, (-o-ten') to be- 
head with the guillotine. 

guilt (gilt), n. the state of one who is 
liable to a penalty; sin; criminality. 

guiltily ('iTli), adv. in a guilty man- 
ner. 

guiltiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being guilty. 

guilty ('i), adj. [comp. guiltier, su- 
per i. guiltiest], justly chargeable with 
a crime; wicked; criminal; not inno- 
cent. 

guimpe (gamp), n. chemisette used 
with low-necked gown. 

guinea (gin'e), n. a gold coin, for- 
merly current in England, value 
21s. or about $5. 

guinea-fowl (-foul), n. a greyish- 
blue gallinaceous bird with white 
spots, originally from Guinea. 

guinea-pig (-pig), n. a small do- 
mesticated South American rodent, 
allied to the ca\^. 

guipure (ge-pur'), n. sl kind of lace 
or gimp. 

guise (giz), n. external appearance; 
dress; mien. 

guitar (gi-tar'), n. a six-stringed in- 



strument, on the principle of the 
violin, played with the fingers. 
gula (gula), n. [pi. guise ('le)], n. the 

gullet; throat. 
gular (l^r), adj. pertaining to the 

gula. 
gulch (gulch), n, a rocky or rough 
narrow valley. 

gules (gulz), n. a term in heraldry, 
meaning a blazon in perpendicular 
lines without color; a tincture red. 

gulf (gulf), n. an arm of the sea ex- 
tending into the land, intermediate 
in size^ between a bay and sea ; a deep 
place in the earth; an abyss; whirl- 
pool; something insatiable. 

gulf stream (strem), n. a vast and 
important warm ocean-current flow- 
ing out from the Gulf of Mexico. 

gull (gul), n. a web-footed sea-fowl 
with long wings; one who is easily 
cheated: v.L to cheat; deceive; im- 
pose upon. 

gullet ('et), n. the throat; oesophagus. 

gullibility ^ (gul-i-bill-ti), n. capac- 
ity for being gulled. 

gullible (guri-bl), adj. capable of 
being easily deceived. 

gully ('i), n. [pi. gullies ('iz) ], a 
channel or hollow worn by water; 
narrow ravine; a metal tram-rail or 
-plate. 

gulp (gulp), v.t. to swallow down 
eagerly or in large draughts: n. the 
act of gulping; swallow. 

gum (gum), n. the soft, fleshy part 
of the jaws by which the teeth are 
surrounded; a semi-transparent 
viscid vegetable substance that ex- 
udes from certain trees and shrubs 
and hardens on the surface: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. gummed, p.pr. gum- 
ming], to smear or unite with gum. 

gum arable (ar'§-bik), n. a gum ob- 
tained from various species of acacia. 

gumbo Cbo), n. sl dish or soup made 
from the gummy pods of the okra; 
a Creole patois; prairie mud. 

gumminess ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being gummy. 

gummy ('i), adj. like gum. 

gumption (gump'shun), n. quickness 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GUMPTIOUS 



428 



GUTTA-PERCHA 



of perception; common sense; in the 
fine arts, the art of preparing colors. 

gumptious ('shus), adj. shrewd; 
smart. 

gun (gun), n, an instrument for dis- 
charging shot, by the force of an ex- 
plosive: v/L to shoot with a gun. 

gunboat (gun'bot), n. a warship of 
light draught, next in size to a 
cruiser, carrjdng several heavy guns. 

guncotton ('kot-n), n. a highly ex- 
plosive substance formed by the ac- 
tion of nitric and sulphuric acid 
upon cotton, or some other vegetable 
fibre. 

gun-fire ('fir), n, the hour at which 
the morning and evening gun is fired. 

gun j ah Cja), n. the hemp plant of 
India. Also ganja. 

gun-metal ('met-al), n. an alloy of 
copper and tin. 

gunnel, same as gunwale. 

gunner ('er), n. one who works a 
gun; an artilleryman; a warrant- 
officer in the navy who has charge 
of the ordnance of a war-vessel and 
ordnance-stores. 

ifunnery ("er-i), n. the science of 
artillery. 

gunning ('ing), n. the shooting of 
game with a gun. 

gunman (gun'man), n, a desperate 
character, armed, ^ and ready to 
shoot another for hire or revenge. 

gunny ('i), n, [pL gunnies (Iz) ], 
a coarse heavy sackcloth of jute or 
hemp. 

gunpowder ('pou-der), n, an explo- 
sive substance composed of sulphur, 
niter and charcoal; a fine kind of 
green tea. 

gun-shy (gun'-shi), adj\ afilicted with 
terror at sight or report of a gun. 

Gunter's chain (gun'terz chan), n, 
a surveyor's chain used in measur- 
ing land, 66 ft. long, and divided in 
100 links of 7.92 in. each. 

Gunter's scale ^ (skal), n. a large 
plane scale, with various lines of 
numbers engraved upon it, by means 
of which surveyors' and navigators' 
calculations are determined. 



gunwale (guni), n, the upper edge 
of the side of a ship next to the 
bulwarks. 

gurgitation (ger-ji-ta'shun), n. a 
state of boiling, or whirhng round. 

gurgle (ger'gl), v,i, to^ flow or run 
with a purling, bubbling sound: n. 
a purling, bubbling noise. 

gurglet Cglet), n. a porous earthen 
vessel for cooling water. 

Gurkha (gur'ka), n. a native East 
Indian British soldier. 

gurnet ('net), n. an edible sea-fish 
with a large angular head and rough 
bony skin. Also gurnard. 

gurrah (gur'a), ^^. a plain coarse 
Indian musfin. 

gurry (^i), n. in India, a small native 
fort; crude oil from the fivers of fish. 

gush (gush), n. a sudden and violent 
flow of a liquid from an inclosed 
space; outburst; an extravagant 
display of sentiment: v.i, to issue 
with violence and rapidity; flow 
copiously; be extravagantly senti- 
mental. 

gusher ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, gushes; an oil well that dis- 
charges its contents without the aid 
of machinery. 

gusset (gus'et), n. a small triangular 
piece of cloth inserted in a garment 
to strengthen or enlarge a part. 

gust (gust), n. a sudden squall; a 
sudden and violent outburst of pas- 
sion. 

gustatory ('t§,-t6-ri), adj. pertaining 
to the taste. 

gustful ('fool), adj. full of gusto. 

gusto ('to), n. zest; relish. 

gusty ('i), adj. characterized by gusts. 

gut (gut), n. the intestinal canal; an 
intestine; catgut; a narrow channel 
or strait: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gutted, 
p.pr. gutting], to extract the en- 
trails of; eviscerate; to plunder, or 
empty entirely. 

gutta-percha (-per'ch&), n. a red- 
dish-brown horn-like substance; the 
inspissated juice of the gutta-percha 
tree {Isonandra gutta) of the Malay 
Archipelago. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



GUTTER 



429 



GYROSTAT 



gutter ('er), n. a channel for carr>^- 
ing away water: v.t. to cut into 
small channels; ^ furnish with gut- 
ters: v.i. to run in drops. 

guttering (-ing), n. a making into 
hollows; the act of falling in drops; 
material for making gutters. 

guttural ('er-al), adj, pertaining to, 
or produced in, the throat: n. a 
letter produced in the throat. 

gutturally (-li), adv. in a guttural 
manner. 

guy (gi), n. a rope, chain, &c., to 
swing and keep steady a heavy body : 
an effigy, especially of Guy Fawkes; 
a person oddly or dowdily dressed: 
v,t. to steady or guide with a guy; 
ridicule; delude. 

guzzle (guz'l), v.i. to drink greedily 
and immoderately: n. intoxicating 
liquor; a drunken debauch. 

guzzy ('i), n, an East Indian cotton 
cloth. 

gwiniad (gwin'i-ad), n. a WelsL 
trout; the powan. Also guiniad. 

gymn, a prefix meaning naked, desti- 
tute of, occurring in many com- 
pound words. Also g3^mno. 

gymnanthous (jim-nan'thus), adj. 
without calyx or corolla. 

gymnasium (-na/zi-um), n. {pi. gym- 
nasia (-a) ], a building where gym- 
nastic exercises are practiced; a 
school for the higher branches of 
literature and art; in ancient 
Greece, a place for athletic exer- 
cises, provided with baths, &c., also, 
in connection with it, apartments in 
which philosophic discussions were 
carried on. 

gymnast ('nast), n. one who prac- 
tices, or is expert in, gymnastics. 

gymnastic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, gymnastics. 

gymnastics ('iks), n.pl. athletic ex- 
ercises; the art of developing the 
physical powers by athletic exer- 
cises. 

gymno, prefix see gymn. 

gymnogens (jim'no-jens), n.pl. plants 



having naked seeds, or not inclosed 
in an ovary. 

gymno tus (jim-no'tus), n. the elec- 
tric eel of South America. 

gynarchy (jin'ar-ki), n. government 
by a woman; female rule. 

g^ne, a prefix meaning woman, /e- 
mole. Also g\Tieco. 

gynecocracy (jin-e-kok'ra-si), n. fe- 
male rule or supremacy. Also gyne- 
ocracy. 

gynecology (jin-e-kol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of medical science which 
treats of the functions and diseases 
of women. 

gyneolatry ('or^-tri), n, excessive 
homage paid to women. 

gyno, prefix meaning ovary or pistil, 
occurring in various botanical terms, 
as ^!/7iophore, the long stalk upon 
which some ovaria are situated, as 
in the passion flower. 

gypsum (jip'sum), n. sulphate of 
lime; plaster of paris. 

Gypsy, same as Gipsy. 

gyral (ji'ral), adj. rotatory; whirl- 
ing. 

gyrate ('rat), v.i. to revolve round a 
central point; rotate; wheel. 

gyratory ('r&-to-ri), adj. revolving 
in a circle. 

gyre (jir), n, a fetter for the legs: 
v.t. to fetter. 

gyro, a prefix in various scientific 
words meaning a circle, round. 

gyro-compass (ji'ro-kom'pas), ??• 
a compass operated by a gyroscope 
and uninfluenced by the earth's 
magnetism. 

gyroscope (jfro-skop), n. an instru- 
ment for demonstrating the laws of 
rotation. 

gyroscope-railway (ji'ro-skop-ral'- 
wa), n. a railway with a single rail, 
on which the cars are kept upright 
by two gyroscopes whirling in 
opposite directions. 

gyrostat (-stat), n. an instrument 
for demonstrating the dynamics of 
rotating rigid bodies. 



i, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hucj hut; think, th^n. 



H 



H, eighth letter in the Enghsh alpha- 
bet; symbol in chemistry for Hy- 
drogen. 

ha (ha), ^ inter j. an expression of 
wonder, joy, hesitation, &c.: v.i. to 
express wonder, &c.; hesitate. 

haaf (haf), n a deep-sea fishing- 
bank off the Shetlands. 

habeas corpus (ha'be-as kor'pus, 
Latin have the body), a writ to pro- 
duce a prisoner at a stated time and 
place to declare the cause of his de- 
tention. 

haberdasher (hab'er-dash-er), n. a 
dealer in small wares, as ribbons, 
lace, tapes, needles, &c. 

haberdashery (-i), n. the wares 
sold by a haberdasher; a haber- 
dasher's shop. 

habergeon ^ ('er-jun), n. a coat of 
mail covering the neck and breast. 

habiliment (ha-biFi-ment), n. an 
article of clothing: pi. dress. 

habilitate ('i-tat), v.i, to become 
quahfied. 

habit (hab'it), n. ordinary course of 
conduct ;^ general condition or tend- 
ency; disposition; estabhshed cus- 
tom; dress ;^ a woman's riding-dress; 
the distinctive dress worn by mem- 
bers of a rehgious order: v.t. to 
dress; furnish with a habit. 

habitable ('it-^-bl), adj. fit to be 
dwelt in. 

habitant ('it-ant), n. a dweller; per- 
manent resident; a farmer of French 
descent, in Canada and Louisiana. 

habitat ('i-tat), n. the natural lo- 
cality of animals, plants, &c., in 
their wild state; geographical range. 

habitation '(-i-ta'shun), n. residence 
or place of abode; natural locality; 
a Primrose League lodge. 



habited ('i-ted), p. adj. wearing a 
habit or dress. 

habitual (ha-bit'u-al) , adj, formed 
or acquired by use; customary; in- 
veterate. 

habitually (-li), adv. by habit. 

habituate ('u-at), v.t. to make fa- 
miliar by use or custom; famiharize. 

habitude (hab'i-tud), n. habit; cus- 
tomary manner or mode; familiarity. 

habitue (ha-bit'u-a), n. one v/ho 
habitually frequents a place of 
amusement, &c. 

hacienda ^ (a-the-en'd§;, or has-i-en'- 
da), n. in Spanish America, a large 
plantation on which the owner is 
resident; an isolated farm; an es- 
tabhshment for raising stock, farm 
produce, &c. 

hack (hak), v,t. to cut irregularly 
and into small pieces; injure by 
cutting; notch; let out for hire: n. 
a notch; hollow irregular cut; a 
horse let out for hire; a kick on 
the shins at football; a carriage 
let out for hire; a hackney coach; 
a hterary drudge; a drying frame 
for fish; a place where green bricks 
are dried; a feeding rack. 

hackamore, n. a halter. 

hackberry ('ber-ri), n, a large North 
American forest-tree, with an edible 
fruit. 

hackbut ('but), n. an arquebus. 

hackee ('e) n. the chipmunk. 

hackia ('i-a), n. a lofty South Amer- 
ican tree of the madder family. 

hacking ('ing), adj. notching; ir- 
ritating and wearing: said of a 
cough; n. the stacking of bricks for 
drying; a particular method of mas- 
sage; a process in gem cutting. 

hackle (hak'l), v.t. to dress or comb, 



ate, arm^ Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; think, then, 

(430) 



HACKMAN 



431 



HAIRSPRING 



as flax or hemp; tear into pieces; 
mangle in cutting: n. an implement 
with sharp spikes for cleansing flax 
or hemp; unspun fiber; a long nar- 
row feather in the neck of a cock, 
used for making artificial fiies for 
angling; a feather fly for angling. 

hackman (hak'man), n. the driver of 
a hack or coach for hire. 

hackmatack ('m^-tak), n. the red 
American larch, or tamarack. 

hackney ('ni), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hack- 
neyed, p.pr, hackneying], to wear 
out by constant use; make common- 
place: adj. let out for hire; com- 
mon or trite; n. a hackney-coach; a 
horse kept for hire; a nag. 

hackney-coach (-koch), n. a li- 
censed carriage that plies for hire. 

hackneyed ('nid), p.adj, worn out; 
commonplace. 

had, p.t, of have. 

haddock ^ ('ok), n. a sea-fish of the 
cod family 

Hadean (ha-de'^n), adj, pertaining 
to Hades. 

Hades ('dez), n. the abode and state 
of the dead. 

hading (had'ing), n. the deviation 
from the vertical of a vein or stra- 
tum; underlay. 

hadji ^ (had'ji), n. a Mohammedan 
pilgrim who has been to Mecca, and 
therefore looked upon as a holy 
man. (Also Howadji). 

Haeckelism (hek'el-izm), n, theories 
of^ Ernst Haeckel, the German 
scientist; more particularly his the- 
ory that the embryo passes through 
successive ^ stages that recapitulate 
the evolutionary history of its race. 

haema, a prefix meaning bloody occur- 
ring in many scientific wordso Also 
hsem, haemat, haemo, hemo. 

hsemachrome (hem a-krom), n, the 
coloring matter of the blood. 

haemadromometer (-dro-mom'e- 
ter), n. an instrument for determin- 
ing the velocity of the flow of blood. 

haemal (he'mal), adj, pertaining to 
the blood. 

haemalopia (hem-a-lo'pi-a), n. dis- 



ease of the eye in which objects ap- 
pear red. 

haematemesis (-a-tem'e-sis), n. vom- 
iting of blood from the stomach. 

haematic (he-mat'ik), adj, pertaining 
to the blood: n.pl, that branch of 
physiology that treats of the blood. 

haematoid (hem'i-toid), adj. blood- 
hke. 

haemoglobin (-o-glolbin), n, same as 
hemoglobin. 

haemoptysis (he-mop'ti-sis), n. same 
as hemoptysis. 

haemorrhage (hem'o-raj), n, same 
as hemorrhage. 

haemorrhoids ('o-roids), n.pl, same 
as hemorrhoids.. 

haft (hMt), n, a handle of a tool or 
knife: v.L to furnish with a haft or 
handle. 

hag (hag), n. a witch; an ugly old 
woman; a cartilaginous fish, para- 
sitic in the bodies of other fish. 

haggard ('ard), adj, worn and anx 
ious in appearance; lean and hollow 
eyed. 

haggle (1), v.i. to higgle. 

Hahnemanism (ha'ne-man-izm), n. 
the sj^stem in medicine called homoe- 
opathy, founded by Samuel Hahne- 
mann. 

haik (hak), n. an outer woolen gar- 
ment with colored stripes worn by 
the Arabs. 

hail (hal), n. frozen raindrops; a call 
or salutation: v.i. to pour down hail: 
v^t. to pour down or out like hail; 
call to or salute. 

haily ('i), adj, consisting of, or like, 
hail. 

hair (har), n. one of the small homy 
fibrous tubes with a bulbous root 
growing out of the skin of a mam- 
mal; the mass of such horny fibrous 
tubes; minute hair-like filaments on 
the surface of plants. 

hairsplitting ('spht-ing), adj. mak- 
ing oversubtle or very minute dis- 
tinctions, in reasoning or statement. 

hairspring ('spring), 71. a very fine 
spring to regulate the balance wheel 
of a watch. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HAIR-TRIGGER 



432 



HALTER 



hair-trigger (har'trig-er), n. a sec- 
ondary trigger of a gun. 

hairy ('i), adj, covered with, abound- 
ing in, or resembling, hair. 

hake (hak), n. an edible seafish al- 
lied to the cod. 

halation (ha-la'shun), n, a halo on a 
photographic plate. 

halberd (hallDerd), n. a mediaeval 
weapon consisting of a long staff to 
which an axe was affixed with a 
spear-like point. Also halbert. 

halcyon^ ('si-un), adj, pertaining to 
the kingfisher; ^ peaceful; happy; 
calm: n, the kingfisher: from the 
fable that its hatching season was in 
calm weather. 

hale (hal), adj. sound bodily; healthy; 
hearty: v.L to drag or draw by vio- 
lence. 

half (haf), n, {j)l, halves (havz) ], 
one of two equal parts; a school 
term; in football, a half-back: adv, 
equally; partly: adj, consisting of a 
half; approximating. 

half-and-half, n. a mixture of ale 
and porter, or of old and new ale. 

halfback ^ (haf'bak), n. one of the 
two positions in football, back of 
the main or rush Hne, between the 
quarter-back and full-back. 

half-blood Cblud), n. one whose 
, parents are of different races; rela- 
tionship between persons who have 
one parent in common, 

half-breed ('bred), 7i. a person of 
mixed blood: as, in Indian h4ilj- 
breed, 

half-caste Ck^t), n. a person of an 
East Indian parent on one side and 
of a Europeaii on the other. 

half-tone (haf 'ton), n. a plate photo- 
engraved with the aid of a screen of 
netting, or the picture printed from 
such a plate. ^ The half-tone process 
is very extensively used in illustrat- 
ing modern periodicals and books. 

halibut (haFi-but), n. a large edible 
flat fish. 

halicore ('i-kor), n. the dugong. 

hall (hawl), n. a large room for 
the transaction of public business. 



entertainments, &c.; a court of jus- 
tice; the first large room of a house; 
a manor-nouse; a college dining- 
room; the dinner served there; the 
public room of a corporation or 
guild; a minor college. 

hallelujah ^ (hal-e-loo'y§,), n. (He- 
brew, Praise ye Jehovah) an ascrip- 
tion of praise to God; a musical 
composition having as its theme such 
an ascription of praise : adj, singing, 
or containing, hallelujah. Also al- 
leluiah. 

hallelujah lass flas), n. a female 
member of the Salvation Army. 

halliard, same as halyard. 

hall-mark (hawl'mark), n, the offi- 
cial mark of the Goldsmiths' Compa- 
ny and other English assay offices, 
attesting the quality of the gold and 
silver articles on which it is im- 
pressed: hence a mark or proof of 
genuineness. 

halloo (ha-lo'), inter j, an exclama- 
tion to call attention to or cheer 
one; a shout to attract attention, or 
to cheer or urge on: v.L to shout 
out; incite or cheer on, as dogs: v.i. 
to cry out loudly. Also holloa. 

hallow (hal'o), v.L to consecrate; 
devote to sacred purposes; revere. 

Halloween (-en'), n, the Eve of All 
Saints or All Hallows, Oct. 31. 

hallucination (hal-loo-si-na'shun), n. 
belief in something imaginary; de- 
lusion; error. 

halo (ha'lo), n. a ring or circle of 
fight round the sun or moon, caused 
by refraction; a ring of light or 
nimbus. 

halogen (hal'6-jen), n, an element as 
chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluo- 
rine, which forms saline compounds 
by combining with other elements. 

haloid ('oid), adj. resembfing salt. 

halt (hawlt), n. the act of limping; a 
stop in marching: ad[;. crippled or 
lame: v.i. to be lame; fimp; be du- 
bious or hesitate; to stop in march- 
ing. 

halter ('er), n. one who halts; a rope 
for hanging criminals; a rope for 



ate, arm, i,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



HALVE 



433 



HANDKERCHIEF 



leading or holding a horse: v.U to 

put on, or secure with, a halter. 

halve (hav), v.t. to divide into two 
equal parts; fasten together, as tim- 
bers. 

halved (half'ed), a. in golf, having 
equal scores; said of a hole which 
each side has made in the same 
number of strokes, or of a match 
that is tied. 

halves^ pi. of half. 

halyard (hal'yard), n. a rope or 
tackle for hoisting a sail, flag, &c. 
Also halliard. 

ham (ham), n. the hinder part of the 
thigh; a thigh of an animal, espe- 
cially a pig, salted and smoked; a 
house; village:^ in place names of 
Anglo-Saxon origin, as Tottenham. 

Hamamelis (-a-me'lis), n. an order 
of shrubs, to which the witch-hazel 
belongs, and from which a medicinal 
extract is obtained. 

Hamburg ('berg), n. a rich kind of 
black grape; a breed of black do- 
mestic fowl. 

hame (ham), n. one of the curved 
bars on the collar to which the traces 
of a draught horse are fastened. 

hamerkop (ham'er-kop), n, an Afri- 
can bird with hammer-shaped feath- 
ers on its head. 

hamiform (l-form), adj, hook- 
shaped. 

hamlet (let), n. a small village. 

hammer ('er), n. an instrument with 
a handle and iron head for driving 
nails, beating metals, <fcc.; anything 
resembling a hammer in its action 
or shape: v.t. to beat with, or as 
with, a hammer; forge; beat; work 
in the mind: v.i. to work hard. 

hammer-beam (-bem), n. a horizon- 
tal piece of timber projecting from 
the inside of a wall. 

hammer-cloth (-kloth), n. the cloth 
which covers a coach-box. 

hammock ('ok), n. a swinging bed 
usually of network or canvas. 

hamper ('per), n, a large wicker- 
work basket for carrying food, &c. ; 
the rigging of a ship: v.t to put 



into, or inclose in, a hamper; era' 
barrass; perplex; impede. 

hamshackle ('shak'l), v.t. fasten the 
head of an animal to one of its fore- 
legs, as a horse. 

hamster ('ster), n. a species of grain- 
storing rat with two cheek-pouches 
and a short tail. 

hamstring ('string), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
hamstrung, p.pr. hamstringing], to 
lame by cutting the tendons of the 
ham: n.pl. the strong siuews at the 
back of the knee. 

hand (hand), n. the divided and ter- 
minal extremity of the human arm 
connected with the wrist, a similar 
organ terminating the fore-limb of 
certain animals; something resem- 
bling a hand in appearance or use; 
a measure of 4 in.; dexterity in 
manipulation or performance; right 
or left side; possession; style of 
writing; an employe who labors with 
his hands; a sailor; cards held; a 
game; pledge of betrothal; near- 
ness; gain; advantage; agency of; 
index of any kind; turn of a player 
to serve the ball at tennis, &c.; a 
shoulder of pork: v.t. to give or 
transmit with, or as with, the hand; 
assist or lead with the hand: adj. 
pertaining to, or used by, the hand. 

handicraft ('i-kr^ft), n. the work or 
skill of an artificer; manual skill, or 
labor : adj. pertaining to manual labor. 

handcuff (hand'kuf), n. a contrivance 
to fetter the wrists together; a 
manacle. 

handicap (han'di-kap), n. certain 
conditions imposed on contestants 
in races or other contests in order 
to bring about equality as nearly 
as possible. 

handily (han'di-li), adv. in a handy 
manner. 

hand in ess (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being handy. 

handiwork (-werk), n. work done, or 
produced by, the hands. 

handkerchief (hang'ker-chif), n. a 
pocket handkerchief; a silk or cot- 
ton square for the neck. 



&te, firm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HANDLE 



434 



HAPPINESS 



handle (hand'l), n. that part of a 
tool, vessel, &c., grasped by the 
hand; an instrument or occasion: 
v,t. to touch or feel with the hand; 
manage; manipulate; discourse on; 
act toward or treat; buy, sell, or in- 
vest in: v.i. to work with the hands. 

handmaid ('mad), n, a female serv- 
ant or attendant. Also handmaiden. 

handscrew ('skroo), n, a lifting-jack. 

handsel ('sel), n, an earnest given 
to make good a contract; the act of 
using anything for the first time; a 
gift, especially at the time of the 
New Year: v,t. to give a handsel to; 
use or do for the first time. 

handsome ('sum), pleasing to look 
upon; well-formed; elegantly dressed; 
graceful; hberal; generous; ample. 

handy ('i), adj. [comp, handier, su-^ 
perl, handiest], dexterous; skilful; 
convenient; close at hand; manage- 
able. 

hang (hang), v.t, [pi. & p.p. hung, 
hanged, p.pr, hanging], to suspend; 
to fasten to something so as to be 
movable; suspend by the neck; 
cause to droop; display; show aloft; 
attach or fasten; furnish with orna- 
ments or drapery suspended or fas- 
tened to the walls, &c.; catch fast: 
v.i, to be suspended; bend forward; 
be dependent upon; dangle; cling; 
be in a deadlock: n. method of hang- 
ing; manner of doing or using; gen- 
eral tendency; slope. 

hangar (hang'gahr), n, a shed or 
shelter for housing aeroplanes, bal- 
loons and all other air-craft. 

hangdog ('dog), adj. of degraded or 
sneaking appearance. 

hanger ('er), n. one who hangs; that 
by which something is hung or sus- 
pended; a kind of cutlass. 

hanging ('ing), p.adj, suspended or 
dangling; suggesting or involving 
death by hanging: n. the act of put- 
ting to death by the punishment of 
the halter: pi. drapery for a room. 

hangman ('m^n), n. [pi, hangmen 
('men) ], a public executioner. 

hangnail ('nal), n. a small piece of 



skin hanging from the root of a fin- 
ger-nail; an agnail. 

hanif (ha-nef), n. an orthodox Mo- 
hammedan; a monotheistic Arab, 
before the time of Mohammed. 

hank (hangk), n, two or more skeins 
of thread, silk, wool, &c., fastened 
together, one of the wooden rings 
to which a fore-and-aft sail is bent; 
a withy or rope for fastening a gate: 
v.t, to form into hanks. 

hanker ('er), v.i. to desire eagerly 
(with after), 

hanky-panky (Id-pangld)., n. jug- 
glery; adj, tricky; cheating. 

hanse (hans), n. a confederacy of 
merchants or commercial towns. 

Hanseatic (-e-at'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the Hanse towns or their confed- 
eracy. 

Hanseatic League (han-se-at'ik leg), 
n. the confederation of certain com- 
mercial towns in Germany, banded 
together for mutual advantage and 
protection. Their most flourishing 
period was from the 12th to the 14th 
century. In 1889 the cities became 
a part of the German Empire. 

Hanse town ^ (toun), n, a town con- 
federated with another for mutual 
trade and protection. 

hansom ('sum), n, a two-wheeled 
cab. 

hap (hap), y.i. [p.t. & p.p. happed, 
p.pr. happing], to happen; befall cas- 
ually; v.t, cover or wrap [Scotch]: 
n, chance; a casual event; a cloak 
or wrapper [Scotch]. 

haphazard ('haz-ard), n, chance; 
accident: adv, by chance. 

hapless (hap'les), adj, unfortunate; 
unlucky; unhappy. 

haploma ('lo-mi), n, an outer cloth 
for an altar. 

haploscope (haplo-skop), n. a stere- 
oscope giving a different field of 
vision for each eye. 

haply ('li), adv. by chance; perhaps. 

happen ('n), v.i. to chance; occur. 

happily ('i-li), adv. successfully; by 
good fortune; felicitously. 

happiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north,, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^u. 



HAPPY 



435 



HARELIP 



being happy; good fortune: felici- 
tousness. ^ 

happy ('i), ^ adj. [comp. happier, 
superl. happiest], enjoying pleasure 
or good; ^ successful; prosperous; 
lucky; hving in concord; satisfied; 
propitious; felicitous. 

haptic Ctik), adj. relating to the 
sense of touch. 

haptophore (hap'to-f or) , n. in Ehr- 
lich's famous side-chain theory, the 
part of a poisonous molecule that 
unites with the cell-receptor, or the 
uniting portion of the cell-receptor 
itself. 

harakiri (ha'ra-ke-ri), n. formerly 
in Japan, a method of suicide by 
ripping open the bowels, permitted 
to nobles and mihtary oJB5cers so as to 
escape the indignity of a pubhc exe- 
cution or official disgrace. Called 
also happy despatch: hari-kari 
(wrongly). 

harangue (h^-rang'), n. a pubhc ad- 
dress or oration, especially extem- 
pore: v.i. to dehver a harangue: v.t, 
to address by a harangue. 

harass (har'as), v.L to annoy or vex; 
fatigue or weary with labor or im- 
portunity; to tire out and annoy an 
enemy by incessant petty attacks. 

harassing (-ing), p.adj, fatiguing; 
annoying. 

harassment (-ment), n. the act of 
harassing; the state of being har- 
assed. 

harbinger (har^bin-jer), n. a pre- 
cursor; forerunner: v.t. announce; 
foretell; usher in. 

harbor ('ber), n. a port or haven for 
ships; any place of refuge or safety; 
formerly an inn or lodging: v.t, to 
shelter or protect; cherish. 

harborage (-aj), n. a port or anchor- 
age for ships. 

hard (hard), adj. compact and soHd; 
firm; not easy to be pierced or 
broken; unyielding; difficult of ac- 
comphshment; laborious; fatiguing; 
cruel; oppressive; severe; keen; 
austere; inflexible; unfeehng; ex- 
acting; not easily granted; rough; 



coarse; unprosperous; uttered gut- 
turally; stiff or formal: adv. forci- 
bly; laboriously; dihgently; tem- 
pestuously; closely; near; roughly; 
to the utmost extent; so as to be- 
come hard; with vexation, trouble, 
or sorrow: n. a roadway of hard ma- 
terial by the sea; a pier or landing- 
place: pL the refuse of flax or 
wool; alum and salt mixed together, 
used for giving a white color to 
bread. 

hard-by (hard-bi'), adv. near by. 

harden ('n), v.t. to make hard or 
harder; confirm in impudence or 
wickedness; toughen; inure: v.i. to 
become hard or harder. 

hardihood ('i-hood), n. effrontery; 
boldness; physical endurance. 

hardily Ci-h), adv. with hardihood. 

hard-labor ('la-ber), n. work im- 
posed as an additional punishment 
to a term of imprisonment. 

hardly ('li), adv. with difficulty; 
scarcely; vigorously; severely; with- 
out delicacy; coarsely; unfavorably. 

hardness ('nes), 7i. the quahty of 
being hard. 

hard-pan ('pan), n. in mining^ a 
stratum of gravel or sand; a solid 
foundation. 

hardship ('ship), n. oppression; se- 
vere labor or want; injustice. 

hard-tack ('tak), n. large, hard 
cracker or biscuit baked for army 
and navy use. 

hardware ('war), n. manufactured 
articles of metal. 

hare (har), n. a rodent, with long 
ears and a short tail, larger than a 
rabbit, characterized by its great 
timidity. 

harebell Cbel), n. a species of cam- 
panula, the bluebell of Scotland. 

harebrained ('brand), adj. volatile; 
wild. 

harefoot ('foot), n. a long narrcsw 
foot; a fast runner. 

harehound ('hound), n. a harrier. 

harelip ('lip), n. a malformation of 

' the upper Hp, which is divided in the 
middle. 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HAREM 



436 



HARPSICHORD 



harem (ha' or ha'rem), n. the apart- 
ments of the women and children in 
a Mohammedan house; the wives 
and concubines of a Mohammedan. 
Also hareem, haram* 

hare's-foot (harz'foot), n. a species 
of fern; a kind of clover; the foot 
of a hare used in making up by 
actors. 

hare's-tail ('tal), n. a species of cot- 
ton-grass allied to the bulrushes. 

haricot (har'i-ko), n, a kind of stew 
of meat and vegetables; the kidney- 
bean. 

hark (hark), v.i. to Hsten. Also 
harken. 

harlequin (har'le-kwin), n, the per- 
former in a pantomime who wears 
parti-colored garments and carries a 
talismanic wand: adj, fantastic or 
full of trickery; parti-colored: e;.i. to 
make fun by sportive tricks. 

harlequinade (-ad'), ^. that part of 
a pantomime in which the harlequin 
appears; an extravaganza. 

harlot (lot), n. a prostitute. 

harlotry (-ri), n. the trade or prac- 
tice of prostitution. 

harm (harm), n, injury; hurt; dam- 
age; moral evil or wrong-doing: v.t. 
to inflict hurt, damage, or injury 
upon. 

harmel ('mel), n. an herb of the rue 
family used in the East as a vermi- 
fuge and disinfectant. 

harmful (harm'fool), adj, hurtful; 
injurious. 

harmfully (-li), adv. injuriously. 

harmonic (har-mon'ik), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or producing, harmony; mu- 
sical; concordant; harmonious; also 
harmonical: n,pL the science of mu- 
sical sounds. 

harmonica (-mon'i-k§,), n. a musical 
instrument the tones of which are 
produced by friction from a number 
of musical glasses filled to various 
heights with water; a mouth-organ; 
an oblong musical instrument con- 
sisting of a number of glass slips 
which are struck by a mallet. Also 
harmonicon. 



harmonically ('ik-M-li), adv. in a 
Jiarmonic manner. 

harmonic triad (tri'ad), n. the com- 
mon chord, consisting of its third 
and perfect fifth. 

harmonious (-mo'ni-us), adj. con- 
cordant; musical; symmetrical. 

harmoniphon (-mon'i-f on) , n. a 
musical wind instrument w^ith reeds 
and a keyboard. 

harmonize ('mo-niz), v.t. to render 
harmonious; cause to agree; recon- 
cile: v.i. to agree; be in peace and 
friendship; correspond. 

harmonist ('mo-nist), n. one who is 
skilled in harmony; an expounder of 
the harmony of the Scriptures, espe- 
cially of the Gospels. 

harmonium (-mo'ni-um), n. a reed- 
organ. 

harmony ('mo-ni), n. [pi. harmonies 
(-niz) ], the quality of being pleas- 
ing to the ear; unison; just adapta- 
tion of parts to one another, so as 
to form a connected whole; accord 
in feeling, sentiment, &c.; a literary 
work showing the agreement be- 
tween parallel or similar histories 
or passages. 

harness Cnes), n. the working gear 
of a horse; the accoutrement and 
armor of a knight; any arrange- 
ment, as of straps, &c., for perform- 
ing some mechanical operation: v.t. 
to put harness upon; equip, as a 
knight. 

harp (harp), n. a musical stringed 
instrument of triangular shape, 
played with the fingers: v.i. to play 
on the harp; dwell tediously or per- 
sistently on some particular subject 
(with on or upon). 

harping ('ing), n. the act of playing 
upon a harp: pi. the breadth of a 
ship at the bow. 

harpoon (-poon'), n. a long barb- 
headed spear having a line attached 
to the staff, for strildng and killing 
whales: v.t. to strike with a harpoon. 

harpsichord ('si-kord), n. a stringed 
instrument with a keyboard, the 
precursor of the pianoforte. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book ;^ hue, hut; think, then. 



HARPY 



437 



HATCH-BOAT 



harpy ('i), n. [pi. harpies ('iz) ], in 
classical mythology, one of three 
winged monsters, the daughters of 
Neptune and Terra, with a woman's 
face, and the body and sharp claws 
of a vulture, exceedingly rapacious 
and filthy: hence, an extortioner; a 
large crested American eagle. 

harridan (har'i-dan), n, an ugly, ill- 
tempered old woman. 

harrier ('i-er), n. a variety of dog 
used for hunting hares; a species of 
hawk. 

harrow ('6), n. an agricultural in- 
strument for breaking up clods and 
casting earth upon sown land: v.t. 
to break up, tear, or draw over with 
a harrow; lacerate or torment. 

harry ('i), v.L [p.t. & p.p, harried, 
p.pr. harrying], to plunder, lay 
waste; annoy or vex; tease; harass: 
v.i. to make predatory raids. 

harsh (harsh), adj, discordant; jar- 
ring; rough to the ear, taste, or 
touch; austere. 

hart (hart), n, the male of the red 
deer. 

hartbeest (^best), n, a large African 
antelope. 

hartshorn (z'horn), n. the antler of 
a hart; a volatile preparation of 
ammonia. 

hart's-tongue ('tung), n. a British 
fern. 

harum-scarum (har'um-skar'um), 
adj, giddy; wild; reckless; untidy. 

haruspex (ha-rus'peks) , n. [pL ha- 
ruspices ('pi-sez) ], an ancient Ro- 
man diviner or soothsayer who fore- 
told events by inspecting the entrails 
of sacrificial victims. Also araspex. 

harvest (har'vest), n. the season of 
reaping and gathering in the har- 
vest: v.L to gather in, as corn; reap. 

harvest-home (-hom), n. a harvest 
festival. 

harvest-moon (-moon), n. the full 
moon which falls near the time of the 
autumnal equinox, about Sept. 23. 

harvest-mouse (-mous), n, a small 
field-mouse which builds a round 
nest in the stalks of corn. 



Harveyize (har'vi-iz), v,t, to subject 
the face of a plate of steel (usually 
to be used as an armor plate) to a 
hardening process devised by H. A. 
Harvey. 

hash (hash), n. a dish of meat cut 
and cooked with vegetables; a mix- 
ture: v.t to chop small and mix. 

hashish ('esh), n. an intoxicant mad« 
from Indian hemp; bhang. 

haslet (has'let), n. the liver, heart, 
and lungs of a sheep. 

hasp (hasp), n. a clasp folded over a 
staple and secured with a padlock: 
v.t. to shut or secure with a hasp. 

hassock (has'ok), n. a padded mat or 
cushion for kneeling upon in church, 
&c. ; a kneeler. 

hast, 2nd per., sing., pres, t. of have. 

haste (hast), n. quickness of move- 
ment; celerity; speed; urgency; pre- 
cipitancy; vehemence: v.t. to hasten. 

hasten (ha'sn), v.t. to cause to make 
haste; hurry; urge forward: v.i. t« 
move 's\ith speed; be quick. 

hastily ('sti-U), adv. in a hasty manner. 

hasty ('sti),^ adj. [co777p. hastier, 
superl. hastiest], precipitate; quick; 
speedy; eager; vehement; rash. 

hasty-pudding (-pud-ing), n. a pud- 
ding of flour or meal and water or 
milk stirred together and boiled. 

hat (hat), n, a covering for the head, 
with a crown and brim; a cardinal's 
rank and dignity. 

hatband ('band), n. a band worm 
round the hat; a black cloth band 
w^orn as a token of mourning. 

hatch (hach), v.t. to produce (young) 
from eggs; plot or contrive; shad« 
by narrow lines; close with, or as 
with, a hatch: n. the number of 
young produced from eggs at a sit- 
ting; brood; plot; a narrow fine in 
engraving, or drawing; a door with 
an opening over it; a half -door: pi. 
dooi-s or openings by which a de- 
scent is made from one deck of a 
ship to another. 

hatch-boat ('bot), n. a half -decked 

' fishing-vessel with a well for holding 
fish. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. ' 



HATCHERY 



438 



HAWK 



hatchery ('er-i), n. a place where 
eggs are artificially hatched, espe- 
cially those of fish. 

hatchet ('et), n. a small axe. 

hatching ('ing), n, a kind of draw- 
ing or engraving by narrow parallel 
or crossed lines. 

hatchling (hach'ling), n. a young 
fish in a hatchery during the period 
when it is still especially protected 
and fed. 

hatchment ('ment), n, the escutch- 
eon or armorial bearings of a de- 

I ceased person, placed in front of his 
house, on a tomb, in a church, &c. 

hatchway ('wa), n. a rectangular 
opening in the deck of a vessel for 
passage below. 

hate (hat), v.L to dislike intensely; 
abhor; detest: n. hatred. 

hateful ('fool), adj, causing hate. 

hatefully (-li), adv, in a hateful man- 
ner. 

hathamite (hath'a-mit) , n, an ex- 
plosive of great force. 

hatred ('red), n. bitter aversion: 

, continued hostility of feeling; detes- 
tation. 

hatted (hatred), adj, wearing a hat. 

hatter ('er), n, a make of hats. 

haubergeon (haw'ber-jun), n. a 
short hauberk. 

hauberk ('berk), n. a coat of armor 
formed of steel rings, reaching be- 
low the knees." 

haughtily (haw'ti-li), adv. in a 
haughty manner. 

haughty ('ti), adj, [comp, haughtier, 
superl. haughtiest], proud and dis- 
dainful ;supercilious; contemptuous. 

haul (hawl), v.L to pull or draw 
with force; transport by drawing; 
v.i. to change the course of a ship; 
shift; said of the wind: n. a strong 
pull; draught of a net; quantity 
over which anything is drawn. 

haulage ('aj), n. the act or process 
of hauling; charges for hauling. 

hauler (hawl'er), n. one who, or that 
which, hauls. 

haulm (hawm), n. the stalks or stems 
of grain, beans, &c.; stubble. 



haunch (hanch), n. the fleshy parfc 
of the hip and buttock; a joint erf 
venison or mutton; shoulder of an 
arch. 

haunt (hant), n. a place of accus- 
tomed resort: v.L to visit frequently 
or habitually; trouble with frequent 
visits, as an apparition. 

hautboy (ho'boi), n. a wind instru- 
ment of the flute class: the oboe. 

hauteur (ho-toor'), n. haughty bear- 
ing or spirit. 

Havana (ha-van'a), n. a cigar made 
of Cuban tobacco. 

have (hav), v.L [p.t. & p.p. had, p.pr. 
having], to possess; take, hold or 
bear; enjoy; desire; be obliged; 
bring forth; cheat; obtain the ad- 
vantage of. 

haven (havn), n. a sheltered anchor- 
age for ships; harbor; place of 
shelter and safety. 

haversack (hav'er-sak) , n. a strong 
coarse linen bag in which soldiers 
carry their rations when marching. 

haversian canals (ha-ver'si-an ka'- 
nalz), n.pL small longitudinal canals 
in the bones conveying the vessels 
of nutrition. 

havildar ('il-dar), n. a native ser- 
geant of an Indian infantry regi- 
ment. 

having ('ing), n. the act or state of 
possession. 

havoc ('ok), n. wide and general 
destruction; devastation.' 

haw (haw), n. the fruit of various 
species of hawthorn; an excrescence 
under the third eyelid of a horse; a 
hedge or inclosure; a hesitation in 
speech. 

Hawaiian (ha-wi'yan), adj. pertain- 
ing to Hawaii, its inhabitants, or 
language. * 

hawfinch (haw'finch), n. the com- 
mon grosbeak. 

hawk (hawk), n. a name for various 
species of raptorial birdib allied to 
the eagles and falcons; a forcible , 
effort to clear the throat of phlegm; I 
a square board, with a short handle, ■ 
for holding mortar: v.L to cry, or 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HAWKBILL 



439 



HEADLINE 



carry about, for sale: v.i. to make a 
forcible effort to cough up phlegm; 
to fly trained hawks at birds on the 
wing. 

hawkbill ('bil), n. a marine turtle 
that furnishes tortoiseshell : so 
named from its curved upper jaw. 

hawker ('er), n. one who cries and 
sells goods in the streets; peddler; 
falconer. 

hawk-eyed ('id), adj, keen sighted 
hke a hawk. 

Hawkeye State (hawk'i), n. a popular 
name for the State of Iowa. 

hawkmoth ('moth), n. a large moth 
whose flight somewhat resembles 
that of a haw^k. 

hawkweed ('wed), n. a plant of the 
aster family with yellow flowers. 

hawok (ha'wok), n. the shell money 
of the aborigines of California. 

hawse (hawz), n. that part of a ship's 
bows where the hawse-holes are sit- 
uated. 

hawse-hole Choi), n. one of the two 
holes under a ship's bow through 
which the cable passes when the ves- 
sel is moored. 

hawser ('er), n. a thick rope or cable. 

hawthorn (haw'thorn), n. a prickly 
shrub or tree of the rose family. 

hay (ha), n. grass, clover, &c., cut 
and dried for fodder.^ 

haycock ('kok), a conical pile of hay. 

hay-fever ('fe-ver), n. a catarrh, ac- 
companied by itching, sneezing, 
shght fever, and pains in the head. 

haymow ('mow), n. a mass of hay 
laid up in a barn. 

Haytian (ha'ti-an), adj, pertaining 
to Hayti or its inhabitants. Also 
Haitian. 

hazard (haz'&rd), n, chance; acci- 
dent; risk; danger; a dice game; a 
stroke at bilhards: v.t. to run the 
risk of; chance; put in peril. 

hazard C^rd), in golf an obstacle, 
as a bunker, a pool of water, or a 
ditch, which renders the game more 
difficult. 

hazardous (-us), adj, risky; peril- 
ous. 



haze (haz), n, a sHght fog or mist; 
dimness of sight or knowledge: v.i. 
to be foggy or misty: v.t. pursue or 
harass by overwork or unpleasant 
tasks; play practical jokes upon, 
especially of a severe kind. 

hazel ('1), n. a shrub or tree of the 
genus Corylus, bearing an edible nut. 

haziness ('i-nes), n, the state of be- 
ing hazy. 

hazy ('i), adj. misty; obscure. 

he (he), pr, [pi. they (tha) ], the 
masculine pronoun of the 3rd per- 
son: n, a male. 

hea (he'a), n. a tree of the Pacific 
Islands bearing a fruit from which 
a red stain is obtained. 

head (hed), n. the uppermost part of 
the body of an animal that contains 
the face, brain, &c.; chief or princi- 
pal part of anything; an individual; 
leader or commander; place of honor 
or authority; top; fore-part; the 
understandiiig or intellect; princi*- 
pal topic; a division; origin or 
source; pitch; crisis or height; static 
or latent force; froth: adj. princi- 
pal or chief; acting against the 
front: t;.^ to lead or direct; take the 
first place in; get in front of; direct 
the course of; oppose; strain: v.i, 
to move forward; come to, or form, 
a head. 

headed ('ed), adj. having a head; 
noting understanding or intellect 
(much used in composition, as clear- 
headedf v^^rong-headedf &c.). 

header ('er), ??. a plunge or fall fore- 
most; one who puts heads on, as in 
pin-making; a machine, &c., for 
making or removing heads; a brick 
or stone with its short face in front. 

headfast ('fist), n, a rope at the 
bow of a ship to secure to a wharf, 
&c. 

heading ('ing), n, a title; material 
from whieh casks' heads are made; 
the strip on a piece of embroidery, 
for sewing on to a garment; the 
adit of a mine. 

, headland ('land), n. a promontory. 

headline ('lin), n. a line of type dis- 



ate, arm, S^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 29 



HEADLONG 



440 



HEAT 



played conspicuously at the top of a 
page, chapter, column of a newspa- 
per, &c. : pi. the ropes at tne head of 
a sail by which it is secured to the 
yard. 

headlong (long), adv. nead .ore- 
most; rashly; precipitously: adj. 
rash; precipitate; violent; thought- 
less. 

headsman (z'man), n. an execution- 
er. 

headstrong ('strong), adj. ungov- 
ernable; self-willed. 

headwind ('wind), n. a contrary 
wind. 

heady (hed'i), adj. precipitate; in- 
toxicating. 

heal (hel), v.t. to restore to health; 
cure; make soimd; reconcile: v.i. to 
become well or sound. 

healing ('ing), p. adj. curative. 

health (helth), n. freedom from bod- 
ily pain or disease; vigor of mind; 

4 moral purity; righteousness; heal- 
ing power; a toast or pledge. 

healthful ('fool), adj. promoting 
health; salubrious. 

healthfully (-h), adv. in a healthful 
manner. 

healthiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being healthy. 

healthy ('i), adj. [comp. healthier, 
superl, healthiest], noting a sound 
condition of body; enjoying, or con- 
tributing, to health. 

heap (hep), n. a pile or collection of 
things thrown together; a quantity; 
accumulation; crowd: v.t. to form 
into a heap; pile up; aggregate; 
amass. 

hear (her), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. heard, 
p.pr. hearing], to perceive^ by the 
ear; attend or listen to; give heed 
to; obey; accede to the wishes of; 
attend judicially: v.i. to have the 
sense of hearing; be told of. 

hearing ('ing), n. the sense by which 
sound is perceived; audience; judi- 
cial investigation. 

hearken. Same as barken. 

hearsay ('sa), n. rumor or report: 
adj. second hand. 



he2u*se (hers), 71. a vehicle for the 
conveyance of dead bodies to the 
grave. 

heart (hart), n. the organ in animals 
by the muscular contraction and di- 
lation of which the blood is circu- 
lated through the arteries, &c.; the 
vital, inner, or chief part of any- 
thing; the seat of the affections and 
passions; emotion; tenderness; af- 
fection; courage; will;^ spirit; en- 
ergy; power; ^ resolution; secret 
thoughts; conscience; one of a suit 
of cards marked with one or more 
red hearts; a variety of cherry: pi. 
a card game. 

heartache ('ak), n. sorrow; pang; 
grief. 

heart-broken ('bro-ken), adj. over- 
whelmingly grieved. 

heartburn ('bern), n. a burning af- 
fection of the esophagus, caused by 
acidity of the stomach. 

hearted^ ('ed), adj. having a heart 
(used in compounds, denoting gen- 
erally affections, qualities, &c., as 
good-heartedj &c.). 

hearten ('n), v.t. to give courage to; 
inspirit. 

hearth (harth), n. that part of a 
room where the fire is made: hence 
the family circle. 

heartily ('i-h), adv. cordially; ener- 
getically. 

heartiness ('i-nes), n. cordiality; 
vigor. 

heartsease (-z'ez), n. the pansy. 

heartseed (-'sed), n. a climbing plant 
with seeds marked with a heart- 
shaped scar. 

heart-whole (hart'-hol), adj. with 
the affections still unengaged by 
one of the opposite sex; fancy-free. 

hearty (hart'i), adj. [comp. heartier, 
superl. heartiest], cordial; sincere; 
open; warm; strong; vigorous; good- 
natured; kind; healthy; having a 
keen appetite. 

heat (het), n. the sensation produced 
by a hot body; caloric; the state of 
being hot; effervescence; agitation 
of sudden or violent passion; ardor; 



£te, arm, fi^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^^en. 



HEATER 



441 



HECTARE 



vehemence; redness or flush of the 
face; a course at a race; hot weather: 
v.t, to make hot; warm; excite with 
passion or desire; make feverish; 
animate: v.L to become hot or warm. 

heater ('er), n. one^ who, or that 
which, heats, as various mechanical 
contrivances. 

heath (heth), w. a small evergreen 
flowering shrub with rose-colored 
flowers growing on moorlands, &c.; 
heather; moorland, especially with 
heath growing upon it. 

heathen (he'^/in), n. one who is ig- 
norant of the true God; a pagan; 
idolater; a rude, irreligious, imcul- 
tured person. 

heathendom (-dom), n. the state or 
condition of being a heathen; that 
part of the world inhabited by 
heathens. 

heathenish (-ish), adj, pertaining to 
heathens; rude; ignorant, or uncul- 
tured. 

heathenism (-izm), n, ignorance of 
the true God; paganism; idolatry. 

heathenize (iz), v.L to render 
heathen. 

heather (hei/i'er). Same as heath. 

heathy {heth'i), adj, pertaining to, 
resembling, or abounding in, heath. 

heave (hev), v.L to hoist or lift up; 
force from the breast, as a sigh; 
cause to swell; throw: v.i. to be 
Ufted up; swell: rise and fall alter- 
nately; struggle or toil; ^ pant; 
vomit: n. an effort or exertion up- 
wards; lift; the act of throwing; 
s^^ell or rising; haul; struggle, ef- 
fort to vomio. 

heaven (hev'n), n. the abode of God 
and the blessed; the firmament or 
sky; a state or condition of bliss. 

Heaven, n, the Supreme Being. 

heavenliness (-li-nes), n. supreme 
excellence. 

heavenly^ (-11), adj. pertaining to, or 
resembHng, heaven; celestial; di- 
vine; supremely excellent. 

heaver (hev'er), n. one who, or that 
which, lifts or heaves, especially one 
who loads or unloads goods, coal, &c. 



heaviness (hev'i-nes), n, the quality 
of being heavj'-; dejection; grief. 

heavy ('i),^ adj, [cornp. heavier, su- 
perl, heaviest], ponderous; weighty; 
oppressive; grievous; laborious; ob- 
structive; depressed; dull; dense; 
powerful; loud; indigestible; clayey; 
adv, heavily [poet.]. 

heavy-spar (spar), n. sulphate of 
barium. 

hebdomadal (heb-dom'a-dal), adj. 
including a term of seven days; hap- 
pening once in every period of that 
duration. 

hebetude (heb'e-tud), n, sluggish- 
ness; dullness. 

Hebraic (he-bra'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the Hebrews, the Je\\ish language 
or hterature. ^ 

Hebraicize ('i-siz), v.t. to convert 
into the Hebrew idiom: v.i. to speak 
Hebrew, or adopt Hebrew customs. 
Also Hebraize (-ize). 

Hebraism ('izm), n. a Hebrew idiom, 
or a cliaracteristic of the Hebrew. 

Hebraist (-ist), n. one who is learned 
in the Hebrew language and htera- 
ture. 

Hebrew Cbroo), a/Ij. pertaining to 
the Hebrews, a Semitic race; Jew- 
ish: n. the Hebrew language; a Jew. 

Hebrewess (-es), n. a Jewess. 

Hecate (hek'a-te), n. an ancient 
threefold Grecian deity possessing 
power over heaven, earth, and the 
under-world.^ 

hecate, 71, a witch; a hag. 

hecato, a prefix meaning a hundred. 
Also hecaton, hect, hecto. 

hecatomb ('a-toom), n. a sacrifi(?e 
of a himdred oxen; any large sac- 
rifice or slaughter. 

heck (hek), n, a rack for fodder; lat- 
ticework; a latticework grating for 
catching or hanging fish upon; a 
bend in a stream. 

heckle (hekl), v.t. to ask embarrass- 
ing questions of a speaker at a public 
meeting; to badger; to torment. 

hectare (tar), n. in the metric sys- 
tem, a French land measure — 100 
ares, of 2.47 acres. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at^ awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinks ^^n. 



HECTIC 



442 



HEIRLOOM 



hectic Ctik), adj. constitutional; 
slow, but of long continuance; per- 
taining to hectic fever; feverish: n, 
a remittent fever accompanying con- 
sumption, characterized by a bright 
pink spot or flush on the cheeks. 

hectogramme ('to-gram), n, m the 
metric system, a French weight = 
100 grammes, or 3.53 ounces. 

hectograph ('to-graf), n, an appa- 
ratus for multiplying copies of a 
letter or drawing, &c. 

hectoliter ('to-le-tr), n, in the met- 
ric system, a French liquid measure 
= 100 hters or 26.42 gallons.^ 

hectometer ('to-me-tr), n. in the 
metric system, a French measure of 
length = 100 meters, or 328 feet, 1 
inch. 

hector ('ter), v.L to bully or blus- 
ter: froni Hector, the Trojan hero. 

hectostere ('to-ster) , n, in the metric 
system a French cubi'^ measure= 
100 cubic meters. 

heddles (hed'dlz), n.pl. in a loom, 
the harness for guiding the warp 
threads. 

hedge (hej), n, a fence of bushes or 
shrubs: v.L to inclose with a hedge; 
encircle; invest: v.L to bet on both 
sides, so that the possibihty of loss 
will be diminished ; skulk : adj, mean ; 
comtemptible; of the lowest class. 

hedgehog ('hog), n. an insectivorous 
mammal covered on the back with 
spmes or prickles. 

hedge-priest (hej'prest), n, one pre- 
tending to be and acting as a priest, 
but who has never received clerical 
• orders and is without authority. 

hedonic (he-don'ik), adj, pertaining 
to hedonism 

hedonism ('do-nizm), n, the doctrine 
that pleasure is the chief end of life. 

heed (hed), v.t, to regard with care; 
take notice of; mind; attend; re- 
gard: n. careful attention; regard; 
caution. 

heedful ('fool), adj. cautious; at- 
tentive. 

heedfully (-li), adv. cautiously; at- 
tentively. 



heehaw ('haw), v.i, to bray like an ^ 

ass: n. the bray of an ass. 
heel (hel), n. the hinder part of the 
foot; the hinder part of a boot, shoe, 
or stocking; anything shaped like a 
heel: v.t. to furnish with a heel: 
v.i, lean on one side, as a ship. > 

heel-ball ('bawl), n. a black waxy 
composition used for blacking the 
heels of shoes, &c., and for obtain- 
ing rubbings of brasses, &c. 

heeler ('er), n, a political hanger-on. ' 

heeling ('ing), n, the degree of in-ij 
clination of a vessel from the per- 1 
pendicular. 

heel-tap ('tap), n. a small thickness 
of leather for a shoe-heel. 1 

heft^ (heft), n. a handle; an effort^ 
weight; the greater part or bulk. 

hegemony (he-gem'o-ni), n. leader- 
ship; superiority; applied to a state 
predominating over another.^ 

Hegira (he-ji-rS,), n. the flight of 
Mohammed from Mecca to Medina 
(662 A.D.). Also Hejira. . 

hegleek (heg'lek), n. an African 
tree yielding an edible fruit, from 
which an intoxicating drink is made 
by the natives. 

heifer (hef'er), n. a young cow. 

heigh-ho (hi'ho), inter j, an expres- 
sion of languor or uneasiness. 

height (hit), n. altitude; elevation; 
highest state or degree; an eminence 
or hill; summit; stature. 

heighten ('en), vd. to make high or 
higher; elevate; intensify; set off; 
increase; aggravate; improve. 

heinous (ha'nus), adj. atrocious; 
extremely wicked; flagrant. 

heir (ar), n. one who succeeds an- 
other in the possession of property, 
title, office, mental gifts, &c. 

heir-apparent (-ap-pa'rent)^ n. one 
whose right to succeed is inde- 
feasible at law if he outlives his 
ancestor. 

heiress ('es), n, a female heir. 

heirloom ('loom), n. any movable 
or personal chattel, which by its 
connection with an estate descends 
to the heir. 



ate, arm, S,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue^ hut; think, ih^n. 



HEIR-PRESUMPTIVE 



443 



HELLENIC 



heir-presumptive (-pre-zump'tiv), 
n. one who will succeed as heir if his 
right is not barred by the birth of 
one nearer in succession than himself . 

hejira. Same as hegira. 

held (held), p.t. of hold. 

heliac (he'U-ak), adj. pertaining to the 
sun; emerging from, or passing into, 
the hght of the sun. Also hehacal. 

heliacally {-Wh-kkl-M), adv. in a 
hehacal manner. 

Helianthus (he-li-an'thus), n. a ge- 
nus of plants to which the sunflower 
belongs. 

helic, a "prefix meaning spiral. Also 
hehco. 

helical (hel'i-kM), adj. spiral-shaped. 

helicoid ('i-koid), adj. coiled like the 
shell of a snail: n. a spirally-curved 
geometrical figure. 

helicopter (hel-i-kop'ter), n. a flying 
machine designed so as to be lifted 
vertically into the air. 

helioy prefix meaning sun, caused 
by, or like, the sun or sunlight, as 
/leZiograph, an instrument for tak- 
ing a photograph of the sun, or for 
signaling by reflecting sunlight from 
one mirror to another. 

heliocentric (he-li-o-sen'trik), adj. 
having the sun as the center. 

heliochrome ('li-o-krom), n. a pho- 
tograph in natural colors. 

heliochromotype ('o-tip), n. a pho- 
tograph reproducing the color of the 
subject. 

heliochromy (-ok'ro-mi), n. the art 
or process of obtaining photographs 
in natural colors. 

heliograph. See under heho. 

heliogravure (-grav'ur), n. photo- 
engraving or -etching. 

heliolatry (-or§,-tri), n. worship of 
the sun. 

heliometer (-om'e-ter), n. a microm- 
eter for measuring small angles in 
the heavens. 

heliophag ('li-5-fag), n. that part of 
an animal that absorbs sunhght. 

helioscene ('U-o-sen), n. a kind of 
sun-bHnd. 

helioscope (1i-6-skop), n. a form of 



refracting telescope for observing 
the sun. 

heliosis (-o'sis), n. the production of 
spots on leaves by the continued 
action of the sun's rays; sunstroke. 

heliostat (li-o-stat), n. an instru- 
ment by which signaling is carried 
on by means of a mirror, moved by 
clockwork. 

heliotrope (Ti-o-trop , n. a plant 
whose flowers follow the course of 
the sun; a green-colored variety of 
chalcedony with small red spots; 
bloodstone; the color of the flowers 
of heHotrope, bluish-pink. 

heliotropic (-li-o-trop'ik), adj. char- 
acterized by hehotropism. Also he- 
Hotropical. 

heliotropism (-ot'ro-pizm) , n. the 
movements of flowers or leaves to- 
ward the sun. 

heliotype ('h-6-tip), n. an impres- 
sion from a photograph taken on a 
gelatine plate hardened with alum. 

helium Cli-um), n. an element first 
discovered in the spectrum of the 
Sim and supposed to be pecuUar to 
that body. It has recently been 
discovered on the earth, and a gas 
arising from radium has been ob- 
served to change into this element. 

helix (liks), 71. [pL hehces (hel'i- 
sez) ], a spiral line, as of a line 
coiled round; a circumvolution; the 
margin of the external ear; a small 
volute; a genua of molluscs, con- 
taining the shell snails. 

hell (hel), n. the place of the dead or 
of departed souls (more correctly 
Hades); the place of punishment 
for the wicked after death: hence 
any place or condition of extreme 
misery or evil; a gambhng-house. 

Hellas (hel 'as), n. the name given by 
the ancient Greeks to Greece. 

hellebore ('e-bor), n. the Christmas 
rose. 

Hellene ('en), n. a Greek. 

Hellenic (he-len'ik;, adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, tne ancient 

' Hellenes or Greeks, or to Grecian 
art and hterature. 



5te, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HELLENISM 



444 



HEMOLYSIN 



Hellenism (hel'en-izm), n. a Greek 
idiom; Grecian culture and the love 
of the beautiful in art, &c. 

Hellenist ('en-ist), n, a Jew who 
spoke Greek; one learned in Greek. 

Hellenize ('en-iz), v.U to cause to 
conform to Greek standards or 
usages; make Hellenic. 

kello (hel'o) and^ hullo (huro), 
common exclamations of greetings, 
now the usual form of a telephone 
call. 

helm (helm), rj. the apparatus for 
steering a ship; tiller; the place of 
its direction and government; a hel- 
met [poet.]: v.L to guide or con- 
duct. 

helmet ('et), n. metal or leather ar- 
mor for the head; the hooded upper 
hp of a flower. 

helminthology (hel-min-thoFo-ji), 
n, that branch of zoology that treats 
of worms. 

kelminthous (hel-min'thus), adj, in- 
fested with or pertaining to worms, 
particularly those of the intestines. 

keloy a prefix meaning nail^ occurring 
in various scientific words, as helo~ 
dont, having nail-Hke teeth; helo- 
derm, a Mexican poisonous lizard 
with mail-like scales. 

belot (heFot, or helot), n. a slave in 
ancient Sparta; slave or serf. 

kelotism (he'lot-izm), n. keeping of 
slaves by animals or insects, as 
plant Uce are kept by some species of 
ants. 

kelotry (hel'ot-ri), n. the condition of 
a helot; body of helots. Also 
helotage. 

keloxyle (he-lok'sil), n. a building 
material for walls, ceiling, &c., 
composed of compressed peat-fiber. 

help (help), v.L to give assistance 
to; aid; support; sustain; succor; 
relieve; avoid; prevent; distribute 
food to at table; remedy; cure: v,L 
to lend aid; be available or useful: 
n. assistance; aid; support; succor; 
reUef ; that which forwards or pro- 
motes; a portion of food served at a 
meal; a lured servant. 



helpful ('fool), adj, affording help. 

helter-skelter (hel'ter-skel'ter), adv. 
in hurry and confusion. 

helve (helv), n. the handle of an axe, 
&c. 

Helvetian (hel-ve'sh&n), adj, per- 
taining to Switzerland: n, a Swiss. 
Also Helvetic. 

helypsometer ^ (hel-ip-som'e-ter), n. 
a photographic apparatus to aid in 
determining latitude at sea. 

hem (hem), n. the edge of a garment 
doubled and sewn; an ejaculatory 
sound: v.L {p,t, & p.p. hemmed, p. 
pr. hemming], to form a hem on; 
to shut in; environ: v.i, utter the 
ejaculation hem. 

hema, a prefix meaning blood, occur- 
ring in many scientific words. Also 
hem, hemato, hsema, haem, hsemato. 

hemacite (hem'a-sit), n. an artificial 
substitute for horn of . which the 
basis is blood. 

hemadromometer (hem'a-dro-mom'« 
e-ter), n. an instrument for deter- 
mining the rate of flow of the blood 
stream. 

hematin (hem'a-tin), n, the red col- 
oring matter in the blood. Also, 
haematin. 

hemi, a prefix meaning half, as hermr 
sphere, half a sphere or globe. 

hemibenthic (hem-i-ben'thik), adj, 
appHed to certain marine animals 
that smm in the water at one stage 
and at another hve at the bottom. 

hemicrania (hem'i-kra-ni-§,), n. a 
pain on one side of the head. 

hemicrescentic (hem'i-kre-sen-tik), 
adj. shaped Hke half ^ a crescent, as 
the bills of certain birds. 

hemihedral (-he'drM), adj, having 
only half the normal number of 
planes or faces :^ said of crystals. 

hemilytic (hem-i-lit'ik), adj, relating 
to the retardation of evolutionary 
progress by inbreeding and close 
selection. 

hemolysin (he-mol'i-sin), n. a fer- 
ment-like substance that causes the 
dissolution of the red corpuscles of 
the blood. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awi; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bodn^ 
book; hue, hut; think, ihj&a. 



HEMOLYSIS 



HEPTAHEDRON 



hemolysis (he-mol'i-sis), n. the pro- 
cess of dissolving blood corpuscles, 
usually by specific hemolysins. 

hemiopia (-i-o'pi-S.), n. a defect in 
vision in which only the half of an 
object is seen. 

hemiplegia (-ple'ji-^), 7i. paralysis 
of one side of the body. 

hemisphere* See under hemi. 

hemistich (-stik), n. in poetry,^ an 
incomplete hne or the half of a Une. 

hemlock (hem'lok), n. a wild poi- 
sonous plant of the parsley family: 
hemlock spruce, an evergreen tree of 
the pine family: the lumber made 
from the hemlock tree. 

hemmer ('er), n, one who, or that 
which, hems; an attachment to a 
sewing machine for hemming.^ 

hemmiing ('ing), n, the action of 
the verb to hem; hems collectively. 

hemo* See hsema. 

hemoglobin (hem-o-glo'bin), n, an 
albuminoid substance in the blood 
forming the chief constituent of the 
red corpuscles. 

hemophile (hem'o-fil), n. a person 
who is subject to an abnormal ten- 
dency to bleeding, sometimes spoken 
of as a bleeder. 

hemoptysis (-op'ti-sis), n, spitting 
of blood. 

hemorrhage (hem'o-raj), n, bleed- 
ing from the lungs, arteries, veins, 
&c. 

hemorrhoids ('o-roidz), n.pL bleed- 
ing piles. 

hemp (hemp), n, a plant of the net- 
tle family, the tough fiber of which 
is used for cordage and various 
kinds of coarse linen ;^ in the East, 
a narcotic and intoxicant, hashish 
(q.v.), is obtained from hemp. 

hempen ('en), adj, pertaining to, or 
made of, hemp. 

hemstitch ('stich), n, a particular 
kind of ornamental stitching. 

hen (hen), n. the female of a bird, 
especially the domestic fowl. 

henbane ('ban), n, a poisonous 
coarse hairy wild herb of the night- . 
shade family deadly to fowls. 



hence (hens), adv, from this place, 
source, or time; in consequence of 
this: inter j. away! begone! 

henchman (hench'man), n. [pi. 
henchmen ('men) ], formerly, a male 
attendant or servant; groom; one 
who serves in a political campaign 
under another for pecuniary consid- 
erations. 

hendeca, a prefix meaning eleven y as 
hendecahediOB-y a sohd figure having 
eleven plane faces. 

hendecagon (hen-dek'^-gon), n. a 
plane figure having eleven sides and 
eleven angles. 

hendecasy liable (-sil'^-bl), n.^ a 
metrical line or verse of eleven syl- 
lables. 

henna ('i), n. a tropical shrub from 
the powdered leaves of v/hich a cos- 
metic paste is made: used in the 
East to dye the nails, hair, &c., a 
reddish-orange color. 

henpecked ('pekt), adj, governed by 
one's wife. 

hepar (he'p§,r) , n. sulphide of calcium. 

hepaty a prefix meaning tJie liver. 
Also hepato, as hepatocele, hernia 
of the Uver. 

hepatic (he-pat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the liver. 

hepatite (hep'§.-tit), n. fcetid sul- 
phate of barium. 

hepatocele. See under hepat. 

hepatogastric (he-pat-o-gas'trik), 

adj. pertaining to the fiver and the 
stomach. 

hepty a prefix meaning seven. Also 
hepta, as heptachovdy a series of 
seven notes; a seven-stringed musi- 
cal instrument. 

heptad (hep'tad), n. a chemical atom 
or element that has the equivalence 
of seven atoms of hydrogen. 

heptaglot ('t§,-glot), adj. wTitten in 
seven languages. 

heptagon ('t^-gon), n. a plane figure 
having seven sides and seven angles. 

heptagonal (-tag'o-n^l), adj. having 
seven sides or seven angles. 

heptahedron (-he'dron), n, a solid 
figure with seven sides. 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^en. 



HEPTAHEXAHEDRAL 



446 



HERETICALLY 



heptahexahedra] (-heks-§,-he'dral) , 
adj, having seven ranges of faces 
one above the other, each range 
containing six faces. 

heptarchy ('tark-i), n. [pi, hep- 
tarchies (-iz) ], a government by 
seven rulers, especially the seven 
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms estabHshed in 
England. 

her (her), "pron, the objective and 
possessive case of the personal pro- 
noun she, 

herakla (he-rak1§,), n, an antelope 
of equatorial Africa. 

herald (her^ald), n, formerly an offi- 
cial who proclaimed peace and war, 
bore messages from a sovereign to 
a commander, superintended coro- 
nations and other public ceremonial 
functions, &c.; an official whose 
duty it is to grant, record, and bla- 
zon arms, trace pedigrees, &c.; a 
precursor: v.U to introduce; pro- 
claim; usher in. 

heraldic (he-ral'dik), adj. pertaining 
to heralds or heraldry. 

heraldically (-M-li), adv, according 
to the rules of heraldry. 

heraldry (her'ald-ri), n, the science 
that treats of armorial bearings, and 
of determining pedigrees, &c. 

herb (erb, or herb), n. a plant with 
a soft and succulent stem that, after 
flowering, withers away. 

herbaceous (-a'shus), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, or feed- 
ing upon, herbs. 

herbage C^j), n. herbs collectively; 
grass; pasturage; the right of pas- 
ture on the lands of another. 

herbal ('al), a^i;. pertaining to herbs: 
n, a book descriptive o^ plants. 

herbarium (-ba'ri-um). n [pi her- 
baria (-a)], a systematic collection of 
dried plants for purposes of study ; 
a building where such a collection 
is kept. 

herbiferous (-bif'e-rus), adj, pro- 
ducing herbs. ^ 

herbivora (-biv'o-r^), n.pl, mam- 
mals that feed on herbs or vegeta- 
bles. 



herbivorous ('o-rus), adj. feeding on 
herbs. 

Herculean (-kti'le-^n), adj, pertain- 
ing to Hercules, the hero of Grecian 
mythology, possessed of superhuman 
strength : hence of exceeding strength 
and power; huge; vast; very 
difficult. 

herd (herd), n. a collection of beasts 
or cattle feeding or driven together; 
crowd; a keeper of cattle: v.i, to 
unite or associate, as beasts; crowd 
together. 

here (her), a^^v. in, or to, this place; 
at this point; in the present life or 
state; on this occasion. 

hereby (-bi'), adv, by virtue of this; 
near. 

hereditable (he-red 'it-§,-bl), adj. that 
may be inherited. Also heritable. 

hereditably (-bli), adv, by way of 
inheritance. 

hereditament (her-e-dit'i;-ment), n. 
property inherited. 

hereditarily ^ (he-red'i-t§rri-K), adv, 
by way of inheritance. 

hereditary ('i-ta-ri), adj, passing 
from an ancestor to a descendant; 
transmitted from parent to offspring. 

heredity ^ Ci-ti), n, the transmission 
of physical or mental characteris- 
tics or qualities from parent to off- 
spring; the tendency of an organism 
to reproduce the characteristics of 
the progenitor. 

herein (her-in'), odv, in this. 

hereinafter (-M'ter), adv, in this 
(deed, book, &c.) after or subse- 
quently. 

heresy (her'e-si), n, [pi, heresies 
(-siz)], an opinion or doctrine at 
variance with ^ fundamental truths 
commonly received as orthodox, es- 
pecially if leading to division. 

heretic ('e-tik), n. one who holds, or 
maintains, heretical opinions. 

heretical (-M), adj. pertaining to, or , 
having the character of, heresy; sub- 
versive of, or contrary to, orthodox 
behef. 

heretically (-li), adv, in a heretical 
manner. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, i; 
book; hue, hut; think, th^hm 



HERETOFORE 



447 



HESITATE 



heretofore (her-too-for'), adv. pre- 
viously; hitherto. 

heritable, same as hereditable. 

heritage (her'i-taj), n. an estate that 
passes from an ancestor to a de- 
scendant; a birthright or inherit- 
ance; the people of God. 

herinaphrodite (her-maf'ro-dit), adj. 
having the sexual characteristics of 
both male and female in the same 
individual: n, an animal with both 
the male and female sexual organs; 
a plant having stamens and pistils 
in the same floral envelope; a brig 
square-rigged forward and schooner- 
rigged aft. 

hermaphroditic (-dit'ik), adj, per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, a 
hermaphrodite. 

hermeneutics (her-men-u'tiks) , n. 
the science of explaining and in- 
terpreting. 

hermetic (her-met'ik), adj, perfect- 
ly closed and air-tight. Also her- 
metical. 

hermetically (-M-li), adv. in an air- 
tight manner, by means of fusion. 

hermit ('mit), n. one who retires 
from society and lives in solitude, 
especially for devotional contempla- 
tion; an anchorite. 

hermitage (-aj), n. the abode of a 
hermit; a variety of red and white 
French wine. 

hermit-crab Ckrab), n. one of a 
genus of crabs that live in the empty 
shells of univalve mollusks. 

hermitical ('i-kM), adj. pertaining 
to, or suited for, a hermit; solitary. 

hern (hern), n, the heron. Also 
hernshaw. 

hernani (her-na'ni), n, a woolen or 
silk dress fabric. 

hernia ('ni-^), n. a protrusion of 
some part of the intestine, or of 
some other internal organ; rupture. 

hernial ('ni-^1), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, hernia. 

herniotomy (-ni-ot'o-mi), n. the 
operation of cutting for strangu- 
lated hernia. 

hernshaw. See hem. 



hero (he'ro), n. [pZ. heroes ('roz) ], 
a demigod; a man of distinguished 
courage, moral or physical ; the chief 
character in a play, novel, poem, 
&c. 

heroic (he-ro'ik), adj. having the 
quahties of a hero; producing he- 
roes; larger than life; venturesome; 
drastic. Also heroical: n.pl, ex- 
travagant or boastful language. 

heroic age (aj), n, the age in which 
the demigods or heroes of Greek 
antiquity are fabled to have lived. 

heroically (-li), adv. like a hero. 

heroic verse (vers), n. epic poetry; 
the hexameter verse in Greek and 
Latin poetry-; in Enghsh, an iambic 
measure of ten syllables. 

heroine (her'o-in), n. a female hero; 
the female character in a play, 
novel, <S:c. 

heroism (her'o-izm), n. the qualities 
of a hero. 

heron ('un), n. a wading bird with <* 
long neck and long legs. 

heronry (-ri), 7i. a place where her- 
ons breed. 

hero-worship (-wer-ship), n. exces- 
sive admiration of distinguished men. 

herperto, a prefix meaning lizard. 

herpes (her'pez), n. a skin disease, 
characterized by small clusters of 
vesicles on inflamed surfaces. 

herpetology (her-pe-toro-ji), n. that 
branch of zoology that treats of rep- 
tiles and amphibians. 

Herr (her) n. mister, or sir [Ger- 
man]. 

herring ('ing), n. an edible sea-fish 
moving in shoals. 

herring-bone (-bon), n. sl kind of 
cross-stitch: v.t. & v.i. to work in 
such a stitch. 

Herschel (her'shel), n. the planet 
Uranus. 

herse (hers), n. a portcullis, in the 
form of a harrow set with spikes. 

hesitancy (hez'i-tan-si), n. hesita- 
tion; suspense. 

hesitate ('i-tat), v.i. to be in sus- 
pense or uncertainty; pause; vacil- 
late; stammer. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HESPER 



44S 



HIBERNIA 



Hesper (hes'per), n. the evening star, 
especially Venus. Also Hesperus. 

Hesperides ('i-dez), n,j)l. in Grecian 
mythology, the four daughters of 
Nox (Night) and granddaughters 
of Hesperus, who guarded the 
golden apples given by Gaia to Hera 
on her marriage with Zeus (Jupi- 
ter); the garden containing the 
golden apples protected by an en- 
chanted dragon. 

Hesperus. Same as Hesper. 

Hessian (hesh'an), adj, pertaining to 
Hesse in Germany or its inhabit- 
ants; a venal politician: 'pl. top- 
boots with tassels in front. 

Hessian-fly (-fli), n, a small fly the 
larvae of which are very destructive 
to corn crops. 

hest (hest), n. a behest; command. 

hetaerism (he-te'rizm), n. open con- 
cubinage; a system of communal 
marriage among certain tribes. 

faetero a 'prefix meaning another^ ah* 
normal, different, unequal. Also 
heter, as heterocevcol, having the 
upper lobe of the tail longer than 
the lower lobe: said of certain fish. 

keterodox ('er-o-doks), adj. deviat- 
ing from an accepted doctrine or 
standard of faith, &c.; heretical: 
opposed to orthodox. 

heterodoxy (-dok-si), n. [pi, hetero- 
doxies (-iz) ], an unorthodox doc- 
trine or opinion; heresy. 

heterogeneity (-je-ne'i-ti), n. dif- 
ference in kind; dissimilarity. 

heterogeneous (-o-je'ne-us), adj\ 
•pposite or dissimilar in character, 
quahty, structure, &c., not homo- 
geneous. 

heterogenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. the 
doctrine that certain organisms can 
produce offspring differing in struc- 
ture and habit from the parent, but 
reverting in subsequent generations 
to the original type. 

heterologous (-oFo-gus), adj, ab- 
normal in type or structure; con- 
sisting of different elements, or of 
the same elements in varying pro- 
portions. 



heteromorphism (-m6r'fizm), 71. 
deviation from the natural form or 
structure. 

heteronomous (-on'o-mus), adj. dif- 
fering from the normal type. 

heteroscopy (het-e-ros'ko-pi), n, dif- 
ference of vision in the two eyes, a 
very common defect. 

heulandite (hu 'land-it), 7i. a vitre- 
ous transparent brittle mineral, a 
silicate of alumina and lime. 

hew (hu), v.t. [p.t. hewed, p,p, hewn, 
hewed, p.pr. hewing], to cut or 
shape, ^ as with an axe or other 
sharp instrument; hack; chop; form 
laboriously. 

hexa a prefix meaning six. Also 
hex,^ as ^ hexachord, a six-stringed 
musical instrument. 

hexad (heks'ad), n. a chemical ele- 
ment, atom, or radical that can be 
combined with, or replaced by, six 
atoms of hydrogen. 

hexagon ('a-gon), n. a plane figure 
having six angles and six sides. 

hexagonal (-al), adj, six-sided. 

hexahedron (-i,-he'dron), n. [pL 
hexahedra ( dra) ], a solid bounded 
by six plane faces. 

hexameter (-am'e-ter), n. in Greek 
and Latin verse, a line consisting 
of six feet, the last being usually a 
spondee. 

hexapod ('a-pod), n, an animal with 
six legs, as insects. 

hexiology (-i-oro-ji), n, the science 
of habits and environment. 

hiatus (hi-a'tus), n, a break; vacan- 
cy; gap; the concurrence of two 
vowels in two successive syllables. 

hibernaculum (-ber-nak'u-lum), n, 
[pi, -la], the winter quarters of a 
hibernating animal; the bud-scales 
of a winter bud. 

hibernal (-ber'nal), adj, wintry. 

hibernate ('ber-nat), v,i, to pass 
the winter in a state of torpor, as 
certain animals; to winter. 

Hibernia (hi-ber'ni-a), n, the name 
given by the Romans to Ireland, 
now mostly^ used in poetry and 
romantic writing. 



ate, arm, li;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then* 



HIBERNIAN 



449 



HIGH-FLOWN 



Hibernian ('ni-^n), adj, pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, Hibernia or 
Ireland. 

Hibernianism ('ni-^n-izm), n, an 
Irish idiom. Also Hibernicism. 

Hi ber no-Celtic Cno-sel'tik), adj, 
pertaining to the Kelts of Ireland or 
their language : n, native Irish. Also 
Hiberno-Keltic. 

Hibiscus (hi-bislnis), n. a genus of 
plants, shrubs, &C.5 of the mallow 
family. 

hiccatee (hik-§--teO, n. an American 
fresh water tortoise. 

hiccough ('up), n. a short convulsive 
cough: v.i. to utter a short convul- 
sive cough. Also hiccup. 

hie jacet^ (ja'set), (Latin: here lies) 
an inscription on tombstones. 

hickory Co-ri), n. [pL hickories 
-riz) ], an American nut-bearing 
tree of the genus Carya. 

hid, p. adj, concealed; not known; se- 
cret. Also hidden. 

hidalgo (hi-dargo), n. in Spain, a 
nobleman of the lowest rank. Fern, 
hidalga. 

hide (hid), v.t, [p.t. hid, p.p. hidden, 
p.pr, hiding], to conceal; secrete; 
not to confess; disguise; whip: v.i, 
to He concealed: n, an animal's skin 
raw or dressed; formerly a measure 
of land. 

hidebound Cbound), adj. having 
the skin close or contracted; preju- 
diced; bigoted. 

hideous (hid'e-us), adj, offensive to 
the sight, ear, or taste; shocking; 
dreadful; horrible. 

hiding (hid'ing), n, concealment; a 
beating. 

hie (hi), v.t [p.t. & p.p. hied, p.pr. 
hieing], to excite; speed: v.i, to 
hasten. 

hieiarch ('er-ark), n. the chief ruler 
of an ecclesiastical body; the leader 
of an angelic host ; in ancient Greece, 
an officer who haid charge of votive 
offerings. 

hierarchic ('ik), adj. pertaining to a 
hierarch, or a hierarchy. Also hier- 
archical. 



hierarchism (-izm), n. church gov- 
ernment by a hierarchy. 

hierarchy (-1), n. [pi. hierarchies 
(-iz) ], the higher and lower clerg}' 
of a church; priesthood; rank of 
holy beings, as angels; in biology, 
a series of systematic. groups. 

hieratic (-e-rat'ik), adj, pertaining to 
priests; sacred; consecrated. Also 
hieratical. 

hiero, a prejix meaning sacred, as 
/iierophant, a priest who, in ancient 
Greece, initiated novices into the 
sacred mysteries. 

hieroglyphic (hi-er-o-glif'ik), n. a 
sacred character or sjTubol: pi. the 
picture writings of the ancient 
Egyptians, &c.: adj, pertaining to 
hieroglyphics; emblematic. 

hieroglyphically (-M-H), adv. by 
hieroglyphics. 

hierology (-ol'6-ji), n. the science 
of hierogh^phics. 

higgle (hig'l), v.i. to carry provi- 
sions about for sale; chaffer; dis- 
pute about trifles. 

higgledy-piggledy (-di-pig'1-di), adv. 
in confusion; topsy-turvy. 

high (hi), adj,^ elevated in place; 
lofty; exalted in degree or qualitj^; 
chief; head; honorable; noble; of 
large amount or quantity; strong; 
powerful; intense; tempestuous; full 
or complete; near to the wind; 
tainted; shrill; acute: n, an ele- 
vated place: adv, aloft; profoundly; 
eminently; aloud; luxurious. 

high-church ('cherch), adj, attach- 
ing great importance to the prerog- 
ative and authority of the Church, 
its sacraments and priesthood. 

high-colored ('kul-erd), adj, having 
a strong, deep, or glaring color; 
flushed; vi\ad; exaggerated. 

highest ('est), adj. most high. 

highfalutin (-fa-lu'tin), adj. bom- 
bastic: n. bombastic speech. 

high-farming ('farm-ing), adj, using 
fertilizing manures extensively. 

high-flown Cfion), adj. elevated; 
proud: extravagant; inflated. 



Bte, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HIGH-HANDED 



450 



HINTERHAND 



high-handed Chand'ed), adj, vio- 
lent; arbitrary. 

high- jinks ('jingks), n. sportive jol- 
lification. 

highland (land), n. a mountainous 
region: pi. the mountainous dis- 
tricts of Scotland. 

high life (lif), n. fashionable socie- 
ty; its manner of living. 

highlows ('loz), n.pL laced shoes 
reaching to the ankle. 

highly ('li), adv» in a high manner; 
in a great degree; with high esteem 
or opinion; proudly; arrogantly. 

high mass (mas), n. a mass, usually 
at the high altar, at which a dea- 
con and a subdeacon assist the cele- 
brant. 

highness ('nes), n, the state or qual- 
ity of being high; a title of honor 
applied to persons of princely rank 
(with a possessive pronoun), 

high priest (prest), n. sl chief priest, 
especially the principal priest of the 
Jewish hierarchy. 

highroad ('rod), n. a chief road; 
highway; an easy course or method. 

high-roller (hi-rorgr), n. one who 
lives extravagantly and luxuriously. 

highstrung ('strung), adj, strung to 
a high pitch; extremely sensitive. 

hight (hit), p. adj. called. 

high-toned ('tond), adj. high pitched; 
high principled; fashionable. 

high water ('waw-ter), adj. pertain- 
ing to high tide. 

highway ('wa), n. a public road; a 
course or path. 

highwayman (-m^n), n. [pi. high- 
waymen (-men) ], one who robs on 
the pubUc road. 

high wine (win), n. a distillage of 
wine; brandy containing a large 
percentage of alcohol. 

hike (hik), n. to tramp or march over 
a given course. 

hilarious (hi-la'ri-us), adj. merry; 
exhilarated. 

hilarity (-lar'i-ti), n. [pi. hilarities 
(-tiz) ], noisy merriment. 

hill (hil), n. an elevation less than a 
mountain; a small mound or heap: 



v.t. to draw earth about (plants in 
mounds), as potatoes. 

hilliness ('i-nes), n, the state of be- 
ing hilly. 

hillock Cok), n. a small hill. 

hilly {'{), adj. aboimding with, or 
characterized by, hills; rugged. 

hilt (hilt), n. a handle, especially of 
a sword. 

him (him), pron. the objective case of 
he. 

hind (hind), n. the female of the 
stag or red deer; a farm servant; 
peasant: adj. backward; hinder. 

hinder (hind'er), adj. belonging to, 
or constituting, the back or rear of 
anything. 

hinder (hin'der), v.t. to obstruct or 
imi)ede: v.i. to impose obstructions 
or impediments. 

hindermost (hind'er-most), adj. same 
as hindmost. 

hindmost (hind'most), adj. ^farthest 
from the front; in the extreme rear. 

Hindoo. Same as Hindu. 

hindrance (hin'dr^ns), n. obstruc- 
tion. 

Hindu ('doo), n. a native of Hin- 
dustan belonging to the Aryan race; 
Brahman: adj. pertaining to the 
Hindus or to Hinduism. Also Hin- 
doo. 

Hinduism (-izm), n. Brahmanism, 
more or less modified from the orig- 
inal cult. 

Hindustani (-sta'ne), n. the official 
and common language of India; 
Urdu. Also Hindustanee. 

hinge (hinj), n. the joint or hook 
on which a door, &c., turn or swing; 
the joint of a bivalve shell; that on 
which anything depends or turns: 
v,t. to furnish with a hinge: v.i. to 
stand, turn, or depend, as on a hinge. 

hinny (hin'i),^ v.i.^ [p.t. & p.p. hm- 
nied, p.pr. hinnying], to neigh: n. \ 
the offspring of a horse and a she 
ass. ^ ' 

hint (hint), v.t. to suggest; mention 
casually: n. a suggestion; distant 
allusion. 

hinterhand (hin'ter-hand), n. in the 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon» 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



HIP 



451 



HITCH 



game of skat, the person who plays 
&st on the first trick; inland. 

hip (hip), n. the upper fleshy part 
of the thigh; haunch; the coxa of 
an insect; the rafter at the junction 
of two sloping roofs; the fruit of 
the briar or dogrose; melancholy: 
interj. a huzzah: ^ v.U {p.L &^ p.p. 
hipped, p.pr. hipping], to sprain or 
fracture the hip of; affect with mel- 
ancholy ; build with a hip ^ throw by 
a cross-buttock in wrestling. 

hipp, a pi^efix meaning horse. Also 
hippo, as hippophsLgy-y the practice 
of eating horse-flesh. 

Hippocampus (-o-kam'pus), n, [pi. 
Hippocampi (-pi)], a genus of small 
osseous fishes, having the head and 
shoulders somewhat resembling that 
of a horse. 

hippocampus, n. a sea-horse; the 
name of two eminences on the lateral 
ventricles of the brain (hippocampus 
major and hippocampus minor). 

hippodrome ('o-drom), n, an an- 
cient Greek race-course for eques- 
trian games and chariots; a circus; 
a fraudulent contest or race, the 
result of which has been previously 
arranged. 

hippogrriff ('o-grif), n. a fabulous 
winged monster, half horse, half 
griffin. 

hippolosry (-ol'o-ji), n, the study of 
the horse, its structure, habits, &c. 

hippophagy (hip-pof'a-ji), n. the eat- 
ing of horse flesh. 

hippopotamus (-pot'§,-mus), n. [pi. 
hippopotami (-mi), -muses (-ez)], a 
large pachydermatous aquatic ani- 
mal of Africa; the river-horse. 

hircine (her 'sin), adj. resembhng a 
goat; smelling like a goat: n. an 
oily product with a foetid smell 
found in the fat of goats and sheep. 

hire (hir), v.t. to engage for tem- 
porary service at a certain price; 
bribe; let or lease: n. recompense 
or consid^ation paid for the use of 
anything; wages; bribe. 

hireling (hlr-ling), n. one who serves 
for hire: adj. mercenary. 



hirsute (her'stit), adj. hairy; shaggy. 

his (hiz), pron. poss. case of he. 

Hispanic (his-pan'ik) , adj, pertain- 
ing to Hispania or Spain. 

Hispanicism (1-sizm), n. a Spanish 
idiom. 

hispid ('pid), adj. bristly. 

hiss (his), n. a noise, made by forc- 
ing the breath between the tongue 
and upper teeth, resembling that of 
a serpent or goose: v.i. to utter such 
a sound, especially as expressing dis- 
approbation or contempt. 

hist (hist), interj. silence! hark! 

histo, a prefix meaning tissue, as 
histogrsLphy f a description of or- 
ganic tissues. 

histology (-tol'o-ji), n. the science 
of animal tissues; microscopic anat- 
omy. 

historian (-to'ri-^n), n. a writer or 
student of history. 

historic (-tor'Lk), adj. pertaining to, 
contained in, or celebrated in, his- 
tory ; relathig to the past. Also h i s- 
torical. 

historiette (-to-ri-et'), n. a short 
history. 

historiographer (-og'ri-fer), n. a 
writer of history, especially an offi- 
cial historian. 

history ('to-ri), n. [pi. histories 
(-riz)], a narration of facts and 
events arranged chronologically with 
their causes and effects; knowledge 
of facts. 

histrionic (-tri-on'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to actors or the stage; theatri- 
cal; also historical: n.pl. the art 
of theatrical representation. 

histrionically (-^-li), adv, theat- 
rically. 

histrionicism ('i-sizm), stage effect. 

histrionism (-izm), n. stage repre- 
sentation ; affectation . 

hit (hit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hit, p.pr. 
hitting], to strike; give a blow to; 
touch (the mark); attain to; suit: 
v.i. to clash or collide; succeed: n. 
a stroke or blow; a lucky event; 
, felicitous remark. 

hitch (hich), n. a catch; that which 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HITCHING 



452 



HOE 



acts like a catch; impediment; a 
pulling or jerking upwards: v.i. to 
become entangled or caught; move 
by jerks; strike the feet together, 
as horses: v.L to fasten or tie; pull 
up with a jerk. 

hitching ('ing), n. a fastening in 
harness. 

hither (hither), adv. to this place: 
adj, on the side nearest to the 
speaker. 

hive (hiv), n. an artificial receptacle 
or house for bees; a swarm of bees 
inhabiting a hive; a busy assem- 
blage or society: v.t, to gather or 
put into a hive; harbor: vd. to live 
or take shelter together. 

hives (hivz), n,pl. nettle-rash; croup. 

ho (ho), inter j. stop! hold! 

hoar (hor), adj. white; grey with 
age; ancient. 

hoard (hord), n. a store or treasure 
laid up secretly; an accumulation 
of things: v.L to collect and lay up: 
v.i. to lay up store. 

hoarding ('ing), n, the act of stor- 
ing up; a fence of rough boards in- 
closing a building site. 

hoar-frost (hor'frost), n. white par- 
ticles of frozen dew or moisture. 

hoarhound ('hound), n. a white 
woolly aromatic herb. 

hoarse (hors), adj. rough and harsh 
in sound, as the voice when affected 
by a cold. 

hoarsely (1i) , adv. in a hoarse manner. 

hoarseness ('nes), n. the state of 
being hoarse. 

hoax (hoks), n. a sportive deceptive 
trick; practical joke: v.t. to take in, 
or delude, by a hoax. 

hob (hob), n. the flat part of a grate 
on which things are placed to be 
kept warm; a sprite or fairy. 

hobble (1), v.i. to walk with a limp 
or awkward step: v.t. embarrass or 
perplex; shackle: n. limping or awk- 
ward step. 

hobble-de-hoy (-de-hoi'), n. a lad 
between boyhood and manhood; an 
inexperienced, awkward youth. 

hobble-skirt (hob'l-skert), n. a skirt 



closely draped to the figure of the 
wearer; tightened by bands be- 
tween the ankles and knees, render- 
ing locomotion difficult. 

hobbly ('li), adj. rough or uneven. 

hobby (hob'i), n. [pi. hobbies Ciz)], 
a favorite pursuit or object; an 
ambling nag; a hobby-horse; a kind 
of falcon. 

hobby-horse (-hors), n. a stick with 
a horse^s head, across which children 
sit; a wooden or rocking-horse; a 
character in old morris dances. 

hobgoblin (-goblin), n. a goblin, 
sprite, or elf, especially one of fright- 
ful appearance: hence an alarming 
apparition. 

hobnail Cnal), n. a short thick nail 
with a large head: used for protect- 
ing the soles of heavy boots. 

hobnob ('nob), v.i. to drink famil- 
iarly with; associate intimately to- 
gether. 

hobo (ho 'bo), n. an idle itinerant 
workman; a tramp. ^ 

hock (hok), n. the joint between the 
knee and the fetlock; the back part 
of the human knee-joint; any white 
Rhine wine; pawn. 

hockey ('i), n. an outdoor game 
played with a ball and clubs curved 
at one end. 

hocus (ho'kus), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ho- 
cused, p.pr. hocusing], to cheat or 
trick; to stupefy or render insensi-i 
ble by means of drugged liquor in| 
order to cheat or rob: n. a trick or ' 
juggle; drugged liquor. 

hocus-pocus (po'kus), n. a juggler's 
trick; a juggler. 

hod (hod), n. a wooden trough, af- 
fixed to a long handle, for carr3dng 
mortar or bricks; a coal-scuttle; a 
male ferret. 

hod-carrier Ckar-i-er), n. a man 
who carries a hod; hodman. 

hodge-podge ('poj), n. a medley of 
ingredients, as in a hodge-podge pud- - 
ding. 

hodman (hod'm§,n), n. sl bricklayer's 
laborer; a hod-carrier. 

hoe (ho), n. an agricultural tool for 



ate, arm, S,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut: think, then. 



HOG 



453 



HOLY OF HOLIES 



cutting weeds, &c.: v.t to cut, or 
till with a hoe; clear from weeds. 

hog (hog), n. a swine; a kind of 
rough broom used for scrubbing a 
ship's bottom under water; . a grasp- 
ing, gluttonous person: v.t. [p.t, 
& p.p. hogged, p.pr. hogging], to 
scrub (a ship's bottom) under water; 
to cut (the hair) short: v.i. to droop 
at both ends: said of a ship. 

hogshead (z'hed), n. a measure of 
capacity = 523^ imperial gals, or 63 
wine gals. ; a large barrel or cask. ^ 

hoi den (hoi'dn), n. a rude, rustic 
girl; romp: adj. inelegant; rustic; 
ill-mannered: v.i. to romp roughly 
or indelicately. Also hoyden. 

hoist (hoist), v.t to lift or raise with 
tackle; heave: n, an apparatus for 
lifting goods from a lower to a 
higher floor, &c. ; a lift. 

hoity-toity (hoi'ti-toi'ti), inter j, an 
exclamation of surprise, rebuke, &c. 

hoki ('ki), n. a New Zealand fish. 

hoky-poky (ho'ki-p5'ki), n, a com- 
mon kind of ice-cream sold in slabs. 

hold (hold), v.t. [p.t. held, p.p, held, 
holden, p.pr. holding], to grasp and 
keep in the hand; clutch; retain; 
keep; possess; connect; judge or 
consider; entertain; contain; cele- 
brate; use: v.i. to cling; adhere; 
stand good; continue; proceed; re- 
frain; maintain an opinion: n. the 
act of holding; a grasp or clutch; 
an embrace; support, a fortified 
place; that part of a vessel where 
the cargo is stored. 

holdfast ('fast), n. a hook or sup- 
port; adj. tenacious. 

holding ('ing), n. anything held; 
tenure or right of possession; a 
farm held of a superior. 

hole (hoi), n. a ca\4ty; hollow place; 
pit; perforation; the burrow of an 
animal; mean habitation; a diffi- 
culty or dilemma. 

holiday (hol'i-da), n, a day of gaiety 

^and joy in celebration of some event, 

*&c.: a da^^ of freedom from labor: 

adj. pertaining to a festival; joyous;, 

gay. 



holily (holi-Ii), adv. piously. 

holiness ('h-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being holy;^ freedom from 
sin; moral and spiritual purity; 
sacredness ; a title of the Pope 

Holland (hoFand), n. fine unbleached 
linen, glazed or unglazed: pL a kind 
of gin. 

holloa (hoi's), v.i. to shout to one at 
a distance: n. a shout. 

hollow ('5), adj. having a void Space 
within: opposed to soHd; sunken; 
superficial; unreal: n. a cavity; 
pit; groove; space between hills or 
elevations; insincere; deep; low: 
v.t. to make hollow: adv. complete- 
ly; thoroughly. 

hollow- ware (-war), n, cast-iron 
kitchen utensils, earthenware, &c. 

holly ('li), n. a shrub or tree of the 
genus Ilex, with ^ glossy, prickly 
leaves and red berries. 

hollyhock (hoFi-hok), n. a tall bien- 
nial plant of the mallow family with 
large flowers. 

holm (hom), n. an evergreen oak; 
low flat land by the side of a river; 
a small river island. 

holo, a prefix^ meaning whohy entire, 
as holocTyptic, undecipherable. 

holoblastic ^ (hol-o-blas'tik), adj. 
wholly germinal. 

holocaust ('o-kawst), n. sl sacrifice 
wholly consumed by fire. 

holocryptic. See under holo. 

holography ('o-gr5.f), n. a document 
entirely in the handwTiting of the 
author. 

holster (hol'ster), n. a leather pistol- 
case usually carried at the saddle- 
bow. 

holt (holt), n. a wooded hill; a bur- 
row or hiding place. 

holy (ho'li), adj. [comp, holier, su- 
perl, holiest], pure; morally and 
spiritually perfect; sinless; preemi- 
nently good; pious; sacred; conse- 
crated. 

holy day (da), a religious festival. 

Holy Ghost. Same as Holy Spirit . 

Holy Land (lafid), n. Palestine. 

Holy of Holies (ho'li of ho'liz), n. the 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HOLY ROOD 



454 



HOMOGENESIS 



inmost room of the tabernacle, 
containing the Ark of the Covenant. 
Only the High Priest was permitted 
to enter it, and only on the Day of 
Atonement. 

Holy Rood (rood), n, a cross or 
crucifix, especially one over the en- 
trance to the chancel. 

Holy Spirit (spir'it), n. God; the 
third person of the Trinity, 

holystone (-ston), n, a large fiat 
piece of stone used for scouring the 
ship's decks: v.L to scrub (a deck) 
with a holystone. 

homage (hom'aj), n. respect paid by 
external action; deference; rever- 
ence; the ceremony by which a 
tenant or vassal promised fealty and 
service to his feudal lord. 

homaloy a prefixy meaning even, 
plane, as homaloidsly flat; plane. 

home (horn), n. one's abode or resi- 
dence; dwelhng-place of a man and 
his family; fatherland; habitat; a 
benevolent or charitable institution: 
adj. pertaining to one's abode or 
country; domestic: to the point de- 
signed; near; effective: adv, to or Sit 
home; to the uttermost; closely. 

homeliness ('li-nes), n. the state of 
being homely; plainness; rudeness. 

homely ('li), adj. plain-featured; un- 
cultured; rude. In England benevo- 
lent, kindly, homelike. 

home-made ('mad), adj, of house- 
hold or domestic manufacture, as 
home-made bread. 

homeopathic ^ (ho-me-o-patti'ik), adj. 
of or pertaining to homeopathy; 
extremely small in quantity. 

homeopathist (op'&-thist), n. one 
who practices or beheves in homeop- 
athy. 

homeopathy (op'i-thi), n. the medi- 
cal system introduced by Hahne- 
mann (1755-1843), which seeks to 
cure diseases by the administration 
of medicines in minute quantities to 
produce in the patient symptoms 
similar to those the same medicine 
would produce in a healthy person. 

Homeridae (ho-mer'i-de), n.pl. the 



poetical descendants of Homer; the 
rhapsodists who recited the Homeric 
poems. 

home rule (horn rool), n. local self- 
government, especially that form of 
government for Ireland advocated 
by Mr. Gladstone and the Irish 
Party. 

homesick (hom'sik), adj. ill because 
of absence from home; nostalgic. 

homesickness (-nes), n. state of be- 
ing homesick; nostalgia. 

homespun (hom'spun), n. a coarse 
woolen cloth, formerly spun at 
home. 

homestead ('sted), n. a dwelhng- 
house with the adjacent land; orig- 
inal abode. 

homicidal (hom'i-si-dal), adj. per- 
taining to, or having a tendency to, 
homicide. 

homicide ('i-sid), n. the killing of a 
human being; one who kills another. 

homiletic (-i-let'ik), adj. pertaining 
to homiletics. Also homiletical. 

homiletics ('iks), n.pl. that branch 
of theology which treats of ser- 
mons and their composition, 

homilist ('i-hst), n. a preacher. 

homily ('i-h), n. [pi. homihes (-liz) ], 
a plain religious discourse or sermon. 

homing (hom'ing),^ adj. returning 
home: said of carrier pigeons. 

hominy (hom'i-ni), n. Indian-corn 
soaked so as to remove the hull, and 
then coarsely ground. 

homo, a prefix meaning Uke, same, 
similar, as /iomocercal, lobed alike, 
as the tail of a mackerel. 

homocentric. Same as concentric. 

homodoxia (ho-mo-dok'si-a), adj. 
holding the same opinions. 

homoeopathy. Same as homeopathy. 

homogamy (ho-mog'a-mi), n. the 
assertive mating of animals or hu- 
man beings in the widest sense. 

homogeneity (ho-mo-je-ne'i-ti), n. 
similarity. 

honM>geneous (-je'ne-us), adj. uni- 
form; composed of similar parts or 
dements. 

homogenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. a mode 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thGH. 



HOMOGENOUS 



455 



HOOD 



of reproduction in which the off- 
spring of a higher organism passes 
through the same cycle of existence 
as the parent. 

homogenous (-moj'e-nus), adj. of the 
same origin. Also homogenetic. 

homograph ('mo-graf), n. a word 
spelled the same way as another 
word, but having a different mean- 
ing, and derived from a different 
root, as gravBy a tomb; grave, 
serious. 

homologous (-moro-gus), adj. iden- 
tical. 

homologue ('mo-log), n. the same 
organ or part in different animals, 
but varying in form and functions, 
as a hand, fin, &c. 

homology ('o-jij, n. affinity of struc- 
ture. 

homomorph ('mo-morf), n. a sim- 
ilar character or mark. 

homonym ('mo-nim), n. a word alike 
in sound, but differing in meaning, 
as pair^ pare, pear. 

homophone (ho'mo-fon), n. a letter 
representing the same sound as an- 
other. 

homophonous (-mof'o-nus), adj. 
alike in sound, but differing in mean- 
ing. 

homosexual (ho'm5-sex'u-al), n. per- 
taining to the same sex. 

homotype ('mo-tip), ?i. that part of 
an animal which corresponds to 
another part. 

hone (hon), n. a kind of fine whet- 
stone: v.t. to sharpen on a hone. 

honest (on'est), adj, upright; just; 
sincere; honorable; equitable; fair; 
righteous; chaste; frank or open. 

honesty (-i), n. the quaUty of being 
honest. 

honey (hun'i), n. a sweet, viscid, 
sjTupy substance collected by bees 
from flowers; sweetness; darling or 
sweet one: adj, resembling honey: 
v.t. to talk to in an endearing or 
flattering manner. 

honey-bee (-be), n. the common 
hive-bee. 

honeycomb (-kom), n, the waxen 



hexagonal cells made by bees to con- 
tain their honey, eggs, &c.; any 
structure resembhng a honeycomb: 
v.t. to fill with holes, &c., so as to 
leave only thin partitions. 

honeydew (-du), a saccharine secre- 
tion from the leaves of certain 
plants ;^ a sweet substance secreted 
by aphids; a variety of tobacco. 

honey-locust (-lo-kust), n. a large 
American tree of the bean family. 

honeymoon (-moon), n. the first 
month after marriage. 

honeysuckle (-suk'l), n. a climbing 
plant with fragrant flowers. 

honiton (hon'i-tun), n. a kind of 
lace. 

honk (honk), inter j. the cry of wild 
geese in flight. 

honorarium (on-o-ra'ri-um), n. a 
fee paid to a professional man. 

honorary ('er-a-ri), adj. done, or 
conferred, as an honor. 

honor Cer), n. respectful regard; 
esteem; worship; reputation; ex- 
alted rank; fame; magnanimity; 
scorn of meanness; self-respect; 
chastity; an outward mark of high 
esteem; glor>^; a title used in ad- 
dressing certain officials; one oi the 
four highest trump cards in whist. 
pi. in a university examination, the 
highest class: v.t. to treat with re- 
spect, deference, or civility; revere 
or worsh'p; bestow marks of honor 
upon (\vith with)) dignity; ac- 
knowledge; accept and pay when 
due. 

honorable (-S,-bl), adj. worthy of, 
or conferring, honor; distinguished 
in rank; high-minded; illustrious; 
upright; indicating honor; a title 
of distinction.^ 

honorably (-bli), adv. in an honor- 
able manner. 

hood (hood), n. a soft wrapper or 
covering for the head; a monk's, 
woman's, or falcon's hood; a fold- 
ing cover for a carriage; an orna- 
mental fold hanging down the back 
denoting a university degree; some- 
thing resembling a hood; a cowl: 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



HOODLUM 



456 



HORAL 



V.t to cover or furnish with, or as 
with, a hood: suffix = state, con- 
dition, or quality, as majihood, 
hardihood, 

hoodlum^ (hood'lum), n. originally a 
Californian rough or bully; a rowdy. 

hoodoo (hoo'doo), n. a person or 
thing that causes ill-luck: v.L to 
bring ill-luck upon. 

hoodwink (hood'wingk), v,L to de- 
ceive^; blindfold. 

hoof (hoof), n. [pi. hoofs], the horny 
substance covering the feet of cer- 
tain mammals, as horses, &c.; an 
animal with hoofs. 

hook (hook), n. a curved piece of 
metal, bone, &c., to hold or catch 
something; a fish-hook; sickle; a 
trap ; an instrument for lopping or 
cutting; a cape or headland: v.t. to 
catch with, or as Vvdth, a hook; to 
gore or attack with the horns. 

hookah (hoo'kah), n. a pipe with a 
long flexible tube which draws the 
smoke through a vase containing 
water. Also hooka. 

hooked (hookt), p.adj, curved like a 
hook. 

hooker (hook'er), n. one who, or 
that which, hooks; a fishing-smack; 
a small Dutch vessel; any climisy, 
ill-fitted, old craft. 

hook-worm ^ (hook-werm), n. a 
parasite which enters the human 
body by the feet, and, by sucking 
the blood, produces inanition. 

hooligan (hoo'H-gan), n. a rowdy; a 
tough. 

hoop (hoop, or hoop), n, a metal or 
wooden band to hold together the 
staves of a cask, &c.; the band of 
a finger-ring; a kind of crinoline; 
a large circular ring of metal or 
wood used by children for trund- 
ling; anything curved like a hoop; 
a whoop ; the noise made in whoop- 
ing-cough: v.t, to bind or secure 
with a hoop; encircle. 

hooper ('er), n, a cooper; the wild 
swan. 

hooping ('ing), n, material for mak- 
ing hoops; hoops collectively. 



hooping-cough. Same as whooping- 
cough. 

hoopoe (hoo'po), n. a bird with an 
erect crest and handsome plumage. 

hoot (hoot), n, a contemptuous 
shout. 

hootch, n. slang for intoxicating 
liquor, especially home brew, 

hoove (hoov), n, a disease in cattle, 
in which the abdomen is distended. 

hop (hop), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. hopped, 
p.pr. hopping], to leap over; im- 
pregnate with hops: v.i, to proceed 
by short leaps on one leg; skip with 
both legs; limp; to pick hops: n. a 
jump on one leg; a dance; a twin- 
ing plant the ripened cones of 
which are used in brewing to im- 
part a bitter taste to malt liquors: 
adj, pertaining to hops. 

hope (hop), n. the desire of good 
accompanied by expectation; antic- 
ipation; confidence; the object of 
hope: v.t. to expect with confidence 
or desire: v.i, to cherish a desire 
for good; trust confidently. 

hopeful ^ ('fool), adj, full of hope; 
promising success. 

hopefully (-h), adv, in a hopeful 
manner. 

hoplite (hop 'lit), n, an ancient 
Greek heavy-armed foot-soldier. 

hopper (hop'er), n, one who, or that 
which, hops; a name for various 
leaping insects; a wooden trough or 
funnel through which grain passes 
into a mill; mechanism in a piano 
for lifting the hammer; a seed-bas- 
ket used in sowing grain; a hop- 
picker; the basin of a water-closet. 

hoppet Cet), n, a hand-basket; a 
dish for measuring ore. 

hopple CI), v.t, to hobble. 

hoppy Ci), adj. full of, or tasting 
like, hops. 

hops. Seeimderhop. 

hopscotch ('skoch), n, a children's 
game, in which a flat stone is driven 
from one numbered compartment 
to another by the player while he 
hops. 

horal (h5'r^l), adj, pertaining to, or 



gte, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note^ north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thei^ 



HORDE 



457 



HORSE 



lasting, an hour; hourly. Also 

horary. 

horde (hord), n, a nomadic tribe or 
clan dwelling in tents or wagons; a 
vast multitude: v.i, to live, or act 
together, in hordes. 

hordeine (hor'de-in), n, a starch-like 
substance obtained from barley. 

horehound. Same as hoarhound. 

horizon (ho-ri'zun), n. the circular 
hne where the sky and earth, or 
sea, appear co meet: hence, the 
limit of one's mental vision. 

horizontal (hor-i-zon'tal), adj. paral- 
lel to, or situated near, the horizon; 
level: opposed to vertical. 

horizontally (-li), adv, in a horizon- 
tal direction. 

hormone (hor'mon), n, the^ active 
principle of one of the internal 
secretions in the body, recently dis- 
covered to have great importance 
in controlling bodily functions. 

horn (horn), n. a hard projecting, 
usually curved, protuberance on the 
head of certain mammals, especially 
hoofed animals; a thickened form of 
tissue; anji^hing made of horn, or 
like horn; a wind instrument; one 
of the extremities of the moon when 
in crescent form. 

hornbeak ('bek), n. the garfish. 

hornbeam ('bem), n. a small tree 
yielding a tough wood: used for cog- 
wheels, &c. 

hornbill Cbil), n. a bird with a 
large horn-crested bill, alhed to the 
kingfishers. 

hornblende Cblend), n. a dark- 
green or black-colored mineral with 
a horn-like cleavage. 

horned (hornd), adj. having horns; 
horn-shaped. 

hornet (hor'net), 11. a social wasp 
which inflicts a severe sting: hence 
a waspish, disagreeable person. 

horning (horn'ing), n, the appear- 
ance of the moon at her first and 
last quarter. 

hornpipe (hom'pip), n. a lively 
dance, especially by sailors; an ob- 
solete wind instrument. 



hornwrack ('rak), n. sea-mat. 

horny ('i), adj. like horn. 

horologe (hor'o-loj), n. a mechan- 
ism, as a clock, &c., for marking the 
hours. 

horology (ho-roro-ji), n. the art of 
measuring time, or of constructing 
timepieces. 

horometer (ho-rom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring time. 

horoscoF>e (hor'o-skop), n. a repre- 
sentation of the heavens at any 
time, especially at one's birth. 

horoscopy (h5-ros'ko-pi), n. the art 
of casting horoscopes and determin- 
ing the destiny of persons from 
them; a horoscope. 

horrent (hor'ent), adj, erect; bris- 
thng. 

horrible ('i-bl), adj, terrible; dread- 
ful. 

horribleness (-nes), n. the state or 
being homble. 

horribly ('i-bU), adv. terribly; dread- 
fully. 

horrid ('id), adj. dreadful; terrible; 
hideous; most obnoxious; gloomy. 

horrific (-if'ik), adj. causing horror. 

horrify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. horri- 
fied], to fill or strike with horror. 

horripilation (-ip-i-la'shun), n. a 
shuddering sensation as of the hair 
standing on end, or goose-flesh. 

horror ('er), n. excessive fear accompan- 
ied with shuddering; extreme dread; 
great disgust: pi. extreme depression; 
dehrium tremens (with the). 

hors de combat (or de c6ng-ba'), 
prep. phr. out of the fight; dis- 
abled [French!. 

hors-d*oeuvre (-do5vr'), n. a side 
dish [French]. 

horse (hors), n. a solid-hoofed ani- 
mal, used for riding or drawing 

airy; a framework or machine for 
the support of anything; a foot- 
rope to support the foot of a sailor 
imder a yard or the bowsprit; work 
charged for before it is executed: 
e;.^ to mount on, or furnish with, 
' a horse; carry on horseback; place 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, .not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 



HORSE-CHESTNUT 



458 



HOTCHPOTCH 



astride: v.i, to get on horseback: 
adj. noting something coarse or 
large. 

horse-chestnut (hors'ches-nut), n. 
a chestnut tree bearing a nut resemb- 
ling the ordinary chestnut; grows to 
a considerable height; nut not edible. 

horse-Hy ('fli), n. a large fly that 
stings horses. 

horse-laugh (laf), n, a coarse noisy 
laugh, 

h©rse-pistoI (h6rs'pistol), n. a large 
powder-and-bali pistol formerly car- 
ried in front of a rider. 

horse-play (hors'pla), n, loud, bois- 
terous conduct. 

horse-power ('pou-er), n, the theo- 
retical unit of work of a steam- 
engine = 33,000 lbs. raised 1 ft. in 1 
minute. 

horseradish ('rad-ish), n, a plant 
with a long root having an acrid 
pungent taste. 

horseshoe ('shoo), n, a U-shaped metal 
shoe to protect the hoof of a horse; 
anything U-shaped; the king crab. 

horseweed (Ved), n. the fleabane. 

horsy ('i), adj, pertaining to horses. 
Also horsey. 

hortative (hor'ta-tiv), adj. inciting; 
giving exhortation. Also hortatory. 

hortensial (-ten'shil), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or fitted for, a garden. 

horticultural (-ti-kui'tu-r^i), adj. 
pertaining to horticulture. 

horticulture (-ti-kurtur), ». the 
art of cultivating gardens. 

horticulturist (-ist), 71. one who is 
skilled in horticulture. 

hosanna (ho-zan'4), n. an excla* 
mation of praise and glory to God. 

hose (hoz), n. [pi. hose], coverings 
for the legs; stockings; flexible tub- 
ing for conveying water, &c. 
• hosier ('zher), n. one who deals in 
hosiery. 

hosiery (-1), n. stockings, undercloth- 
ing, &c.; a manufactory for such 
goods. 

hospice (hos'pis), n. an Alpine con- 
vent for the reception and enter- 
tainment of travelers. 



hospitable ('pit-^-bl), adj. receiv- 
ing and entertaining friends or 
strangers. 

hospital Cpi-tal), n. an institution 
for the medical treatment and care 
of the sick. 

hospitality ('i-ti), n. [pi. hospital- 
ities^ (-tiz) ], the practice of enter- 
taining friends and strangers with 
kindness and liberality. 

host (host), n. a crov/d;^ multitude; 
army; one wdio entertains another 
in public or private; a landlord of 
a hotel or inn; an organism on 
which another is parasitic; the con- 
secrated bread or wafer of the 
Eucharist, in the Greek, Roman 
Catholic, and Lutheran Churches. 

hostage (hos'taj), n. a person who 
remains in the hands of another as 
a pledge for the fulfillment of cer- 
tain conditions; a pledge. 

hostel CteD, n. a hostelry; at Ox- 
ford and Cambridge, a small unen- 
dowed college. 

hostelry (-ri), n. an inn or lodging- 
house. 

hostess (host'es), n. a female host. 

hostile (hos'tll), adj. showing ani- 
mosity; inimical; adverse; repug- 
nant: n. a hostile Indian. 

hostility (-til'i-ti), n. [pL hostilities 
(-tiz) ], the state of being hostile; 
antagonism; enmity; animosity: pL 
acts of warfare. 

hostler ('ler), n. one who takes 
charge of horses at an inn. Also 
ostler. 

hot (hot), adj. [comp. hotter, superL 
hottest], having much heat; burn- 
ing; fiery; passionate; lustful; ardent; 
furious; pungent; acrid; unendura- 
ble; near to the object sought for. 

hotbed Cbed), n. a bed of earth rev- 
ered with glass and made warm by 
the fermentation of manure, for 
rearing plants. 

hotchpotch (hoch'poch), n. a mix- 
ture of various ingredients; a thick 
broth of meat and vegetables 
[Scotch]; a commixture of property 
for division. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HOTEL 



459 



HOY 



hotel (ho-tel'), n, a superior inn or 
lodging-house. 

hothead (hot'hed), n, one easily- 
aroused to anger; one choleric and 
high-tempered. 

hothouse (hot'hous), n, a glazed 
building artificially heated for rear- 
ing tender plants; a drying-room. 

iiot-mouthed ('mouth't), adj. head- 
strong. 

hotpress ('pres), v.L to gloss paper 
or linen by passing it between heated 
rollers. 

hotspur (hot'sper), n. a man of 
hasty and precipitate valor: adj, 
hot-headed. 

Hottentot ('en-tot), n. one of an 
aboriginal South African race in 
Cape Colony; the language spoken 
by the Hottentots, characterized by 
a peculiar chck. 

houdah. Same as howdah. 

hough. Same as hock. 

hound (hound), n. a particular breed 
of hunting dog; a despicable, mean 
fellow: v.t. to chase with, or as 
with, hounds; incite; set upon. 

houndfish ('fish), n. a kind of shark. 

hour (our), n. the l-24th part of a 
day; 60 mmutes; particular time: 
pi. life; in the Roman Catholic 
Church, prayers repeated at stated 
times during the day; the book con- 
taining such devotional exercises. 

Hour (our), n. one of the Horse, god- 
desses of the hours and seasons. 

hour-glass (our'gli-s), n. a device 
for measuring time by nmning sand 
through a narrow neck of a glass 
vessel. 

houri (hou' or hoo'ri), n, [pi, houris 
('riz) ], one of the dark-eyed nymphs 
of the Mohammedan paradise. 

house (hous), n. a building for resi- 
dence; place of abode; household af- 
fairs; manner of living; family or 
race, especially of high rank; one of 
the divisions of a legislative or ec- 
clesiastical body; a quorum of the 
members of such a body; a mercan- 
tile firm; in astrology, the station 
of a planet in the heavens, or the 



12th part of the heavens; a square 
on a chess-board; a workhouse: 
(houz) v.t. to place in a house; 
shelter or lodge; make secure before 
a storm: v.i. hide: to take shelter. 

house-boat Cbot), n. a covered boat 
fitted up as a river residence. 

household ('hold), n. a family liv- 
ing together: adj. domestic; pertain- 
ing to a family or home. 

housing (houz'ing), n. a saddle 
cloth: pi. ornamental trappings of 
a horse. 

hovel (hovl), n. a mean habitation; 
hut or cabin: v.t. to shelter in a 
hovel. 

hover (huv'er), v.i. to flutter over 
or about; stand in suspense or ex- 
pectation; move about in a neigh- 
borhood. 

how (hou), adv. in what manner; to 
what degree or extent; for what 
reason. 

howbeit (-be'it), adv. nevertheless. 

howdah (hou'd!a), n. a protected 
seat for riding on an elephant or 
camel. Also noudah. 

howel ('el), n. a cooper's smoothing 
plane. 

however (-ev'er), adv. in whatever 
manner or degree; at all events: 
conj. notwithstanding; yet. 

howitzer ('itz-er), n. a short can- 
non, formerly used for throwing 
shells. 

howl (houl), n. the prolonged cry of 
a dog or w^oK; the cry of one in pain 
or distress: v.i. to cry hke a dog or 
wolf; utter a prolonged cry of pain 
or distress; roar, Uke the wind; cry 
down by clamor: v.t. to utter in a 
loud wailing. tone. 

howler ('er), n. one who howls; a 
South American monkey of the ge- 
nus Mycetes. 

howling ('ing), p. adj. filled with 
howls or ho wiling; dreary; dismal; 
extreme. 

howsoever (-so-ev'er), adv. in what 
manner soever; although. 

hoy (hoi), n. a heavy one-masted 
coasting- vessel : inter j. ho! 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; b56n, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HOYDEN 



460 



HUMANITARIAN 



hoyden. Same as hoiden. 

hub (hub), n. the nave of a wheel; 
the peg at which quoits are thrown; 
a kind of steel punch used in coin- 
ing, &c.; a hilt; a jutting obstruc- 
tion. 

hubbub (hub 'bub), n, uproar. 

huccatoon (huk-k4-toon'), n. a kind 
of cotton cloth. 

huck (huk), n. a German trout. 

huckaback ('§,-bak), n, sl rough 
kind of linen or cotton cloth: used 
for toweling. 

huckle (1), n. the hip; a haunch. 

hucklebacked ('bakt), adj. round- 
shouldered. 

huckleberry (-ber-i), n, [pi, huckle- 
berries (-iz) ], the edible berry of 
any species of Gaylussacia; the whor- 
tleberry. 

huckster ('ster), n, one who retails 
small articles; a mean tricky fellow. 

huckstress ('stres), n. a female 
huckster. 

huddle (hud'l), v.t to crowd to- 
gether in a disorderly manner; col- 
lect closely; place or perform^ in 
haste or disorder: v.i, to come in a 
crowd or haste (with on, up, over): 
n, confusion; crowd. 

hue (hu), 71. color tint; a shouting; 
clamor. 

hue and cry (kri), n, in law, the 
common process of pursuing a felon. 

huff (huf), v.t. to puff or blow up; 
treat with insolence; bully; remove 
(a piece at checkers) when one^s 
opponent fails to take with it: n. fit 
of petulance; sudden offense taken. 

hug (hug), n. a close embrace; a par- 
ticular grip in wrestling: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. hugged, p.pr. hugging], to 
embrace closely; fondle; hold fast; 
keep close to. 

huge (huj), adj. vast; very large. 

hugely (li), adv, immensely; exceed- 
ingly. 

hugeness ('nes), n. vastness; enor- 
mous bulk. 

hugger-mugger (hug'er-mug'er), 

adj, secret; sloven: confused. 

Huguenot (hu'ge-not or no), n, a 



name formerly applied to French 
Protestants of the 16th and 17th 
centuries. 

hulk (hulk), n. the body of a ship, 
especially if old or dismantled: pi. 
old dismasted ships formerly used 
as convict prisons (with the). 

hulking ('ing), n. unwieldy; bulky. 

hull (hul), n. outer covering, especial- 
ly of grain or nuts ; the body or frame 
of a vessel: v.t, to peel off the hull or 
husk of; strike or pierce (the hull 
of a vessel) with a shot or shell: v.i. 
to drift to and fro upon the sea, Uke 
a ship without sails. 

hullabaloo (-^-bMoo'), n. uproar; 
noisy contention. 

hum (hum), n. tho noise of bees and 
other insects in flight: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. hummed, p.pr. humming],^ to 
make such a noise: v.t. to sing in a 
low undertone; set or keep going in 
an energetic manner: ^ inter j.^ a 
soxmd with a pause implying hesita- 
tion or consideration. 

human (hu'man), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, man or man- 
kind; having the qualities of a man; 
not divine. 

humane (-man'), adj. having the 
feelings proper to man; benevolent; 
kind; compassionate; elevating. 

humanely ('li), adv. in a humane 
manner. 

humaneness ('nes), n. the quality of 
being humane. 

humanize ('man-iz), v.L to render 
human; soften. 

humanism (-izm), n. culture derived 
from classical training; human na- 
ture. 

humanist (-ist), n. a student of the 
humanities; one versed in the knowl- 
edge of human nature. 

humanistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the humani- 
ties, or human nature. 

humanitarian (-i-ta'ri-§,n), n. a phi- 
lanthropist; an anti-Trinitarian; one 
who beUeves that the duty of man 
consists of acting rightly to others; 
a perfectionist: adj. philanthropic. 



ate^ arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HUMANITY 



461 



HUNCH 



humanity ('i-ti), n. [pi, humanities 
(-tiz) ], inankind; the state or qual- 
ity of being human or humane; phi- 
lanthropy; kindness; benevolence: 
pi. classical learning and literature. 

humankind (-kind), n, human spe- 
cies. 

humanly (-li), adv. after the manner 
of men. 

humble (hum'bl), adj. having a low 
estimate of one's self; modest; 
meek; submissive; lowly; mean; 
obscure: v.t. to make submissive; 
subdue; bring low; mortify; hu- 
miliate. 

humble-bee (-be), n. a bumble-bee. 

humble-pie (-pi), n. a pie made of 
the humbles, or entrails, of a deer. 

humbles ('biz), n.'pl. entrails,, es- 
pecially of a deer. 

humboldtine ('bol-tin), n. a yellow- 
ish crystalline mineral; natural fer- 
rous oxalate. 

humbug ('bug), n. a fraud or impo- 
sition under fair pretenses ; sham ; a 
plausible deceiver; a spirit of trick- 
ery or deception: v.t, [pi. & p.p. 
humbugged, p.pr, humbugging], to 
cheat or impose upon; hoax. 

humbugger (-er), n, one who hum- 
bugs. 

humbuggery ^ (-i), n. [pi, humbug- 
geries (-iz) ], imposition. 

humcrum ('drum), adj. dull; mo- 
notonous; commonplace. 

humeral (hu'mer-al), adj, pertaining 
to the shoulder. 

humeroy a prejix meaning shoulder. 

humerus ('mer-us), n. [pi. humeri 
(-ri) ], the arm from the shoulder to 
the fore-arm; the cylindrical bone of 
that part. 

humhum (humlium), n. a coarse In- 
dian cotton cloth. 

humid (hu'mid), adj. damp; moist. 

humidity ('i-ti), n. dampness; mois- 
ture. 

humidor (hu'mid-or), n. a chest or 
jar to keep cigars or tobacco in a 
moist condition; generally supplied 
with a sponge or cloth to be damp- 
ened for that purpose. 



humiliate (-mill-at), v.t. to humble; 
abase. 

humiliation (-a'shun), 7t. the act of 
humiliating; the state of being hu- 
miliated; mortification; abasement. 

humility (-miri-ti), n. [pi, humili- 
ties (-tiz)], the state or quality of 
being humble; modesty; self-abase- 
ment. 

humite (hu'mit), n, a variety of 
chrondrodite. 

humming-bird (^ing-berd), n. a 
very small bird of the family Tro- 
chilidae, with brilliant metallic plu- 
mage. 

hummock ('ok), n. a large mass of 
floating ice; a hiUock or mound. 

humor (hu' or u'mer), n. wit; merri- 
ment; the tenaency to look at things 
from the mj-thful or incongruous 
side; caprice; proud conceit; temper; 
petulance; peevishness; moisture of 
the body and eye; disease: v.t. to 
indulge; yield to a particular desire 
of. 

humorist (-ist), n. one who gratifies 
his own humor; a droll person; one 
whose writing or conversation is 
characterized by humor. 

humorous (-us), adj. full of, or char- 
acterized by, humor; comical; di- 
verting. 

humorsome (-sum), adj. character- 
ized by humor, laughable, capri- 
cious. 

hump (hump), n. a protuberance on 
the back: v.t. to vex or annoy; ex- 
ert (one's self). 

humpty-dumpty ('ti-dump'ti), adj, 
characterized by short limbs and a 
round body. 

humulin (hu'mu-lin), n. the bitter 
narcotic principle in hops. 

humulus (-lus), n. a genus of twin- 
ing plants, containing the hops. 

humus ('"mus), n. vegetable mold.^ 

Hun (hun), n. one of an ancient 
Tartar race, which in the 5th cen- 
tury, A. D., overran and devastated 
Europe. 

hunch (hunch), n. a hump; lump; a 
thrust with the fist or elbow: v.t. to 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b56n, 
book; hue. hut; think. thQU, 



HUNCH-BACK 



462 



HURTLE 



push with the fist or elbow; push 
with a sudden jerk. 

hunch-back (hunch'bak), n, one 
with a hump on his back between his 
shoulders, generally dwarfed in size. 

hundred (hun'dred), adj, 10 times 
10: n, the number of 10 times 10; 
the symbol (C. or 100) denoting it; 
a division of an English county. 

hundredth ('dredth), adj, the ordi- 
nal of 100: n, one of 100 equal parts. 

hundredweight ('dred-wat), n. the 
l-20th part of a ton. 

hungy p.t, of hang. 

Hungarian (hung-ga'ri-B^n), adj. per- 
taining to Hungary, its inhabitants, 
or language. 

hunger (hung'ger), n, keenness of 
appetite; pain or uneasiness caused 
by want of food; strong desire: v.i, 
to feel the pain of hunger; to have 
a longing or earnest desire. 

hunger-strike (hung'ger-strik), n. 
the refusal of imprisoned militant 
suffragettes to take food. 

hungrily Cgri-li), adj, in a hungry 
manner. 

hungry ('gri), adj. [comp, hungrier, 
superl, hungriest], having a keen 
appetite; feeling pain or uneasiness 
for want of food; emaciated; eager- 
ly desirous; unfertile: said of land. 

hunk (hungk), n. sl lump or large 
piece. 

hunky ('i), adj, well done; in good 
trim. 

hunt (hunt), v.t, to pursue, or chase, 
as game or wild animals; follow 
closely; search after: v.i. to follow 
the chase: n. pursuit of game or 
wild animals; pack of hounds; an 
association of huntsmen; district 
hunted over by hounds; a search. 

hunter ('er), n. a huntsman; a horse 
or hound trained for hunting; a 
hunting-watch. 

hunting (hunt'ing), n. the act or 
practice of one who hunts; pursuit; 
search. 

hunting-box (-boks), n, a tempo- 
rary residence while hunting. 

hunting-watch (woch), n. a watch 



having its face protected with a 
metal cover. 

huntress ('res), n, a female hunter. 

huntsman ('z-man), n. [pL hunts- 
men ('men)], a hunter; one who 
has the management of a pack of 
hounds. 

hurdle (her'dl), n. a movable fence 
of osiers or branches; a fence to be 
leaped over in steeplechasing; a 
rude frame on which criminals were 
formerly dragged to execution: v.t, 
to cover or inclose with hurdles. 

hurdy-gurdy ('di-ger'di), n. a string- 
ed instrument somewhat resembling 
a violin, played by a wheel; a barrel 
organ; a miner's camp. 

hurl (herl), v.t. to throw with vio- 
lence; drive forcibly; utter with ve- 
hemence: n. the act of throwing. 

hurly-burly (her'li-berli), n, tu- 
mult; great commotion. 

hurrah (hoo-ra'), inter j. a shout of 
joy, triumph, applause, &c.: v.i. to 
utter such a shout in applause, &c. 
Also hurra. 

hurricane (hur'i-kan), n. a gale of 
extreme violence characterized by 
fitful changes of the wind. 

hurricane-deck (-dek), n. the bridge- 
deck of a steamship; the upper 
deck of a river steamer. 

hurried ('id), p. adj, exhibiting, or 
characterized by, haste; hasty. 

hurry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurried, 
p.pr. hurrying], to impel to greater 
speed; hasten on; accelerate: v.i. to 
act or move with haste: n. haste; 
urgency; precipitation; confusion; a 
coaling stage for loading vessels. 

hurry-scurry (-skur'i), n. confused 
bustle. 

hurt (hert), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurt, 
p.pr. hurting], to cause or inflict 
pain in; wound; grieve; injure; 
impair or damage: n. a wound; 
injury; damage or loss. 

hurtful ('fool), acy. injurious; harmful. 

hurtfully (-li), adv. so as to hurt. 

hurtle (hert'l), v.t. to move violently; 
impel forcibly: v.i. to clash; dash 
in collision. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, meige, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



HURTLEBERRY 



463 



HYDRATE 



hurtleberry. Same as whortleberry. 

husband (huzlD^nd), n. a married 
man: v.t, to manage or use with 
economy. 

husbandinan (-m§,n), n. [pi. hus- 
bandmen (-men)], a tiller of the 
soil; farmer. 

husbandry (-ri), n. agriculture; fru- 
gahty. 

hush (hush), inter j, be still! silence! 
adj, quiet; silent: n. quietness; si- 
lence: v.t, to make silent; soothe. 

husk (husk), n. the dry outer cover- 
ing of certain fruits or seeds: v.t, 
to remove husks from. 

huskily ('ki-H;, adj, hoarsely. 

huskines8 ('ki-nes), n, the state of 
being husky. 

husking-bee ('ing-be), n, a social 
gathering to assist in husking corn. 

husky ('ki), adj, [comp, huskier, 
superL huskiest], consisting of, or 
like, husks; worthless; rough or 
hoarse: said of the voice: n, an 
American Indian sledge-dog. 

hussar (huz-arO, n. a light-armed 
cavalry soldier. 

hussy (huz'i), n, [pi, hussies ('iz)], a 
fast girl; worthless woman. 

hustings (hustings), n.pl. a court 
held in the Guildhall before the Lord 
Mayor, Recorder and sheriffs of 
London; formerly the stand from 
which Parliamentary candidates, 
when nominated, addressed the elec- 
tors. 

hustle (husi), v.t, to push roughly; 
jostle; mob; shake together in con- 
fusion: v.i. exhibit energy and alac- 
rity. 

hut (hut), n, a small house or cabin; 
a temporary erection for lodging 
troops. 

hutch (huch), n, a bin, box, or chest; 
a coop or pen; a mining trough for 
washing ore: v.t, to store; to wash 
(ore) in a hutch. 

huzzah. Same as hurrah. 

hyacinth (hi'a-sinth), n_ a handsome 
bulbous flowering plant of the genus 
Hyacinthus; a variety of zircon, 
used as a jewel. 



hyacinthine ('in), adj, pertainmg to 
the hyacinth; hke Hyacinthus, the 
handsome youth beloved by Apollo 
and transformed into the hyacinth: 
hence handsome; beautiful. 

Hyades C^-dez), n.pl. the five stars 
in the face of the constellation Tau- 
rus, supposed by the ancients to 
bring rain when they rose with the 
Sim. Also Hyads. 

hyaena (hi-e'ni-), n. same as hyena. 

hyal, a prefix meaning glasSy as hyaU 
ine, like glass: also hyalo: hyalo- 
graphy, the art of writing or en- 
graving upon glass. 

hyaline (hi'§,-hn), adj, glassy; trans- 
parent. 

hybrid (hi'brid), n. a mongrel; an 
animal or plant produced by inter- 
breeding different species or varie- 
ties; a compound word the elements 
of which are derived from different 
languages. 

hybridize (-iz), v.t, to cause to in- 
terbreed and thus produce hybrids. 

hydatoid ('d^-toid), adj, watery: 7i, 
the membrane around the aqueous 
humor of the eye; the aqueous hu- 
mor itself. 

hydr, a prefix meaning water y also 
the presence of hydrogen. Also 
hydro, as hydrsLcidy an acid contain- 
ing hydrogen but no oxygen; hydro- 
pathy, the cure of disease by water 
treatment, externall}^ or internally. 

Hydra (hi'dr^), n, in classical my- 
thology, the water serpent with nine 
heads slain ^ by Hercules; each of 
these on being cut off became two: 
hence any evil which, when grappled 
with, appears to intensify; a genus 
of fresh-water polyps which multi- 
ply on division. 

hydracid. See under hydr. 

Hydrangea (-dran'je-S.), n, a genus 
of shrubs of the saxifrage family 
wath showy flowers. 

hydrant ('dr^nt), n. a plug with a 
valve connected with a water main 
for extinguishing fires. 

hydrate ('drat), n, a chemical com- 
pound containing a defmite quantity 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HYDRAULIC 



464 



HYETOGRAPH 



of water: v.t, to combine with water 
to form a hydrate. 

hydraulic (-draw'lik), adj, pertain- 
ing to fluids in motion: n.pL the 
science of hquids in motion and the 
apphcation of the forces which in- 
fluence the motions of water for 
practical purposes, as raising water, 
&c. 

hydric ('drik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing,^ hydrogen in combina- 
tion; pertaining to water. 

hydride ('drid), n a chemical com- 
bination of hydrogen with another 
element. 

hydriodic (-dri-od'ik) , adj. composed 
of hydrogen and iodine. 

hydro. See hydr. 

hydroaeroplane (hi'dro-a-er'o-plan) , 
n. an aeroplane with a boat-like 
iDody or with floats enabling it to 
alight on the water. 

hydrocarbons (-karlDonz), n.pL a 
general name for bitumens, mineral 
resins, and fats which are composed 
of hydrogen and carbon. 

hydrocele ('dro-sel), n. dropsy of the 
scrotum. 

hydrocephalus (-sefH-lus), n. dropsy 
of the brain. 

hydrochl orate ^ (-klo'rat), n. a salt 
of hydrochloric acid. 

hydrochloric ('rik), adj. composed 
of hydrogen and chlorine. 

'".lydrocyanic (-si-an'ik), adj. com- 
posed of hydrogen and cyanogen. 

} hydrocyanic acid (as'id), n. prussic 
acid. 

i. iydr ©dynamic (-di-nam 'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or derived from,^ the 
pressure of water: n.pl. the science 
that treats of water pressure. 

hydrofluoric (~flu-or'ik), adj. com- 
posed of hydrogen and fluorine. 

hydrofluoric acid (as'id), n. a vola- 
tile fuming acid used in etching 
glass. 

hydrogen ('dro-jen), n. a colorless, 
gaseous, inflammable substance, 
which hquefies under great pressure, 
and is the hghtest element yet 
known: when combined with oxygen 



it produces water. Hydrogen is t^^e 
standard unit for the estimation of 
atomic weights and volumes. 

hydrography (-drog'ri,-fa), n. the art 
of measuring and mapping the water 
surface of the earth, as oceans, lakes, 
coast-lines, &c., with relative data as 
to their depth, tides, beds, &c. 

hydrokinetics (-dro-ki-net'iks), n.pl. 
that branch of physics which treats 
of fluids in motion. 

hydrology (-droro-ji), n. the science 
of water, its property, laws, phe- 
nomena, &c. 

hydrometer (-drom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for determining the specific 
gravity, strength, &c., of fluids. 

hydropathy. See under hydr. 

hydrophane ('dro-fan), n. an opaque 
variety of opal which when wet be- 
comes translucent. 

hydrophobia (-fo'bi-§,), n. sl disease 
caused by the virus from the saliva 
of a mad dog accompanied by con- 
vulsions and unnatural dread of 
water. 

hydrophyte ('dro-fit), n. a water- 
plant. 

hydroplane ('dro-plan), n. an at- 
tachment to a boat, lessening fric- 
tion, causing it to glide when 
speeded. 

hydrostat ('dro-stat), n. an appara- 
tus for the prevention of boiler ex- 
plosions; an electrical contrivance 
for indicating the leakage or over- 
flow of water. 

hydrostatic (-stat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to hydrostatics: n.pl. that branch 
of physics that treats of the pres- 
sure and equilibrium of fluids. 

hydrotherapy (-ther'i,-pi) , n. treat- 
ment of disease by water; water-cure. 

hydrothermal > (-ther'mal), adj. per- 
taining to the action of hot water. 

hyena (hi-e'na), n. a bristly-maned, 
wolf -like carnivorous quadruped. 

hyetal ('et-al), adj. pertaining to 
rain, or rainfall. 

hyetograph (-o-graf), n. a chart 
showing the rainfall over various 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HYETOLOGY 



465 



HYPOSTYL^ 



hyetology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch 
of meteorology treating of rainfall, 
its distribution, representation on 
charts, &c. 

Hygeian (-je'an), adj, pertaining to 
Hygeia, the goddess of health. 

hygeian, adj. pertaining to health, or 
hygiene. 

hygiene ^ Cjen), n, the science of 
health, its preservation, and the laws 
of sanitation. 

hygienic (-ji-en'ik), adj, pertaining 
to hygiene. ^^ 

hygiology (-ji-oro-ji), n, the science 
of hygiene; a treatise on hygiene. 

hygro, a prefix meaning moisty wet, 
as hygromeieT, an instrument for 
measuring the amount of moisture 
contained in the atmosphere. 

hygrometer (hi-grom'e-ter). See un- 
der hygro. 

hygrometry (-grom'e-tri), n. that 
branch of physics that treats of the 
moisture of the atmosphere. 

hygroscope ('gro-skop), n. an appa- 
ratus for indicating atmospheric 
moisture. 

hymen ('men), n. marriage, from Hy- 
men, the Grecian god of marriage; 
the virginal membrane. 

hymeneal (-e'M), p.adj, pertaining 
to marriage; nuptial. 

hymn (him), n. a sacred ode expres- 
sive of praise or adoration: v.t. to 
sing hymns to; adore or praise by 
hymns. 

hymnal ('nal), n. a collection of 
hymns for public worship. 

hymnology (-noro-ji), n. the study 
of hymns, their origin, use, lore, &c. 

hyoid (hi'oid), adj. shaped like the 
Greek letter Y, u: n. a> U-shaped 
bone supporting the tongue. 

hyp. See hypo. 

hyper, a prefix meaning oveVy hey and, 
excesSj and in chemistry highest. 

hyperbola (-perHDO-la), n. a curve 
formed by the section of a cone when 
the cutting plane makes a greater 
angle with the base than the side of 
the cone makes. 

hyperbole ('bo-le), n. a figure of 



speech which expresses more or less 
than the truth. 

hyperbolic (-boFik), adj. pertaining 
to or containing, hyperbole; exag- 
gerated; pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, a hyperbola. 

hyperborean (-bo're-^n), adj. arctic. 

hyperdulia (-doo'H-a), n, veneration 
of the Virgin Mary. 

hyphen (hi'fen), n. a mark (-) join- 
ing two words or syllables: v.t. to 
join by such a mark. 

hypno a prefix meaning sleep, as 
hypnosis, a hypnotic state or trance. 

hypnosis (hip-no'sis). See hypno. 

hypnotic (hip-not 'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or producing h^^^notism. 

hypnotize Cno-tiz), v.t. to produce, 
or subject to, h3^pnotism. 

hypnotism ('no-tism), ??-. a method 
of inducing a trance-like sleep: a 
method of medical treatment by 
h>^notism. 

hypo, hyp, a prefix meaning under, 
beneath. 

hypoblast (hi'po-bl^t), n. the under 
layer of the blastoderm. 

hypochondria (hip-o-kon'dri-a), n. a 
disease attended with extreme mel- 
ancholy, and anxiety respecting one's 
state of health. Also hypochondri- 
asis. 

hypochondriac ('dri-ak), n. one 
who is affected with hypochondria: 
adj. pertaining to, or affected with, 
h>T)Ochondria. 

hypocrisy (-ok'ri-si), n. a feigning to 
be what one is not; dissimulation; 
false profession. 

hypocrite ('o-krit), n. one who prac- 
tices hypocrisy; a dissimulator. 

hypodermic (hi-po-der'mik), adj. in- 
serted under the skin: n. a medicine 
thus injected. 

hypogastric (hl-po-gas'trik), adj. 
pertaining to the hypogastrium. 

hypogastrium ('tri-um), 7i. [pi. hypo- 
gastria (-a) ], the middle part of 
the lower region of the abdomen. 

hypostyle ('o-stil), n. a roof sup- 
ported by columns ; a covered colon- 
nade; pillared hall or court. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



HYPOTENUSE 



466 



HYSTEROTOMY 



hypotenuse (-pot'e-nus), n, the side 
of a right-angled triangle opposite 
the right angle. Also hypothenuse. 

hypothecate (hi-poth'e-kat), v, to 
assign something for security; to 
mortgage. 

hypothesis (-poth'e-sis), n. [pi. hy- 
potheses (-sez) ], something assumed 
for the purpose of argument. 

hypothetic (-po-thet'ik), adj. based 
on hypothesis; conjectural. Also 
hypothetical. 

hypothetically (-al-li), adv. by hy- 
pothesis. 

hypsi, a prefix meaning high, excep- 
tionally high, as hypsihYB^chycephal- 
ic: adj. having a high broad skuU, as 
certain races. Also hypso. 

hypsometer (hip-som'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring altitudes 
by atmospheric pressure. 

hypsometry ('e-tri), n. the art of de- 



termining altitudes by atmospherio 
pressure. 

hyrax (hi'raks), n. a small hare-like 
mammal, the coney of the Bible. 

hyssop (his'up), n. an aromatic plant 
with blue flowers; an unidentified 
plant mentioned in the Bible. 

hysteria (his-te'ri-§,), n. a nervous 
affection of women characterized by 
choking sensations, paroxysms of 
laughter or weeping, and frequently 
simulating other diseases. 

hysterical (-ter'i-kal), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or affected by, hysterics; vio- 
lently emotional. 

hysterically (-h), adv. in a hysteric- 
al manner. 

hysterics (his-ter'iks), n.pl. hysteria. 

hy steroid ('oid), adj. resembling 
hysteria. 

hysterotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the opera- 
tion of cutting out, or into, the womb. 



&te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; booHj 
book; hue, hut; think, tbon. 



I 



I, the ninth letter of the alphabets 
of Western Europe. 

I (I), pron. [pi. we (we) ], nom. case, 
sing, of the pronoun of the 1st per- 
son; the word by which the speaker 
or WTiter denotes himself: n. in 
metaphj'sics, the object of conscious- 
ness; the ego. ^ 

iambic (i-am'bik), adj. consisting of, 
or employing, iambics: n. an iam- 
bus, a satirical poem in iambic verse. 

iambus ^ ('bus), n, a metrical foot 
consisting of two syllables, of which 
the first is short and the second is 
long (w.), or, in accentual versi- 
fication, a foot of two syllables, in 
which the stress accent falls on the 
second syllable. 

ibex ('beks), n. a genus of wild goats, 
having very large recurved horns, 
the best kno^^n species of which is 
the Alpine steinbok or bouquetin. 

ibis ('bis), n, a genus of large wad- 
ing biids, having a long, curved 
beak, of which the most notable spe- 
cies is the sacred Ibis of the ancient 
Egyptians. 

ibogaine ^ (e-bo'ga-in), n. a local 
anesthetic extracted from the Kom- 
go-plat, sometimes used as a substi- 
tute for cocaine. 

ice (is), n, frozen water or other 
fluid; a frozen confection, as ice- 
cream: v.t, to convert into ice; 
freeze; preserve in ice, cover witii 
concreted sugar; frost. 

Ice Age (aj), n. the glacial epoch. 

iceberg ('berg), n. a large mass of 
ice detached from a glacier, and 
floating in the sea. 

ice boat (bot), n. a strong steam 
boat used to break a channel through 



ice ; a boat mounted on runners and 
propelled by sails on ice. 

ice-cream (Is-krem'), n. cream, 
sweetened and flavored, and frozen 
in a contrivance for the purpose. 

ice-field ^ ('f eld), n. an extensive sheet 
of floating ice. 

ice-fender (is-fen'der), n. a fender to 
guard a vessel against injury from 
ice. 

ice-floe ('flo), n. a small sheet of 
floating ice. 

ice-hockey (is'hok'i), n. a game 
similar to field-hockey, but pEiyed 
on the ice. 

ice-pack Cpak), n, a field of broken 
and drifting ice, consisting of great 
masses packed together. 

ice-scooter (is'sku'ter), n. a Long 
Island boat that sails on ice as wxll 
as in water, running from one to the 
other if necessary. 

ichneumon (ik-nu'mun), ru an ani- 
mal of the weasel kind, found in 
Egypt, where it was anciently wor- 
shipped; it tracks out and devours 
the eggs of the crocodile. 

ichneumon-fly (-fll), n. an insect 
which lays its eggs in the bodies of 
other insects. 

ichnolite ('no-lit), n. a stone im- 
pressed with a fossil footprint. 

ichnology (-nol'o-ji), n. that brrnch 
of science which treats of fossil f cot- 
prints. 

ichor (I'kor), n. in classical mythc.I- 
ogy, the ethereal fluid which ran, in- 
stead of blood, in the veins of thz 
gods; a thin, watery, acrid seruzi 
from an ulcer or wound. 

iclithyic (ik'thi-ik), adj. fish-like. 

ichthyo, a prefix meaning a fishy as 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, huty think, then. 

(467) 



ICHTHYOGRAPHY 



468 



IDEOGRAPHIC 



ichthyolite, a fossil fish; the impres- 
sion of a fossil fish. Also ichthy. 

ichthyography (ik-thi-og'r&-fi), n. a 
treatise on fishes. 

ichthyolite. See under ichthyo. 

ichthyology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch 
of zoology which treats of fishes, 
their structure, classification, &c. 

Ichthyosaurus (-saw'rus), n, a 
genus of huge fossil fish-hzards. 

ichthyosis (-5 'sis), n, a disease in 
which the skin presents the form of 
hard dry^ scales and plates. 

icicle (i'si-kl), n. a pendent cone of 
ice formed by the freezing of drip- 
ping water. 

icily ('si-h), adv. in an icy manner; 
coldly. 

iciness ('si-nes), n. the state of being 
icy; coldness. 

icing ('sing), n. a coating of concrete 
sugar. 

icon (ilion), n, [pZ. icons Ckonz), 
icones ('kon-ez)], in the Greek 
Church, a sacred image or picture. 
Also eikon, ikon. 

icono, a prefix meaning image, as 
tconoclasm, image breaking. 

iconoclast (i-kon'o-kli.st), n, an im- 
age breaker; one who attacks super- 
stitions or shams. 

iconometer ^ (i-ko-nom'e-ter), n. a 
measuring instrument to determine 
the actual position of unknown 
points from observation of two 
drawings or photographs. 

icos, a prefix meaning twenty , as icos- 
ahedral, having twenty plane faces. 

icosahedron (-kos-§,-he'dron), n. a 
solid bounded by twenty plane faces. 

ictus (ik'tus), n. a blow or stroke; in 
prosody and music, rhythmical or 
metrical accent or stress. 

icy (i'si), adj. [comp, icier, superl, 
iciest], pertaining to, or resembling, 
or abounding in, ice; cold; chilling; 
indifferent. 

idea (-de'§.), n. a mental image or 
picture; a conception of what ought 
to be; an abstract principle; opin- 
ion; behef ; plan. 

ideal (-de'M), adj. existing in imagi- 



nation only; visionary; conforming 
to a standard of perfection; per- 
fect: n. a mental conception, or an 
individual regarded as the standard 
of perfection. 

idealism (-izm), n. in art, the effort 
to realize, by elimination and com- 
bination, the highest type of any 
natural object; the doctrine that all 
our knowledge of objects is a knowl- 
edge of ideas. 

idealist (-ist), n. one who pursues 
the ideal; one who holds the doc- 
trine of idealism; a visionary. 

idealistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining 
to an ideal; relating to ideahsm or 
idealists. ^ 

ideality ('i-ti), n. the quality of be- 
ing ideal; the faculty to form ideals. 

idealize (-iz), v.t. to make ideal; 
embody in an ideal form; represent 
(natural objects) so as to show 
their most important characteristics 
only w.i. to form ideals. 

ideally (-U), adv. according to an 
ideal; mentally. 

idem (i'dem), n. the same; used as 
a prefix in words defining similar 
ideas. 

identical (i-den'tik-Hl), adj. express- 
ing sameness; differing in no essen- 
tial point. 

identically (-li), adv. in an identical 
manner. 

identical note (not), n. a note in 
terms agreed upon by two or more 
powers, intended to influence anoth- 
er power. 

identifiable (-ti-fi'a-bl), adj. that 
may be identified. 

identify (-den'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
identified, p.pr. identifying], to make, 
prove to be, or consider as, the same. 

identity ('ti-ti), n. essential or prac- 
tical sameness. 

ideograph (id'e-o-grM), n. a symbol, 
figure, or hieroglyph, not naming 
but suggesting the idea of an object. 
Also ideogram. 

ideographic ('ik), adj. representing 
ideas by symbols independently of 
sounds. Also ideographical. 



ate, arm, S,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 






IDEOGRAPHY 



469 



IDOLATRY 



ideography (-e-og'ra-fi), n. the direct 
representation of ideas by symbols. 

ideologist ^ (i-de-oro-jist), n. one oc- 
cupied with ideas or ideals; a theo- 
rist. 

ideology ('o-ji), n, the science of 
ideas; the system of philosophy 
which derives ideas exclusively from 
sensation. 

ideomotion (-o-mo'shun), n. uncon- 
scious muscular motion arising from 
a dominant idea. 

ides (idz), n.pl. in the ancient Roman 
calendar, the eighth day after the 
nones — the 15th of March, May, 
July, October, and the 13th of the 
other months. 

idio, a prefix meaning one^s own, pe^ 
culiaTy as idiogrsiphy a private or 
trade mark. ^ 

idioblast (id'i-o-blast), n, a h;^TDothet- 
ical ultimate element of a hving cell. 

idiochromosome (id'i-o-kro'mo- 
som), n. a minute colorable body in 
the germ-cell supposed to have to 
do with the determination of the 
sex of the ovum. 

idiocy (id'i-o-si), n. the state of be- 
ing an idiot; mental imbecility. Also 
idiot cy. 

idiogenesis (i-di-o-Jen'e-sis), n. orig- 
inating spontaneously or without 
determinable cause. 

idiograph. See under idio. 

Idiom ( i-um), n. a turn of expression 
peculiar to a language; the distinc- 
tive characteristics of a language. 

idiomatic (-o-mat'ik), adj, peculiar 
to a language; given to, or marked 
by, the use of idioms. Also idio- 
matical. 

idiomatically (-al-li), adv. accord- 
ing to the idiom. 

idiometer (id-i-om'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument to determine the personal 
equation of a person using a tele- 
scope to note the precise time when 
a star crosses the meridian. 

idiopathic (-o-path'ik), adj. charac- 
terizing a disease not produced by 
another. 

idiopathy (-op'§,-thi) , n. an individ- 



ual or personal affection; a primary 
disease not arisiug from another. ^ 

idiosome (id'io-som), n. a theoreti- 
cal ultimate element of living mat- 
ter. 

idiosyncrasy (-i-o-sinla-S^-si) , n. [pi. 
idiosyncrasies (-siz) ], peculiarity of 
constitution or temperament: a 
characteristic pecuhar to an indi- 
vidual. 

idiot ('i-ot), n, one of weak intellect; 
a foohsh person. 

idiotic Cik), adj, pertaining to, or 
like, an idiot; foolish, fatuous. Also 
idiotical. 

idiotically (-il-li), adv, in an idiotic 
manner. 

idiotrophic (id'i-o-trof'ik), n. capable 
of selecting suitable nourishment: 
said of li\dng cells. 

idle (I'dl), adj. empty; unoccupied; 
unemployed; unused; useless; vain; 
of no importance; irrelevant; averse 
to labor; futile; lazy; v.i. to be in- 
active or without employment: v.L 
to spend in idleness; waste (time): 
usually with away. 

idler (i'dler), ii. one who idles; a lazy 
person; one who has constant day 
duty on board ship, and does not 
keep night watch. 

idle-wheel ('hwOl), 7t. a wheel placed 
between two others to transfer 
motion without change of direction. 

ido (e'do), n. a proposed universal 
language. 

idol (i-dol), n. an image of a divinity, 
employed as an object of worship; a 
person or thing loved to excess. 

idolater ('a-ter), 7t. an ^ idol-wor- 
shipper; one who pays divine honors 
to images, &c. ; one who loves a per- 
son or thing to excess. 

idolatress va-tres), n. a female 
idolater. 

idolatrous ('i-trus), adj. pertaining 
to, or practicing, idolatry; marked 
by undue reverence or affection. 

idolatry ('^-tri), n. [pi. idolatries 
(-triz) ], the paj^ing of Divine honors 
to idols, images, or any created ob- 

' ject; the ascription of Divine pow- 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; htie, hut; think, ^/len. 



IDOLIZE 



470 



ILLEGAL 



er to natural agencies; excessive ad- 
miration, veneration, or love for any 
person or thing. 

idolize (-iz), y.t. to make an idol of; 
love or admire to excess. 

idyl (i'dfl), n. a short, highly-wrought 
pastoral poem; applied also to de- 
scriptive and narrative poems of 
greater length; a description of sim- 
ple, rural, pastoral scenes. Also 
Idyll. 

idylist (i'dil-ist), n, a pastoral poet 
or painter. 

idyllic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or of 
the nature of an idyl; pastoral. 

if (if), conj, on the condition; sup- 
posing that; whether; although. 

igneous ('ne-us), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or resembling fire, or 
produced by fire. 

ignis fatuus ('nis-fat-u'us), n. a me- 
teoric light seen to flit above the 
ground in marshy places, &c. ; a 
misleading influence. Popularly 
known as Will-o^-ihe-wis'Py Jack-o'- 
Lanterriy Corpse-candle. 

ignite ('nit), v,t. to set on fire; to 
make incandescent with heat; sub- 
ject to the action of intense heat: 
v.i. to take fire; glow with heat. 

igniter ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, ignites; a time exploder for 
igniting the powder of a torpedo. 

ignitible (ig-ni'ti-bl), adj. capable of 
being ignited; easily kindled. 

ignition (-nish'un), n. the act of ig- 
niting; the state of being ignited. 

ignition-box (ig-nish'on-boks), n. 
the explosion-chamber of an in- 
ternal combustion engine. 

ignoble (-no'bl), adj. of low birth or 
station; of mean character or qual- 
ity; of little value; characterizing a 
short- winged hawk, as distinguished 
from a long-winged falcon. 

ignobleness ('bl-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being ignoble; absence of 
dignity. 

^^obly Cbli), adv, in an ignoble 
manner; basely. 

ignominious (-no-min'i-us), adj. 
marked with ignominy or public dis- 



grace; shameful; deserving disgrace; 
despicable. 

ignominy (ig'no-min-i) , n. [pi. igno- j 
minies (-iz) ], loss of one^s good 1 1 
name; pubhc disgrace or dishonor; 
cause or source of disgrace. 

ignoramus (-ra'mus), n. an ignorant 
person, especially an ignorant pre- 
tender to knowledge. 

ignorance (-rans), n. the state of be- 
ing ignorant; want of knowledge. 

ignorant (-r^nt), adj. destitute of 
knowledge; uninstructed; illiterate. , 

ignore (-nor'), vd. to be ignorant 
of; treat as unknown; disregard; 
throw out as false or unsupported 
by sufficient evidence: said of a 
grand jury rejecting a bill. 

Igorrote (i'gor-ro'te), n. one of a 
tribe of head hunters in Luzon, 
PhiKppine Islands. 

iguana (i-g\\^a'na), n. a large trop- 
ical American lizard, having a dew- 
lap under the throat. 

il, a prefiXf another form of in when 
followed by Z, meaning not, as illit- 
erate, uneducated. 

ileum (il'e-um), n. the lower part of 
the small intestine. 

Ilex (i'leks), n. a genus of evergreen 
trees and shrubs represented by the 
holly. 

iliac (il'i-ak), adj. pertaining to the 
ileum, or to the ihum, or flank bone. 

ilium (il'i-um), n. the dorsal or up- 
per part of the hip-bone. 

ill (il), adj. [comp,^ worse, superl. 
worst], bad or evil; contrary to 
good; causing or attended by evil or 
suffering in a bad or disordered state 
physically or morally; sick; dis- 
eased; unfriendly; not proper; un- 
skilful; vicious: n. evil; wickedness; 
misfortune; disease; an5^hing dis- 
creditable; harm; mischief: adv. 
not well; not easily. 

illapse (-laps') , n. a ghding in or into, 
especially a divine influx; inspiration. 

illation ^ (-la 'shun), n. an inference, 
deduction, or conclusion. 

illegal (il-le'gal), adj. contrary to 
law; unlawful. 



ftte, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinks then. 



ILLEGIBLE 



471 



IMAGINABLE 



illegible (il-lej'i-bl), adj. hard to 
read; not plain or clear. 

illegitimate (il-le-jitl-mat), adj. born 
out of wedlock. 

illicit (-lis' it), axij. not authorized or 
allowed; unHcensed; unla^^ul. 

Illicium ('i-um)j n. a genus of shrubs 
of the magnolia family, containing 
the Japanese incense plant. 

illitnitable (-hm'it-a-bl), adj. im- 
measurable; vast; infinite. 

illimitableness (-nes), n. the state 
or quahty of being illimitable. 

inimitably (-bli), adv. without pos- 
sibihty of being bounded. 

illision (-Hzh'un), n. the act of strik- 
ing into or against. ^ 

illiteracy (-Ht'er-^-si), n. ignorance 
of letters. 

illness ('nes), n. the condition of be- 
ing iU; disease; sickness. 

illude (-l^d'), v.t. CO mock; deceive; 
delude. 

illuminant ^ (-lum'i-u§,nt), adj, per- 
taining to illumination : n. anything 
which illuminates or affords hght. 

illuminate ('i-nat), v.t. to give light 
to; decorate with lights, in token of 
rejoicing; enlighten; throw hght 
upon; make plain; elucidate; adorn, 
as a manuscript, with miniature pic- 
tures in colors and gold: v.i. to dis- 
play hghts in token of rejoicing. 

illumination (-na'shun), n. supply 
of light; the act of illuminating, or 
state of being illuminated, especially 
the festive decoration of houses or 
cities with lights: the art of illumin- 
ating books or manuscripts; a design 
in an illuminated work; intellectual 
light; inspiration. 

illuminator ('mi-na-ter), n, one 
who, or that which, gives light; one 
who illuminjates books, manuscripts, 
&c.; a condenser or reflector; an il- 
luminant. 

illumine ('min), v.t. to illuminate 
[poet.]. 

illusion ('zhun), n, deceptive ap- 
pearance; false show; hallucination. 

illusionist (-ist), n. one subject to 
illusion; a sleight-of-hand performer. 



illusive ('siv), adj. deceiving by il- 
lusion; deceptive; illusory. 

illusively (-li), adv. in an illusive 
manner. 

illusiveness (-nes), n. deception; 
false show. 

illusory ('so-ri), adj. causing illu- 
sion; fallacious; deceptive. 

illustrate ^ (-us'tratj, v.t. to make 
clear or intelHgible; explain by ex- 
amples; elucidate by means of pic- 
tures, &c. 

illustrated (-ed), p.adj. having illus- 
trations. 

illustration (-tra'shun), n. the act 
of illustrating; the state of being 
illustrated; that which illustrates; 
a comparison or example which ex- . 
plains or corroborates; a picture 
designed to elucidate the text. 

illustrative ('tr^-tiv), adj. tending 
to illustrate, elucidate, or exemplify. 

illustratively (-li), adv. by way of 
illustration. 

illustrator ('us-tra-ter), n. one who 
illustrates; ^ one who exemplifies 
something in his own person; one 
who draws pictorial representations. 

illustrious ('tri-us), adj. distin- 
guished by luster or greatness; emi- 
nent; renowned; conferring luster 
or honor; glorious; famous; hon- 
ored. 

im, a prefix representing in when lol- 
lowed by b, w, or p. 

image (im'aj), n. an imitation of any 
person or thing; a statue, effig>', or 
bust; an idol; a counterpart; like- 
ness; a mental picture, conception, 
or idea; an extended metaphor; the 
figure of an object formed by rays 
of light: v.t. to form, or reflect, an 
image of; represent to the mental 
vision; imagine. 

imaged Cajd), adj. decorated with 
human figures, as porcelain. 

imagery ('aj-ri), n. [pi. imageries 
(-riz)], representation by images; 
images collectively; figures in dis- 
course; forms of the fancy. 

imaginable (-aj'i-na-bl), adj. that 
may be imagined or conceived. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



IMAGINABLENESS 472 IMMATURED 

imagmableness (-nes), n. the state standing; entanglement; strife; per- 
of being imaginable. ^ plexity; complicated plot. 

imaginably (-bli), adv, in a conceiv- imbrue ('broo), vX. to wet or mois- 
abie manner; possibly. ten; soak; drench, especially in 

imaginary ('i-na-ri), adj. existing blood. 

only in imagination; unreal; uto- imbue Cbu), vi, to cause to absorb; 
plan. ^ tinge deeply; dye; to tincture deep- ^ 

imagination (-na'shun), n. the im- ly, as the mind with certain princi- \ 
age-forming pJower of the mind, or pies. 

the power of the mind which modi- imitable ('i-t§,-bl), adj, capable of, 
fies the conceptions, especially the or worthy of, imitation, 
higher forms of this power exercised imitate ('i-tat), v.i, to produce a 
in art and poetry, usually termed semblance of, in form, <jolor, quaK- 
the plastic or creative power; a con- ties, conduct, and the hke; use as a 
ception or idea; fanciful opinion; model or pattern; to take example 
fancy; invention.^ ^ ^ by; to counterfeit; copy. 

imaginative ('i-na-tiv),^ ad], pro- imitation (-ta'shun), n, the act of 
ceeding from, exhibiting, or en- imitating; that w^hich is produced 
do wed with, imagination; inventive; by imitating; the repetition of the 
fanciful. ^ ^ ^ same melodic theme or phrase, either 

imaginatively (-li), adv. in an im- in a different key, or in another 
aginative manner. voice or part: adj, made in imita- 

imaginativeness (-nes), n. the qual- tion; not genuine. 

ity of being imaginative. imitative ('i-ta-tiv), adj, inclined to, 

imagine (-aj'in), v.t, to form a men- or aiming at, imitation; formed 
tal picture of; produce by the im- after a model. 

agination; conceive; conjecture; imitatively (-li), adv, in an imita- 
think; suppose; v.i. to form. a men- tive manner, 
tal image; fancy; to surmise.^ imitator ('i-ta-ter), n. one who imi- 

imbecile (im'be-sil), adj. without tates. 

strength, especially of mind; feeble- immaculate (-mak'u-lat), adj. with- 
minded; idiotic: n. one of feeble out blemish; unspotted; undefiled; 
mind. ^ pure. 

imbecility (-siri-ti), n. [pL imbe- immaculately (-li), adv. in an im- 
cilities (-tiz)], mental or physical maculate manner, 
weakness. immaculateness (-nes), n. spotless 

imbibe ('bib), v.t. to drink in; ab- purity. 

sorb, as if by drinking; receive or Immanuel, another form of Em- 
absorb into the mind: vd. to drink; manuel. 
absorb moisture. immaterial (-mS^-te'ri-M), adj. not 

imbricate ('bri-kat), v.t. to lay in consisting of matter; spiritual; dis- 
order, one lapping over another, like embodied: unimportant, 
tiles or shingles: z;.t. to overlap seri- immaterialism (-izm), n. idealism; 
ally: adj. bent and hollowed like a spiritualism. 

gutter tile or pantile; overlapping immaterially (-li), adv. without mat- 
like tiles, as the scales of fishes, or ter; in an unimportant manner or 
the leaf -buds of plants; decorated degree. « ,n . 

with a pattern resembling lapping immature (-ma-tur ), adj. not ripe; 
tiles or scales. not fully grown or developed; not 

imbroglio (-br5'lyo), n. a confused finished or perfected; crude. 

mass of things; intricate and per- immatured (-turd'), adj. not ma- 
plexing state of affairs; misunder- tured; not ripened. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; DOQl^t 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



IMMATURELY 



473 



IMMORALITY 



immaturely (-turii), adv. crudely. 
immatureness Cnes), n, immaturi- 
ty. 
immaturity (-tur'i-ti), n, umipe- 

ness; incompleteness. 

immeasurability (-mezh-tir-a-biri- 
ti), n. the quality of not being meas- 
urable. 

immeasurable ('tir-a-bl), adj. not 
to be measured; immense; limitless; 
vast. 

immeasurableness (-nes), n, bound- 
less extent. 

immeasurably (-bli), adv, to an in- 
definite extent or degree. 

immediate (-me'di-at), adj. directly 
related without an intervening me- 
dium; next; direct; approximate; 
instant. 

immediately (-li), adv, directly; 
proximately; instantly. 

immediateness (-nes), n, the quali- 
ty of being immediate ;^ promptness. 

immemorial (-me-mor'i-^l), adj, ex- 
tending beyond the reach of mem- 
ory, record, or tradition; as imme" 
morial usage or custom. 

immemorially (-h), adv, from time 
out of mind. 

immense (-mens'), cbdj. immeasura- 
ble; boundless; vast; very great or 
large; very good or fine: n. infinite 
space; immensity. 

immensely ('U), adv, to an immense 
degree; exceedingly. 

immenseness ('nes), n. the state of 
being immense; immensity. 

immensity ('si-ti), n. [pi. immensi- 
ties (-tiz) ], the character of being 
immense; immeasurableness; infi- 
nite space; vastness in extent or 
bulk. 

immerge (-merj'), v.t, o plunge into 
or^ under anything, especially a 
fluid; immerse: v.i. to disappear by 
entering into any medium, as the 
moon into the shadow of the earth. 

immerse (-mers'), v.t. to plunge into 
or under anything, especially a 
fluid; sink; dip; plunge into, as an 
occupation; baptize by immersion. 

immersed (-merstO, p. adj. deeply 



plunged into anyi:hing, especially a 
fluid; deeply occupied, engrossed, or 
involved; growing wholly under 
water: said of a plant. 

immersion ^ (-mer'shun), n. the act 
of immersing; the state of being 
immersed; baptism by dipping the 
whole person into water. 

immigrant ^ ('i-grant), adi. passing 
or coming into, as a new habitat or 
place of residence: n. one who, or 
that which, immigrates. 

immigrate ('i-grat), v.i. to come into 
a new habitat or place of residence, 
especially to come into a country to 
settle. 

imminence ('i-nens), n. the condi- 
tion of being imminent; nearness; 
impending evil or danger. 

imminent ('i-nent), adj. threatening or 
about to fall or occur immediately: 
said especially of misfortune or peril. 

immixture (i-miks'tur), n. the action 
of mixing or combining, particularly 
with reference to social matters. 

immobility (-mo-biri-ti), n. fixed- 
ness in place or state. 

immoderate (-mod'er-at), adj. not 
moderate; not confined to custom- 
ary or just or reasonable limits; 
extravagant; intemperate. 

immoderately (-n)i adv, excessive- 
ly; unreasonaoly. 

immoderateness (-nes), n. want of 
moderation; excess. 

immodest (-mod 'est), adj, forward; 
arrogant; wanting in the restraint 
required by decency ; indeHcate; un- 
chaste. 

immodesty (-mod'est-i), n. want of 
modesty, delicacy, or proper re- 
serve; arrogance; imchastity. 

immolate ('o-lat), v.t. to kill as a 
sacrificial victim; offer in sacrifice; 
make a sacrifice of. 

immoral (-mor'M), adj, contrary to 
the moral law, or to the public good; 
vicious; dissolute; dishonest; un- 
principled. 

immorality (-mo-ral'i-ti) , n, the 
, quality of being immoral; an im- 
moral act or practice. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



IMMORALLY 



474 



IMPARlIBLE 



immorally (-li), adv. in an immoral 
manner. 

immortal (-mor'ti-l), ddj. not mortal 
or subject to death; imperishable; 
ever-living: n. one who is immor- 
tal; pL the gods of classical my- 
thology. ^ 

iinmortaiize ('til-iz), v.t. to render 
immortal ; bestow lasting fame upon. 

immortality (-tal'i-ti), n. exemption 
from death or oblivion; imending 
existence. 

iirr .mortally (-li), adv, eternally. 

imimor telle (-mor-tel'), n, [pL im- 
mortelles (telz') ], a plant whose 
flowers may be dried without losing 
their form or color; an everlasting; 
a wreath made of everlastings.^ 

immovability (-moov-^-bil'i-ti), n. 
fixedness. 

immovable ('§--bl), adj. incapable of 
being moved; fixed; steadfast; un- 
changing; unfeeling: n.pl. land, or 
things fixed to, or running with, 
land, as trees, buildings. 

immune (-mun'), adj, exempt, as 
from a disease: n. one who is ex- 
empt from any particular disease 
by reason of having had it. 

immune body (im-mun'bod'i), n. 
a hypothetical substance in the blood 
stream associated with the process of 
givingr immunity to bacterial dis- 
eases. 

immune serum (im-mun' se-riim), 
n. serum of an immunized animal 
that may be used as an antidote to 
a bacterial poison. 

immunify (i-mu'ni-fi), v.t, to make 
immune to a bacterial or other dis- 
ease or toxic condition. 

immunizator (i-mu-ni-za'tor), n. 
one who practices immunization, 
usually with the aid of vaccines or 
serums. 

immunity (-mun'i-ti), n. {pi. im- 
munities (-tiz) ], exemption from 
any duty, ofiice, or tax; freedom 
from natural or usual liabihty; spe- 
cial privilege (usually in pL), 

immunize (-mun'iz), v.t. to render 
immune. 



immure (-murO, v.t. to enclose with- 
in walls; shut up in prison; confine. 

immutability (-mut-^-bil'i-ti), n. 
imchangeableness. 

immutable (-mut'§,-bl), adj. un- 
changeable; invariable; unaltera- 
ble; permanent. 

imp ^ (imp), n, Sb young, little, or in- 
ferior devil; a hobgobhn; sprite; a 
pert or mischievous child. 

impact (im'pakt), n. colhsion. 

impair (-par), v.t. to make worse; 
lessen in quantity, value, excellence, 
or strength: v.i. to become worse; 
deteriorate. 

impairment ('ment), n. diminution; 
injury. 

impale (-pal'), v.t. to fix on a stake; 
put to death by spitting on a sharp 
stake fixed upright; siu-round, with 
or as with, a pale or pahsade; in 
heraldry, to join (two coats of 
arms) on one shield, palewise. 

impalpable (-parp§,-bl), adj. not to 
be perceived by touch; not material; 
incorporeal; not (readily) appre- 
hensible by the mind; intangible; 
unreal. 

impanel (-pan'el), v.t. to enter the 
names of (jurors) on a piece of 
parchment called a panel; summon 
to serve on a jury; draw from the 
panel and swear in. 

imparity (-par'i-ti), n. inequality; 
disproportion: difference of degree, 
rank, excellence, number, quantity, 
&c. ; want of correspondence. 

impart (-part'), v.t. to bestow a share 
or portion of; give; to communi- 
cate knowledge of; make known: 
v.i. to give a share. 

impartial (-par'shal), adj. free from 
partiality; equitable; fair; just; 
unprejudiced. 

impartiality ^ (-shi-al'-i-ti), n. free- 
dom from bias; fairness. 

impartially (-par'shal-li), adv. just- 
ly; fairly; without prejudice. 

impartialness (-nes), n. impartiality. 

impartible ('ti-bl), adj. capable of 
being imparted or communicated; 
indivisible. 



ite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



IMPASSABLE 



475- 



IMPERCEPTIBLY 



impassable (-pas'a-bl), adj. not to 
be passed; not admitting passage; 
impervious. 

impassableness (-nes), n. the state 
of being impassable. 

impassably (-bli), adv, in an impas- 
sable manner; in a manner inca- 
pable of suffering from external 
causes; exempt from harm or pain; 
not to be moved to passion, sym- 
pathy, or any sign of emotion. 

impassioned (-pash'und), ^ p. adj. 
moved to strong feeling; animated; 
excited. 

impassive (-plis'iv), adj. apathetic. 

impassively (-li), adv. in an impas- 
sive manner. 

impassiveness (-nes), n. insensi- 
biHty. 

impatience (-pa'shens), n, the state 
of being impatient. 

impatient ('shent), adj. intolerant 
of pain, delay, opposition, control, 
or circumstances; exhibiting or ex- 
pressing impatience (with at); eager 
(with for), 

impawn (-pawn'), v.t. to put in 
pawn; deposit as security; pledge. 

impeach (-pech'), v.t, to call in 
question; accuse before a tribunal of 
official misconduct; challenge the 
credibility or validity of: as a wit- 
ness or a document. 

impeachment ('ment), n. the ar- 
raignment of a public officer for 
malfeasance in office; a discrediting 
or calling in question. 

impeccability (-pek-^-bil'i-ti), n. ex- 
emption from sinj error^ or wrong- 
doing. 

impeccable (-peV§,-bl), adj. not lia- 
ble to sin ; faultless. 

impecuniosity (-pe-ku-ni-os'i-ti), n. 
w^ant of money; poverty. 

impecunious ('ni-us), adj. without 
money; poor. 

impede (-ped'), v.t. to obstruct; hin- 
der. 

impediment (-ped'i-ment), n. that 
which impedes progress or activity; 
obstruction ; obstacle ; hindrance. 



impedimenta (-ped-i-men't^) , n.pl. 
encumbrances; travehng equipage: 
baggage, especially military bag- 
gage; mihtary suppHes. 

impedimental ('tal), adj. of the na- 
ture of an impediment; impeding. 

impel (-peF), , v.t. [p.t. . & p.p. im- 
pelled, p.pr. impelling], to drive or 
lurge forward or on; constrain to 
any kind of motion or action. 

impellent Cent), adj. having the 
quality of impelling: n. a motive or 
impelling power. 

impend (-pend'), v.i. to hang over; 
be ready to fall ; be at hand. 

impendent ('ent), adj. impending. 

impending ('ing), p.adj. overhang- 
ing; suspended so as to menace; 
close at hand. 

impenetrability (-pen-e-tr^-bil'i-ti) , 
n. incapability of being penetrated; 
that property of matter in virtue 
of which no two bodies can occupy 
the same space at the same time. 

impenetrable ('e-tr^-bl), adj, not 
penetrable; not admitting entrance; 
having the property of being im- 
penetrable; imper'v^ous. 

impenitence (-pen'i-tens), n, the 
state of being impenitent; hardness 
of heart; stubborn wickedness. Also 
impenitency. 

impenitent ('i-tent), adj. not con- 
trite; finally negligent of the duty 
of repentance; obdurate: n. one 
who finally neglects the duty of re- 
pentance; a hardened sinner. 

imperative (-per'§.-tiv), adj. express- 
ing command; peremptory; obhga- 
tory: n. that mood of a verb that 
expresses command, entreaty, or 
exhortation. 

imperatively (-H), adv. perempto- 
rily. 

imperceptibility (-sep-ti-biFi-ti), n. 
the quaUty of being imperceptible. 

imperceptible (-sep'ti-bl), adj. that 
cannot be immediately perceived by 
the senses, or easily apprehended by 
the mind. 

imperceptibly ('ti-bh), adv. so as 
not to be readily perceived. 



fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



IMPERFECT 



476 



IMPETUOUS 



imperfect ('fekt), adj, wanting in 
completeness, correctness, or excel- 
lence; wanting in some organ es- 
sential to normal activity; incom- 
plete; defective; faulty. 

imperfection (-fek'shim), n, incom- 

Eleteness; faultiness; a defect or 
lemish, physical, mental, or moral; 
failing. 

imperforate^ ('fo-rat), adj. having 
no perforations or pores. 

imperial (-pe'ri-al), adj, pertaining 
to an empire or emperor; fit or suit- 
able for one who wields supreme au- 
thority; of superior size or excel- 
lence; royal; sovereign: n, the top of 
a diligence or coach; a baggage-case 
on a traveling carriage; a size of 
paper, 30 m. x 22 in.; a tuft of 
hair left unshaven on the lower lip 
and chin (so called from Napoleon 
III., who set this fashion). 

imperialism (-izm), n. the system 
of imperial government; the pohcy 
of imperial federation; pohcy of 
territorial expansion, 

imperialist (-ist), n. one who fa- 
vors or upholds imperialism. 

imperialistic (-is'tik), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or favoring, imperialismo 

imperialization (-i-za'shun), n. the 
estabhshment or extension of im- 
perial power. 

imperialize ('ri-^l-iz), v,t. to invest 
with imperial character, style, or 
power; bring to the form of an em- 
pire. 

imperially ('ri-§,l-U), adv. in an im- 
perial manner. 

imperil (-per'il), v.L to put in peril; 
endanger; jeopardize. 

imperious (-pe'ri-us), adj. domineer- 
ing, dictatorial, overbearing; ur- 
gent; imperative. 

imperishable (-per'ish-i-bl), adj. in- 
destructible; not subject to decay; 
permanently enduring. 

impermeability (-per-me-^-biri-ti), 
n. the property of being impermea- 
ble. 

impermeable ('me-a-bl), adj. not 
permitting passage, as of a fluid, 



it3\ 

r-Tl 



through its substance; Impervious; 
impenetrable. 

impermeably (-bli), adv. so as to 
be impermeable. 

iitipermeator ('me-a-ter), n. a con- 
trivance for uniformly supplying oil 
to the cylinder of a steam-engine. 

impersonal ('sun-al), adj. wanting , 
personality or conscious individuali- 
ty; not referring to a particular 
person: n. an impersonal verb. 

impersonality ('i-ti), n. absence of . 
personality. | 

impersonally (-li), adv. in an im-*' 
personal manner. 

impersonal verb (verb), n. a verb, 
used without a subject, or (In Eng-j 
lish) with only the Impersonal it\ 

impersonate ('sun-at), v.t. to inves^ 
with personality; embody as a per-T 
son; represent as a personality; to 
represent the person or character 
of, especially on the stage. 

impersonator (-a-ter), n. one who 
impersonates; an actor. 

impertinence ('tin-ens), ^ n. that 
which is impertinent or irrelevant^ 
as in speech or manners; a thing ofj 
no value; ^ a trifle; forwardness! 
rudeness; in law, matter which i^ 
immaterial in substance. 

impertinent ('tin-ent), adj. non- 
pertinent; of no relation to the mat- 
ter in hand; not to the point; in- 
apposite; inapphcable; rude; un- 
civil^ or offensive in behavior: n. 
one who interferes in things which 
do not concern him; a forward, iU- 
mannered person. 

imperturbability (-ter-b§,-biri-ti), n. 
the quahty of being imperturba- 
ble. 

imperturbable Cb^-bl), adj. not« 
easily disturbed, agitated, or dis-l 
concerted; self-contained, cool, calm." 

impervious (Vi-us), adj. not to be 
passed through or penetrated; im- 
penetrable; not permitting passage, 
as of a fluid, through its substance. 

impetuosity (-u-os'i-ti), n, vehe- 
mence; violence; force. 

impetuous ('u-us), adj. rushing with 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thoa. 



IMPETUS 



477 



IMPORTANCE 



force and violence; vehement in 
feeling; acting with sudden energy; 
precipitate. 

impetus ('pe-tus), n. the force with 
which any body is driven or im- 
pelled; impulse; impulsion; mo- 
mentum. 

impiety (-pi'i-ti), n. [pi. impieties 
(-tiz) ], want of piety; disregard of 
the Supreme Being; ungodliness; 
an act of irreverence or mcked- 
ness; violation of natural duty to- 
ward others, as disobedience to 
parents. 

impinge (-pinj'), v-'i" strike or dash; 
clash; come in colhsion (with on, 
upon J or against), 

impingent ('pin-jent), adj. impmg- 
ing. 

impious Cpi-us), adj, irreHgious; 
wicked; profane. 

impish (imp'ish), adj, having the 
mischievous character of an imp. 

implacability (-pla-k^-biri-ti), n. a 
state of irreconcilable enmity or un- 
appeasable anger. Also implacable- 
ness. 

implacable (-pla'k§,-bl), adj. not to 
be pacified or appeased; constant 
in anger or enmity; relentless. 

implacably (-bh), adv. with unap- 
peasable resentment. 

imiplant (-plant'), v.t to inx for 
growth; cause to take root; ingraft. 

implead (-pled'), v.t. to sue or prose- 
cute; accuse; impeach. 

implement ('ple-ment), ^ n. that 
which supplies a want, or is a requi- 
site to an end, especially an instru- 
ment, tool, or utensil: pi. the tools 
and weapons of prehistoric man. 

implemental C^), adj. pertaining 
to, or characterized by, the use of 
implements. 

implicate Cpli-kat), v.t. to infold; 
involve; entangle; bring into con- 
nection with. 

implication (-ka'shun), n. entangle- 
ment; that which is imphed; an 
inference not expressed but under- 
stood; deduction. 

implicit (-plis'it), adj. implied; rest- 



ing on implication or inference; 
trusting in the word or authority of 
another; submissive; blind; tacit; 
Unreserved. 

implore (-plor'), v.t. to entreat (a 
person, or for a thing) earnestly, 
humbly, and importunately: v.i, to 
beg; pray; supplicate. 

imploring Cing), p.adj, supplicat- 
ing. 

imply (-pli'); ^•^. [p-t> & p.p. im- 
plied, p.pr. implying], to contain by 
implication; mean or signify by fair 
inference; express indirectly; in- 
sinuate. 

impolicy (-pol'i-si), n. the quality of 
being impolitic; want of policy; in- 
expediency. 

impolite (-po-litO, odj. wanting in 
good manners; boorish; coarse. 

impolitely (-li), adv, ill-manneredly; 
discourteously. 

impoliteness (-nes), n. incivility; 
rudeness. 

impolitic (-pol'i-tik) , adj. contrary 
to good policy; unwise; injudicious; 
indiscreet. 

imponderability (-pon-der-§.-biri-ti) , 
n. the quality of being impon- 
derable. 

imponderable (-pon'der-§,-bl), adj. 
not capable of being weighed; with- 
out (sensible) weight: n. a term 
applied to the hypothetical universal 
medium, ether. 

imporosity (-po-ros'i-ti), n. absence 
of pores; compactness. 

imporous (-po'rus), adj. without 
pores; solid. 

import (-port'), v.t. to bring into a 
country from abroad : opposed to ex- 
port; bring in from without, as ir- 
relevant matter into a discussion; 
bear in meaning; imply; signify; 
betoken; be of interest or conse- 
quence to; concern: v.i. to be of 
moment: n. (im'port) merchandise 
brought into a country from abroad 
(usually in pL); meaning; purport; 
significance; importance. 

importance (-por'tins), n. the qual- 
ity of being important; high place 



te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



IMPORTANCE 



476 



IMPRECATE 



in public estimation; high self-es- 
teem. 

important Ct§,t), adj, of much im- 
port or significance; momentous; 
bearing weight or consequence; of 
high standing; pompous. 

importation (-ta'shun), n. the act 
or practice of bringing merchandise 
into a country from aroad; that 
which is imported ;^ one who, or that 
which, is recently introduced. 

importunate (-por'tu-nat), adj. per- 
sistent; unreasonable or troublesome 
in solicitation; not to be repulsed; 
urgent. 

importunately (-li), adv. with per- 
sistent solicitation. 

importunateness (-nes), n. impor- 
tunity. 

importune (-por-tun'), v.t, to harass 
with perpetual petitions or de- 
mands: vd, to beg persistently or 
urgently, 

importunity (-tu'ni-ti), n. [pi, im- 
portunities (-tiz) ], persistent so- 
licitation or demand; incessant in- 
sistence; urgency. 

impose (-poz'), v.t, to place upon: 
as, to impose the hands in confirma- 
tion or ordination; lay upon, as a 
burden, punishment, or charge; to 
palm off; lay (pages of type) on 
an imposing-stone or the bed of a 
press, and secure them in a chase: 
v.i. to place a burden or tax; prac- 
tice deception (with tzpon). 

imposing ('ing), p.adj, adapted to im- 
press forcibly ; commanding ; stately ; 
grand; impressive: n, in printing, 
the arrangement of pages or columns 
into forms. 

imposition (-po-zish'un), n. a laying 
upon, especially of hands in ordina- 
tion or confirmation; the fixing of a 
meaning upon the terms of a proposi- 
tion; that which is imposed, levied, 
or enjoined; an extra exercise im- 
posed on a student as a punishment; 
a trick, fraud, or deception; a duty 
formerly imposed at the pleasure 
of the British king on imports and 
exports. 



impossibility (-pos-i-bil'I-ti) , n. char- 
acter of being impossible; that wkich 
cannot be, or be supposed to be, 
done. ^ ^ 

impossible (-pos'i-bl), adj. that can- \ 
not be done; inconceivable. 

impost ('post), n. that which is im- 
posed or levied; a tax, tribute, or 
duty, especially a customs-duty lev- 
ied by government on imports; tl e 
top member of a pillar on which the 
arch rests. 

impostor (-pos'ter), n. one who \vc,- 1 
poses upon others by an assumed ' I 
character or false pretensions. 

impostress ('tes), n. a female im- 
postor. 

imposture ('pos-ttir), n. deception, 
especially that which is practiced 
under an assumed chaacter or by 
false pretensions. 

impotence ('po-tens), n. the state of 
being impotent in body or mind; 
feebleness; want of capacity; de- 
ficiency of means to achieve an end. 

impotent^ Cpo-tent), adj. wanting 
in physical, intellectual, or moral 
power; weak; deficient in capacity; 
lacking self-restraint, 

impound (-pound'), vi, to shut up 
in a pound or pen, as stray cattle; 
confine; hold in the custody of a 
court. 

impoverish (-pov'er-ish), v.L to make 
poor reduce to poverty; cause to 
detenorate in quahty or productive- 
ness, 

impoverishment (-ment), n. the act 
of impoverishing; the state of being 
impoverished; indigence; deteriora- 
tion, 

impr aticability (-prak-ti-kll-biri-ti) ,- 
n. the quahty of being impractic- 
able. 

impracticable ('ti-k^-bl), adj, not 
to be effected by the means em- 
ployed, or at command; not easily 
dealt with; unmanageable; impossi- 
ble; intractable. 

imprecate ('pre-kSt), v.t, to invoke, 
especially an evil or curse, upon; 
curse; wish evil to. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boOn, 
book; hue, hut; think, thou. 



IMPRECATORY 



479 



IMPRINT 



imprecatory ('pre-k§,-t5-ri), adj, in- 
voking evil or a curse. 

impregnability (-preg-na-bil'i-ti), n, 
the quality of being unconquerable. 

impregnable ('na-bl), adj. not to be 
captured, as a fortress; not to be 
overcome, as virtue. 

impregnably (-bli), adv, so as to 
defy attack. 

impregnate (-preg'nat), v.t. to make 
pregnant; tecundate; fertilize; in- 
fuse an activ<^ principle, or the par- 
ticles of another substance, into; 
imbue; saturate. 

impresario (-pra-sa're-o), n, the 
manager of an opera or concert 
company; one who engages singers 
and brings them before the pubHc. 

imprescriptible ( -pre - skrip'ti - bl ) , 
adj. not founded on prescription; 
not to be aHenated or lost by lapse 
of time; independent of external 
authority; inalienable; self -evidenc- 
ing. 

impress (-pres'), v.t, to mark, stamp, 
or print by pressure; to affect for- 
cibly, or stamp deeply on, the mind; 
to imprint; inculcate; compel to 
enter the pubhc service as soldiers 
or sailors, especially to carry off 
forcibly to serve in the navy; seize 
for the pubhc service, as money or 
provisions: n. (im'pres) a mark 
made by pressure; an image or fig- 
ure; a mark of distinction ; char- 
acteristic; stamp; an impression or 
image fixed in the mind. ^ 

impressibility^ (-i-biri-ti), n. the 
quality of being impressible. 

impressible ('i-bl), adj, capable^ of 
being impressed; susceptible of im- 
pressions. 

impression (-presh'un), n. the mark 
made by a stamp or mold; style of 
character formed by external force 
or influence; the mark or stamp 
which is the result of external force 
or influence; an image in the mind 
caused by something external to it; 
the immediate effect produced upon 
the mind by a sensation, passion, 
or emotion; an indistinct or vague 



notion, remembrance, or belief; a 
copy taken by pressure from type; 
nurnber of copies printed at once; 
edition. 

impressionability (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quahty of being impressionable. 

impressionable ('i.-bl), adj, capable 
of receiving impressions; susceptible. 

impressionai ('un-M), adj. pertain- 
ing to impressions. 

impressionism ('un-izm), n, the 
doctrine that natural objects should 
be painted — in literature described 
— so as to reproduce only their 
larger and more immediate effect or 
impressions, without selection or 
elaboration of details. 

impressionist ('un-ist), n. one who, 
in art or in literature, adheres to 
the theory of impressionism. 

impressionistic (-is'tik), adj, per- 
taining to, or characterized by, im- 
pressionism. 

impressive (-pres'iv), adj, capable 
of making impression. 

impressively (-li), adv. in an im- 
pressive, affecting, or touching man- 
ner. 

impressiveness (-nes), n, the quali- 
ty of being impressive. 

impressment (-pres'ment), n, the 
act of seizing for public use, or of 
compeUing to enter the pubhc serv- 
ice. 

imprimatur (im-pri-ma'ter), n, a 
hcense given to print; approval or 
sanction from authorized sources. 

imprimis (-pri'mis), adv, in the first 
place; a word introducing the first 
of a series of particulars in an 
enumeration. 

imprint (-print'), v.t. to mark by 
pressure; to stamp, as letters and 
words on paper, by means of inked 
types; print; impress deeply, as on 
the mind or memory: n. (im 'print) 
an impression, impress, or mark left 
by something; the pubhsher^s or 
printer's name, usually with time 
and place of issue, on the title-page 
or at the end of a book or other pub- 

' lication. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think* ^Aen. 



IMPRISON 



480 



IMPUNITY 



imprison (-priz'n), v.t. to put into 
a prison; detain in custody; re- 
strain or confine in any way; in- 
carcerate. 

imprisonment (-ment), n, state of 
being shut in, or as in, prison; con- 
finement. 

improbability ^ (-prob-§,-bil'i-ti), n. 
[pi. improbabilities (-tiz) ], unJike- 
lihood; an improbable event. 

improbable ('^-bl), adj. unlikely; 
not to be expected. 

improbably (-bli), adv, in an im- 
probable manner. ^ 

improbity (-prob'i-ti), n. want of 
probity or rectitude; dishonesty. 

impromptu (-promp'tu), adv. with- 
out preparation; offhand; extem- 
pore; adj. extemporaneous; thrown 
off on the spur of the moment: n. 
an extemporaneous speech or effort. 

improper (-propter), adj. not well 
adapted or suited to the purpose; 
not according to nature, usage, &c.; 
erroneous; imseemly. 

improper fraction (frak'shun), n. 
a fraction whose numerator is equal 
to, or greater than, its denominator. 

impropriety (-pri'e-ti), n . [pi. im- 
proprieties (-tiz) ], the quality of 
being improper; unsuitableness; that 
which is improper in act, expres- 
sion, (fee. 

improvable (-proov'^-bl), adj. capa- 
ble of being improved. 

improve (-proov'), '-t. to make bet- 
ter; turn to account; intensify: v.i. 
to grow better. 

improvement ('ment), n. advance- 
ment of anything from good to bet- 
ter; profitable use or application 
of anything; that by which the 
value of anything, especially prop- 
erty, is advanced: pi. betterments. 

improver Cer), n. one who, or that 
which, improves. 

improvidence (-prov'i-dens), want 
of foresight or thrift. 

improvident ('i-dent), adj. lacking 
foresight or thrift; wanting care to 
provide for the future; careless. 

improvisation (-i-sa'shun), n. the 



act of improvising; the act of com- j 
posing poetry or music extempora^J 
neously; an impromptu. |j 

improvisator (l-sa-ter), n. an im-*l 
proviser. Also improvisatore. : 

improvisa trice (-ve-za-tre'cha), n. a ^ 
female improvisatore. 

improvise (-pro-viz'), V.t to com- j 
pose extemporaneously, especiallyj 
verse or music; bring about on all 
sudden, or without previous prepa- 
ration; devise on the spur of the . 
moment, or for a special occasion: ' 
v.i. to compose extemporaneously: j 
do a thing in an offhand way. 1 

imprudence (-proo'dens), n. want off' 
prudence; ^ carelessness of conse- 
quences; inattention to one's in- 
terest. 

imprudent ('dent), adj. wanting 
prudence; not attentive to conse- 
quences or interest; indiscreet; in- 
judicious. 

impudence ('pti-dens), n. want of 
modesty; shamelessness; rudeness; 
forwardness. 

impudent ('pu-dent), ^ adj. shame- 
less; immodest; offensively forward; 
intentionally disrespectful. 

impugn (-pun'), v.t to attack by 
arguments; contradict; gainsay. 

impugnable ('a-bl), adj. that may 
be impugned or gainsaid. 

impulse ('puis), n. force commimi- 
cated suddenly; the result of an 
impelling force; a mental force di- 
rectly urging to action ; a sudden de- 
termination not arising from reflec- 
tion. 

impulsion (-pul'shun), n. the act of 
impelUng; the state of being im- 
pelled; instigation. 

impulsive ^ ('siv), adj. having the 
power of impelling; actuated by, or 
resulting from, impulse; passion- 
ate; acting by momentary impulse, 
not continuously. 

impulsively (-h), adv. by impulse. 

impulsiveness (-nes), n. the quafity 
of being impulsive. ^ 

impunity ^ (-pun'i-ti), n. freedom 
from punishment, injury, or loss. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, but; think, then. 



IMPURE 



481 



INBOARD 



impure (-pur'), adj, mixed with ex- 
traneous matter: unchaste; im- 
clean; dirty; not accurate or idio- 
matic: said of a language or style. 

impurely ('li), adv. in an impure 
manner. 

impureness ('nes), n. the quahty of 
being impure; impurity. 

impurity * ('ti), n, [pL impurities 
(-tiz) ], uncleanness; a physical or 
moral l3lemish. 

imputable (-put'^-bl), adj. that may 
be imputed, charged, or ascribed. 

imputation (-ta'shun), n. the act of 
imputing or charging; anything im- 
puted or charged, especially in the 
way of discredit ; censure ; reproach ; 
insinuation; the doctrine that the 
sin of Adam is attributed to his 
posterity, and the righteousness of 
Christ to the beHever. 

impute (-put'), v,t. to charge, at- 
tribute, or ascribe, especially a fault ; 
attribute (sin or righteousness) as 
derived from another. 

in, prefix meaning in, withiny inside, 
not. 

in (in), adv. or prep, within; inside 
of; with verbs of motion, into. 

inadvertence (in-ad-vert'ens), n. 
want of attention; oversight; mis- 
take. Also inadvertency. 

inadvertent Cent), adj. inatten- 
tive; heedless; careless; uncon- 
scious. 

inalienability (-al-yen-^-bil'i-ti), n, 
the quality of being inalienable. 

inalienable (-^-bl), adj. that cannot, 
or should not, be alienated, surren- 
dered, or transferred to another. 

inalienableness (-nes), n, inahena- 
bility. 

inalienably (-bli), adv. so as to be 
inaUenable. 

inamorata (-a-mo-ra'ti), ??. a wom- 
an with whom one is in love; sweet- 
heart; mistress [Itahan]. 

inamorato ('to), n. a man who is 
in love; a lover [Itahan]. 

inane (-an'), adj. empty; void; 
senseless; siUy; pointless; frivo- 
lous: n. infinite void; space. 



inanimate (in-an'i-mat), adj, liot 
animate or animated; dead; spirit- 
less; hfeless. 

inanition (-a-nish'un), n. empti- 
ness; exhaustion from lack of nour- 
ishment. 

inanity (-an'i-ti), n. [pi. inanities 
(-tiz)], emptiness; mental vacuity; 
frivolity: pi. vanities. 

inappreciable (-pre'shi-§.-bl), adj. 
not to be appreciated or estimated; 
of no consequence. 

inarch (in-arch'), v.t. to graft by 
uniting (a scion) to a stock without 
separating the scion from its parent 
tree. 

inarticulate (in-ar-tik'u-lat), adj. not 
uttered with intelligible distinctness; 
incapable of speech; not articulated; 
not jointed, segmented, or valved. 

inarticulately (-li), adv. in an in- 
articulate manner. 

inarticulateness (-nes), n. indis- 
tinctness of utterance. 

inasmuch (-az-much'), adv. in a like 
degree; seeing that (with as); be- 
cause. 

inaugural (-aw'gu-r§.l) , adj. pertain- 
ing to an inauguration: n. an inau- 
gural address. 

inaugurate ('gu-rat), v.t. to induct 
into office with appropriate cere- 
monies; invest with office in a for- 
mal manner; consecrate; make a 
formal beginning of; initiate, as a 
new poHcy; celebrate the first pub- 
lic use of by some opening cere- 
mony; dedicate, as a public building. 

inaugurator (-rat-er), n. one who 
inaugurates, or initiates. 

inauguratory (-to-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to inauguration. 

inauguratrix (-triks), n. a female 
who inaugurates. 

inauspicious (-spish'us), adj. ill- 
omened; unlucky; imfavorable; un- 
fortunate. 

inbeing ('be-ing), n. inherent exist- 
ence; inherence; inseparableness. ^ 

inboard ('bord), adv. and adj. with- 
' in the ship; not projecting over the 
bulwarks. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then^ 



INBOND 



482 



INCEPTIVE 



inbond ('bond), adj, a term applied 
to a brick or stone laid lengthwise 
across a wall. 

inbreed (-bred'), v.t. to breed or de- 
velop within; breed from animals 
closely related. 

Inca (ing'k^,), n, the Peruvian em- 
peror, or a member of the royal race 
in Peru (which claimed descent from 
the sun) previous to the Spanish 
conquest under Pizarro, 1531; the 
aboriginal Peruvian race, whose lan- 
guage, called Quichua, is still spoken 
in the Sierra. 

incalculable (in-kal'ku-li,-bl), adj, 
beyond calculation. 

incalculably (-bli), adv. immeasur- 
> ably. 

incalescence (-kal-es'ens), the state 
of growing warm. Also incalescency. 

incalescent (-es'ent), adj> increas- 
ing in heat. 

incandesce (-kan-des'), v.t, to cause 
to glow with heat: v.t, to glow with 
heat. 

incandescence ('ens), n. white heat. 
Also incandescency. 

incandescent Cent), adj. glowing; 
white with heat. 

incandescent lamp (lamp), n. a 
lamp in which the hght is produced 
by a thin strip of non-conducting 
material contained in a vacuum, and 
heated to incandescence by an elec- 
tric current. 

incantation (-kan-ta'shun) , n. a 
magical charm said or sung; en- 
chantment. 

incantatory ('ta-to-ri), adj. dealing 
by enchantment; magical. 

incapacitate (-ka-pas'i-tat), v.t. to 
deprive of capacity or natural pow- 
er; render incapable or unfit; dis- 
qualify; disable. 

incapacity (-ti), n. lack of power, 
physical or mental; legal disqualifi- 
cation. 

incarcerate (-kar'ser-at), v.t. to im- 
prison; confine. 

incarceration (-ra'shun), n. im- 
prisonment; confinement; constric- 
tion, as of a hernia. 



incarcerator ('ser-a-ter), n. one who i 
incarcerates. 

incarnate ('nat), v.t. to clothe with 
flesh; embody in flesh: p. adj. em- 
bodied in flesh; flesh-colored. 

incarnation (-na'shun), n. the act , 
of clothing with, or of assuming, 
flesh; embodiment in human form; 
a striking exemplification or personi- 
fication; the assumption of human 
nature by the Son of God; the pro- 
cess by which a wound heals by 
being filled with new flesh. 

incase. Same as encase. 

incastellate (in-kas'te-lat), v.t. to 
confine in a dungeon; to imprison. 

incautious (-kaw'shus), adj. want- 
ing in caution; not circumspect; 
unwary. 

incavo (-ka'vo), the hollowed part in 
an iutagho or an engraved work. 

incendiarism (-sen'di-^-rizm), the 
act of an incendiary; burning; arson. 

incendiary ('di-§,-ri), adj. pertaining 
to arson or the malicious burning of 
property; tending to excite passion 
or violence; inflammatory; sedi- 
tious: n. one guilty of arson; one 
who excites passion or violence; a 
seditious agitator. 

incense (in-sens'), v.t. to fire; in- 
flame with anger; provoke; irritate; 
(in 'sens), perfume with incense: 
n. any aromatic material which ex- 
hales perfume when burned, especial- 
ly oUbanum, the frankincense of the 
Jews, and also of the ancient Greeks 
and Romans; any gratifying odor, 
as of flowers; homage; odor of 
spices and gums burned in rehgious 
rites. 

incentive (sen'tiv), adj. inciting, 
encouraging: n. incitement; ^ en- 
couragement; motive; spur; stimu- 
lus. 

inception (-sep'shun), n. reception; 
beginning; the formal qualification 
of a master of arts, previous to tak- 
ing his degree. 

inceptive (-sep'tiv), adj. beginning; 
noting beginning: n. an inceptive 
word or phrase. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book, hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



INCESSANT 



483 



INCLINED PLANE 



incessant (ses'&nt), adj, unceasing; 
ceaseless; continuous. 

incest ('sest), n. sexual commerce 
between persons related within the 
prohibited degrees of marriage. 

incestuous (-ses'tu-us), adj. guilty 
of, or involving, incest. 

inch (inch), n. l-12th of a foot; a 
small quantity or degree; a critical 
moment: v.t to drive by small de- 
grees; deal out sparingly : e;.i. move 
slowly. 

inchoate ('ko-at), adj, just begun; 
incipient; elementary; incomplete. 

inchoately (-H), adv. rudiment arily. 

inchoative ('4-tiv), adj, incipient; 
rudimentary: n. an inceptive. 

incidence ('si-dens), n. the direction 
in which a ray of light or heat falls 
upon a surface. 

incident ('si-dent), adj. falling upon, 
as a ray of hght on a reflecting sur- 
face; apt to occur; appertaining; 
occurring accidentally; casual; sub- 
ordinate: n. occurrence; that which 
happens beside the main design; 
casualty; episode; event; accident. 

incidental C^l), adj. casual; sub- 
ordinate: n, something casual or 
subordinate: pZ. minor expenses. 

incidentally (-h), adv. casually. 

incinerate (-sin'er-at), v.t. to bum 
to ashes. 

incinere.tion (-er-a'shun), n. crema- 
tion. 

incinerator ('er-a-ter), n. a furnace 
or retort for reducing substances to 
ashes. 

incipience (-sip'i-ens), n. incipient 
state J beginning; commencement. 
Also incipiency. 

incipient ('i-ent), at/;, beginning to 
be or to appear; initial. 

incise (in-siz'), v.t. to cut, to make 
a gash. 

incised (-sizd'), p.ac?/. cut; caused 
by cutting; engraved; notched. 

incision (-sizh'un), n. a cut made 
with a sharp instrument; notch. 

incisive (-si'siv), adj. having the 
quahty of cutting mto; sharp; 
trenchant; pertaining to the incisor 



teeth; incisorial: n. the incisive 
edge or tooth of the mandible of a 
beetle. 

incisively (-H), adi). with incision. 

incisiveness (-nes), n. the quahty of 
being incisive. 

incisor (^ser), n. a cutting tooth; 
one of the teeth in front of the ca- 
nines in both jaws. 

incisorial (-sor'i-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or having the character of, an in- 
cisor tooth. 

incisory ('so-ri), adj. cutting. 

incite (-sif), v.t. to move to action; 
stir up; spur on; encourage; impel. 

incitable (in-si'ta-bl), adj. capable of 
being incited to action. 

incitement ('ment), n. an inciting 
cause; incentive; impulse; encour- 
agement. 

incivic (in-siv'ik), adj. deficient in the 
quahties that make for good citizen- 
ship. 

incivility (-si-vil'i-ti), n. {pi. inci- 
vihties (-tiz) ], lack of civility or 
courtesy ; impoliteness. 

inclemency (-klem 'en-si), n. [pi. in- 
clemencies (-siz) ], want of clem- 
ency; severity of temper' stormi- 
ness; adversity. 

inclement ('ent), adj. not clement; 
unmerciful; tempestuous. 

inclination (-cli-na'shun), n. a lean- 
ing; deviation from normal direc- 
tion or position; tendency of the 
mind; disposition; a slope or de- 
clivity; slant; propensity. 

incline (-klin'), v.i. to deviate from 
the normal direction or position; 
lean; bow; have a mental bent or 
tendency; be disposed: v.t. to cause 
to lean ; direct ; « bow (as in rever- 
ence or civility) ; ' give a tendency 
to; turn; dispose: n. a slope; an 
inchned plane; gradient. 

inclined (-klind'), p. adj. having a 
tendency; sloping; disposed; bent 
into a convex curve. 

inclined plane (plan) , n. a plane that 
makes an angle with the plans of 
' the horizon; one of the mechanical 
powers. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hlie, hut; think, //ten. 



INCLINOMETER 



484 



INCOMPATIBLE 



inclinometer (-kli-nom'e-ter), n. an 
apparatus for determining the mag- 
netic inclination or dip; a dipping 
needle; clinometer. 

inclose (-kloz'), v.t. to shut in; en- 
compass; surround; put into an 
envelope; put into the same envel- 
ope (with another letter) ; separate 
from common lands by a fence. 

inclosure ('zhur), n. the act of in- 
closing, or state of being inclosed, 
especially the act of separating land 
from a, common by a fence; that 
which is inclosed; that which in- 
closes, as a fence; something in- 
closed with a letter in an envelope, 
as a bill, check, &c. 

include (-klood'), v.t, to inclose; hold 
as in an enclosure; confine within 
something; comprise or compre- 
hend, as a genus the species. 

included Ced), p. adj. inclosed; con- 
tained; not projecting beyond the 
mouth of the corolla of a flower. 

inclusion (-kloo'zhun), n, the act 
of including; the state of being in- 
cluded; that which is included. 

inclusive ('siv), adj. inclosing; in- 
cluding; comprehending the ex- 
tremes in the sum, as from Monday 
to Saturday inclusive, i.e., taking in 
both Monday and Saturday. 

inclusively (-li), adv, so as to in- 
clude. 

incoercible (in-ko-er'si-bl), adj, in- 
capable of being forced or coerced; 
applied also to gases supposed to be 
incapable of liquefaction. 

incognito (-kog'ni-to), adj, unknown 
or disguised: adv. in disguise; 
under an assumed name: n, a great 
personage who travels under an 
assumed style; the assumption of 
a character or title to avoid recog- 
nition; state of being unrecognized. 
Fern, incognita. 

incoherence (-ko-her'ens), n, want 
of cohesion; looseness; want of con- 
nection; incongruity; inconsequence. 
Incoherency. 

incoherent ('ent), without cohesion; 
incongruous ; inconsecutive. 



incohesion (-he'zhun), n, want ol 
cohesion. 

incombustible (-kom-bus'ti-bl), adj, 
that cannot be consumed by fire: n. 
an incombustible substance. 

income ('kum); n, the gain which 
proceeds from labor, business, prop- 
erty, or capital; annual receipts of 
a person or corporation. 

incomer ('kum-er), n. one who comes 
in; one who succeeds another as a 
tenant. 

incoming ('kum-ing), p. adj, coming 
in; accruing: n. the act of coming 
in; that which comes in; income 

incommensurability (-kom-men-su- 
r§,-bil'i-ti), n. the quality or state of 
being incommensurable. Also in- 
commensurableness. 

incommensurable ('su-ri,-bl), adj. 
having no common measure; having 
no common divisor except unity: n. 
one of two (or more) quantities that 
have no common measure. 

incommensurate (-rat), adj. not 
admitting of a common measure; 
incommensurable; not sufficient in 
measure; inadequate. 

incommensurately (-li), adv, not 
in equal or due measure. 

incommode (-kom-od), v.L to give 
inconvenience or trouble to; dis- 
turb. 

incommiscible (in-kom-mis'i-bl), . 
adj, incapable of being mixed. 

incommodious ('i-us), adj, tending 
to incommode; troublesome; incon- 
venient. 

incommunicable (-mu'ni-k^-bl), adj. 
that cannot be communicated or 
told. 

incomparable (-kom'pS,-r§,-bl), adj, 
not admitting of comparison: un- 
equaled; transcendent; peerless. 

incomparableness (-nes), n, excel- 
lence beyond comparison. 

incomparably (-bfi), adv, beyond 
comparison. 

incompatibility (-pat-i-biri-ti) , n, 
irreconcilableness. Also incompat- 
ibleness. 

incompatible ('i-bl), adj. incapable 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; me, hut; think, ^Aen. 



INCOMPATIBLY 



485 



INCONTINENT 



of harmonious subsistence or com- 
bination; inconsistent; incongruous: 
n.pl. persons or things irreconcilably 
disagreeing with each other. 

incompatibly " (-bli), adv. in an in- 
compatible< manner. 

incompetence (-kom'pe-tens), n. in- 
ability, physical, intellectual, or 
moral; insufficiency; inadequacy; 
lack of qualification or jurisdiction. 
Also incompetency. 

incompetent ('pe-tent), adj. want- 
ing "ability; inadequate; wanting 
qualification ^ or fitness; incapaci- 
tated; inadmissible. 

incomplete (-plef), adj, not fully 
finished or developed; not having all 
its parts; imperfect; defective. 

incompletely ('li), adv» imperfectly. 

incompleteness ('nes), n. imperfec- 
tion. 

incomprehensible (-pre-hen'si-bl), 
adj. illimitable; not to be under- 
stood or grasped by the mind; in- 
conceivable. 

incompressible (-pres'i-bl), adj. in- 
capable of being reduced in volume 
by pressure ; resisting pressure. 

inconceivability ^ (-kon-sev-§.-biri- 
ti), n. the quality of being incon- 
ceivable. 

inconceivable ('S,-bl), adj. incapable 
of being conceived or imagined; in- 
credible. 

inconceivably Cbli), adv. beyond 
the power of conception. 

inconclusive (-kloo'siv), adj. lead- 
ing to no conclusion in evidence or 
argument; ^ unconvincing; reaching 
no definite* result in action; inetfec- 
tive; inefficient. 

inconclusively (-li), adv. in an in- 
conclusive manner. 

incondensible (-den'si-bl), adj. in- 
capable of being made more dense or 
compact, or of being reduced to 
liquid form. 

incongruity (-groo'i-ti), n. [pi. in- 
congruities' (-tiz)], want of mutual 
fitness; unsuitableness of one thing 
to another. 

incongruous (-kong'groo-us), adj. 



reciprocally disagreeing; unsuited to 
one another; inharmonious; inap- 
propriate. 

inconnu (-kon-nuO, cidj. unknown: 
n. an unlpiown person. Feminine 
inconnue [French]. 

inconsequence ('se-kwens), n. the 
quality of being inconsequent; want 
of logical sequence; inconclusiveness. 

inconsequent (-kwent), adj. not fol- 
lowing 'from the premises; illogical; 
out of proper relation; irrelevant. 

inconsiderable (-sid'er-i,-bl), adj. 
not deserving consideration; unim- 
portant. 

inconsiderably (-bli), adv. very little. 

inconsiderate (-sid'er-at), adj. with- 
out consideration; thoughtless. 

inconsiderately (-H), adv. thought- 
lessly. 

inconsistency (-sis 'ten-si), n. [pi. 
inconsistencies (-siz)], the -quality 
of being inconsistent; incongruity. 

inconsistent ('tent), adj. lacking 
coherence or agreement; discrepant; 
lacking uniformity; self-contradict- 
ing; incongruous. 

inconsolable (-sol'^-bl), adj. not to 
be consoled or comforted. 

inconsolably (-bli), adv. in an in- 
consolable manner or degree. 

inconspicuous (-spik'u-us), adj. not 
easily perceived; so small as to es- 
cape notice; hardly discernible. 

inconstancy ('st^n-si), n. change- 
ableness. 

inconstant ('stint), adj. subject to 
change; unstable; variable; fickle; 
capricious. 

incontestable (-test'i-bl), adj. not 
admitting of question or dispute; 
incontrovertible. 

incontestably (-bli), adv. indispu- 

. tably. 

incontinence ('ti-nens), n. lack of 
restraint, especially undue indul- 
gence of the sexual passions; licen- 
tiousness; involuntary discharge. 
Also incontinency. 

incontinent ('ti-nent), adj. unre- 
strained; unchaste: n. an unchaste 

' person. 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



INCONTROVERTIBILITY 486 



INCRIMINATE 



incontrovertibility (-tro-ver-ti-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the state or quality of being 
incontrovertible. 

incontrovertible (^ti-hV), adj. not 
admitting of controversy; indis- 
putable. 

incontrovertibly (-bli), adv, indisput- 
ably. 

inconvenience (-ven'iens), n. want 
of convenience; unfitness; trouble- 
someness; that which incommodes; 
disadvantage.^ Also inconveniency; 
v,t. to put to inconvenience; incom- 
mode; annoy; molest. 

inconvenient ('ient), adj. disadvant- 
ageous; inopportune; unfit; inex- 
pedient. 

inconvertibility (-ver-ti-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quahty of being inconvertible. 

inconvertible ('ti-bl), adj. incapa- 
ble of being converted into, or ex- 
changed for, something else. 

incorporate (-kor'po-rat), v.t. to 
combine into one body; give a body 
to; embody; unite; associate; unite 
intimately; assimilate; blend; form 
into a corporation recognized by 
law: v.i, to unite with another body 
so as to form a part of it; be mixed 
or blended with: p. adj. incorpo- 
rated; united in one body. 

incorporation (-po-ra'shun), n. com- 
bination; assimilation; mixture; 
formation of a body corporate; a 
corporation. 

incorporator (-ra-ter), n. one who 
incorporates; an original member of 
an incorporated society. 

incorporeal (-po're-al), adj, not cor- 
poreal; immaterial; intangible, and 
existing only in contemplation of 
the law. 

incorporeally (-li), adv. immaterially. 

incorrect (-kor-ekt'), adj. not accord-- 
ing to model or rule; faulty; not 
according to fact; inaccurate; not 
in accordance with morality or good 
manners; improper. 

incorrigible ('ri-ji-bl), adj. bad be- 
yond correction or amendment; ir- 
reclaimable. 

incorrigibleness (-nes), n. the qual- 



ity of being incorrigible. Also in- 
corrigibility. 

incorrigibly (-Wi), adv. irreclaimably. 

incorrodible (-rod'i-bl), adj, incap- 
able of being corroded. 

incorrupt (-kor-upf), adj. free from 
physical or moral taint; unim- 
paired; upright; especially above 
the influence of corruption or 
bribery; honest. 

incorruptibility (-ti-bil'i-ti), n. in- 
capability of corruption. 

Incorruptible ('ti-bl), adj. incapa- 
ble of physical corruption, decay or 
dissolution; not liable to moral per- 
version or contamination; especially 
incapable of being bribed.^ 

incorruptibly (-bli), adv. in an in- 
corruptible manner. 

incorruption (-rup'shun), n. ex-i 
emption from corruption. 

increase (-kres'), v.i. to become 
greater in any respect; augment; 
multiply; grow; wax, as the moon: 
v.t. to make greater in any respect; 
enhance; aggravate; enlarge: ru 
(in'kres), a growing larger; that 
which is added to the original stock; 
increment; produce; profit; issue; 
offspring; a waxing, as of the moon. 

incredibility (-kred-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being incredible. Also in- 
credibleness. 

incredible ('i-bl), adj. surpassing 
belief; ^ hard to believe; unimagin- 
able; inconceivable. 

incredibly (-bh), adv. in an incred- 
ible manner. 

incredulity (kre-du'li-ti), n. the 
quality of being incredulous; scep- 
ticism; disbelief. 

incredulous (-kred'u-lus), adj. hard 
of belief; sceptical; unbelieving. 

increment ('kre-ment), n. increase; 
augmentation; produce. 

increscent ^ (-kres'ent), p. adj. in- 
creasing; in heraldry, denoting the 
new moon, with the horns toward 
the dexter side. 

incriminate (-krim'i-nat), v.t to 
charge with a crime; criminate; ac- 
cuse. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; booiv 
book hue hut think then. 



INCRUST 



487 



INDEFEASIBLY 



incrust (in-krust'), v.t. to cover with, 
or as with, a crust; coat; overlay; 
to inlay, as mosaic, so as to form 
a decorative covering. Also encrust. 

incrustate Cat), adj. covered vdth 
earthy matter;^ growing firmly to 
the pericarp: said of seeds. 

incrustation (-krus-ta'shun), n. a 
crust; covering; an incrusted or in- 
laid object or substance; a covering 
or inlaying of marble, mosaic, &c., 
attached to the masonry. 

incubate ('ku-bat), v.t, to sit upon 
(eggs) to hatch them; hatch out: 
v.i, to brood; in medicine, to go 
through the stage of incubation. 

incubator ('ku-ba-ter), n. one who, 
or that, which, incubates; especially 
an apparatus for hatching eggs arti- 
ficially. 

incubus ('kti-bus), n, [pi. incubuses 
(-ez) incubi (-bi)], the nightmare; 
in the superstition of the middle 
ages, a demon believed to cause 
nightmare, arid the birth of de- 
formed children; a heavy weight or 
burden. 

inculcate (-kuFkat), v.t. to impress 
upon the mind by frequent admoni- 
tions. 

inculcator Cka-ter), n. one who in- 
culcates. 

incumbency (-kum'ben-si), n. [pi. 
incumbencies (-siz)], the act or 
state of being incumbent; full pos- 
session and exercise of any office; 
state of holding a benefice. 

incumbent ('bent), adj. lying upon; 
imposed as a duty: n. the holder of 
an office; a clergyman in posses- 
sion of a benefice. 

incur (-ker'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- 
curred, p.pr, incurring], to become 
liable to, by one's own action; con- 
tract, as a debt. 

incurability (kur-^-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being incurable. 

incurable (-kur'a-bl), adj. incapable 
of being cured ; beyond the power of 
skill or medicine; irremediable; in- 
corrigible: n, a person diseased be- 
yond cure. 



incurably (-bli), adv. without remedy 

incursion (in-ker'shun), n. an in- 
road; raid; invasion. 

incurvate (Vat), p.adj, bent inward; 
curved. 

indebted ^ (-det'ed), p.adj. being in 
debt; lying under an obligation, 

indecency (-de'sen-si), n. [pL in- 
decencies (-siz)], want of decency, 
modesty, ^ or good manners; that 
which is indecent, grossly vulgar, or 
obscene; in law, the public exhibi- 
tion of something indecent. 

indecent ^ ('sent), adj, violating pro- 
prietry in language; behavior, <fec.; 
immodest; indelicate; obscene. 

indecision (-de-sizh'un), n. want of 
decision; a wavering of the mind; 
irresolution. 

indecisive (-si'siv), adj. not bring- 
ing to a decision or final issue; in- 
conclusive. 

indecisively (-li), adv. in an inde- 
cisive manner. 

indeclinable (-klrn§,-bl), adj. that 
cannot be decUned, or varied by 
declension: n. sl word that cannot 
be declined. 

indeclinably (-bli), adv. without de- 
clension. 

indecorous (-de-ko'rus), adj. ^ao- 
lating decorum, or any accepted rule 
of conduct. 

indecorum (-ko'rum), n. violation of 
decorum or propriety; breach of 
etiquette or civilit3^ 

indeed (-ded'), adv. in fact; in truth. 

indefatigability (-de-fat-i-g^-biri-ti), 
n. the quality of being indefati- 
gable. 

indefatigable ('i-g§,-bl), adj. not to 
be wearied out; not yielding to 
fatigue; imremitting in labor or ef- 
fort. 

indefatigably (-bli), adv. without 

yielding to fatigue; persistently. 
indefeasibility (-de-fe-zi-biri-ti), n. 

the quality of being indefeasible. 
indefeasible ('zi-bl), adj, not to be 

defeated or made void, as a title. 
indefeasibly ^ (-bli), adv. so as not 

' to be set aside or made void. 



ate, arm, 



Die. 32 



£, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tken. 



INDEFECTIBLE 



488 



INDEX-FINGER 



indefectible (-fek'ti-bl), adj. subject 
to no defect, failure, or decay. 

indefensible (-fen'si-bl), adj, that 
cannot be defended, maintained, or 
justified. 

indefensibly (-bli), adv. so as to ad- 
mit of no defense. 

indefinable (-fi'na-bl), a^/. that can- 
not be defined. 

indefinably (-bli), adv. in an inde- 
finable manner. 

indefinite (-def 'i-nit) , adj. not de- 
fined; not precise; vague; having 
no particular limit ; large beyond the 
comprehension of man, though not 
absolutely infinite; too numerous or 
variable to be easily counted; inde- 
terminate in logical quantity. 

indefinitely (-li), adv. to an indef- 
inite degree; without determinate 
limitation. 

indelibility (-del-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being indelible. 

indelible ('i-bl), adj. not to be blot- 
ted out, effaced, or obliterated. 

indelibly (-bli), adv. so as to be in- 
delible. 

indelicacy (-del'i-ka-si), n. [pi. in- 
delicacies (-siz) ], want of delicacy; 
that which is offensive to modesty 
or refined taste. 

indelicate ('i-kat), adj. offensive to 
modesty or propriety; coarse; in- 
decent. 

indelicately (-li), adv, in an indeli- 
cate manner. 

indemnification (-dem-ni-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of securing against 
loss; reimbursement of loss. 

indemnify ('ni-fi), v.L [p,L 8c p.p. 
indemnified, p.pr. indemnifying], to 
secure or insure against loss or dam- 
age; reimburse. 

indemnity ('ni-ti), n. [pi. indemni- 
ties (-tiz) ], security against loss, 
damage, or punishment; compensa- 
tion for loss. 

indent (-dent'), vJ, to make a dent 
or depression in; dent; cut into 
points like teeth; notch; bind out 
by indenture, as an apprentice: n. 
a notch in the margin; a covenant. 



indentation (-den-ta'shim), n, a 
small hollow or depression, as from 
a blow; a dent or dint; a notch or 
recess in a margin. 

indented ('ted), p.adj. notched in 
the margin like a row of teeth; zig- 
zag; in heraldry, notched or ser- 
rated. 

indenture ('tur), n. a covenant or 
deed, formerly in duplicate, with the 
edges notched so as to correspond: 
v.t, to bind by indenture, as an ap- 
prentice. 

independence, (-de-pend'ans), n. free- 
dom from support or governance by 
others; a competency; self-reliance. 

Independence Day (da), July 4, 
the anniversary of the Declaration 
of Independence, observed as a na- 
tional holiday, 

independency ('en-si), n. independ- 
ence; the principles of the Inde- 
pendents. 

independent Cent), adj. not de- 
pendent, supported by, or governed 
by, another; having a competency; 
not subject to bias or influence; 
free; irrespective: n, one who sup- 
ports measures or men independent- 
ly of any organized party. 

indestructibility (-struk-ti-bil'i-ti), 
71. incapability of being destroyed. 

indestructible ('ti-bl), adj. not to 
be destroyed. 

indestructibly (-bli), adv. so as to 
be indestructible. 

indeterminate (-ter'min-at), adj. 
not determinate, settled, or fixed; 
indefinite; not precise; having an 
indefinite number of values or solu- 
tions. 

indeterminately (-li), adv. indefi- 
nitely. 

index ('deks), n. [pL indexes (-ez), 
indices ('di-sez) ], that which points 
out or indicates; an alphabetical 
table of the contents of a book; the 
figure or letter which shows the 
power or root of a quantity; the ex- 
ponent: v.t. provide with an index. 

index-finger (-fing'ger), n. the fore- 
finger. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon» 
book; hues hut; think, thGU. 



INDIAMAN 



489 



INDIGNITY 



Indiaman ('di-a-man) , n, [pL In- 
diamen (-men)], a large vessel 
formerly employed in the India 
trade. 

Indian ('di-an), adj. pertaining to 
the Indies, to the West Indies or to 
the American Indians; made of 
maize or Indian corn: n. an East 
Indian, West Indian or Anglo- In- 
dian; one of the aborigines of Amer- 
ica, or a Red Indian. 

Indian corn (korn), w. a native 
American plant, known as maize. 

Indian-file (-fil), n. single file. 

Indian red (red), w. a silicate of iron, 
imported from the Persian Gulf. 

india-rubber ('di-a-rub'er), n. caout- 
chouc. 

Indian summer (sum'er), n. sum- 
mer-like weather, with calm and ab- 
sence of rain, occurring in autumn. 

Indian yellow (yel'o), n. a bngfit 
yellow pigment. 

indican (in'di-kan), n. a substance 
obtained from the various indigo- 
producing plants, decomposing, by 
the action^ of ^ acids, into sugar, in- 
digo-blue, indigo-red, and indiglucin. 

indicant ('di-kSnt), adj. indicating: 
n, that which points out a remedy 
for a disease. 

indicate ('di-kat), v.t. to point out; 
show; suggest; hint; point out, as 
a remedy. 

indication (-ka'shun), n. the act of 
indicating; that which indicates; 
information; token; evidence; sign; 
symptom. 

indicative (-dik'^-tiv), adj, pointing 
out; bringing to notice; noting that 
mood of the verb which indicates, 
predicates, or affirms : n, the indica- 
tive mood. 

indicatively (-li), adv, so as to in- 
dicate. 

indicator ^ ('di-ka-ter), n. one who, or 
that which, indicates; the part of 
an instrmnent by which an effect is 
indicated, especially an apparatus 
for ascertaining and recording the 
variations of pressure or vacuum in 
the cylinder of a steam engine. 



indicatory (-ka-to-ri), adj, serving 
to indicate. 

indict (-ditO, v-t- to charge with a 
crime, by the presentment of a 
grand jury. 

indictable ('a-bl), adj. liable to be 
indicted; punishable. 

indicter Cer), 7t. one who indicts. 
Also indictor. 

indictment ('ment), n, a written 
accusation against a prisoner pre- 
sented by a grand jury to a court. 

indifference (-dif'er-ens), n, the 
state of being indifferent; impartial- 
ity; absence of preference or in- 
terest; unconcernedness; unimpor- 
tance; condition of being indifferent 
in character or quality; mediocrity. 

indifferent ('er-ent), adj. uncon- 
cerned; unimportant; mediocre; re- 
gardless. 

indigence ('di-jens), n. the state of 
being indigent ; poverty; want. Al- 
so indigency. 

indigene ('di-jen), n. a native; abo- 
rigine. 

indigenous (-dij'-e-nus), aJj. born or 
produced in a country-; not exotic; 
not imported; innate; inherent; 
native. 

indigent ('di-jent), adj. destitute; 
needy. 

indigested (-jest'ed), adj, undigested, 
as food; crude; not softened by heat. 

indigestibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quaUty of being indigestible. 

indigestible (-jest'i-bl), adj. not di- 
gestible, physically or mentally. 

indigestibly (-bli), adv, so as not to 
be digested. 

indigestion (-jes'chun), n. difficulty 
in digesting food; dyspepsia. 

indignant ^ (-dig'nSnt), adj, affected 
with indignation; inflamed with 
mingled anger and disdain. 

indignation (-na'shun), n. anger at 
what is unworthy, unjust, dishonor- 
able, or base;^ anger mingled with 
contempt or disgust. 

indignity ^ (-dig'ni-ti), n.^ [pi, indig- 
nities (-tiz) ], an action intended to 
lower the dignity of another; insult. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INDIGO 



490 



INDO-EUROPEAN 



indigo ('di-go), n. a blue dye-stuff 
obtained from the indigo plant by de- 
composition of the giucoside indicario 

indiirect (=di-rekt'), ddj^ not straight 
or rectilinear; not directly result- 
ing from a cause; not reaching the 
end aimed at by the most direct 
method; not straightforward or fair. 

indiscreet ^ (-dis-kret), adj, wanting 
in discretion; imprudent. 

Indiscretion (-dis-kresh'un), n, want 
of discretion; imprudence; an im- 
prudent act. 

indiscriminate (-krim'i-nat)y adj, 
undistinguishing; promiscuous. 

indiscriminately (-li), adv. without 
distinction. 

indiscriminative (-krim'in-§,-tiv), ad/, 
making no distinction. 

indispensability (-pens-^-bil'i-ti), n. 
incapability of being dispensed wdth. 

indispensable ('^-bl), adj, that can- 
not be dispensed with; absolutely 
necessary. 

indispensably (-bli) , adv. unavoidably. 

indispose (-dis-poz'), v.t, to disin- 
cline; unfit. 

indisposed (-pozd'), adj. slightly ill 
in health; disinclined. 

indisposition (-po-zish'un), n. slight 
illness; disinclination. 

indisputability (-pu-t§.-biri-ti), n. 
the quality of being indisputable. 

indisputable ('ti,-bl), adj. too evi- 
dent to admit of dispute; unques- 
tionable. 

indisputably (-bli), adv. unques- 
tionably. 

indissolubility (-o-lu-bil'i-ti), n. in- 
capability of being dissolved or lique- 
fied; perpetuity of obligation. 

indissoluble ('o-lu-bl), adj. not dis- 
soluble or dissolvable. 

indistinct (-dis-tingkt'), adj. not 
distinct to the senses or the mind; 
undefined; indefinite; confused. 

indistinguishable (-ting'gwish-i,-bl) , 
adj. incapable of being distinguished, 
discriminated, or perceived. 

indistinguishably (-bh), adv. so as 
not to be distinguished. 

indite (-dif), v.t. to compose; write. 



indium ('di-um), n. a rare metallic 
element found in zinc-blende. 

individual (-di-vij'u-lLl), adj. exist- 
ing as a single indivisible entity; 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, a 
single person or thing: n. a single 
person, animal, or thmg. 

individualize ('u-§,l-iz), f).t. to in- 
vest with individuality; distinguish. 

individualism (-ism), n. the qual- 
ity of being individual;^ a social 
system in which each individual 
works for himself alone; the theory 
of government which discounten- 
ances the interference of the state in 
the affairs of the individual. 

individualist (-ist), n. ^ one who 
holds the theory of individualism: 
adj. individualistic. 

individualistic ^ (-is'tik), adj. per- 
taining to individualism or to indi- 
vidualists. 

individuality (-al'i-ti), n. the con- 
dition of being individual; separate 
or distinct existence; distinctive 
character. 

individually (-li), adv. separately; 
personally. 

individuate ('u-at), v.U to mark as 
distinct. 

indivisibility (-viz-i-bil'i-ti), n, the 
property of being indivisible. 

indivisible ('i-bl), not separable into 
parts: n. that which is indivisible; 
an element, infinitely small, assumed 
to admit of no further division. 

indivisibly (rhW), adv. so as to be 
incapable of division. 

Indoy a prejix meaning connected 
with Indiay as Indo-Chinese, pertain- 
ing to Indo-China. 

indocile (in-dos'il), adj. unteach- 
able; intractable. 

indocility (-do-sil'i-ti), n. the qual- 
ity of being indocile. 

indoctrinate (-dok'tri-nat) , v.t. to 
imbue with learning^ principles, or 
doctrines* 

Indo-European (-do-u-ro-pe'Sn), adj. 
pertaining to the family of Aryan 
languages extending from India over 
Europe. 



5te, arm, lisk, at- awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, theu^ 



INDOLENCE 



491 



INDUSTRIALLY 



indolence ^ ('do-lens), n. love of 
ease; indisposition to labor; lazi- 
ness; supineness. 

indolent (-lent), adj, indulging in 
ease; avoiding labor; lazy. 

indomitable (-dom'i-t§;-bl), adj. im- 
tamable; irrepressible; invincible. 

indoor (in'dor), adj, taking place 
within doors; pertaining to that in 
a house or building. 

indorse (-dors'), v.t. to write on the 
back of, as a check, &c.; sanction; 
approve. Also endorse. 

indorsee (-e'), n. a person to whom 
a check, &c., is indorsed or assigned. 

indorsement ('ment), n. the act of 
writing on the back of a check, &c. ; 
that which is so written; approval; 
sanction. 

indorser ('er), n, one who indorses. 
Also indorsor. 

indubitable (-duTDi-ti-bl), adj, too 
evident to be doubted; unquestion- 
able. 

indubitably (-bh), adv. beyond doubt. 

induce (dusO, v.L to lead on; in- 
fluence; prevail upon; bring on; ef- 
fect; cause; to infer by induction; 
produce by magnetic or electric in- 
duction. 

induced (-dust'), p^adj. caused by 
induction. 

inducement (-dtis'ment), n. that 
which induces; motive; in pleading, 
an introductory statement. 

inducible Ci-bl), adj, capable of 
being induced, caused, or inferred. 

induct ^(-dukf), v.t. to introduce; 
install into an office; put into pos- 
session of a benefice, 

inductance ('t§,ns), n. the capacity 
for induction possessed by an active 
electric circuit on itself, or on 
neighboring circuits. 

induction (-duk'shun), n. the act of 
inducting; the introduction of a 
person into an office; the introduc- 
tion of a clergyman into a benefice; 
the process of discovering and prov- 
ing general propositions from par- 
ticular cases; conclusion drawn 
from a process of induction ; elec- ' 



trical or magnetic influence without 
direct contact. 

inductional ('shun-§.l), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or produced by, induction; 
inductive. 

inductive ('tiv), adj. proceeding by 
induction; producing induction; 
operated by induction; susceptible 
of being acted on by induction. 

inductive philosophy (fil-os'o-fi),* n, 
the^ name given by Bacon to ex- 
perimental science, or science found- 
ed on induction. 

inductive science (si 'ens), n, any 
branch of science which admits of 
and employs, the inductive method. 

inductivity (-tiv'i-ti), n. specific in- 
ductive capacity. 

inductometer (-tom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the degree 
or rate of electric induction. 

inductor ('ter), n. one who inducts; 
that part of an electric apparatus 
which acts inductively. 

indue^ (-duO, ^-t* to clothe or invest; 
furnish; supply; endow. 

indulge ^ (-dulj'), v.t. to be kind or 
complaisant to; humor; give free 
course to: v.i. to gratify one^s self. 

indulgence ('ens), n. forbearance 
from restraint or control; permis- 
sion; Hcense; gratification; excess; 
forbearance of present payment; 
toleration. 

indulgent Cent), adj. disposed to 
indulge; compliant; showing favor; 
kind. 

indulgently (-H), adv. with indul- 
gence. 

induline ('du-lin), n. a coal-tar dye- 
stuff of a dark blue color. Also in- 
dulin. 

indurate ('du-rat), v.i. to grow 
hard: v.t. to make hard; render un- 
feehng or obdurate. 

industrial (-dus'tri-^1), adj. pertain- 
ing to productive industr>'. 

industrialism ('tri-M-izm), n. a 
state of society marked by the pre- 
dominance of industrial pursuits. 

industrially (-H), adv. with refer- 
ence to industrv or industrialism. 



ate, arm, dsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note^ n6rth, not; boonj 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



INDUSTRIOUS 



492 



INEXORABILITY 



industrious ('tri-us), adj, character- 
ized by diligence or industry; hard- 
working. 

industry ('dus-tri), n. [pi, industries 
(-triz) ], steady application to busi- 
ness or labor; productive labor; an 
industrial art; a particular branch 
of work or trade. 

inebriate (-e'bri-at), v,t, to make 
drunk; intoxicate; intoxicate men- 
tally or emotionally: n. an habitual 
drunkard. 

inebriation (-a'shun),n. intoxication. 

inebriety (-bri'e-ti), n, intoxication, 
especially habitual drunkenness. 

ineffable (-ef'a-bl), adj, unspeaka- 
ble; inexpressible; too sacred for 
utterance.^ 

ineffableness (-nes), n. unspeakable- 
ness. 

ineffably (-bli), adv._ unspeakably. 

ineffaceable (in-ef-f as'a-bl) , adv, that 
which cannot be era sed or obliterated. 

ineffective (-ef-ekt'iv) , adj, not pro- 
ducingthe desired effect; ineffectual. 

ineffectively (-li), adv, without ef- 
fect. 

ineffectual (-u-al), adj, not produc- 
ing the desired effect; unavailing. 

ineffectually (-li), adv, in vain. 

inefficacy (-ef'i-ka-si), n. lack of 
efficacy. 

inefficiency (-ish'en-si), n, incompe- 
tency. 

inefficient Cent), adj, not producing, 
or not capable of producing, the 
desired effect; incapable. 

inelegance (-ei'e-gans), n, {pi, inele- 
gances (-gan-sez) ], want of any 
quality required by good taste; 
something inelegant. 

inelegant ('e-gant), adj, offensive to 
good taste. 

inelastic (in-erlas'tik) , adj, wanting 
in elasticity.'' 

ineligibility (-el-i-ji-biri-ti) , n, the 
quality of being ineligible. 

ineligible ('i-ji-bl), adj, unworthy of 
choice; unsuitable; legally disqual- 
ified for choice or election. 

ineligibly (-bli), adv. in an ineligi- 
ble manner. 



ineptly (-ept'li), adv, unsuitably, 
foolishly. 

inequality (-e-kwal'i-ti) , n, [pi, ine- 
qualities (-tiz) ], difference, especial- 
ly of rank or station; unevenness; 
changeableness; inadequacy; devia- 
tion of a planet or satellite from its 
uniform mean motion. 

inequitable (-ek'wi-ta-bl), adj, not 
according to equity; unjust. 

inequitably (-bli), adv, unjustly; 
unfairly. 

inequity ('wi-ti), n, lack of equity; 
injustice. 

inert (-ert), adj, having no power of 
motion or action; lifeless; slug- 
gish. 

inertia (-er'shi-a), n, lack of activ- 
ity; inertness; sluggishness; that 
property of matter by virtue of 
which it tends to remain at rest, if 
resting, or to move uniformly in a 
straight line, if moving {vis iner- 
tioe), 

inestimable (-es'ti-ma-bl), adj, not 
to be estimated; beyond measure or 
price; incalculable; invaluable. 

inestimably (-bli), adv, above esti- 
mation. 

inevitability (-ev-i-ta-bil'i-ti), n, im- 
possibility of being avoided. Also 
inevitableness. 

inevitable (-ev'i-ta-bl) , adj, not to 
be evaded; unavoidable. 

inevitably (-bli), adv, unavoidably. 

inexact (-egz-akf), adj, not precise, 
correct, accurate, or punctual. 

inexactness (-nes), n, want of pre- 
cision. 

inexcusable (-eks-ku'za-bl), adj. in- 
capable of being excused; unpardon- 
able. 

inexcusably (-bli), adv. without ex- 
cuse. 

inexhaustible (-egs-awst'-i-bl), adj. 
not to be exhausted or spent; un- 
failing; unwearied. 

inexhaustibly (-bli), adv. in an in- 
exhaustible manner or degree. 

inexorability (-eks-o-ra-bil'i-ti) , n, 
incapability of being moved by 
prayers. Also inexorableness. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon> 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INEXORABLE 



493 



INFATUATE 



inexorable ('o-r§.-bl), adj. not to be 
moved by prayers; unyielding; un- 
relenting. 

inexorably (-bli), adv. inflexibly. 

inexpediency (-pe'di-en-si), n, un- 
suitableness; inadvisability. Also 
inexpedience. 

inexpedient ('di-ent), adj. unsuita- 
ble to circumstances; inadvisable. 

inexpensive (-pen'siv), adj, cheap. 

inexperience (-pe'ri-ens), n. want 
of experience, or of the knowledge 
that comes by experience. 

inexperienced (-enst), adj, lacking 
experience; impracticed; unskilled; 
unversed. 

inexpert (-pert'), adj, unskilled; 
lacking the knowledge or dexterity 
derived from practice. 

inexpiable ('pi-a-bl), adj. that can- 
not be expiated, atoned for, or sat- 
isfied. 

inexplicable ('pli-k§,-bl), adj. not to 
be explained, made plain, or intelli- 
gible; not to be interpreted or ac- 
counted for. 

inexplicably^ (-bU), adv. so as not 
to be explained., 

inexplosive (-plo'siv), adj. not liable 
to explode. 

inexpressible (-pres'i-bl), adj. inca- 
pable of being expressed, uttered, or 
described. 

inexpressibly (-bli) , adv . unspeakably. 

inexpressive (-pres'iv), adj. lacking 
expression or distinct significance. 

inextensibility (-ten-si-biri-ti), n. 
the quality of being inextensible. 

inextensible ('si-bl), adj. that can- 
not be extended or stretched. 

inextinguishable (-ting'gwish-i,-bl), 
adj. unquenchable. 

inextinguishably (-bli), adv. so as 
not to be extinguished. 

inextricable ('tri-k§,-bl), adj. not ex- 
tricable; not permitting extrication; 
not to ^ be freed from intricacy or 
perplexity. 

inextricably (-bli), adv. beyond dis- 
entanglement. 

infallibility (-biri-ti), n. the qual- 
ity of being infallible. 



infallible (-faFi-bl), adj. incapable 
of erring; unerring; certain; un- 
failing. 

infallibly (-bli), adv. without error 
or failure. 

infamous ('f§.-mus), adj. having a 
notoriously bad reputation; odious; 
scandalous. 

infamously (-li), adv. shamefully; 
wickedly. 

infamy ('f§,-nii), n. infamous charac- 
ter; public disgrace; ignominy. 

infancy ('fan-si), n. the state of being 
an irSant; early childhood; the first 
age of anything; in law, the period 
of life from birth to the age of 
twenty-one. 

infant ('f^nt), n. a young child; pop- 
ularly a child under two years; in 
law, a person who has not attained 
his legal majority, or the age of 
twenty-one: adj. pertaining to in- 
fancy or to the legal period of infancy; 
infantile; incipient. 

Infanta (in-fan'ta), n. a royal prin- 
cess of Spain, formerly also of 
Portugal. 

Infante (in-fan'ta), n. a royal prince 
of Spain, formerly also of Portugal; 
male heir of the Spanish sovereign. 

infanticidal ('ti-si-dM), adj. pertain- 
ing to infanticide. 

infanticide ('ti-sid), n. the murder 
of an infant born ahve; one who 
kills an infant. 

infantile ('fan-til), adj. pertaining 
to infants or infancy; child-like; 
childish. 

infantile-spinal-paralysis (in'fan- 
til-spl'nal-pa-rari-sis), n. common 
name of poliomyelitis, a disease of, 
as yet, unknown origin, affecting 
adults as well as^ children, and 
sometimes epidemic in various parts 
of the U. S. 

infantry ('fan-tri), n. foot soldiers, 
except engineers and men of the 
army service corps. 

infare ('far), 7i. a housewarming. 

infatuate (-fat'ti-at), v.t. to make 
extravagantly fooHsh; to inspire 
with fatuous passion. 



Bte, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INFATUATION 



494 



INFINITIVE 



infatuation (-u-a'shun) , n, extrava- 
gant folly; fatuous passion. 

infect (-fekf), v.t, to communicate 
some (especially bad) quality to; 
taint, especially with disease, physi- 
cal or moral. 

infection (-fek'shun), n. 'the act of 
infecting; that which infects; con- 
taminating; taint; communication 
of disease from the sick to the 
healthy; an infectious disease. 

infectious ('shus), adj. communica- 
ble by infection; sympathetic; com- 
municating infection; demoralizing. 

infecundity (-fe-kun'di-ti), n, bar- 
renness. 

infelicitous (-fe-lis'i-tus), adj, un- 
fortunate; unhappy; inappropriate; 
ill-timed. 

infelicity (-lis'i-ti), n. [pi, infelici- 
ties (-tiz) ], misfortune; unhappi- 
ness; inappropriateness; an infehci- 
tous act or expression. 

infelt ('felt), adj. felt within; heart- 
felt. 

infer (-fer'), v.t, {p.t, & p.p. inferred, 
p.jpr, inferring], to derive by induc- 
tion or deduction; accept as a fact 
or consequence; imply: v,i, to con- 
clude. 

inferable ('a-bl), adj, capable of be- 
ing inferred. 

inference ('fer-ens), n. the act of in- 
ferring; the conclusion; deduction; 
induction. 

inferential (-en'shal), adj. having 
the nature of an inference; deduced 
by inference. 

inferentially (-li), adv. by way of 
inference. 

inferior ('ri-er), adj. lower in place, 
rank, or quality; secondary; subor- 
dinate; between the earth and the 
sun; below the horizon; growing be- 
low another organ: n. one who ranks 
below another; a subordinate. 

inferiority (-ri-or'i-ti), n. lower state 
or quality. 

infernal (-fer'nM), adj, pertaining 
to the Tartarus of the ancients, the 
lower regions, or regions of the 
dead; pertaining to or resemblingr 



hell; hellish; diabolical; fiendish; 
outrageous. 

infernally (-li), adv. in an infernal 
manner. 

infernal machine (mi-shen'), n. an 
apparatus maliciously designed to 
explode to the destruction of hfe or 
property. 

inferno ('no), n. [pi. inferni ('ne) ], 
a place or position of torment. 

infest (-fesf), v,t. to attack; haunt; 
overrun. 

infidel ('fi-del), adj, rejecting all re- 
ligion; rejecting a religion which 
claims to be divinely revealed, espe- 
cially the Christian religion: mani- 
festing unbelief: n. one who rejects 
Christianity as a divine revelation; 
formerly, a Mohammedan, Jew, or 
heathen. 

infidelity (-del'i-ti), n, [pi. infideli- 
ties (-tiz) ], disbelief in all religion, 
especially disbelief in Christianity; 
breach of trust; violation of the 
marriage contract by adultery. 

infield ('feld), n. in baseball, the 
space within the base line, 30 yds. 
X 30 yds. 

infiltration (-fil-tra'shun), n. the act 
of infiltrating; that which infil- 
trates; morbid condition of an organ 
due to accumulation of substances 
introduced from without. 

infinite ('fi-nit), adj. indefinitely ex- 
tensive; immeasurable: n. the Infi- 
nite Being; the Absolute; the Un- 
conditioned; a quantity greater or 
less than any assignable quantity of 
the same kind; an indeterminate. 

infinitely (-li), adv. beyond any con- 
ceivable degree; vastly. 

infiniteness (-nes), n. infinity; im- 
mensity. 

infinitesimal (-fin-i-tes'i-mil), adj, 
infinitely small: n, a quantity less 
than any assignable quantity. 

infinitesimally (-h), adv. by infini- 
tesimals; in infinitely small quanti- 
ties; in an infinitesimal degree. 

infinitive (-fin'i-tiv), adj. the term 
applied to that verb-form which 
simply expresses the general sense of 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



INFINITUDE 



495 



INFLORESCENCE 



the verb without limitation to person 
or number: n. the infinitive mood; a 
verb in the infinitive mood. 

infinitude ('i-tud), n. the state of be- 
ing infinite ; unlimited extent ; infinity. 

Infinity Ci-ti), n. [pL infinities (-tiz) ] 
the state of being infinite; un- 
limited extent of time, space, or 
quantity; absolute perfection; an 
infinite quantity, 

infirm (-fermO, adj. feeble in body 
or health; weak-minded; vacillat- 
ing; insecure; debihtated; irresolute; 
precarious. 

infirmary ('m^-ri), n. [pi. infirma- 
ries (-riz) ], a hospital for the sick 
and injured. 

infirmity ('mi-ti), n. [pi. infirmities 
(-tiz) ], the state of being infirm; 
debility; imbecility; weakness of 
body or of mind; malady; failing; 
foible. 

infix (-fiksO, v.t. to fix or fasten in; 
implant; insert: (in'fiks) n. some- 
thing infixed; an element equivalent 
to a prefix or suffix inserted in the 
body of a word. 

inflame (-flam'), v.t. to set on fire; 
fire with passion; excite; provoke; 
irritate; put into a state of inflam- 
mation: v.i. to become inflamed. 

inflamed (-flamd'), p.adj. heated; ex- 
asperated; in heraldry, represented 
as burning, or decorated with tongues 
of flame. 

inflammability (-flam-i-biri-ti), n. 
the quality or state of being inflam- 
mable. 

inflammable ('i-bl), adj. easily set 
on flame; combustible; easily ex- 
cited; excitable. 

inflammably (-bh), adv, in an in- 
flammable manner. 

inflammation (-a'shun), n. a mor- 
bid process, characterized, when 
external, by pain, redness, heat, and 
swelling. 

inflammatory ('i-to-ri), adj. tend- 
ing to excite passion, tumult, or se- 
dition; tending to produce, accom- 
panied by, or indicative of, inflam- 
mation. 



inflatable (-flat'a-bl), adj. capable of 

being inflated. 

inflate (-flat'), v,t. to swell, or distend, 
with air or gas; ^ puff up; elate; 
expand or raise artificially, as prices. 

Inflationist (-fla'shun-ist), n. one in 
favor of an increased issue of paper 
money. 

inflator Cter), n. sl mechanical appli- 
ance for producing inflation. 

inflatus (-fla'tus), n. inspiration; 
afflatus. 

inflect (flektO, v.t. bend; turn from 
a direct hne; modulate; vary the 
terminations of ; decline; conjugate: 
v.i. to undergo grammatical change 
of termination. 

inflected ('ed), p.ad-i. bent or turned 
from a direct hne or course; having 
inflections; bent or turned inward 
or downward. 

inflection (-flek'shun), n. a bend or 
bending; modulation of the voice; 
variation of nouns, verbs, <fec., by 
declension and conjugation; diffrac- 
tion of light or heat. Also inflexion. 

inflectional (-^1), adj. exhibiting 
grammatical inflections. Also in- 
flexional. 

inflective (-flek'tiv), adj. capable of 
bending. 

inflex (fleksO, v.t. to inflect; curve 
inward. 

inflexibility (-fleks-i-biri-ti), n. in- 
capability of being bent; stiffness; 
obstinacy. 

inflexible ('i-bl), adj. not to be bent; 
rigid; stiff; not to be moved by 
prayers; inexorable; not to be varied 
or changed; unalterable; stubborn. 

inflexibleness (-nes) n. the quality 
of being inflexible. 

inflexibly (-bli), adv. rigidly; inex- 
orably. 

inflict (-flikf), v.t. to cause by, or as 
if by, striking; cause to be suffered; 
impose as a punishment. 

inflorescence (-flo-res'ens), n. the 
mode or principle of floral arrange- 
ment exhibited by any species ^ of 
plant; a group of flowers arising 
upon a common main axis. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



INFLUENCE 



496 



INGRATITUDE 



influence ('flu-ens), n. energy or po- 
tency tending to produce elfects in- 
sensibly and invisibly; power arising 
from character or station; electrical 
induction: v.t, to exercise influence 
on, physically or morally. 

influential (-flti-en'shal), adj. having 
or exerting influence. 

influentially (-H), adv. so as to in- 
fluence. 

influenza (-flu-en'za), n, an epidemic 
catarrh accompanied by fever, pains, 
and nervous prostration. 

influx ^ ('fluks), n. an inflow; infusion; 
continuous importation; the point at 
which a stream flows into another 
or into the sea. 

inform (-form'), v.t. to animate; 
mold; instruct; apprise: v.i. to give 
information. 

informal Cal), adj. not according to 
form, custom, or rule; irregular; un- 
ceremonious; deficient in legal form. 

informality Ci-ti), n. [pi. informah- 
ties (-tiz) ], want of regular, custo- 
mary, or legal form. ^ 

informally (-li), adv. in an informal 
manner. 

informant ('§<nt), n. one who gives 
information. 

information (-for-ma'shun), n. com- 
municated knowledge or intelh- 
gence; a suit instituted on behalf of 
the government; a declaration made 
before a magistrate to induce him 
to issue a summons or warrant. 

informer (-form'er), n. one w^ho in- 
forms a magistrate of a violation of 
the law, or sues for a penalty under 
some statute. 

infra, a prefix^ meaning below, further 
oriy as m/ra-axillary, situated below 
the axil. 

infraction (-frak'shun), n. a viola- 
tion, or breach, especially, of law; 
infringement. 

infrangible (-fran'ji-bl), adj. that 
cannot be broken, separated, or 
violated; inviolable. 

infrequence^ (-fre'kwens), n. the 
state of being infrequent; rareness. 
Also infrequency. 



infrequent Ckwent), adj. seldom 
occurring. 

infringe (-frinjO, v.t. to violate or 
break, as a law: v.i. to encroach: 
followed by on or upon. 

infringement ('ment), n. violation 
or breach, as of a law, patent, trade- 
mark, &c. 

infuriate (-fu'ri-at), v.t. to enrage; 
madden. 

infuse (-fuz'), v.t. to introduce, as by 
pouring; instil; make an infusion of . 

infusibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. capability 
of infusion. 

infusible (-fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of 
being infused. 

infusion (-fu'zhun), n. a pouring in, 
or something poured in or mingled; 
instillation, as of good principles; a 
liquid extract obtained by steeping 
a vegetable substance in hot or cold 
water without boiling. 

infusoria (in-fu-so'ri-a), n.pl. term 
applied to certain classes of protozoa. 

ingate Cgat), n. the aperture in a 
mold through which the melted met- 
al enters. 

ingenious (je'nius), adj. having in- 
genuity or inventive skill; clever. 

ingenue (ang-zha-noo'), n. an artless 
girl or young woman; an actress 
who acts such a ch aracter in a play. 

ingenuity (in-je-nu'i-ti), n. clever- 
ness in contriving or inventing; skill. 

ingenuous (in-jen'ti-us), adj. frank; 
open; sincere; artless; candid. 

inglorious ^ (-glo'ri-us), adj. without 
glory; disgraceful; shameful. 

ingot ('got), n. a cast mass of metal. 

ingrain (-gran'), v.t. to dye with 
grain or kermes;^ dye with any deep, 
lasting color; impregnate deeply: 
adj. (in'gran), dyed .prior to being 
manufactured: n. (in'gran), a car- 
pet made of cotton warps and wool 
fining . 

ingratiate (-gra'shi-at), v.t. to in- 
sinuate (one's seK) into the favor of 
another; secure favorable reception 
for (with into). 

ingratitude (-grat'i-tud), n. absence of 
gratitude; insensibility to kindness. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, t/ien. 



INGREDIENT 



497 



INJURE 



i ingredient (-gre'di-ent), w. a compo- 
nent part of a compound body; part. 

ingress ('gres), n. entrance. 

ingulf. Same as engulf. 

inhabit (-hab'it), v.t. to dwell in; 
occupy as a place of residence: v,i, 
to reside; remain. 

inhabitable (It-^bl), adj. fit for 
habitation. 

inhabitance ('it-ans), n, occupancy; 
residence. Also inhabitancy. 

inhabitant ('it-^nt), n. one who, or 
that which, inhabits; a permanent 
resident. 

inhabitation (-i-ta'shun), n. the act 
of inhabiting; continued residence. 

inhalant (-ha'l^nt), n. an apparatus 
for inhaling; that which is inhaled. 

inhalation (-la'shun), n, the act of 
inhaling; inspiration. 

inhale (-hal'), v.t. to draw into the 
lungs. 

inharmonious (-har-mo'ni-us), adj, 
immusical; discordant. 

inhere (-her'), v.i. to be fixed or exist 
in something else; be an essential 
part of. 

inherence ('ens), n, the state of be- 
ing inherent. Also inherency. 

inherent Cent), adj. existing insep- 
arably in something else; innate. 

inherit (-her'it), v.t. to possess from 
an ancestor by right of succession; 
receive by nature from one's ances- 
tors; become divinely endowed with : 
v.i. to come into possession of prop- 
erty as the heir. 

inheritance (-^ns), n. the act of in- 
heriting; that which is inherited; a 
possession. 

inhibit (-hib'it), v.t. to restrain; pro- 
hibit; interdict; prohibit (a priest) 
from exercising his spiritual func- 
tions. 

inhospitable (-hos'pi-t§,-bl), adj. not 
hospitable; affording no shelter; 
barren; cheerless. 

inhuman (-hu'm^n), adj. cruel: im- 
feeling. 

inhumanity (-man'i-ti), n. [pi. in- 
humanities (-tiz) ], the quality of 
being inhuman; cruelty. 



inhume (-hum'), v.t. to bury; inter. 

inimical (-im'i-k^l), adj. hostile; ad- 
verse. 

inimically (-H), adv. hostilely; ad- 
versely. 

inimitable ('i-t§,-bl), adj. matchless. 

inimitably (-bli), adv. in an inimi- 
table manner. 

iniquitous (-ikliwi-tus), adj. wicked; 
unjust. 

iniquity (l^wi-ti), n. [pi. iniquities 
(-tiz) ], wickedness; injustice; un- 
righteousness; crime; evil. 

initial {-ish'§d)y adj. placed at the 
beginning; incipient: n. sl letter 
placed at the beginning of a word, 
&c.; pi. the first letters of a per- 
son's name placed separately : v.t. to 
mark with an initial.^ 

initiate ('i-at), v.t. to instruct in the 
first principles of anything; set on 
foot; bring in; acquaint with mys- 
teries or secrets. 

initiation (-i-a'shim), n. the act of 
initiating; formal admission. 

initiative ('i-§,-tiv), adj. introduc- 
tory: n. an introductory or first 
step; power of commencing, espe- 
cially legislative projects. 

initiator ('i-a-ter), n. one who initiates. 

initiatory ('i-d-to-ri), adj, introduc- 
tory. 

inject^ (-jektO, v.t. to throw or cast 
in; introduce, as a Hquid, by me- 
chanical means. 

injecta (-jek'tS.), n.pl. things injected. 

injection (in-jek'shun), n. that which 
is introduced or inserted by me- 
chanical means; an enema. 

injector ('ter), n. one who, or that 
which, injects, especially an appa- 
ratus lor filling the boilers of steam- 
engines with water. 

injudicious ^ (-ju-dish'us), adj. not 
judicious; indiscreet; unwise. 

injunction (-jungk'shun),^ n. the act 
of enjoining; that which is enjoined; 
command, order, or precept; a writ 
of equity or prohibition to restrain 
certain proceedings. 

injure Cjur), v.t. to hurt; harm; 
damage, physically or morally. 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INJURIOUS 



498 



INOPPORTUNE 



injurious (-joo'ri-us), adjo hurtful^ 
physically or morally; unjust; det- 
rimentaL 

injury ('joo-ri), n.[pl. injuries (-iz) ], 
that which occasions harm morally 
or physically; detriment; loss; 
damage, 

injustice (-jus'tis), n, the quality of 
being imjust; violation of another's 
rights; injury; wrong. 

ink (ingk), n, a fluid or viscous ma- 
terial used for writing, printing, &c, : 
v.t, to spread ink upon; color or 
blacken with ink. 

nkiness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- 
ing inky. 

nkling (ling), n, an intimation; 
hint. 

nky ('ki), adj, consisting of, or like, 
ink; discolored with ink; black. 

nland (inland), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated in, the interior of a 
country; remote from the sea; not 
foreign: adj. tov/ard the interior. 

inlay (-la'), v-i- Ip-t- & P-P- inlaid, 
p.pr. inlaying], to ornament (a sur- 
face) by laying in pieces of ivory, 
wood, metal, &c.: n, materials for 
inlaying. 

inlet (-let'), v.t, (p.t. & p.p. inlet, 
p.pr. inletting], to inlay; insert: n. 
(inlet), an entrance; a small bay 
or creek. 

inly {']i),adv. inwardly; secretly. 

inmate (in'mat), n. one who inhabits 
a house or institution with others. 

inmost ('most), adj. deepest within. 
Also innermost. 

inn (in), n. Sb house for the reception 
and entertainment of travelers; tav- 
ern; in England, a college of com- 
mon law professors and students. 

innate ('nat), adj. inborn; native. 

inner ('er), adj. internal; interior; 
esoteric: n. that part of a target 
which is between the outer and the 
bulFs-eye. 

innervation (-er-va'shun), n. the ar- 
rangement of nervous filaments in 
the body; special activity or stim- 
ulus in any part of the nervous sys- 
tem. 



innings ('ings), n.pL the turn of a 
side or player to bat; lands re- 
claimed from the sea. 

innocence ('o-sens), n. freedom from 
guilt; purity; simpUcity^ ot heart; 
harmlessness; mental imbecihty. 
Also innocency. 

innocent ('o-sent), adj. free from 
guilt ^ or wrong-doing; blameless; 
pure in heart and life; weak in in- 
tellect. 

innocuous (-nok'u-us), adj. harm- 
less« j 

innovate ('6-vat), v,i. to make alter- i 
ations or changes in^ something al- 
ready established; introduce new 
things. ^ I 

innovator ('6-va-ter), n. one who in- I 
troduces, or seeks to introduce, new 
things. 

innoxious (-nok'shus), n. harmless. 

innuendo (-ti-en'do), n, [pi. innuen- 
dos, -does ^ (-doz) ], an oblique hint 
or insinuation. 

innumer ability (-nu-mer-^-bill-ti) , 
n. the state of being innumerable. 
Also innumerableness. 

innumerable ('mer-^-bl), adj, that 
cannot be counted; very numerous. 

innumerably (-bli), adv. without 
number. 

innutritious (-trish'us), adj. not af- 
fording nutrition or nourishment. 

inocarpus (-o-kar'pus), adj. having 
fibrous fruit. 

inoculate (-ok'u-lat), v.t. to commu- 
nicate a disease to by the insertion 
of infectious matter into the system; 
graft on by the insertion of buds: 
v.i. to practice inoculation; graft by 
the insertion of buds. ^ i 

inoculator ('ter), n. one who inocu-|| 
lates. ^ ■ 

inodcrous (in-o'do-rus), adj. lacking i 
odor; having no smell. 

inoffensive (in-of-fen'siv), adj. harm- 
less; not objectionable. ^ 

inoperative (in-op'er-a-tiv), adj. not 
in operation; without effect. . 

inopportune (in-op-por-tun'), adj. 
untimely; out of season; not appro- 
priate. 



Ete« arm. &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut; think, thQU* 



INORDINATE 



499 



INSIGNIA 



inordinate (-or'di-nat), adj. immod- 
erate; excessive. 

inordinately (-11), adv, immoder- 
ately. 

inorganic (-gan'ik), adj. destitute of 
organs; not produced by living or- 
ganisms. Also inorganical. 

inorganically (-al-li), adv. without 
organs. 

inquest Ckwest), n. a coroner's in- 
quiry with a jury into the cause of 
a sudden death from any cause; a 
judicial inquiry. 

inquire (-kwir'), v.i, to seek for or 
after by questions; make inquiry 
(with /or, into, after y about). 

inquiry (-kwir'i), n. [pi. inquiries 
('iz) ], the act of inquiring ; search 
by question; investigation; ques- 
tion; research. 

inquisition (-k wi-zish'un) , n. in- 
quiry; examination; a judicial in- 
quiry in criminal matters. 

inquisitive (-kwis'i-tiv), adj. given 
to asking questions; prying; curious. 

inquisitor ('i-ter), n. one who makes 
inquiries or investigates. 

inquisitorial (-to'ri-M), adj. per- 
taining to an inquisitor or to his 
office; prying. 

inroad ('rod), n. a hostile incursion. 

insalubrious (in-sa-iu'bri-us), adj. 
unhealthful. 

insane (-san'),^ adj. mentally de- 
ranged; mad; irrational; very fool- 
ish. 

insanity (-san'i-ti), n. derangement 
of mind or intellect; lunacy; mad- 
ness. 

insatiability (-sa-shi-^-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being insatiable. 

insatiable ('shi-i-bl), adj. that can- 
not be satisfied or appeased. 

inscribe (-skrib'), v.t. to write or 
engrave upon; address in a formal 
dedication; draw (one figure within 
another.) 

inscription (-skrip'shun), n. the act 
of inscribing;^ that which is in- 
scribed; a dedicatory address; entry 
in a roll or register. 

inscriptive Ctiv), adj. inscribed. 



inscrutability (-skrod-ta-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being inscrutable. 

inscrutable ('ta-bl), adj. not to be 
penetrated by inquiry or reason; 
incomprehensible. 

insect ('sekt), 7i. one of a numerous 
class of articulate animals, the In- 
secta; anything very minute or con- 
temptible. 

Insecta (-sek'tS,), n.pl. a class of ar- 
ticulate animals having 3 pairs of 
legs, 2 pairs of wings, and the body 
divided into 3 segments — head, liio- 
rax, and abdomen. 

insecticide ('ti-sid), n. a powder for 
destroying insects. 

insecure (in-se-kur'), adj. imsafe; 
liable to danger or injury. 

insenescible (in-se-nes'i-bl), adj. in- 
capable of growing old. 

insensate (-sen 'sat), adj. destitute 
of sense or mental perception; soul- 
less; mad; brutish. 

insensibility (-si-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being insensible; apathy. 

insensible ('si-bl), adj. that cannot 
be felt or perceived mentally or 
physically; heedless; callous; sense- 
less. 

insert (-sert'), v.t. to place in or 
among; introduce into. 

insertion (-ser'shun), n. the act of 
inserting; that which is inserted, as 
lace or embroidery in a garment, 
words in writing, &c. 

inset ('set;, n. a leaf or leaves in- 
serted in a newspaper, magazine, 
&c.: v.t. (in-set') to set in; im- 
plant. 

inshore ('shor), adv. near or towards 
the shore. 

inside ('sId), adj. interior; being 
within; adv. & prep, within; .in less 
time or space: n, that which is with- 
in; inner part; contents; entrails; 
an inside passenger. 

insidious (sid'i-us), adj. treacher- 
ous; deceitful; operating secretly.^ 

insight ('sit), n. penetration; intui- 
tion. 

insignia (-sig'ni-§;), n.pl. badges ci 
honor or office. 



ate, ann, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INSIGNIFICANCE 



500 



INSTANCE 



insignificance (-nif'i-k§,iis), n. un- 
importance. Also insignificancy. 

insignificant (i-Mnt), adj. without 
importance, force, influence, or mean- 
ing; trivial; contemptible. 

insincere (in-sin-ser'), adj. hypo- 
critical; untrustworthy; deceitful. 

insinuate ('ti-at), v.t. to ingratiate, 
as into the confidence or affections 
of; suggest or hint indirectly; intro- 
duce as by a winding motion; worm 
in: v.i. work one's self into the con- 
fidence or affection of another. 

insinuating ^ (-ing), p. adj. character- 
ized by insinuation; gently gaining 
favor; hinting slyly. 

insinuation ^ (-u-a'shun), n, the act 
of insinuating; an indirect or sly 
hint. 

insipid (-sip'id), adj. without flavor; 
tasteless. 

insipidity ^ ('i-ti), n. the quality of 
being insipid. 

insist (-sisf), v.i. to lu-ge or press, 
as a wish or command; be persistent 
or peremptory. 

insistence ('ens), n. the act of in- 
sisting. Also insistency. 

insistent Cent), adj. urgent; con- 
spicuous; entirely on the ground, as 
the hind toe of a bird; supported 
by something else. 

insititious (in-si-tish'us), a. inserted 
or ingrafted in an unnatural way, 
as a graft on a foreign stock. 

insobriety (-so-bri'i-ti), n. intemper- 
ance. 

insolence ('so-lens), n. contemptu- 
ous or overbearing language or man- 
ner; offensive impertinence; insult- 
ing behavior. 

insolent ('so-lent), adj. overbearing 
or contemptuously offensive to oth- 
ers; insulting; grossly rude. 

insolubility (-sol-u-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being insoluble. 

insoluble ('u-bl), adj, that cannot 
be dissolved; not soluble; inexplica- 
ble. 

insolvency ('ven-si), ?i. [pi. insol^ 
yencies (-siz)], the state of being 
insolvent. 



insolvent (Vent), adj. unable to pa^ 
all debts; bankrupt: n. one who 
cannot pay all his debts; a bankrupt. 

insomnia (-som'ni-a), n. sleepless- 
ness. 

inspect (-spekt'), ^v.t. to examine 
critically; test officially; superintend. 

inspection (-spek'shim), n. the act 
of inspecting; careful or critical 
scrutiny. 

inspector ('ter), n. one who inspects 
or oversees; an official who superin- 
tends some matter of public inter- 
est; a police officer ranking next 
below a superintendent. 

inspiration (-spi-ra'shun), n. the act 
of drawing air into the lungs; cre- 
ative influence of genius; elevat- 
ing influence derived from associa- 
tion with great minds, scenery, &c.; 
the supernatural influence or the 
Holy Spirit on sacred writers and 
teachers. 

inspiratory (-spTr'i-to-ri), adj. per- 
taining to inspiration. 

inspire (-spir'), v.t. to draw (air) in- 
to the lungs; breathe into; imbue 
with ideas; exhilarate or enhven; 
communicate officially: r.i. to inhale 
air or any other influence. 

inspirit (-spir'it), v.t. to infuse spirit 
into; amjnate; exhilarate; cheer. 

inspissate (-spis'at), v.t. to thicken 
by boiling or evaporation. 

instability (-st§,-bil'i-ti),^ n. want of 
stabiHty or firmness; inconstancy; 
fickleness. 

install ^ (-stawl'), v.t. to place or in- 
state in an office or rank. 

installation (-a 'shun), n. the act of 
installing; induction of a minister 
of a non-episcopal church to a 
charge; introduction of machinery 
for use. 

installment ('ment), n. the act of 
installing; payment of part of a 
sum of money due ; one of a number 
of parts of anything produced. 

instance ('stans), v.t. to refer to, 
or offer as an example: n. something 
offered as an illustration or exam- 
ple; earnest solicitation. 



fite, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note^ north, not; booi^^ 
book; hue, hut; thinK,. then. 



INSTANT 



501 



INSULATION 



instant ('stant), adj, urgent; imme- 
diate; passing; current: n. a par- 
ticular moment of time; point of 
duration. 

instantaneous (-tan-ta'ne-us), adj. 
acting or occurring in a moment; 
position at a particular moment. 

instanter (-stan'ter), adv, immedi- 
ately. 

instantly (-stant'li), adv, at once. 

instate (-staf), v,t to put in office 
or rank. 

instead (-sted'), adv. in room or 
place: followed by of. 

instep ('step), n. the arched fore- 
part of the upper side of the human 
foot; that part of a horse's hind-leg 
which reaches from the ham to the 
pastern-joint. 

instigate ('sti-gat), v.t. to provoke 
or urge on (in a bad sense); incite. 

instigator (-ga'ter), n. one who in- 
stigates. 

instil (-stir), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- 
stilled, p.pr. instilling], to insinuate 
gradually, as if by drops; pour in 
by drops. 

Instinct ('stingkt),^ adj. animated; 
stimulated from within: n. natural 
impulse in animals. 

instinctive (-stingk'tiv), adj. acting 
or prompted by instinct; spontaneous. 

institute ('sti-tut), v.t. to establish; 
set up; fix; originate; set in opera- 
tion; ordain; invest with the spir- 
itual part of a benefice: n.^ estab- 
lished law; a maxim or principle; 
scientific or literary society: pi. a 
book of laws or principles, especially 
Roman laws. 

institution (-tu'shun), n. the act of 
instituting; that which is instituted 
or established; a corporate body or 
society for promoting a particular 
object; the building where such a 
society meets. 

Institutional (-&1), adj. pertaining 
to institutions; elementary. 

institutor ('sti-tu-ter), n. a founder; 
a cleric appointed \>y the bishop to 
institute a clergyman into a spir- 
itual benefice. 



Instruct f-strukt'), v.t, to teachj 
educate; furnish with orders or di- 
rections. 

instruction (-struk'shun), n. the act 
of instructing; education; an order, 
&c. 

instructional (-A.1), adj. pertaining 
to instruction. 

instructive (-struk'tiv), adj. tending 
to instruct; conveying instruction. 

instructor ('ter), n. one who in- 
structs. 

instrument ('stroo-ment), n. that by 
which anything is effected; a tool 
or implement; a mechanical con- 
trivance for producing musical 
sounds; agent; a writing containing 
the terms of a contract, as a deed. 

instrumental (-men'tal), adj. per- 
taining to, or done by, an instru- 
ment; conducive to some end; help- 

^ ful. 

instrumentality (-tal'i-ti), n. {pi. 
instrumentalities (-tiz)], a subordi- 
nate or auxihary agency; means. 

instrumentation (-ta'shun), n. the 
arrangement of music for a com- 
bination of instruments ; music thus 
arranged; use or method of using 
an instrument. 

insubordinate (-sub-or'di-nat), adj. 
not submitting to authority; muti- 
nous. 

insubordination (-di-na'shun), n. 
the state of being insubordinate. 

insufferable (-suf'er-§,-bl), adj. in- 
tolerable. 

insufferably (-bli), adv. intolerably. 

insular ('sti-l^r), adj. pertaining to 
an island, or to the inhabitants of 
an island, their customs, &c.; iso- 
lated; narrow.^ 

insularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the state of 
being insular; narrowness of opin- 
ions, &c. 

insulate ('su-lat), v.t. to place alone 
or in a detached situation; separate 
by Q, non-conductor from other con- 
ducting bodies. 

insulation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
insulating; the state of being in- 
, sulated. 



ftte, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booOt 
book; hue, hut: think, th^n. 



INSULATOR 



502 



INTENSE 



insulator ('ter), n, one who, or that 
which, insulates; a non-conductor 
of electricity, heat, or sound. 

insult ('suit), n. an affront or in- 
dignity; gross abuse in word or 
action: v,L (in-sulf) to treat with 
gross indignity, contempt, or abuse, 
by word or act. 

insuperable (-su'per-a-bl), adj, not 
to be overcome; invincible. 

insuperably (-bli), adv, insurmoun- 
tably. 

insurable (-shur'a-bl), adj, capable 
of being insured against loss, dam- 
age, &c.; proper to be insured. 

insurance ('ans), n, the act or sys- 
tem of insuring against loss or 
damage a contract entered * into 
to secure against loss by fire, &c., 
by the paynient of a specified sum; 
premium paid. 

insure (-shur'), v.t. to contract on 
certain conditions to secure against 
loss or damage by fire, &c.; make 
sure or secure. 

insurgent (-ser'jent), adj, rising 
against constituted authority: n, sl 
rebel. 

insurrection (-rek'shun), n. active 
or open hostility to constituted 
authority; rebellion. 

insurrectionary (-a-ri), adj. per- 
taining to, or engaged in, insurrec- 
tion; seditious. 

intact (-takf), adj, entire; uninjured. 

intaglio (en-ta'lyo), n. [pi, intaglii, 
-glios (lye, lyoz) ], a gem or stone 
having a design cut in the surface; 
incised carving. 

intake (in'tak), n. that which is 
taken in; opposed to outgo; the 
point in a channel where water 
enters. 

integer (in'te-jer), n. the whole; a 
whole number: opposed to fraction. 

integral ('te-gral), adj, constituting 
a whole; complete; pertaining to an 
integer: n. the whole made up of 
parts. 

integrant ('te-grant), adj, making 
part of a whole; necessary to con- 
stitute an entire thing. 



integrate ('te-grat), v,t. to bring 
together the parts of; give the 
sum total of: v,i, to pass from a 
complex and unstable state to one 
relatively simple and stable. 

integrity (-teg'ri-ti), n, uprightness; 
virtue; honesty; soundness; unim- 
paired or unbroken state of any- 
thing. 

integument ('u-ment), n, an exter- 
nal covering or skin. 

intellect ('tel-ekt), n, the mind or 
understanding; superior intelli- 
gence; acquired knowledge. 

intellectual ('tu-al), adj, pertaining 
to, or apprehended by, the intellect; 
mental; ideal. 

intellectualism (-izm), n, intellect- 
ual power or quality; the doctrine 
that all knowledge is derived from 
pure reason. 

intellectuality (-tu-al'i-ti), n. the 
quality or state of being intellectual. 

intellectually (-tu-al-li), adv, by 
means of the intellect. 

intelligence (-teri-jens), n, intellec- 
tual capacity; understanding; mind; 
acquired knowledge; notfication; 
news. 

intelligent ('i-jent), adj. endowed 
with intelligence or understanding; 
exhibiting knowledge; clever; acute; 
discerning. 

intelligible ('i-ji-bl), adj, capable of 
being understood; clear. 

intelligibly (-bli), adv, clearly. 

intemperance (-tem'per-ans), n. 
want of moderation or self-restraint; 
excess, especially in the use of 
alcoholic liquors. 

intemperate ('per-at), adj, charac- 
terized by want of moderation or 
self-restraint; excessive; addicted 
to alcoholic liquors. 

intend (-tend'), v.L to purpose; 
mean. 

intendant ('ant), n. a superintend- 
ent. 

intended ('ed), n, an affianced lover. 

intense (-tens'), adj, increased to 
excess; strained; forced; ardent; 
vehement. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INTENSIFY 



503 



INTERMEDIARY 



intensify (-ten'si-f i) , vJ. [p.t, & p.p. 
intensified, p.pr, intensifying], to 
render more intense; heighten. 

intensity ('si-ti), n. [pi. intensities 
(tiz)], the state or quality of being 
intense; density, as of a negative 
plate; the force or energy of any 
physical agent. 

intensive Csiv), adj. serving to in- 
tensify; giving force or emphasis to. 

intent (-tent'), adj. having the mind 
strained or closely fixed on a sub- 
ject; anxiously diligent; constantly 
or assiduously directed (with on): 
n. purpose; aim. 

intention^ (-ten'shun), n, purpose; 
fixed design; end or aim; project. 

intentioned ('shund), adj, having 
intentions, 

inter (-ter)', 2;i. [p.L &p.p. interred, 
p.pr, interring], to bury. 

inter, a prefix meaning between j among. 

interboroxigh (in'ter-bu'ro), adj. exist- 
ing or carried on between boroughs. 

intercalary (-ter'k^-li,-ri), adj. in- 
serted in the calendar, as Feb. 29 in 
leap-year. 

intercalate ('k§,-Iat), v.t. to insert 
between or among. 

intercede (-sed'), v.i. to mediate as 
a friend between persons at vari- 
ance; plead for another; interpose. 

intercept (-sept'), v.t. to stop and 
seize in the way; cut off; obstruct; 
include between two points of a line. 

intercession (-sesh'un), n. the act of 
interceding; mediation; a prayer for 
persons of different conditions. 

intercessor (-ses'er), n. a mediator. 

intercity (in'ter-si'ti), adj. existing 
or carried on between cities. 

intercollegiate (in'ter-kol-le'ji-at), 
adj. between or among colleges; as 
intercollegiate contests, football, etc. 

intercourse ('ter-kors), n. connec- 
tion, correspondence, or communica- 
tion between individuals, nations, 
&c.; mutual exchange; famiharity; 
fellowship. 

interdict (-dikf), v.t. to restrain or 
forbid; cut off from the spiritual 
serA^ces of the Church. 



interest ('ter-est), I'.t. to engage the 
attention ; awaken concern in ; 
cause to take a share in: n. advan- 
tage; influence; personal concern; 
benefit; profit; premium paid for 
the use of money. 

interesting^ (-ing), p.adj. engaging 
the attention or curiosity; exciting 
the feelings or emotions. 

interfere ^ (fer') v.i. to interpose or 
meddle in the affairs of others; op- 
pose; come into collision; act recip- 
rocally so as to modify the result; 
injure the fetlock by striking it with 
the opposite hoof. 

interference ('ens), n. the act of 
interfering. 

interim ('ter-i'm), n. intervening 
time or perod : adv. in the meanwhile. 

interior (-te'ri-6r), adj. not exterior; 
inner; internal; remote from the 
coast or frontier: n. the inside; the 
inland; home department erf a gov- 
ernment. 

interjection (-ter-jek'shun), n. an 
exclamation; a word thrown in to 
express sudden emotion, feehng, &c. 

interlard (in-ter-lard'), v.t. to insert 
or inject matter in a discourse not 
exactly germane, but explicatory 
and apropos. 

interleave (-lev), v.t. to insert a 
leaf in: as to interleave Sb book with 
blank leaves or illustrations. 

interline (in-ter-lin'), v.t. to wri"^e 
between the lines of manuscript or 
printed matter. 

interlinear (-lin'e-§,r), adj. written 
or printed between other lines, as a 
translation. 

interlocutory (-lok'u-to-ri), adj. con- 
versational; intermediate; not final. 

interloper ('ter-lo-per), n. an in- 
truder. 

interlude ('ter-lud), n. a short en- 
tertainment given between acts of 
a play,. &c.; a short instrumental 
passage played between the stanzas 
of a hymn, acts of an opera, &c. 

intermediary (-me'di-§.-ri), adj. in- 
tervening: n. an agent; go-between; 
medium. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, norths not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 

Die. 33 



INTERMEDIATE 



504 



INTERURBAN 



intermediate ('di-at), adj. existing 
or lying in the middle; intervening. 

interment ('ment), n. burial. 

intermezzo (-met'zo), n, an inter- 
lude. 

intermingle (in-ter-ming'gl), vd. to 
mix together or among. 

intermission (-mish'un), n. inter- 
ruption; pause; temporary cessation 
between paroxysms of a disease. 

intermit (-mitO, v,L [p.L 8c p.p. 
intermitted, p.pr. intermitting], to 
cause to cease for a time ; interrupt ; 
suspend. 

intern (-tern'), 'v.t, to confine within 
a town or fortress, or in the inte- 
rior of a country; place under ar- 
rest. 

internal (-ter'n§;l), adj, pertaining to 
the center; interior; inward; not 
foreign; domestic. 

internally (-li), adv, inwardly. 

international (-nash'un-M), adj. 
pertaining to two or more nations 
in common. 

internecine (-ne'sin), adj, mutually 
destructive; deadly. 

interne (in'tern), n, a physician liv- 
ing in a hospital. 

interpellate (-pel 'at), v.t. to ques- 
tion. 

interpleader (-pled'er), n. the dis- 
cussion of a point incidentally oc- 
curring in law. 

interpolate ('po-lat), v.U to insert 
in a book or writing new or spurious 
matter; corrupt by insertions. 

interpolater (-er), n. one who in- 
terpolates. 

interpose (-poz'), v.L to place be- 
tween; thrust in; interrupt: v.i. to 
intercede; come between. 

interpret ^ ('pret), v.U to explain 
the meaning of; expound; construe. 

interpretation (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of interpreting; explanation. 

interregnum (-reg'num), n. the pe- 
riod between two reigns, govern- 
ments, or ministries; time of abey- 
ance. 

interrogate ('6-gat),^ v.t. to ques- 
tion: v.i. to ask questions. 



interrogation (-ga'shun), n. the act 
of interrogating; a question; in- 
quiry; a mark (?) denoting a ques- 
tion. 

interrogative (-rog'a-tiv) , adj. de- 
noting or containing a question or 
inquiry: n, a word used in asking a 
question. 

interrogatively (-li), adv. by ques- 
tions. 

interrogator ('o-ga-ter), n. one who 
interrogates. 

interrogatory (-rog'a-to-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to, or expressing, a question: 
n. a question in writing put to a 
party to a suit. 

interrupt (-ruptO, v.t. to stop or 
hinder by breaking in upon; break 
the continuity of; cause to be de- 
layed; end suddenly. 

interrupted ('ed), p. adj. intermit- 
ted; broken. 

interruption ('shun), n. the act of 
interrupting; hindrance; obstruc- 
tion; intervention; sudden cessa- 
tion. 

intersect (-sekt'), v.t. to cut or di- 
vide mutually: v.i. to cross each 
other. 

intersection (-sek'shun), n, the act 
or state of intersecting; place of 
crossing; the point or line in which 
two lines or two planes cut each 
other. 

intersperse (in-ter-spers'). v,t. to 
scatter between or among. 

interstellar (-stel'^r),^ adj, pertain- 
ing to, or situated in, space be- 
tween the stars. 

interstate ('ter-stat), adj. between 
the states. 

interstice ('ter-stis, or -ter'stis), n. 
a narrow space between things close- 
ly set; crevice. 

interstitial (-stish'i,l), adj. pertain- 
ing to, containing, or existing in ' 
interstices. 

intertidal (-ti'dM), adj. living be- 
tween high- and low-water mark 

interurban (in-ter-er'ban), adj be- 
tween or uniting two or more towns 
or cities. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INTERVAL 



505 



INTRICATE 



interval ('ter-val), n, time or space 
between; distance between two 
given musical sounds. 

intervale ('ter-val), n, a tract ^ of 
low ground situated between hills, 
or by the banks of a river. 

intervene (-venO, v.i, to come, or 
be situated, between; interpose; in- 
terfere. 

intervention (-ven'shun), n. the act 
of intervening; interposition; medi- 
ation. 

interview ('ter-vu), i^J. to visit, as 
a notable personage, to obtain par- 
ticulars respecting himself or his 
opinions: n. a personal conference 
or meeting. 

intestacy (-tes'ta-si), tt. the state of 
dying without a will. 

intestate ('tat), adj, dying without 
having made a valid will: n. one 
who dies without having made a will. 

intestinal ('ti-nal), oJ;. pertaining to, 
or found in, the intestines. 

intestine ('tin), adj, internal; not 
foreign: n.pL the bowels; entrails. 

intimacy ('ti-ma-si), n. [pi. intima- 
cies (-siz) ], close or confidential 
friendship. 

intimate ('ti-mat), adj. close in 
friendship; well acquainted; famil- 
iar; confidential; complete: v.t. to 
indicate; make known. 

intimately (-li), adv, in an intimate 
manner. 

intimation (-ma'shun), n. an indi- 
rect suggestion or hint; announce- 
ment. 

intimidate (-tim'i-dat), v.t. to make 
afraid. 

into ('too), prep, noting passage in- 
wards; inclusion or comprehension. 

intolerable (-torer-i,-bl), adj, un- 
bearable. 

intolerably (-bli), adv. in an intol- 
erable manner. 

intolerance ('er-ans), n. want of 
toleration of the opinions or prac- 
tices of others; inability to bear or 
endure. 

intolerant ('er-§,nt), adj. bigoted; 
unable to bear or endure (with of). 



intonation (-to-na'shun), n, the act 
or manner of sounding musical 
notes: modulation of the voice; act 
of intoning. 

intone (-ton'), v.t. to recite in mono- 
tone. 

in toto (in to'to), adv, entirely; com- 
pletely. 

intoxicant (-toks'i-kant), n. that 
which intoxicates. 

intoxicate (1-kat), v.t. to make 
drunk by spirituous hquors; excite 
unduly. 

intoxication (-ka'shun), n. the act 
of intoxicating; extreme excitement. 

intra, a prefix meaning within, as 
intramural, within the walls of a city. 

intracellular (in-tra-seru-lar), adj, 
within and around a cell. 

intractability (-trak-ta-biFi-ti), n, 
the quahty or state of being intrac- 
table. 

intractable (-trak't^-bl), adj. un- 
manageable. 

intractile ('til), adj. incapable of 
being drawn out; not extensible. ^ 

intrados (-tra'dos), n. the interior 
and lower line or curve of an arch. 

intramural. See under intra. 

intransigeant (in-tran-se'ja-ant), n. 
SL person who is opposed to the exist- 
ing order. 

intransitive ('si-tiv), adj. not pass- 
ing over to or requiring an object: 
said of certain verbs. 

intransitively (-li), adv. in an in- 
transitive manner. 

intransitu (-tran'si-tii), on the way. 

intrastate ('tra-stat), adj, within a 
state. 

intrench (in-trench') , v.t. to fortify 
and protect by means of ditches or 
walls. 

intrepid (-trep'id), adj. bold; fear- 
less. 

intrepidity (-tre-pid'i-ti), n, fear- 
lessn^^ss. 

intricacy ('tri-k§,-si), n. [pi. intrica- 
cies (-siz) ], the quality of being in- 
tricate; perplexity. 

intricate ('tri-kat), adj. entangled or 
involved. 



Ste, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INTRIGANT 



506 



INVENTORY 



intrigant (in-tri-gantO, n. one who 
intrigues or plots; a person who 
mixes in private or secret affairs. 

intrigue (in-treg'), v.i, to carry on 
a secret plot; engage in clandestine 
love affairs: n. a secret plot; clan- 
destine love affair. 

intrinsic (-trin'sik), adj, pertaining 
to that which is inherent; real; 
genuine. 

intrinsically (-al-li), adv, inherently. 

intro, a prefix meaning within, into, 
as zn^rocession, a depression or sink- 
ing of parts inwards. 

introduce (-tro-dusO, ^-t, to con- 
duct or bring in; bring into use or 
notice; bring into acquaintance; in- 
sert. 

introduction (-duk'shun) , n. the act of 
introducing; presentation; a preface. 

introductory ('to-ri), adj. serving to 
introduce. Also introductive. 

introflexed (-fleksf) adj. bent in- 
wards. 

intromission (-tro-mish'un), n, in- 
sertion; introduction. 

intromit (-mit'),^ v.t. [pi. & p.p. in- 
tromit ted, p.pr. intromitting], to ad- 
mit; insert. 

introspection (in-tro-spek'shun), n. 
looking inward; examination of one's 
thoughts or motives. 

intrude (-trud'), V-i. to thrust one's 
self in without^ invitation or wel- 
come: v.t force in. 

intrusion (-tru'zhun), n. the act of 
intruding; encroachment; unlawful 
entry into vacant lands or tene- 
ments. 

intuition (-tu-ish'un), n. instinctive 
knowledge or feehng; immediate per- 
ception. 

intuitional (-M), adj. pertaining to 
intuition. 

intuitive ('i-tiv), adj. perceived im- 
mediately by the mind.^ 

intuitively (-li), adv. without rea- 
soning. 

inundate (-un'dat), v,t. to fill with 
an overflowing abundance; flood. 

inundation (-da'shim), n, overflow; 
flood. 



inure (-ur^), v.L to habituate, or ac- 
custom; toughen. 
in vacuo (vak'u-o), in a vacuum. 

invade (-vad'J, v.t. to enter (a coun- 
try) with a hostile army; infringe 
upon; violate. 

invalid (-vaFid), adj. of no force or 
atithority; null and void: n. (in'v^- 
lid), one w^ho is w^eak or infirm in 
health; a disabled soldier or sailor: 
v.t. to register as an invahd; affect 
wdth disease. 

invalidate (-val'i-dat), v.t. to weak- 
en or destroy the force or validity 
of. 

invalidity (-id'i-ti), w» want of legal 
force or argument. 

invaluable (-val'u-i,-bl)y adj. price- 
less. 

invariable (-var'i-§,-bl), adj. con- 
stant. 

invariably (-bli), adv. constantly. 

invasion (-va'zhun), n. the act of in- 
vading; hostile incursion; encroach- 
ment. 

invective (-vek'tiv), n. a violent ut- 
terance of censure, sarcasm, or 
abuse: adj. abusive. 

inveigh (-va'), v.i. to rail against 
persons or things with vehemence; 
utter censure or reproach; declaim. 

inveigle (-ve'gl), v.t.to entice; seduce. 

invent (-vent'), v.t. to find out by 
original study or contrivance; devise 
or contrive; originate. 

invention (-ven'shun), n. the act of 
inventing; the thing invented; dis- 
covery; creative faculty; concoc- 
tion; fabrication. 

inventive ('tiv), adj. able to invent; 
quick at contriving; ready in ex- 
pedients. 

inventively (-li), adv. by the faculty 
of invention. 

inventiveness (-nes), n. the inventive 
faculty. 

inventor (ter), n. one who invents. 

inventory (Ven-to-ri), n. [pL in- 
ventories (-riz) ], a catalogue or 
list of goods, furniture, &c.; ac- 
count: v.t. to draw up an inventory 
or catalogue of. 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me^ merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INVERSE 



507 



INVOLVE 



inverse (-vers'), cw/;. contrary in 
tendency, direction, or effect; recip- 
rocal; inverted. 

inversely ('li), adv, in an inverse 
order or ratio. 

inversion (-ver'shun), n. the act of 
inverting: the state of being in- 
verted; contrary change of order or 
position. 

inversive ('siv), adj, pertaining to, 
or causing, inversion. 

invert (-vert'), v.t. to turn upside 
down. 

Invertebrata (-ver-te-bra'ta), n.'pl, 
one of the sub-di\'isions of the ani- 
mal kingdom, including those ani- 
mals which have no vertebrae or 
spinal column. 

invertebrate ('te-brat), n. one of the 
Invertebrata: adj. having no back- 
bone; having no force of character; 
weak. 

invest (-vest'), v.t. to place or lay 
out, as money; clothe, as with office, 
authority, or dignity; surround: v.L 
to make an investment. 

investigate (1-gat), v.t. to ascertain 
by careful inquiry" ; search; examine. 

investigation (-ga'shun), n. the act 
of investigating; inquiry; search. ^ 

investigator ('ter), n. one who in- 
vestigates. 

investiture ('ti-tur), n. the act or 
right of giving legal possession; the 
ceremony of inducting a bishop into 
his office. 

investment (-vest'ment), n. the act 
of laying out money productively; 
money so invested; the act of be- 
sieging or blockading. 

investor (-ves'ter), n, one who in- 
vests. 

inveteracy (-vet'er-^si), n. the state 
of being inveterate. 

inveterate ('er-atj, adj. deep-rooted; 
habitual. 

invidious (-vid'i-us), adj. likely to 
provoke ill-will or envy; unpleasant. 

invigorate (-vig'o-rat), v.t. to give 
vigor to; strengthen; animate. 

invincibility (-vin-si-biri-ti), n. the 
quality of being invincible. 



invincible ('si-bl), adj. unconquer- 
able. 

inviolability (-vi-o-la-biri-ti), 7i. the 
state or quality of being inviolable, 

inviolable ('o-ia-bl), adj. that can- 
not be profaned or injured; un- 
broken. Inviolate. 

invisibility (-\4z-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being in\4sible. 

invisible ('i-bl), adj. that cannot be 
seen. 

invitation (-vi-ta'shun), n. the act 
of inviting; poUte solicitation; the 
words or document by which one is 
in\ated. 

invitatory (-vi'ti-to-ri), adj. con- 
taining, or using in\'itation. 

invite (-vit'), v.t. to ask, solicit, or 
summon; request the presence of; 
persuade; allure. 

inviting ('ing), p.adj. tempting; se- 
ductive. 

invocation (-v5-ka'shun), n. the act 
or form of invoking. 

invoice ('vols), n. a document an- 
nouncing the despatch of goods with 
their prices, quantity, <fcc.: v.t. to 
state or insert in an invoice. 

invoke (-vok'), v.t. to address in 
prayer or suppHcation; soHcit (aid 
or protection). 

involuntarily (-vorun-ta-ri-h), adv. 
not willingly. 

involuntary (-vorun-ta-ri), adj. with- 
out will or choice; not spontaneous. 

involute (Vo-lut), adj. folded or 
rolled inwards, as certain leaves and 
flowers; coiled spirally: n. a par- 
ticular kind of curve turned inward 
at the margin. 

involution (-iu'shun), n. the act of 
involving or infolding; compUca- 
tion; return of an organ or tissue to 
its normal size after distention; the 
process of raising an arithmetical 
or algebraical quantity to a given 
power, as 3** =81. 

involve (-volvO, v.t. to complicate; 
entangle; surround; embroil; result 
as a logical consequence; multiply 
a quantity into itself any given 
number of times. 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



INVULNERABILITY 



508 



IRONCLAD 



Invulnerability (-vul-ner-§,-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the quality of being invulnerable. 

invulnerable (-vul'ner-a-bl), adj, 
that cannot be wounded or injured; 
without any weak point. 

inward ('wi^rd), adj, situated within; 
in the mind: adv, interior; toward 
the center. Also inwards. 

inwardly (-li), adv, in an inward 
manner; secretly. 

inwrought (-rawt'), p. adj, worked 
in; adorned with figures or patterns. 

io (i'o), n, the peacock butterfly. 

iod, a prefix y indicating the presence 
of iodine. Also iodo. 

iodic (-od'ik), adj, pertaining to, or 
containing, iodine. 

iodide ('o-did), n, a compoxmd of 
iodine. 

iodine ('o-din), n. a non-metallic ele- 
ment, which, when heated, gives off 
a rich violet vapor. 

iodize ('o-diz), v,t, to treat with io- 
dine. 

iodism ('o-dizm), n, a morbid con- 
dition caused by overdoses of iodine. 

iodoform (-5 'do-form), n. a crystal- 
line compound formed by the action 
of iodine on alcohol and potash. 

iodol ('o-dol), n. an antiseptic specific 
used for wounds and cutaneous 
diseases. 

ion ('on), n. a substance resulting 
from the decomposition of a body 
by electrolysis. 

Ionian ('o-ni-i,n), adj. pertaining to 
Ionia, or its inhabitants. Also 
Ionic. 

Ionic order ('ik or'der), n. an order 
of classic architecture, characterized 
by the volute, or ram's-horn scroll, 
of its capital. 

iota (-o'ti,), n, the Greek letter (0, 
which from its being used under the 
vowels a, n, w {iota suhscriptum) y 
denotes anything small or insignifi- 
cant. 

ipecac (ip'e-kak), n. ipecacuanha. 

ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'a), n. the 
root of a South American plant; 
used in medicine. 

ir, prefiXy meaning not. 



irade (i-ra^de), n, an imperial decree 
[Turkish]. 

Iran (i-ran), n, the official name for 
Persia. 

Iranian (i-ra'ni-§,n), n, a Persian; 
pertaining to Persia; Iranian Ian- 
guagesy descriptive of a group of 
kindred languages, such as the 
Zend, Palatine, and Persian. 

irascibility^ (I-ras-i-bil'l-ti), n. qual- 
ity of being irascible. 

irascible ('i-bl), n, easily excited to 
anger. 

irascibly (-bli), adv. in an irascible 
manner. 

irate (-rat'), adj. angry; enraged. 

ire (ir), n, anger; wrath. 

irid, a prefix meaning eye. Also irido. 

iridescence (ir-i-des'ens), n, the ex- 
hibition of colors like those of the 
rainbow. 

iridescent ('ent), adj, exhibiting iri- 
descence. 

iridium (i-rid'i-um), n. a metallic 
element. 

iris ('ris), n. [pi. irises, irides (-sez, 
'ri-dez) ], the pupil of the eye; the 
rainbow. 

iriscope ('ri-skop), n. an apparatus 
for showing the prismatic colors. 

Irish ('rish), adj, pertaining to Ire- 
land, its inhabitants, or language. 

Irishism (-izm), n, an Irish idiom. 

irk (erk), v.t. to weary: v.i. to become 
tired. 

irksome ('sum), adj. tedious; weari- 
some. 

iron (i'ern), n. the most common and 
useful of the metals; an instrument 
made of iron; anything especially 
hard or durable: pZ. fetters: adj. 
pertaining to, resembhng, or made 
of iron: v.t, to smooth with an iron 
implement; furnish with iron; fetter. 

Iron Age (aj), n. the last prehistoric 
age, characterized by the use of 
iron for weapons, &c.; the last of 
the four ages of classic mythology. 

ironclad (-klad), n, a warship pro- 
tected wholly or partially with iron 
or steel plates: adj, covered or pro- 
tected with iron armor. 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



IRONICAL 



509 



ISLAND 



ironical (i-ron'i-kM), adj. expressing 
one thing and meaning another. 

ironically (-h), adv, in an ironical 
manner. 

ironwood ('em-wood), n. a name for 
the timber of trees of exceptional 
hardness and dm-abihty. 

irony ('ron-i), n. subtle sarcasm; a 
mode of speech conveying the op- 
posite of what is meant. 

irradiance (ir-ra'di-ans) , n. the act 
of sending forth luminous rays; 
luster. Irradiancy. 

irradiant (-^nt), adj\ emitting rays 
of Hght. 

irradiate ('di-at), v.t. to shed light 
upon; illuminate; brighten: v.i, emit 
TSiys of hght. 

irradicate (-rad'i-kat), v.t, to root 
deeply. 

irrational (ir-rash'im-al), adj, with- 
out reason; absurd. 

irreclaimable (ir-re-klam'a-bl), adj, 
that which cannot be reclaimed. 

irredeemable (ir-re-dem'a-blj, adj. 
impossible of redemption. 

Irredentist (ir-re-den'tist), n. one of 
an Itahan political party organized 
about 1877 with the view of re- 
covering^ the Italian provinces lost 
to Austria. From the phrase Italia 
Irredentay or ''Italy Unredeemed.'' 

irregular (ir-reg'u-lar), adj, not con- 
forming to rule; variable. 

irrelevant (ir-rere-vant), adj. dis- 
connected; not pertaining to; un- 
related to the subject discussed. 

irreparable (ir-rep'a-ra-bl), adj, not 
capable of repair. 

irrepressible (ir-re-pres'i-bl), adj. un- 
restrainable. 

irreproachable (ir-re-proch'a-bl), adj. 
without blame or reproach. 

irresistible (ir-re-sist'i-bl), adj. not 
to be resisted. 

irresolute (ir-res'o-lut), adj. unde- 
cided; vacillating in purpose. 

irrespective (-re-spek'tiv), adj. re- 
gardless (with of). 

irrespectively (-li), adv. without 
regard. 

irresponsible (ir-re-spon'si-bl), adj. 



with no responsibihty; not account- 
able. 

irreverent (ir-rev'er-ent), adj, want- 
ing in reverence. 

irrevocable (ir-rev'o-ka-bl), adj. not 
to be recalled; final. . 

irrigable (ir'ri-ga-bl), odj. capable 
of being irrigated. 

irrigate ('i-gat), v.t, to moisten 
(land) by causing water to flow over 
by artificial means. 

irritability (-i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- 
ity or state of being irritable. Ir- 
ritableness. 

irritable ('i-t^-bl), adj, easily pro- 
voked to anger; easily stimulated 
to perform some physical function. 

irritably (-bli), adv, with irritation. 

irritant ('i-tint), adj. causing irri- 
tation: n. anything which causes 
irritation. 

irritate ('i-tat), v.t. to provoke or 
make angry; excite heat and red- 
ness in. 

irritation (-ta'shun), n. the act of 
irritating; the state of being irri- 
tated; exasperation; vexation; im- 
patience; excitement of muscular 
action by external agency. 

irruption (-rup'shun), n. a bursting 
or rushing in; sudden invasion. 

is (iz), 2>rd p., sing., pres., indie, of be. 

is, prefix meaning equal. Also iso: as 
zsanthous, having equal anthers; 
isothermal, having the same mean 
summer temperature. 

isagon (I'si-gon), n. a figure with 
equal angles. 

Ishmaelite (ish'm^-el-it), n. a de- 
scendant of Ishmael: hence a social 
outcast. 

isinglass (i'zing-gl§.s), n. a white 
semi-transparent substance prepared 
from the sounds or air-bladders of 
the sturgeon, cod, &c. 

Islam (is'l^m), ?i. the Mohammedan 
religion; the whole body of Moham- 
medans and the countries where the 
religion of Mohammed is professed. 

island (i'land), n. a tract of land 
surrounded by water; anything re- 
sembling an island. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ISLE 



510 



ITINERANCY 



isle (il), n. an island [poet.]. 

islet (i'let), n. a small island. 

ism (izm), n, a system or theory. 

iso, prefix. See is, 

isobar (i'so-bar), n. a line which 
connects places on the earth^s sur- 
face having the same atmospheric 
pressure at the sea level. 

isobaric (-bar'ilc), adj, of equal baro- 
metric pressure; pertaining to, or 
showing, isobars. Also isobarometric. 

isochromatic (-kro-mat'ik), adj, hav- 
ing the same color. 

isochronous (-sok'ro-nus), adj, oc- 
curring in equal times. 

isoclinal (-so-kli'n^l), adj. having the 
same dip or inclination. 

isodynamic (-di-nam^ik), adj, having 
equal force. 

isogeothermal (-je-o-ther'mM), adj, 
noting imaginary line^ connecting 
places on the earth's surface which 
have the same mean annual tem- 
perature. 

isolate ('so-lat), v,t. to place alone; 
place in a detached situation; insu- 
late; obtain in an uncombined 
form. 

isolation (-la'shun), n, the state of 
being isolated. 

isomeric (-mer'ik), adj, having the 
same elements in the same propor- 
tions, but wdth different physical 
characteristics. 

isometric (-met'rik), adj. having 
equality of measure. 

isomorphism (-mor'fizm), n, the 
quality of having the same crystal- 
line form, but of varied elements. 

isosceles (-sos'e-lez), adj. having 
equal sides. 

isostasist (i-so-stas'ist), n. a student 
of isostatics. 

isostatics (i-so-stat'iks), n. science 
dealing with theories of the earth's 
equilibrium. 

isotherm ('so-therm), n, an imag- 
inary line connecting plpces having 
the same mean temperature. 

I -spy (i-spiO, n. a children's game. 

Israelite (iz'ra-el-it), n. a descendant 
of Israel; a Jew. 



Israelitish ('ish), adj. pertaining to 
the Israelites; Jewish. Also Is- 
raelitic. 

issue (ish'u), n, the act of passing 
or flowing out; egress; that which 
flows or passes out; discharge; flux; 
publication; offspring; lineal de- 
scendants; produce of the earth; 
profits of land. &c.; essential points 
in pleading or debate; result: v.t, 
to send out; publish; put into air- 
culation: v.i, to come or pass ou+; 
arise, as from a source; flow; pro- 
ceed; be descended; end. 

isthmian (ist'mi-§,n), adj, pertain- 
ing to an isthmus. 

isthmus ('mus), n, a neck of land 
connecting two larger portions. 

it (it) pr, the neuter pronoun of the 
third person, and having the same 
plural (as they, them). 

Italian (i-taryl;n), adj, pertaining 
to Italy, its inhabitants, or lan- 
guage. ^ 

Italic ('ik), adj. pertaining to Italy; 
noting a slender, sloping kind of 
type {italic) : used for emphasis, 
&c.: n.pl. italic type. 

italicize ('i-siz), v.t, to write or 
print in itahcs. 

Italiote Ci-ot), n, a Greek inhabi- 
tant of Italy. 

Italy (it'a-h), n. a country of Europe. 

Ita-palm (I'ta-pam), n, a palm-tree 
of South America from which the 
natives obtain many useful articles, 
including food and drink. 

itch (ich), n, a parasitic cutaneous 
disease causing great irritation; a 
constant and teasing desire for some- 
thing. 

item (i'tem), n, a separate article or 
particular; a newspaper paragraph: 
adv. also. 

itemize (i'tem-iz), v.t, to set forth 
in detail; to give the items. 

iterate (it'er-at), v.t. to repeat. 

iteration (-a 'shun), repetition. 

iterative ('er-a-tiv), adj. repeating. 

itineracy (i-tin'er-a-si), n. the prac- 
tice of itmerating. 

itinerancy ('er-an-si), n. a passing 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ITINERANT 



511 



IZZARD 



from place to place, especially in 
the discharge of some official func- 
tion, as by a judge on circuit, a 
preacher, &c. 

itinerant ('er-ant), adj. passing from 
place to place: n. one who itinerates. 

itinerary ('er-a-ri), adj. pertaining 
to, or done on, a journey; travehng 
from place to place: n. a traveler's 
guide or route-book; a diary of a 
journey; plan of a projected ex- 
cursion. 

itinerate ('er-at), v.i. to travel from 
place to place. 

ivoride ^ (Vo-rld), n, sl variety of arti- 
ficial ivory. 

ivory (Vo-ri), n, the hard, bony, 



white dentine w^hich forms the tusks 

of the elephant, walrus, &c.: adj. 

made of, or like, ivory. 
ivory palm (-pam), n. the palm 

from which the ivory nuts used in 

turning as an imitation for ivory 

are obtained. 
ivory type (-tip), n. a particular kind 

of photographic picture with an 

ivory-like surface. 
ivy (i'vi), n, a clinging evergreen 

plant of the genus Hedera. 
Izar (iz'ar), n, the star Bootes; an 

Arabian woman's wrap or outer 

garment with veil-hke^ appearance. 
izzard (iz'ard), n. ancient term for 

the letter z. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, theno 



J 



J, the tenth letter of the English alpha- 
bet, and its latest addition; formerly 
another way of writing the letter I. 

jabber ^ ('er), vd. to talk rapidly and 
indistinctly; chatter. 

jacal (ha-kalO, n. a native Mexican 
dwelhng made of thin poles covered 
with mud. 

jacinth (ja'sinth), n. hyacinth; a 
red variety of zircon. 

jack (jak), n. a pike; in bowls, a 
small ball serving as a mark to be 
aimed at; the male of some animals; 
a leather cup or jug; timber cut 
short of its usual length; a flag 
used for signaling; the knave of 
cards; a leathern coat of mail; a 
name applied to various kinds of 
levers or mechanical labor-saving 
appliances, as a ^'ac/c-screw, roast- 
ing-jacky^ &c.: v.L to lift with a 
jack; give up. 

jackal ('awl), n, b, dog-like carniv- 
orous animal which hunts in packs; 
one who does base work for an- 
other. 

jackanapes ('§,-naps), n. a conceited 
or upstart fellow. 

jackass ('&s), n. the male ass; don- 
key. 

jackboots Cbootz), n.pL large boots 
reaching above the knee. 

jackdaw ('daw), n» a glossy species 
of crow. 

jacket ('et), n. a short tailless coat: 
a covering to prevent radiation of 
heat; j;,t. to clothe with a jacket; 
beat. 

Jack Ketch (jak-ketch'), n, a public 
hangman, from an individual of that 
name who occupied that oflB.ce under 
James II. 



jackknife (jak'nif), n. a large pocket 
knife, commonly a boy's knife. 

jack-snipe (jak'snip), n. a small snipe, 
also called sandpiper. 

jackstays ('staz), n.pL ropes 
stretched along the yard of a ship 
to fasten the sails to. 

Jacobite (jak'o-bit), n. one of the 
adherents to the cause of James II. 
and his descendants. 

jaconet ('o-net), n. a fine soft white 
cotton material somewhat resembling 
cambric; nainsook. Also jacconet. 

Jacquard ('kard), W. a loom for 
weaving patterns invented by Jac- 
quard, a Frenchman. 

jade (jad), n. v. tired or worn-out 
horse; a vicious woman: a young 
woman (contemptuously or humor- 
ously); a silicate of magnesia and 
lime of green color: formerly much 
used for ornaments. 

jag (jag), n. a notch; projecting 
point; denticulation; a small load; 
a condition of partial intoxication: 
v.t. [p.t. & ^.p. jagged, p.pr. jag- 
ging], to cut into notches or teeth. 

jager, n. German light infantryman. 

jaguar (-gwar'), n. a fierce animal 
of South America, resembhng the 
leopard; the American tiger. 

jail (jal), n. a prison; a bridewell. 

jalap (jal'ap), n, the root of Ipomma 
purga: used medicinally as a purga- 
tive. 

jam (jam), n, a conserve of fruit 
boiled with sugar; a squeeze; block; 
crush: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. jammed, p.pr. 
jamming], to squeeze or crush; 
press in tightly; block up by crowd- 

jammer (jam'er), n. an improved 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; think, then. 

C512) 



JAMB 



513 



JEHOVAH 



apparatus for loading logs on sleds 
and cars by horse power. 

jamb Gam), n. one of the upright 
sides of a doorway, window-opening, 
or fireplace. 

janapa (ian'l,-pi), n. an East Indian 
hemp, from which gunny bags, &c., 
are made. 

jangle (jang'gl), v.i, to quarrel or 
wrangle; sound discordantly: n. a 
discordant sound; wrangle; alterca- 
tion; chatter. 

janissary (jan'i-sa-ri), n. {pi. janis- 
saries (-riz) ], formerly the foot- 
guard of the Turkish sultans. Also 
janizary. 

janitor ('i-ter), n, a door-keeper. 

January (jan'u-a-ri), n. the first 
month in the year, from the Latin 
god, Janus. 

Japan (ja-pan'), ri, an empire com- 
prising several large islands off the 
coast of China, part of Manchuria, 
Korea, and the island of Formosa. 
Japan is the name given by the 
Chinese, Nippon being the Japanese 
word. 

japan (i§,-pan'), n. work varnished 
and lacquered after the Japanese 
style of ornamentation; a kind of 
varnish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p, japanned, 
p.pr. japanning], to cover, varnish, 
or lacquer, with japan; make black 
and glossy. 

Japanese (jap-^-nez'), adj. pertain- 
ing to Japan, its inhabitants, or lan- 
guage. 

Japanesque (-nesk'), cdj. resembhng 
the Japanese style of art. 

japonica (-pon'i-ki), n. the name of 
various species of Japanese plants. 

jar (jar), n. an earthenware pot or 
vessel; a shake produced by a sud- 
den shock; jolt; harsh sound; con- 
flict of opinion or interest: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. jarred, p.pr. jarring], to cause 
to shake by a sudden shock; jolt: 
v.i. to interfere or clash; emit a 
harsh sound. 

jardiniere (zhar-din-yar'), ^. an or- 
namental flower-stand of porcelain 
or metal 



jargon (jar'gon), n. confused, um'n- 
teUigible talk; a mixture of tw^o or 
more languages; the peculiar phrase- 
ology of a party, sect, &c. 

jashawk (j as 'hawk), n. a young, or 
eyas, haw^k. 

jasmine Cmin), n. a plant of the 
genus Jasminum with fragrant flov/- 
ers. 

jasper ('per), n. an opaque, many- 
shaded variety of quartz : w^hen pol- 
ished it is made into a variety of 
ornamental articles. 

jaundice (jan'dis), n. a disease char- 
acterized by yellowness of the eye- 
balls, skin, &c., caused by bihary- de- 
rangement: hence a mental condi- 
tion in which everything appears in 
a prejudiced form. 

jaunt (jant; jont), n. a short excursion 
or ramble: v.i. to roam or ramble; 
take a short excursion. 

jauntily Ci-h), adv, in a jaunty 
manner. 

jaunty ('i), adj, airy; gay; show3\ 

Java (jaVa), n. the largest island of 
the Dutch East Indies. 

Javanese (jav'd-nez), adj, pertaining 
to Java, its inhabitants, or language. 

javelin (lin), n. a hght spear. 

jaw G^^O? ^- the bones of the mouth 
in which the teeth are placed, 
mouth 

jay (ja). n, a crow-like, chattering 
bird w4th handsome plumage. 

jazz {v. or adj.)j negro term for speed- 
ing up, as in music. 

jealous (jel'us), adj. full of, or char- 
acterized by, jealousy; anxiously 
suspicious or watchful. 

jealousy (-i), n. suspicious fear or 
watchfulness, especially the fear of 
being supplanted by a rival. 

jean (jen), n. twilled undressed cot- 
ton cloth. 

jeer (jer), v.t. to Bcoff at; ridicule: 
v.i. to speak in a derisive or sarcas- 
tic manner: n. a scoff; derision: pi. 
tackle by which the lower yards of a 
vessel are hoisted or lowered. 

Jehovah (je-ho'v^), n. Lord God of 
the Hebrews. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



JEHU 



514 



JEWEL 



jehu ('hu), n. one fond of driving, 
especially fast driving (2 Kings, ix. 
20); coachman. 

jejune (-jun'), adj. empty; void of 
interest. 

jejunum (-ju'num), n. [pi. jejuna 
('n§,) ], that portion of the small in- 
testines between the duodenum and 
ileum. 

jelly Ci), n. [pi. jellies ('iz) ], the 
stiffened gelatinous juice of fruit, 
meat, &c., after boihng; any semi- 
transparent soft gluey substance: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jelKed, p.pr. jelly- 
ing], to turn to, or become, jelly. 

jemmy ('i), n. [pi. jemmies ('iz) ], a 
short crowbar used by burglars. 
Also jimmy. 

jennet (jen'et), n. a small Spanish 
horse. Also genet. ^ 

jenny ('i), n. a machine for spinning; 
used in composition for female, as 
jenny-wren, jenny-ass, &c. 

jeopard (jep'ard), v.t. to expose to 
loss or injury; hazard. Also jeopar- 
dize. 

jeopardy (-i), n. hazard; peril. 

jerboa (jer-bo'a), n. the leaping 
mouse of Africa, with long hind legs. 

jeered (-ed'), n. a javelin, used in 
Turkey and Persia in mock battles; 
a game played with j creeds. Also 
jerid. 

jeremiad (-e-mi'ad), n. lamentation, 
especially over modern degeneracy: 
from the Book of Lamentations of 
Jeremiah. 

jerk (jerk), v.t to give a sudden pull, 
twist, or push to; throw with a 
sudden quick movement; cut into 
long strips and dry in the sun, as 
beef: n. a sudden quick pull, twist 
or push; spasmodic movement; 
jerked beef; charqui. 

jerkin ('in), n. a short coat or Jack- 
et; close waistcoat; gyrfalcon; 
young salmon. 

jerry (jer'i), adj. constructed hastily, 
and of bad materials, as a jerry-built 
house. 

Jersey (jer-zi), adj. pertaining to the 
Isle of Jersey, or to its breed of cat- 



tle: n. a close-fitting thick woolen 
shirt; fine yarn wool; of or pertain- 
ing to New Jersey. 

jess (jes), n. a leathern strap fastened 
to the leg of a hawk, to which the 
leash is attached. 

Jesse (jes'e), n. a large branched can- 
dlestick used in churches; symboliz- 
ing the genealogical tree of Jesse 
and of Jesus Christ. 

jest (jest), n. a joke; humorous pleas- 
antry; fun; a laughing-stock: v.i. to 
joke; make merriment; make game 
of. 

jester (er), n. a person given to jest- 
ing, sportive talk and merry pranks; 
SL joker; a buffoon; a merry-an- 
drew; a person formerly retained 
by princes to make sport for them. 

Jesuit (jez'ti-it), n. a member of the 
Roman Catholic Society of Jesus, 
founded by Ignatius Loyola, 1534. 

Jesuitic (-u-it'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, the Jesuits, their 
principles and practices. 

Jesuit's bark (bark), n. cinchona. 

jet (jet), n. a stream of water sud- 
denly emitted; a deep black variety 
of lignite, black amber; a gas 
branch; tube for running molten 
metal into a mold: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
jetted, p.pr. jetting], to spout out: 
v.i. to shoot or jut out. 

jetsam ('si,m), n. that part of a 
ship's cargo which is thrown into 
the sea to lighten the vessel in case 
of peril: opposed to flotsam. Also 
jetsom, jetson. 

jettison ('i-sun), n. the act of throw- 
ing goods overboard to lighten a ves- 
sel in case of peril: v.t. to throw 
overboard to lighten a vessel. 

jetty ('i), n. [pi. jetties ('iz) ], a 
structure extending into the water, 
used as a pier, mole, or wall, to re- 
strain or direct currents; projection 
of a building: v.i. [pt. & p.p. jettied, 
p.pr. jetting], to put out or project. 

Jew (joo), n. an Israelite; Hebrew. 
Fern. Jewess. 

jewel C^O) ^- a valuable ornament; 
gem; precious stone; anything or 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



JEWELER 



515 



JOCKEY 



great value or dear to one: vd, to 
adorn with, or as with, jewels; fur- 
nish with jewels. 

jeweler ('er), 7i. one who makes or 
deals in jewels. 

jewelry ('ri), n. jewels collectively; 
the art or trade of a jeweler. 

Jewish Cish) adj pertaining to the 
Jews, ''•heir language, customs, &c. ^ 

Jewry ('ri), n. Judsea; a district in 
a city inhabited by Jews; ghetto. 

Jew's-harp ('harp), n. a small lyre- 
shaped musical instrument with a 
thin metal tongue which, when 

E laced between the teeth and vi- 
rated, emits a twanging sound. 

jib (jib), n. a large triangular sail 
projecting beyond the bowsprit; the 
projecting arm or beam of a crane; 
a jibbing horse: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
jibbed, p.pr. jibbing], to move rest- 
lessly backwards or sideways: said 
of a horse. 

jib-boom ('boom), n. a spar beyond 
the bowsprit, on which the jib is set. 

jibe. Another form of gibe. 

jiffy (jif'i), n. an instant. 

jig Gig) J ^'^- ^ quick lively dance, or 
music for such a dance; a particular 
kind of fish-hook: v.i. [p.i. & p.p. 
jigged, p.pr, jigging], to dance a jig: 
v.i. jerk up and down. 

jigger Cer), n. one who jigs; a name 
for various mechanical contrivances 
and appliances; another form of 
chigoe. 

jig- jog (jog), n. a jolting motion. 

jiil (jil), n, a young woman; sweet- 
heart; the female of a ferret. 

jilt (jilt), n, a coquette or flirt: v.t, 
to encourage (a lover) and then dis- 
card him: v.i. to play the jilt; prac- 
tice deception in love. 

jiinmy (jim'i), n, a burglar^s tool. 
See jemmy. 

jimson-weed (jim 'sun-wed), n. stra- 
monium. 

jingle (jing'gl), n. a sharp tinkling 
metallic sound; a little bell or rat- 
tle; meaningless rhyme; a covered 
two-wheeled Irish car: v.L to sound 
wdth a jingle. 



jingo (go), n, [pi. jmgoes ( goz) ], 
one of a party of Conservatives who 
at the time of the Russo-Turkish 
War of 1877-78, wished Great Brit- 
ain to go to war with Russia: named 
from a popular song of the day. 

jingoism (-izm), n. the jingo mili- 
tary spirit. 

jinn, n. pi. spirits taking earthly forms. 

jinnee (jin'e), n. [pi. jinn (jin) ], the 
good and evil spirits of Mohamme- 
dan mythology which sometimes as- 
sume human shape. Also genie, jin, 
jinn, djinnee. 

jinrikisha (-ri±:'i-shlt), 71. a small 
Japanese two-wheeled c arriage, 
drawn by one or more men. Also 
jinriksha. 

jitney n. an Americanism, meaning 
five cents; a nickel. 

jitney-bus n. an automobile convey- 
ing passengers over established routes 
for which a low fare is charged; gen- 
erally five cents. 

jiu-jitsu (ju-jit's66), 7i, a Bystem of 
wrestling among the Japanese; lit- 
erally, ^'muscle-breaking.'' 

job (job), n. a piece of work, espe- 
cially of a temporary or chance na- 
ture; any scheme for making money 
or securing private advantage at the 
pubhc expense ; any event or circum- 
stance; a sudden stroke or thrust 
with a pointed instiument v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. jobbed, p.pr. jobbing], to let 
out for hu'e; buy up (goods) and 
retail them. 

jobber (job'er), n. a middleman, es- 
pecially one who acts as agent be- 
tween a stock-broker and the public; 
one who transacts public business 
for his own private interests. 

jobbery ('er-i) n [pi. jobberies 
(-iz) ], low intriguing for private ad- 
vantage or politica ends. 

job-lot (job-lotO, n sl collection of 
various articles thrown together for 
sale in one lot. 

jockey (jok'i), n. [pi. jjockejrs ('iz) I, 
one who rides a^ horse in a race; 

- groom a dealer in horses; cheat: 
v.t. [p.i & p.p jockeyed, p.pr. jock- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit: note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; '"hink, then. 



JOCOSE 



516 



JONQUIL 



ejdng], to cheat or deceive; jostle 
against by riding unfairly. ^ 

jocose (jo-kosO> cidj. sportive; hu- 
morous. 

jocosity (-kos'i-ti), n. the quality of 
being jocose. 

jocular (jok'u4§,r), adj, making jokes. 

jocularity Ci-ti), n. merriment. ^ 

jocund ('und), adj, jovial; sportive; 

jocundity (-un'di-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being jocund. 

jodely v.L to warble. 

jog (jog), v.L [p.t. & p.p. Jogged, p.pr. 
jogging], to push or shake slightly, 
usually with the elbow or hand, by 
way of reminder; stimulate: v.i. to 
travel along with a slow trotting 
motion. 

John Bull (jon bool'), n, a popular 
name for an Enghshman. 

John Chinaman (jon chi'na-man), 
n. name apphed by Americans to a 
Chinese. 

John Doe (jon do'), n. a term used 
in law forms prior to the discovery 
of the true name; the feminine term 
corresponding being '^Jane Doe/' 

johnny-cake (-kak), n. a flat maize 
cake, mixed with milk or water, 
quickly prepared at an ordinary fire. 

join vjoin), v.t. to unite; connect; 
associate; add or annex; to unite in 
marriage: v.i. to adhere; be in con- 
tact;, be associated or in unity with: 
n. a joint or union. 

joinder ('der), n. in law, the coupling 
of two or more causes of action into 
the same declaration. 

joiner ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, joins, especially an artisan 
who finishes the woodwork for 
houses, &c. 

joinery ^ Cer-i), n. Joiner's work. 

joint (joint) n. the place where two 
or more things join; articulation of 
limbs; node or internode; hinge; a 
fissure dividing rock masses into 
blocks; one of the larger pieces into 
which a carcass is cut up; a place of 
low resort; as, an opium joint: adj. 
produced by the action of two or 



more; united in or sharing: v.t to 
form with, or unite by, joints; cut 
or divide into joints, as meat. 

joint-runner (joint'run'er), n. a 
piece of rope saturated with wet 
clay wrapped about a joint in an 
iroa pipe preparatory to calking. 

joint-stock company (-stok kum'pS.- 
ni), n. a company the stock or cap- 
ital of which is divided into trans- 
ferable shares. 

jointure ('tur) , n. landed estate or 
tenements settled on a woman in 
consideration of her marriage, to be 
enjoyed by her after the death of 
her husband: v.L to settle a jointure 
upon.^ 

joist (joist), n. a horizontal timber to 
which the boards of a floor or laths 
of a ceiling are fastened: v.L to fur- 
nish with joists. 

joke (jok), n. something said or done 
to excite mirth; jest; sport: v.i. to 
make jokes: e;.^. to cast jokes at; 
rally. 

joker ('er), n. a Jester; an extra 
card, the highest trump card at 
euchre. 

jollification (jol-i-fi-ka'shun), n, 
merry-making. 

jollity ('i-ti), n, the state of being 
jolly. 

jolly ('i), adj. [comparative jollier ^ su- 
perlative j oiliest], full of life and 
mirth; gay; inspiring mirth; excel- 
lent; most remarkable; companion- 
able: adv. exceedingly: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. jollied, p.pr. jollying], to joke 
or rally; to treat well for the pur- 
pose of obtaining some advantage. 

jolly-boat (-bot), n, a ship's small 
boat. 

jolt (jolt), v.t. to shake by sudden 
jerks: v.i. to have a jerky motion: 
n. a sudden jerk. 

Jonah (jo'na), n. name of a Biblical 
character in proverbial bad luck. 
Hence a person supposed to carry 
bad luck with him. 

jonquil ('kwil), n. a bulbous plant 
with fragrant flowers. Also jon- 
quille. 



i 



Ste, arm, §-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



JORUM 



517 



JUDICIALLY 



jorum (jo'rum), n. a large drinking 
bowl. 

joss (jos), n. a Chinese god or idol. 

jostle ('!), v.t, to push against; elbow. 

jot (jot), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. jotted, p.pr. 
jotting], to make a memorandum of 
(with down) : n. a tittle. 

joule (joul), n. the unit of electrical 
force in the centimeter-eram-second 
system. 

journal (jer'n§.I), n. a record of news 
or events; diary; a book in which 
particular transactions are entered 
from the day-book; a ship's log- 
book; the bearing part of the shaft 
of a machine. 

journalism (-izm), n, newspaper or 
periodical literature; the influence 
exercised by such literature; the pro- 
fession of a journalist. 

journalist (-ist), n. an editor, or 
contributor to a journal or newspa- 
per; one who keeps a journal. 

journalistic (-is'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to journals, journalists, or jour- 
nalism. 

journey (jer'ni), n. passage from one 
place to another; a day's work or 
travel: v.i. to travel from one place 
to another. 

journeyman (-m^n), n. [pL journey- 
men (-men) ], a mechanic who has 
served his apprenticeship. 

joust (joost), n. a mediaeval mock 
combat with blunted lances between 
two mounted knights: v.i, to engage 
in such a combat. 

jovial (jov'i-§,l), adj, convivial; 
merry. 

joviality ('i-ti), n. conviviality; mirth. 

jovially (-li), adv, with joviahty. 

jowl (joul), 71. the jaw or cheek; head 
of a fish. 

joy (joi), n. exhilaration of spirits; 
gaiety; gladness: v.i. to rejoice or 
be glad. 

joyful ('fool), adj. full of joy. 

joy-ride ('rid), n. term for the reck- 
less, unauthorized use of an auto- 
mobile, usually by the chauffeur. 

jubilant (joo'bi-l§.nt), adj. express-' 
ing exultation; triumphant. 



jubilate Cbi-lat), v.i. to express ex- 
ultation. 

jubilation (-la'shun), n. a shouting 
for joy; declaration of triumph. 

jubilee ('bi-le), n. a Jewish festival 
celebrated every 50th year, to com- 
memorate the deliverance of the Is- 
raehtes from Egyptian bondage; the 
50th anniversary of any event; a 
year of special indulgence granted 
by the Pope every 2oth year. 

Judaean (-de'an), adj. pertaining to 
Judaea, &c. 

Judaic (-da'ik) adj. pertaining to 
the Jews. Also Judaical. 

Judaize (-iz), v.i. to conform to the 
rites and doctrines of the Jews: v.t. 
bring into conformity with Judaism. 

Judaism (da'izm), n. the religious 
rites and doctrines of the Jews; con- 
formity to Jewish rites and doc- 
trines. 

judge (juj), 71. the presiding official 
in a court of law, having authority 
to hear and determine civil and 
criminal causes; arbitrator; connois- 
seur; one of the chief rulers of the 
Israelites from the death of Joshua 
to the kingship of Saul: v.t. to ex- 
amine and pass sentence upon; dis- 
tinguish; consider: v.t. to come to a 
conclusion by comparison and con- 
sideration; hear and determine a 
case, and pass sentence. 

judgment ('ment), 7i. the act of 
judging; a judicial decision; mental 
faculty of deciding correctly by the 
comparison of facts and ideas; pen- 
etration; intelligence;^ criticism; 
opinion; punishment inflicted by 
God; the final trial of mankind by 
God (with the); judgment-day. 

judicature ('di-ka-tur) , n. a court of 
justice; power of dispensing justice 
by legal trial and judgment. 

judicial (-dish'M), adj. pertaining to 
courts of justice or to the adminis- 
tration of justice; proceeding from, 
or inflicted by, a court of justice; 
impartial. 

judicially (-li), adv. in a judicial 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



JUDICIARY 



518 



JUNKET 



judiciary ('i-a-ri), adj. pertaining to 
courts of justice; passing judgment: 
n. judges collectively; that branch of 
a government concerned with the ad- 
ministration of civil and criminal law. 

judicious ('us), adj. prudent; discreet. 

jug, v.t, to put into a jug; to cook in 
a jug; to imprison: v.i. to imitate 
the cry of a nightingale; to nestle 
together as birds: n. an earthenware 
vessel with a handle, used to carry 
Hquids; a jail or prison. 

Juggernaut (jug'er-nawt); n, a name 
of Krishna, a god of the Hindus, 
whose image was borne on a car 
during certain ceremonial rites, un- 
derneath whose wheels his devotees 
threw themselves to be crushed. 

juggle (jugl), v.t. to cheat by arti- 
fice: v.i, to conjure: n. a trick by 
sleight of hand; imposture.^ 

jugglery (ler-i), n. [p?. juggleries 
(-iz) ], legerdemain; imposture. 

jugular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to 
the neck or throat or jugular vein: 
n. a jugular vein. 

juice (joos), n. sap J the fluid parts 
of animal bodies. 

juicy (joo'si), adj, full of juice. 

jujube Cjoob), n. a kind of lozenge; 
the edible fruit of a shrub. 

julep (lep), n. a drink composed of 
brandy or whisky sweetened and 
flavored; a mixture of sugar and 
water serving as a vehicle for ad- 
ministering medicine. 

Julian (lian), adj. pertaining to 
Julius Caesar, or to the Julian cal- 
endar as adjusted by Juhus Caesar 
46 B.C.: replaced by the Gregorian 
year (New Style) in England, 1752. 

julienne (zhoo-H-en'), n. a clear meat 
soup with chopped carrots, &c. 

July (joo-liO, ^- seventh calendar 
month, named from Juhus Caesar's 
birth in that month. 

jumble (jum'bl), n. a confused mass; 
a kind of thin cake: v.i. to mix in a 
confused mass; throw together with- 
out order: v.i. to mix or unite con- 
fusedly. 

jumble-sale (jumH^l-sal), n. a charity 



sale of second-hand articles; also 
called a rummage sale. 

jumbo ('bo), n. a huge person or 
animal. 

jumboism (jum'bo-izm), n, admira- 
tion of things on account of mere 
bigness. 

jump (jump), n. a spring or bound; 
the space jumped; in mining, a 
fault: v.t. to cause to spring or 
bound; leap over; to take possession 
of (a mining claim) during the ab- 
sence of its owner: v.i. to spring 
upward or forward. 

jumper ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, jumps; a name applied to 
certain rehgious sects who practice 
dancing under rehgious excitement; 
a hooded Arctic fur jacket. 

junction (jungk'shun), n. the act of 
being joined; union; a point or place 
of union. 

juncture ('tur), n. the point or line 
at which two bodies are joined; 
joint; articulation; particular or 
critical occasion. 

June (jun), n. the sixth month of the 
year, so named from Juno, spouse 
of Jove. 

jungle (jung'gl), n. a dense tropical 
thicket of forest trees, brushwood, 
tall grasses, &c. 

jungly Cgh), adj. pertaining to, or 
covered with, jungle. ^ 

junior (joon'yer), ad;, younger; of 
lower standing; pertaining to youth: 
n. the younger of two; one of lower 
standing. 

juniority (-yor'i-ti), n. junior state. 

juniper (joo'ni-per), n. a shrub, the 
berries oi which are used in flavor- 
ing gin. 

junk (jungk), n. short pieces of old 
cable, rope, &c., used for making 
mats, oakum, &c.; salt ship beef; 
a Chinese flat-bottomed vessel. ^ 

junker (jung'ker) n. German military 
enthusiast. 

junket (jung'ket), n. a preparation 
of curds and cream; a variety of 
sweetmeat; excursion; picnic: v.i. to 
participate in an excursion or picnic. 



ate, arm, S^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not-; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



JUNTA 



519 



JUXTATERRESTRIAL 



junta (jun'tS;), n. a legislative assem- 
bly or council. 

junto ('to), n, [pi. juntos ('toz)], a 
secret council of state: faction; ca- 
bal. 

jupon (joo'pon), n. a petticoat. Also 
jupe. 

juridical (-rid'i-kM), adj. pertaining 
to law, Judicial proceedings, or juris- 
prudence. 

jurisconsult (-ris-kon'sult), n, a 
jurist. 

jurisdiction (dik'shun), n. legal au- 
thority; extent of power; district 
over which any authority extends. 

jurisprudence (-proo'dens), n, legal 
science; system of laws of a country. 

jurist Crist), n. one skilled in legal 
science. 

juror {'rer), n. a juryman. 

jury ('ri), n, a body of men, usually 
twelve, selected according to law and 
sworn to inquire into or decide on 
the evidence before them; acoromit- 
tee of experts selected to award 
prizes, &c., at a public exhibition, 
&c. 

jury-mast (-m^st), n. a temporary 
mast. 

jus (jus), n. a right that may be le- 
gally enforced. 

just (just), adj. conformable to di- 
vine or human laws; upright; im- 
partial; faithful; exact; regular; 
fair: adv. exactly; barely; nearly; 
almost; perfectly. 

justice (jus'tis), n. the quality of be- 
ing just; rectitude in deahng with 
others; impartiaUty; a judge or 
magistrate. 



justiciary (-tish'i-a-ri), n. [pi, jus- 
ticiaries (-riz)], a judge. 

justifiable ('ti-fi'a-bl), adj. defensible. 

justifiably (-bh), adv, so as to be 
justifiable. 

justification (-ka'shun), n. the act 
of j ustif ying ; vindication ot defense ; 
the act of acceptance of a man by 
God as justified by the merits of 
Jesus Christ. 

justify Cti-fi), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. justi- 
fied, p.pr. justifying], to show or 
prove to be just or right; vindicate; 
pardon; accept and treat as just on 
the ground of faith and repentance: 
v.i, to conform to each other by 
proper spacing, as lines of type. 

jut (jut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jutted, p.pr. 
jutting], project beyond the main 
body. 

Jute (joot), n, a member of one of 
the low Germanic tribes that in- 
vaded England during the fifth and 
sixth centuries. 

jute Goot), n. the fibier of an East 
Indian plant used for ropes, bag- 
ging, mats, cfec. 

juvenescence (joo-ve-nes'ens), n. a 
growing young. 

juvenescent Cent), adj. becoming 
young. 

juvenile ('ve-nil), adj. youthful; 
characteristic of, or suitable to, 
youth: n. a young person. 

juvenility (-nil'l-ti), n. youthfulness. 

juxta, a pre^x meaning near^ s^juxtxi- 
position. 

juxtaterrestrial (juks'ta-te-res'tri-al) , 
a. relating to the ocean bed not 
far from the land. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQn. 



X>io.8« 



K 



K9 the eleventh letter of the English 
alphabet. 

Kaaba (ka'ba), n. the shrine at Mec- 
ca towards which all Mohammedans 
turn when praying. 

tCaffir (kaf 'er), n. any member of one 
of the Bantu tribes of South Africa; 
the Kaffir language; one of a non- 
Mohammedan race of. Northern Af- 
ghanistan; an infidel. Also Kafir, 
Kaffre, Caffre. 

kafir-corn (kaf'ir-kom), n. a form 
of fodder-grass bearing a general 
resemblance to maize. 

kaftan (kaftan), n. a kind of vest worn 
in Oriental countries. Also caftan. 

kago (kag'o), n, a Japanese palan- 
quin. 

kaiser (ki'zer), n, the title of the em- 
perors of Germany and Austria. 

kaki (ka'ke), n, the Japanese date- 
plum. 

kale (kal), n. a cabbage with open 
curled leaves; sea-kale. Also kail. 

kaleidoscope (Ica-li'do-skop), n, an 
optical instrument which by an ar- 
rangement of mirrors causes objects 
viewed through it to appear in a 
variety of symmetrical and beautiful 
patterns. 

kalendar, kalends. See calendar, &c. 

kali (ka'le), n, a species of glass- 
wort, the ashes of which are used in 
glass manufacture; caustic potash; 
a Persian carpet. ^ 

kalif. Same as caliph. 

Kalmuck (kal'muk), adj. pertaining 
to the Western Mongols, or to their 
language. 

kalmucky n. a rough hairy kind of 
cloth. 

kamalin (kam'a-lin), n. a medicinal 



principle found in the rhizome of 
the fern. 

kami^ (ka'mi), n. a Japanese title 
equivalent to English Lorc^. 

kamis (-mes'), n, a long shirt worn 
by Mohammedans. 

Kanaka (ka-na'ka), n. a Sandwich 
Islander. 

kangaroo (kang-ga-roo'), n. a her- 
bivorous marsupial mammal pecuhar 
to Austraha, having short fore legs 
and long powerful hind legs, with 
which it leaps. 

kaolin (ka'o-lin), n. china or porce- 
lain clay. 

karat. Same as carat. 

karyo, a prefix meaning nucleus, oc- 
curring in various scientific words. 

katakana (kat-a-ka'na), n. the square 
style of writing of the Japanese. 

katmon (kat-mon'), n. an evergreen 
tree indigenous to the Phihppine 
Islands. 

kayak (ka'yak), n. an Eskimo seal- 
skin canoe. Also kaiak, kajak. 

kea (ke'a), n. a New Zealand parrot, 
which feeds on carrior and attacks 
sheep. 

keckle (kekl), v.t. to preserve (a 
rope, &c.) from chafing by a cover- 
ing of canvas, &c. 

kedge (kej), n. a light anchor used in 
warping: v.t. to warp. 

keel (kel), n, the chief and lowest 
timber of a vessel extending from 
stem to stern and supporting the 
whole frame: hence a ship; a low, 
flat-bottomed coal-barge; the lowest 
petals of the corolla of a papihona- 
ceous flower; carina: v.t. to furnish 
with a keel: v.L turn up the keel; 
give up. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; mS, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, theu. 

(520) 



KEEL-BOAT 



521 



KETTLEDRUM 



keel-boat Cbot), n. a large covered 

freight boat. 

keelhaul ('hawl), v.t. to drag under 
water beneath the bottom of a ship 
from one side to the other: formerly 
a naval punishment; reprimand 
sternly. 

keelson ('sun), 7i. a beam or timber 
laid on the middle of the floor tim- 
bers over the keel of a vessel to 
strengthen it. Kelson. 

keen (ken), adj. sharp; eager; pierc- 
ing; bitter; acute: n. a. shrill bitter 
wail [Irish]. 

keep (kef)), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. kept, p. 
pr. keeping], to have the care of; 
guard; preserve; maintain; do; ob- 
serve; fulfil; supply with the neces- 
saries of life; detain; confine: v.i. 
to remain in any state or condition : 
n. subsistence; the stronghold or 
donjon of a mediaeval castle. 

keeping Cing), n. care; custody; 
charge; subsistence; harmony; con- 
gruity. 

keepsake ('sak), n. something kept 
as a souvenir of the giver. 

keeve (kev), n. a large vat or tub. 

keg (keg), n. a small barrel. 

kelep (kel'ep), n. a Guatemalan ant 
which feecls on insects, and which 
has been imported into the South- 
ern United States to prey on the 
cot ton-boll- weevil. 

kelp (kelp), 71. the calcined ashes of sea- 
weeds, from which iodine is obtained; 
a large coarse seaweed or wTack. 

kelpie (kel'pi), n. a malevolent water- 
sprite, supposed to take the form 
of a horse. 

Kelt. Same as Celt. 

kemp (kemp), n. coarse rough hair 
or wool; refuse of fur. 

ken (ken), n. view; laiowledge: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. kenned, p.pr. kenning], 
to know; descry [Scotch]. 

kendal Cdil), n. a coarse green cloth. 

kennebecker (ken-e-bek'er) , n. a 
hand-bag used for carrying clothes 
by Maine lumbermen. 

kennebunker (ken-e-bungk'er), it. 
same as kennebecker. 



kennel ('el), n. a house for a dog or 
pack of hounds; lair of a fox: street 
gutter; vile lodging: v.t. to confine 
in a kennel: v.i. to five in a kennel. 

keno (ke'no), n. a game of chance 
plaj^ed with numbered balls and 
cards. 

kepi (kep'i), n\ a military cap with 
a straight vizor. 

keratin (ker'a-tin), 7i. the principal 
constituent of hair, nails, and horn. 

keratoscope (ker'a-to-skop), n. an 
instrument to detect departure from 
normal form of the cornea of the 
eye. 

kerite (ke'rit), n. an insulating ma 
terial made of vulcanized rubber. 

kermes (ker'mez), Ji. the dried bodies 
of a cochineal insect {Coccus ilicis), 
furnishing a scarlet dye; an oxysul- 
phide of antimony of a deep cherry 
color; a festival or fair. 

kermess (ker'mes), n. a feast or 
banquet in the open air. 

kern (kern), n. the overhanging part 
of a type. 

kernel ('el), n. a grain or seed; the 
edible substance of a nut or fruit 
stone; essence. 

kerosene ('o-sen), 7i. refined petro- 
leum. 

kerosene-engine (ker'o-sen-en'jin), 
n. a gas engine using kerosene as 
fuel. 

Kerry ('i), n. an Irish breed of cattle. 

kersey ('zi), n. 8l coarse smooth-faced 
cloth. 

kerseymere (-mer), ?i. cassimere. 

kestrel (kes'trel), n. a kind of hawk. 

ketch (kech), n. a stoutly-built, two- 
masted, fore-and-aft rigged vessel. 

ketchup ('up), n. a sauce prepared 
from tomatoes, mushrooms, &c. 
Also catsup and catchup. 

ketch-yacht (kechVot), n. a small 
yacht with two masts and three 
fore-and-aft sails. 

kettle (ket'l), ?i. a metaUic vessel 
for boiling hquids. 

kettledrum (-drum), n. ft hemi- 
spherical copper drum; afternoon 
tea party. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut; think, then. 



KEY 



622 



KINEMATICS 



key (ke), n. a portable metal instru- 
ment for operating a lock; an in- 
strument by which something is 
turned, secured, or operated upon; 
clef; solution; literal translation: 
v,U fasten or connect with a key. 

keynote ('not), n, the fundamental 
note; ruHng principle. 

keystone ('ston), n. central stone of 
an arch. 

khaki (ka'ki), n. a light drab-col- 
ored cloth. 

khan (kan), n, an Asiatic prince, 
chief, or governor; a caravanserai. 

khanate ('at), n, the jurisdiction of 
a khan. 

kheda (ke'da), n, an enclosure for 
capturing wild elephants. 

khedive (ke-dev'), n, the official title 
of the Viceroy of Eg3^t. 

khedeviate (-de'vi-at), n, the juiis- 
diction of the khedive. 

kibosh (ki-bosh', or ki-bosh'), n. a 
word having several rather vague 
meanings, applied in particular to 
the cement used to finish archi- 
tectural sculptures; and, more gen- 
erall}^ in a slang phrase implying 
to finish off or get the better of a 
person; also used as a verb. 

kick (kik), n, a blow with the foot; 
a recoil :^ v.L to strike with the foot: 
v.i. recoil; resist. 

kick-out (kik'out), n, a kick made 
by a football player a'fter a safety 
or touch-back. 

kickshaw ('shaw), n, something fan- 
ciful or out of the way; a dehcacy. 

kid (kid), n, the young of the goat, or 
its soft skin used for gloves, &c. ; a 
child; a small wooden tub: adj. 
made of kid: v.i. [p.t, & p.p. kidded, 
p.jyr. kidding], to bring forth a kid: 
v.L to furnish or cover with kid; 
humbug. 

kid-brush (kid'brush), n. a brush 
used in finishing the grain of goat 
skins after tanning. 

kiddle (kid'l), n, a wicker fish-weir. 

kidnap ('nap), v,t. to get forcible 
and illegal possession of (human be- 
ings, especially children). 



kidney ('ni), n. [pi. kidneys ('niz], 
one of two oblong flattened organs 
which separate the urine from the 
blood. 

kilerg (kil'erg), n. a unit of energy 
= 1,000 ergs. 

kill (kil), v.t. to deprive of life; de- 
stroy; slay. 

killowatt (kH'o-wot), n. unit of elec- 
tric power; one thousand watts. 

kiln {ki\),n. a. furnace, oven, or pile 
for burning, drying, or hardening. 

kilogramme ('o-gram), n. 1,000 
grammes = 2.2046 bs. 

kiloliter (-.e'tr), n. 1,000 liters = 
220 imperial gals, (about). 

kilometer (-me'tr), 7t. 1,000 meters 
=3,280.8 feet. 

kilt (kilt), n. a short petticoat or 
philibeg of the Scottish Highland- 
ers 

kimono (ki-mo^no), ?i. the loose outer 
robe of the Japanese. 

kin ^ (kin), n. consanguinity; relation- 
ship; kindred; a Chinese*^ lute.^ 

kind (kind) y adj. benevolent; indul- 
gent; affectionate; sympathetic: n. 
genus or species; quality; variety; 
sort. 

kindergarten (kin'der-gar-ten), n. 
a school for young children in which 
they are taught by diverting object 
lessons, &c. 

kindle (kindl), v.t. to set fire to; in- 
flame. 

kindliness (kindli-nes), n. kindly 
disposition. 

kindly ('li), adj, [comp. kindlier, 
superl. kindliest], benevolent; sym- 
pathetic; beneficial; natural: adv. 
in a kindly manner. 

kindness ('nes), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being kind; a kind act. 

kindred (kin'dred), adj. of like na- 
ture or character; cognate: n. rela- 
tionship by birth or marriage; con- 
sanguinity. 

kinemacolor (kin'e-ma-kul'er), n. 
a moving picture produced in 
natural colors. 

kinematics (kin-e-mat'iks), n. the 
science of pure motion. 



Bte, armj §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



KINETIC 



623 



KNAPSACK 



kinetic (ki-net'ik), adj, pertaining 
to, or imparting, motion; active: 
n.pL that branch of dynamics which 
treats of the action" of forces in 
causing or influencing motion. 

kinetograph (-ne'to-graf), n. an ap- 
paratus for taking photographs of 
moving objects and afterwards re- 
producing them on a screen, as if in 
actual motion. 

kinetophonograph (ki-ne-to-fo'no- 
grM), n» a combination of phono- 
graph and kinetograph to reproduce 
the voices of the actors along with 
the mo\dng pictures. 

kinetoscope (kin-et'o-skop), n. a 
machine for producing pictures with 
moving figures. 

king (king), n. a male sovereign or 
ruler; a piece or card representing 
a king in a game; one who is specially 
distinguished in the same class or 
kind. 

kingdom ('dum), n. the territory 
ruled by a king or queen; royal au- 
thority; sphere of influence; primary 
division. 

kingfisher (-er), n, a fish-eating bird 
with bright blue and green or slate- 
blue and white plumage. 

kingwood ('wood), n. a hard violet- 
tinted wood imported from Brazil: 
used in turnery and cabinet-making. 

kink (kingk), n. a twist in a rope or 
thread when doubled; whim: v.L & 
v.i, to form kinks. 

kinkajou (king'k^-joo), n. a South 
American carnivorous mammal with 
a long prehensile tail. 

kinnikinic (kin-i-ki-nik'), n. a kind 
of tobacco smoked by the American 
Indians, made of the leaves of the 
sumac, ^villow, &c. 

kino (ki'no), n. an astringent gum, 
used in medicine, tanning, <S:c. 

kinsfolk (kins'fok), n, relatives. 

kiosk^ (ki-osk'), n. a Turkish open 
pa\T[lion or summer house. 

kip (kip), n. the untanned skin of a 
calf or small cattle. 

kipper ('er), n. a salmon after spawn- 
ing; a salmon, herring, &c., cut 



open,, salted, and smoke-dried: vX 
to cure, as a salmon. 

kirk (kerk), n, a church; the Church 
of Scotland (with the) [Scotch]. 

kirtle^ (kor'tl), n. an upper garment; 
petticoat: v.t. to array in a kirtle. 

kismet (kis'met), n. fat-e; destiny. 

kiss (kis), n. a salute or caress with 
the Hps; a slight touch: v.t. to sa- 
lute with the lips; touch shghtly: 
v.i. to caress mutually with the lips. 

kist (kist), n. a chest or box. 

kit (kit), n. a small wooden tub; a 
small viohn; traveling necessaries, 
outfit, &c.; set; a large bottle; a 
familj^ or brood. 

kitcat (kit'kat), n. a portrait 28 x 36 
in. showing half the length. 

kitchen (kich'en), n. a room set 
apart for cooking; ship's galley: adj. 
pertaining to the kitchen. 

kitchener (-'er), n. a cooking range. 

kitchenette (kich-en-et'), n. a small 
kitchen in apartment houses or 
studios. 

kite (kit), n. a rapacious bird of 
prey; a light frame of wood covered 
with paper or linen for flying in 
the air; a light lofty sail; an ac- 
commodation bill. 

kite-meteorograph (kit'me'te-o-ro- 
grM), n, an apparatus to be carried 
on a kite to secure records of meteor- 
ological conditions in the upper 
atmosphere. 

kith (kith), n, acquaintance. 

kitten (kit'n), n. a young cat. 

kittiwake ('i-wak), n. a gull. 

kiwi (ke'wi), n. a New Zealand bird 
with a long bill. 

kleptomania (klep-to-ma'ni-i), n a 
form of insanity manifesting itself 
in an irresistible propensity to steaL 

kleptomaniac ('ni-ak), n. one who 
s under the influence Oi klepto- 
mania. 

knack (nak), n. adroitness; dexterity. 

knacker ^ ('er), n. a horse-slaughterer; 
dealer in worn-out horses, 

knapsack (nap'sak), n. a leather or 
cloth traveling case carried on the 
back. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



KNAPWEED 



524 



KNOT 



knapweed (Ved), n. a purple- 
flowered plant; bachelor's button. 

knave (nav), n. a dishonest or de- 
ceitful person; a court-card with the 
figure of a soldier or servant. 

knavery ('er-i), n. [pL knaveries 
(-iz) ], dishonesty; fraud; deceit. 

knavish ('ish), adj. dishonest; mis- 
chievous. 

knead (ned), v.t, to work into a mass, 
as dough; operate upon in massage; 
mold. 

knee (ne), n. the articulation of the 
leg and thigh bones; anything re- 
sembling a knee: v.t. to connect or 
strengthen with knees. ^ 

knee-breeches ('brich-ez), n.ph 
breeches reaching j ust below the knee. 

kneecap ('kap), n. a flattened oval 
bone on the forepart of the knee- 
joint; patella. Also kneepan. 

kneel (nel), vi. [p.t, & p.p. knelt, 
p.pr. kneeling], to bend, or fall 
upon, the knees. 

knell (nel), n. the sound of a bell 
when struck, especially a funeral 
bell; an ill omen: v.t. & v.i. to sound 
or toll, as a funeral bell. 

Knickerbocker (nik'er-bok-er), n. a 
descendant of one of the early Dutch 
settlers of Manhattan. 

knickerbockers (nik'er-bok-erz), n. 
pi. wide breeches gathered in below 
the knee. 

knickknack ('nak), n. a little orna- 
mental trifle; kickshaw. 

knife (nif), n. [pL knives (-nivz) ], 
a cutting instrument with a sharp- 
edged blade set in a handle: v.t. to 
stab with a knife. 

knight (nit), n. one who holds non- 
hereditary rank next below a baro- 
net, entitling him to the prefix Sir; 
in mediaeval times, one of gentle 
birth, who, after serving as an es- 
quire, was admitted by certain cere- 
monies to military rank; a cham- 
pion; lover; one of the pieces in 
chess: v.t. to confer the honor of 
knighthood upon, 

knightage ('aj), n, knights collea 
tively. 



knight-errant (-er'^nt), n. [ph 
knights-errant], in the Middle Ages, 
a knight who went in quest of ad- 
venture, to show Jiis prowess, 
chivalry, &c. 

knight-errantry (-tri), n. the prao 
tices or customs of knights-errant. 

knighthood ('hood), n. the charac- 
ter, rank, or dignity, of a knight. 

Knight Templar (nit-tem'plar), n. 
one of a military order established 
in the 12th century for the defense 
of the Temple in Jerusalem. One 
belonging to a certain rank or 
degree in Masonry. 

knit (nit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knitted, 
p.pr. knitting], to tie, unite, or draw 
together; weave together by needles; 
contract. 

knitting ('ing), n. the work of a 
knitter; the netted fabric thus 
woven; union. 

knob (nob), n. the roimded handle of 
a door, &c.; round protuberance; 
knoll. 

knobby ('i), adj. full of knobs. 

knock (nok), n. a blow or stroke 
with something hard or heavy; rap: 
v.t. to give a blow to; drive or strike 
against: v.i. to strike a blow with 
something hard or heavy. 

knock-out ('out), n. a mechanical de- 
vice for throwing out finished work; 
a knock-down blow ending a fight. 

knoll (nol), n. a rounded hillock; 
hilltop. 

knop (nop), n. an architectural orna- 
ment of clustered leaves and flowers: 
button. 

knot (not), n. an 'interweaving or 
tying of thread or cord, &c.; any- 
thing resembling a knot; entangle- 
ment; difficulty; a hard part in a 
piece of wood; part of a tree where 
the branches shoot out; a division 
of a log-line (each 47.42 ft.); a 
nautical mile = 2,025 yds.; bond of 
union; group; the red-breasted sand- 
piper: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knotted, p.pr. 
knotting], to tie in a knot; unite 
firmly or closely: v.i. form knots or 
Joints; make knots for fringe. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hu^ hut; thinks thexu 



KNOTTING 



525 



KUMMETER 



knotting ('ing)^ n. a kind of lace 
work; a paint (^ red lead, &c., for 
protecting metal. 

knotty ('i), adj. [comp, knottier, 
superl. knottiest], full of knots; 
rugged; difficult. 

knout (nout), n. a leathern whip 
formerly used as a punishment in 
Russia: v.t. to punish with the 
knout. 

know (no), v.t, [p.t, knew, p.p, 
known, p.pr. knowing], to perceive 
with the mind; understand clearly; 
have knowledge of; distinguish: v.i, 
to be informed. 

knowing ('ing), p. adj. having knowl- 
edge; intelhgent; shrewd; cunning; 
stylish. 

knowledge (nol'ej), n, clear percep- 
tion of a truth or fact; erudition; 

, skill from practice; acquaintance; 
information. 

knuckle (nuki), n, the projecting 
joint of the fingers; the knee-joint 
of a calf or pig: v.i. to bend the 
fingers; yield or submit. 

knur (ner), n. a hard. knot or pro- 
tuberance. Also knurl. ^ 

koa (ko'i), n. a Hawaiian tree of 
the Acacia genus yielding a valuable 
timber. 

kobold (kolDold), n. a dwarf goblin 
or sprite frequenting houses, mines, 
and caves. 

kodak ('dak), n. a portable camera 
for taking instantaneous photo- 
graphs: t;.^. to take an instanta- 
neous picture of. 

koff (kof), n. a Dutch fishing- vessel. 

kohl (kol), n. powdered antimony, 
used in the East for imparting 
luster to the eyes. 

kohlrabi ('r^-bi), n, a variety of 
cabbage. 

kokra-wood (kok'r^-wood), n. the 
wood of an Indian tree, used for 
making flutes, &c., and in turnery. 

koniscope (kon'i-skop), n. an appa- 
ratus for determining the amount of 
dust contained in the air. 

koodoo (koo'doo), n. the striped an- 
telope of South Africa. 



kopeck. Same as copeck. 

kopi (ko'pi), n. an African peasant. 

kopje (kop'ye), n. a hillock [South 
Africa]. 

Koran. See Alcoran, 

kosher (ko'sher), adj. applied to 
meat prepared, according to the 
Hebrew ordinances; meaning pure, 
clean, imdefiled. 

koto (ko'to), n. a Japanese musical 
instrument, somewhat resembling 
the zither. 

koumiss (koo'mis), n. a spirituous 
beverage made by the Tartars 
from fermented mare^s milk. Also 
kumiss ; 

kowtow (k5-tou'), n. a Chinese form, 
of salutation from an inferior to a 
superior by touching the ground 
with the forehead: v.i, salute by the 
kowtow. Also kotow. 

kraal (krawl), n. an African village 
consisting of a group of huts sur- 
rounded by a palisade; a single 
hut; a sheepfold, or cattle-pen. 

kraken (kra'ken), n. a sea-monster 
said to have been seen off the Nor- 
wegian coast. 

kremlin (kremlin), n, a Russian 
citadel, especially that of Moscow. 

kreutzer (kroit'ser), n, an Austrian 
copper coin = 3^ of a cent; former- 
ly a German coin = 2^ of a cent. 

kriegspiel (kreg'spel), n. a military 
game with blocks to represent the 
various sections of an army as if in 
actual warfare. 

krone (kro'na), n. [pi. kroner ('ner) ], 
a coin (crown) current in Teutonic 
and Scandinavian countries = 27 
cents. 

krypton (krip'-ton), n, a gaseous 
chemical element of recent dis- 
covery. 

Ku-Klux-Klan (koo-kluks-klan'), n, 
a secret order established during the 
days of Reconstruction, to safe- 
guard person and property. 

kummel (kem'el), n. a German and 
Russian liqueur, flavored with cara- 
way seeds. 

kummeter (ko'me-ter), n. an ap- 



5te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut: think, th^n. 



KUN2ITE 



626 



KYRIN 



paratus for measuring the long 
ethereal waves used in wireless teleg- 
raphy. 

kunzite (konts'it), n. a semi-precious 
mineral named after Mr. George F. 
Kuna. 

kutch (kuch), n. the packet of vellum 
leaves in which gold is placed to be 
beaten. 



kyanize (ki'an-iz), v.t, to impreg- 
nate (wood) for preservation with a 
solution of corrosive sublimate. 

kymograph (-mo'grM), n. an ap- 
paratus for determining the pressure 
of blood. 

kyrin (ki'rin), n, a product of the 
digestion of the nitrogenous foods 
known as proteins. 



ite, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i&en. 



L 



L, the twelfth letter in the English 

alphabet. 

la (la), 71. the sixth note of the scale 
[mus.], 

laager Cger), n. an extemporized 
camp for defense, formed with wag- 
ons, &c,: v.t. to protect by a laager 
[South Africa], 

label (la'bel), n. a small slip of 
paper, &c., attached to anything to 
indicate its destination, ownership, 
&c.; codicil; a projecting molding: 
v.t. to mark with, or affix, a label; 
classify, 

labied (la'bi-§,l), adj, formed by the 
lips: n, a letter representing a 
sound so formed. 

labiate ('bi-at), adj. lipped. 

labile (lab'il), adj, susceptible of 
being readily changed or modified; 
also referring to a method of apply- 
ing electricity by moving the elec- 
trodes back and forth over the affec- 
ted part. 

labiodental (-6-den't^l), adj. formed 
by i the lips and teeth. 

labiomental (la'bi-5-men'tal), adj, 
having reference to the lips and chin. 

labionasal (-na'z^l), adj, formed by 
the lips and nose. 

labium ('bi-um), n. [pi, labia (-§,) ], 
a lip or lip-like organ. 

labor ('ber), n. toil or exertion, phys- 
ical or mental; effort; difficulty; 
pain; parturition: v.t, to cause to 
toil; fabricate: v.i. to exert muscu- 
lar strength; use mental efforts; be 
hard pressed; take pains; move 
slowly; pitch and roll heavily; suf- 
fer the pains of childbirth. 

laboratory (lab'or-a-to-ri), n, [pi, 
laboratories (-riz) ], a place where 



scientific experiments and operations 
are carried on. 

Labor Day, n, a holiday observed in 
the United States in recognition of 
the dignity of labor, falling on the 
first Monday in September of each 
year. 

laborious (l§;-bo'ri-us), adj. difficult; 
toilsome. 

labradorite Gab'r^-dor-it), n. a 
feldspar displaying an iridescent 
play of colors. 

labrum (la'brum), n. [pi. labra 
('bra) ], the hp-like shield of an in- 
sect's mouth. 

labrus (la'brus), adj. thick lipped. 

laburnum (1^-ber'num), n. an orna- 
mental tree with pendent yellow 
flowers. 

labyrinth (lab'i-rinth), n. a series of 
intricate winding passages: from the 
structure made in Crete by Daeda- 
lus; a maze; inexplicable difficulty; 
the winding cavities of the internal 
ear; a series of troughs through 
w^hich ore slime is passed and the 
metallic particles deposited. 

lac (lak), n, a resinous substance 
formed on certain trees by an in- 
sect (Carteria lacca)] the inspis- 
sated sap of various trees: the 
sum of 100,000 rupees = $50,000 
(about). 

lace (las), n, an ornamental fabric 
of fine linen, cotton thread, gold or 
silver, &c., curiously woven; a cord 
used for binding or fastening: v.t, 
to fasten wifh a lace; adorn with 
lace; beat. 

lacerate (las'er-at), v.t. to rend; 
w^ound. 

laceration (-a'shun), n. the act of 



ate, arm, ask, at, a\^d; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(527> 



LACHRYMAL 



528 



LAG 



rending; a harrowing of the feel- 
ings; a rent. 

lachrymal ('ri-mal), adj, pertaining 
to tears. 

lachrymose ('ri-mos), adj, tearful; sad. 

lack (lak), «;i. to be destitute of: 
vd. to be in need; to be deficient; 
come short: n. want; failure. 

lackadaisical (-a-da'zi-kal), adj, af- 
fectedly pensive or sentimental. 

lackey ('i), n. a menial attendant; 
footman: v.t. to wait upon, as a 
lackey: v.i. act servilely. 

laconic ^ (-kon'ik), adj. expressing 
much in few words. Also laconical. 

laconically (-al-h), adv, briefly. 

lacquer (lak'er), n.Sb varnish con- 
sisting of shellac dissolved in alco- 
hol and variously colored: v.t, to 
varnish with lacquer. 

lacrosse (la-kros'), n, a Canadian 
game resembhng football, but played 
with a netted bat (crosse). 

lact, a prefix mesinmg milk, as Zactic, 
adj, pertaining to milk. Also lacti, 
lacto. 

lactarine (lak'tS--rin) , n, a prepara- 
tion of casein or milk curds: used 
extensively in calico printing. 

lactation (-ta'shun), n, secretion of 
milk; the act or period of suckling. 

lacteal ('te-al), adj;. pertaining to, 
or like, milk; conveying chyle: n.pL 
the lymphatic vessels which convey 
chyle from the intestines to the tho- 
racic-duct. 

lactic* See under lact. 

lactic acid ('tik as 'id), n. a bitter 
acid contained in sour milk. 

lactification ^ (lak-ti-fi-ka'shun), n, 
the production of lactic acid by the 
lactic acid bacteria, as in curdling 
milk. 

lactiform (lak'ti-form), adj. resem- 
bhng milk. 

lactigenous (lak-tij'e-nus), adj. hav- 
ing the property of stimulating the 
flow of milk. • 

lactochrome (lak'to-krom), n. a 
substance obtained from milk and 
beheved to be the source of the 
yellow color of butter. 



lactoglobulin (lak-to-glob'ti-lin), «. 
a protein or albumen found in noilk. 

lactometer (-tom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for ascertaining the spe* 
cific gravity of milk. 

lactoprotein (lak-to-pro'te-in), n, 
one of the several proteins or ni- 
trogenous compounds that occur in 
milk. 

lactoviscometer (lak-to-vis-kom'e- 
ter), n, an apparatus to test the 
quahty of milk by measuring the 
rate of its flow through a small tube. 

lacuna (la-ku'na), n. [pi, lacunae 
('ne) ], a blank space; hiatus; small 
pit or hollow. 

lacustrine (-kus'trin), adj. pertain- 
ing to a lake. 

lad (lad), n, a boy or youth; com- 
rade. 

ladder ('er), n. a framework con- 
sisting of two parallel side pieces 
connected by bars, &c., forming 
steps at suitable distances; any- 
thing by which one chmbs or as- 
cends. 

laddie ('i), n. a lad [Scotch]. 

lade (lad), v.t, [p.t. laded, p.p. laded, 
laden, p.pr, lading], to load; bur- 
den; heave or throw out. 

lading Cing), n, the act of loading; 
freight. 

ladle ('1), n. a deep spoon for serving 
out liquids: v.t. to dip up with a 
ladle. 

ladrone (l§,-dron'), n. a robber; ban- 
dit; guerrilla. 

lady (la'di), n, [pi, ladies ('diz) ], a 
well-bred woman; the title of the 
wife of a knight or a superior in 
rank to him; the daughter of a 
duke, marquis, or earl; mistress of a 
house. 

ladybird (-herd), n. a red coleop- 
terous insect marked with black 
spots. 

ladyship (-ship), n. the rank or title 
of a lady (with her or your). 

lag (lag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lagged, p.pr, 
lagging], to move slowly; loiter; 
stay behind: v.t. cause to be ar- 
rested or punished: adj. long de- 



ate. arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LAGER BEER 



529 



LANCET 



layed; last: n. retardation of me- 
chanical movement. 

lager beer (la'ger ber), n, a German 
beer suitable for storing. 

laggard (lag'erd), n. sl slow person; 
loiterer: cidj. backward; slow. 

lagoon, (la-goon'), n. sl shallow lake 
formed at the mouth of a river or 
near the sea; marsh or fen. 

Lagthing (lag'ting), n. the Norwe- 
gian Upper House of Parliament. 

laic (la'ik), adj. pertaining to the 
laity. 

laid (lad), p.t. & p.p. of lay; marked 
with fine parallel ribbed hues: said 
of paper. 

lain, p.p. of lie. 

lair (lar), n. the covert of a wild 
beast. 

laity (la'i-ti), n. the people, as dis- 
tinguished from the clergy. 

lake (lak), n. a large body of water 
surrounded by land; a pigment. 

lama (la'mi,), n. a Tibetan Buddhist 
priest, monk, or nun. 

lamb (lam), n. the young of a sheep; 
one who is gentle or innocent; an 
inexperienced speculator: v.i, to 
bring forth lambs. 

lambent ('bent), adj. plajdng about; 
flickering; touching lightly. 

lambkin ('kin), n. sl Little lamb. 

lambrequin (lam'bre-kin), n. a fes- 
tooned drapery, hanging from the 
upper part of a window, doorway, 
&c. 

lambskin ('skin), n. the skin of a 
lamb dressed with the fleece on and 
frequently colored. 

lambswool ('zwool), n. the wool of 
lambs; a beverage composed of ale 
with nutmeg, sugar, and the pulp 
of roasted apples. 

lame (lam), adj. crippled or disabled 
in the limbs; not sound or efficient: 
v.t. to cripple or disable. 

lamella (la-mel'i), n. [pi. lamellae 
('e) ], a thin scale or plate. 

lamellar (lam'e-l§,r), adj. composed 
of lamellae. 

lamelli, a prefix meaning a plate or 
scahj found in various scientific 



words, as lamelMoun: adj. scale- 
like. 

lamely (lamli), adv. in a lame man- 
ner. 

lameness ('nes), n. state of being 
lame. 

lament (-ment'), v.t. to mom'n for: 
v.i. to express sorrow: n. an expres- 
sion of sorrow; lamentation. 

lamentable (lam'en-ta-bl), adj. to be 
lamented; mournful; pitiable. 

lamentably (-bh), adv. in a lamen- 
table manner. 

lamentation (-ta'shun), n. grief 
audibly expressed; outcry. 

lamina (lam'i-na), 7i. [pi. laminae 
(-ne) ], a thin plate or scale; a coat 
or layer lying over another; blade 
of a leaf or petal. 

laminar ('i-n^r), adj. composed of 
thin plates. Also laminary. 

laminate ('i-nat), adj. composed of, 
or arranged in, laminae. 

lamination^ (-i-na'shun), n. divisi- 
bility or division into thin plates. 

lamp (lamp), n. a vessel for burning 
oil, &c., with a wick; any device for 
producing artificial light. 

lampblack ('blak), n. finely divided 
charcoal or soot: v.t. to apply lamp- 
black to. 

lampistry (lam'pis-tri), n. the work 
of making and decorating lamps. 

lampoon (lam-poon'), n. personal 
written satire designed to bring the 
subject of it into contempt: v.t. to 
satirize by a lampoon. 

lamprey Cpri), n. an eel-like fish. 

lanate (la'nat), adj. woolly. 

lance (l&ns), n. a long shaft of wood 
with a spear head; a thrust with a 
lancet: v.t. to pierce with a lance; 
cut open with a lancet. 

lancelet ('let), 7i. the amphioxus. 

lanceolate (lan'se-5-lat), adj. taper- 
ing to a point at either end, as cer- 
tain leaves. 

lancer (l^n'ser), n. a cavalry soldier 
armed with a lance: pi. a kind of 
quadrille. 

lancet ('set), n. a surgeon^s knife; a 
lancet-shaped or pointed window. 



ate, arm, &sk, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LANCEWOOD 



530 



LAPP 



lancewood ('wood), n. a tough elas- 
tic wood used in coachbuilding, &c. 

lanciform ('si-form), adj, lance- 
shaped. 

land (land), n, the solid portion of 
the surface of the globe; the earth; 
a country or district; real estate: 
v.t. to set on shore; capture and 
bring on shore; win: v.i. to come or 
go on shore; disembark. 

landau ('do), n. a kind of carriage. 

landgrabber (land'grab-er), n. one 
who gets possession of public land 
by means of fraud; in Ireland, one 
who buys or occupies land from 
which another has been evicted. 

landlord ('lord), n. one who has ten- 
ants holding under him; the keeper 
of a hotel or inn. Fem, landlady. 

landlordism (-izm), n> the action of 
landlords collectively, especially with 
respect to their landed interests. 

landlubber ('lub-er), n, one not a 
sailor. 

landrail ('ral), n. the corncrake. 

landscape ('skap), n. the general 
aspect of a country, or a picture 
representing it. 

Landsmaal ('mal), n, new national 
language, excluding Danish forms, 
proposed in Norway in 1913. 

Landsthing (lans'ting), n. the Up- 
per House of the Danish Parliament 
(Rigsdag). 

landsturm (lant'sturm), n. the last 
reserve of the German army, only 
called out in time of war. 

Landtag ('takh), n. the Parliament 
of one of the states comprising the 
German Empire. 

landwehr (lant'var), n. the reserve 
or militia of the German army. 

lane (Ian), n. a narrow path, as be- 
tween hedges, walls, &c.; narrow 
street. 

language Qang'gwej), n. human 
speech; the speech of one nation or 
race as distinguished from that of 
another; style or expression peculiar 
to an individual. 

languid ('gwid), adj, wanting ener- 
gy; weak. 



languish ('gwish), v.i. to become 
weak or spiritless; pine away; look 
with tenderness or wistfulness. 

languor (lang'gwer), n. listlessness; 
a lack of energy; a mental condition 
without ambition or spirit. 

lank (langk), adj. lean; slender. 

lanky ('i), adj. tall and thin. 

lanner (lan'er), n. a species of hawk. 

lanolin ('o-lin), n. an unctuous sub- 
stance obtained from the wool of 
sheep, <fec. 

lantern (lan'tern), n. a transparent 
case for holding or carrying a light; 
the hght-room of a lighthouse; a 
small tower on the roof of a building 
to admit light and air. 

lanternist (lan'ter-nist), n. one who 
uses a magic lantern to project 
pictures on a screen, as in lecturing. 

lantern-jawed (jawd), adj, having 
a long thin face. 

lanthanum (lan'tha-num), n. a rare 
metalhc element. Also lanthanium. 

lanyard ('yard), n. a piece of rope, 
cord, &c., for seizing or fastening 
the tackle of a ship. Also laniard. 

lap (lap), n. the loose part of a gar- 
ment which may be doubled at pleas- 
ure; part of the body or clothes from 
the waist to the knees of a person 
seated; a name for various pieces 
of mechanism; one length of a 
course which has to be pa&sed over 
more than once in a race; the act of 
lapping: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lapped, 
p.pr. lapping], to bend and spread 
over; lick up: v.L to lie partially on 
something else. 

lapdog ('dog), n. a small pet dog. 

lapel (la-pel'), n. part of a coat which 
laps over. 

lapid, a prefix meaning stone. 

lapidary (lap'i-da-ri), n. [pi. lapi- 
daries (-riz) ], an artificer who cuts 
and sets precious stones; a connois- 
seur or dealer in gems. 

lapis lazuli (la'pis laz'u-li), n. a rich 
blue stone from which ultramarine 
was originally obtained. 

Lapp (lap), n. a Laplander; the lan- 
guage of the Lapps. 



ate, arm, A,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit;. note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LAPPET 



531 



LAST 



lappet ('et), n. sl little loose flap. 

lapsable (laps'^-bi), adj, capable of 
lapsing. 

lapse (laps), v.i, to glide or slip 
slowly away; fall by degrees; com- 
mit a slight fault or fail in dut}^; 
pass to another proprietor by negli- 
gence or death; sHde or faii anew 
into sin: n. a gliding or passing 
away slowly; slight fault or mis- 
take; omission to present to a bene- 
fice within a certain time. 

lapsus Csus), n, a slip or mistake. 

lapwing (lap 'wing), n. a plover-like 
bird. 

larboard (larl^ord), n. the term used 
formerly for the port or left-hand 
side of a ship. 

larcenous ('se-nus), adj. thievish. 

larceny ('se-ni), ?i. theft. 

larch (larch), n, sl coniferous tree. ^ 

lard (lard), n. the fat of sw^ne 
melted down:^ i\L to cover with 
lard; insert strips of bacon in before 
roasting: hence to mix. 

lardaceous (lar-da'shus), adj. per- 
taining to, or resembling, lard. Also 
lardy. 

Jarder ('der), 7i. a pantry; house- 
hold provisions. 

large (lar j ) , adj. great in size ; ^ bulky ; 
wide; extensive; comprehensive. 

largely ('h), adv. to a large extent; 
boastfully; before the wind: said of 
a vessel. 

largeness ('nes), n. the state of 
being large. 

largess Cjes), n. a gift or bounty. 

lariat Qarl-at); n. a rope or lasso, 
especially of horsehair. 

lark (lark), n. a noted song-bird of 
the genus Alanda; a frohc. 

larking Cing), 2^-(^/. catcliing larks; 
indulging in a frolic. 

larkspur ('sper), n. a plant with 
shov/y blue spurred flowers. 

larniier (iar'mi-er), n. a corona or 
dripstone. 

larrup (lar'up), v.i. to beat or flog. 

larva ^ (lar'va), n. [pi. larvae ('ve) ], 
an insect in the first stage of its 
metamorphosis after leaving the egg. 



larval (VM), adj. pertaining to a 
larva. 

larviparous (-vip'l.-rus), adj. pro- 
ducing young in the state of larvse. 

laryngeal (lar-in-je/al), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or situated near, the lar^mx. 

laryngectomy (-jek'to-mi), n. the 
operation of cutting away a part of 
the lar\mx. 

laryngismus ^ (-jis'mus), n. a spas- 
medic afiection of the glottis. 

laryngitis (-ji'tis), n. inflammation 
of the larynx. 

laryngo, a prefix meaning larynx; 
as laryngoscope^ an instrument fur- 
nished with mirrors for inspecting 
the larynx. 

laryngo tomy (-got'o-mi), n. the sur- 
gical operation of cutting into the 
windpipe. 

larynx ('ingks), ii. the upper part of 
the trachea or windpipe. 

lascar (las-kar'), n. an East Indian 
sailor employed on a European 
vessel. 

lascivious (-siv'i-us), adj. lustful; 
wanton; exciting lust. 

lash (lash), v.t. to strike with a 
sounding blow; whip; scourge with 
satire; fasten or bind with a cord 
or rope: v.i. to apply the whip; 
flog: n. the thong of a whip; a 
scourge; stroke with anything pliant; 
sarcasm or satire. 

lasher ('er), n. one who lashes; a 
weir. 

lashing ('ing), n. a cord, rope, <^c., 
to secure or bind anything; a whip- 
pmg. 

lass (ll,s), n. a young woman; girl. 

lassie ('i), n. a lass [Scot<"h]. 

lassitude ('i-tud), n. weariness; lan- 
guor. 

lasso ('o), n. a rope, usuaUy of hide, 
with a noose, used for catcliing wild 
horses and cattle: v.t. to catch with 
a lasso. 

last (last), adj. coming after all 
others in time, place, or order; 
lowest; utmost; least Ukely: adv. on 
the last time or occasion; finally: 
v.i. to remain in existence or opera- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut: think, ^/len. 



LASTING 



632 



LAUNDRESS 



tion; endure: n, a wooden implement 
for shap,ing boots and shoes. 

lasting (Ing), adj, durable; perma- 
nent: n, a twilled fabric used for 
making women's shoes. 

lastly ('li), adv, in the last place. 

latch (lach), n. a door catch: v,U to 
secure or fasten with a latch. 

latchet ('et), n. a shoe string. 

late (lat), adj. [comp. later, superl. 
latest], coming after the usual time; 
tardy; long delayed; far in the day 
or night; recent; recently deceased: 
adv, after delay; recently. 

lateen (la-ten') , n. a triangular sail used 
on boats on the Mediterranean, &c. 

lately (li), adv. not long ago. 

latency (la' ten-si), n. the state of 
being latent. 

latent ('tent), n. concealed; invisible. 

lateral (lat'er-al), adj. pertaining to, 
proceeding from, or acting upon, 
the side. 

Lateran ('er-§.n), n. the Papal palace, 
and the Church of St, John Lateran 
at Rome, the cathedral of the Pope. 

lateroy a prefix meaning side. 

lath (lath), n. a strip of wood. 

lathe (Isith), n. a machine for turn- 
ing and poHshing articles of wood, 
metal, &c. 

lather (lai/i'er), n. froth made by 
moistened soap; profuse sweating; 
v.t. to cover with lather. 

Latin (lat 'in), adj. pertaining to, 
written, or expressed in, Latin; per- 
taining to Latium, ancient Rome, 
its inhabitants or language, or the 
races and languages derived from 
Rome; Roman; Roman Catholic: n. 
an ancient Roman; the language of 
ancient Rome and its literature. 

Latin cross (kros), n. a cross having 
the lowest limb longer than the two 
sides and top. 

Latinize ('in-iz), v.t. to give Latin 
terminations, or characteristics, to; 
translate into Latin. 

Latinism (-izm), n. a Latin idiom. 

Latinist (-ist), n. a Latin scholar. 

Latinity ('i-ti), n. purity of Latin 
style or idiom. 



latitude ('i-tud), n. distance on the 
earth's surface as measured by de- 
grees north or south from the equa- 
tor; breadth; extent; freedom from 
rules; laxity; range or scope. 

latitudinal ^ ('di-nM), adj. pertain- 
ing to latitude; in the direction 
of latitude. 

latitudinarian (-di-na-ri'an), adji 
wide in range or scope; tolerant in 
speculative religious opinions: h. 
one who holds latitudinarian views. 

latten (lat 'en), n. metal in thin sheets. 

latter ('er), adj. the second of two 
things previously mentioned; re- 
cent; modern. 

lattice ('is), n. crossed open work 
of metal or wood: v.t. to furnish or 
cross with a lattice. 

laud (lawd), v.t. to praise highly; 
extol: n. praise; worship or hymn 
of praise. 

laudable ('i,-bl), adj. commendable. 

laudanum ('^-num), n. a prepara- 
tion of opium. 

laudator ('^-ter), n. one who praises. 

laudatory ('§,-to-ri), adj. expressing 
praise. 

laugh (laf), n. a convulsive sound 
caused by merriment: v.i. to ex- 
press inerriment, &c., by a laugh; 
appear gay, pleasant, &c.; jeer 
(with at): v.t. to express or utter 
with laughter. 

laughing-gas ('ing-gas), n. nitrous 
oxide. 

laughing-stock (-stok), n. object of 
laughter. 

laughter ('ter), n. convulsive merri- 
ment. 

launch (lanch), v.t. to move or cause 
to slide into the water, as a vessel; 
burl; dart; send forth: v.i. to put 
to sea; expatiate in language; 
plunge; enter on a new career: n. 
the act of launching a vessel; 
plunge; the largest boat of a man- 
of-war; large open pleasure-boat 
usually propelled by steam, gas, or 
electricity. 

laundress (lawn'dres), n. a washer- 
woman. 



5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; m'S, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 



LAUNDRY 



533 



LEAD 



laundry ('dri), n, [pi. laundries 
('driz)], a place where clothes are 
washed and ironed. 

laureate (law're-at), adj. decked or 
invested with laurel: n. one crowTied 
with laurel; poet-laureate. 

laurel ('rel), n, an evergreen shrub; 
crown or^ wreath of laurel: hence 
honor; distinction. 

laureled ('raid), adj. crowned with 
laurel. 

lava (laVa), n. molten volcanic matter. 

lavatory (lav'a-to-ri), n. [pi. lava- 
tories (-riz)], a place for washing; 
retiring-room. 

lave (lav), v.t. & v.i. to bathe or wash. 

lavender (lav'en-der), an aromatic 
plant. 

laver (la'ver), n» a large vessel for 
washing in, especially the brazen 
laver of the Jewish tabernacle and 
temple used by the priests; an edible 
seaweed. 

lavish (lav'ish), adj, profuse; extrav- 
agant: v.L expend or bestow with 
profusion; squander; waste. 

law (law), n, a rule of action estab- 
lished by authority; edict, statute, 
or custom; act or enactment of a 
legislative body; jurisprudence; ju- 
dicial process; rule^ or axiom of 
science or art; established principle; 
the Mosaic code. 

lawful Cfool), adj, agreeable or com- 
formable to laAv; just; legal. 

lawfully (-li), adv. legally; justly. 

lawless ('les), adj, not obedient to 
or controlled by law; not according 
to law; ungoverned; unruly. 

lawn (lawn), n, a plot of grass kept 
closely mo\vn; fine cambric used for 
the sleeves of a bishop's gown: 
hence the office of a bishop. 

lawn-tennis ('ten-is), n, an outdoor 
game played with rackets, balls, and 
a net. 

lawsuit ('sut), n, an action at law. 

lawyer Cyer), n, one skilled in legal 
knowledge; one, especially a solic- 
itor, who practices in the law- 
courts; a skilled exponent of the ' 
Mosaic law. 



lax (laks), adj, loose; vague; weak. 

laxative ('a-tiv), adj, loosening; pur- 
gative.^ 

laxity ('i-ti), n, the state or quahty 
of being lax. Also laxness. 

lay (la), v.t. {p.t.. & p,p, laid, p.pr. 
laying], to put or place; spread 
over; cause to he down; settle; 
calm; bring forward; wager; de- 
posit; exercise; set or place secretly; 
impose; impute: v.i. to produce eggs: 
n. relative arrangement; particular 
business; share of profits; a simple 
song: adj. pertaining to the people, 
as distinguished from the clergy; 
non-professional. 

layer ('er), n, a stratum, row, or 
bed; runner of a plant fastened 
down and covered with earth for 
propagation. 

lay- figure ('fig-iir), n, an artist's 
jointed model for hanging drapery 
upon; a mere puppet. 

laying Cing), n. a sitting of eggs; 
the first coat of plaster. 

layman ('man), n. [pi. laymen 
('men)], one of the people, as dis- 
tinguished from a clergyman; a non- 
professional man. 

lazaretto (laz-^-ret'o), n. a hospital 
for persons suffering with infectious 
diseases; a ship's store-room. Also 
lazaret. 

lazily (la'zi-li), adv. in a lazy man- 
ner. 

laziness (-nes), n. indolence; slug- 
gishness. 

lazulite (laz'u-lit), n, an azure blue 
mineral. 

lazy ^ (la'zi), adj. [camp, lazier, superl. 
laziest], idle; indolent; slothful. 

lazzarone (laz-i,-ro'ne), n. [pi. laz- 
zaroni ('ni)], a NeapoHtan loafer 
who does casual work. 

lea (le), n. a meadow. 

leach (lech), v.t. to pass water through 
(ashes), to form lye. 

lead (led), n, sl soft heavy ductile 
bluish-grey metal; a plumraet for 
sounding depths at sea; a thin strip 
of type-metal for separating lines; 
a stick of graphite; a sheet of lead: 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LEAD 



534 



LEAVEN 



adj, consisting, wholly or partially, 
of lead w.iAo furnish with lead. 

lead (led), v,t. [p.t. & p.p. led, p.pr, 
leading], to conduct with the hand; 
guide or conduct; precede; allure; 
induce; spend or use: v.i, to take 
precedence; act as a leader; play the 
first card or domino: n. guidance; 
precedence; the right to play first. 

leaded (led'ed), p. adj. separated by 
leads; set in, or covered with, lead. 

leaden ('en), adj. made of, or colored 
like, lead; heavy; sluggish. 

leader (led'er), n. one who leads; the 
chief editorial article of a news- 
paper; tendon; the foremost horse in 
a vehicle. 

leaderette (-ef), ^. a short newspa- 
per leader. 

leaf (lef), n. [pi. leaves (levz)], one 
of the thin fiat parts of a plant; 
anything thinly beaten; something 
resembling a leaf; part of a book 
containing two pages; a valved part 
of a table, shutter, &c. 

leafage Caj), n. leaves collectively. 

leaf-blotch (lef'bloch), n. a fungous 
disease on the leaves of roses and 
other plants. 

leaflet ('let), n. a small leaf; a tract 
or folding circular. 

leafy ('i), adj. [comp. leafier, superl, 
leafiest], full of leaves. ^ 

league (leg), n. an alliance for mu- 
tual mterests; confederacy^; 3 geo- 
grapliical miles: v.t. to combine for 
mutual interests: v.i. to confederate. 

leak (lek), n. a hole which lets in 
water: v.i. to let water in or out 
through a hole, &c. 

leakage ('aj), n. the state of a vessel 
that leaks; allowance for loss by 
leakage. 

leai (lei), adj. true-hearted [Scotch]. 

lean (len), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. leaned, 
leant, p.pr. meaning], to incline or 
deviate from an upright position: 
v.i. to cause to lean; rest: adj. thin; 
sterile. 

lean-to (^too), n. a building whose 
rafters rest on another building; 
penthouse. 



leap (lep), v.t, [p.t, & p.p. leaped, 
leapt, p.pr. leaping], to pass over by 
leaping; jump or spring over: v.i. to 
jump; vault: n. the act of leaping: 
jump; spring; the space passed in 
leaping. 

leap year (yer), n. a year of 366 
days, when Februrary has 29 days; 
every year divisible by 4, except 
those divisible by 100 but not by 
400. 

learn (lern), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, learned, 
learnt, p.pr, learning], to acquire 
knowledge of; fix in the mind: v.i. 
to gain or receive knowledge or skill. 

learned ('ed), p.adj. erudite; skilled. 

learning ('ing), n. skill in literature, 
languages, or science; knowledge ac- 
quired. 

lease (les), n. a written contract for 
the letting of land or tenements for 
a specified number of years; period: 
v.t, to let by a written contract; 
take a lease of. 

leasehold ('hold), n. property held 
by lease: adj. held on lease. 

leash (lesh), n. a thong by which a 
hawk or hound is held; a brace and 
a half; *three; a band by which 
anything is held: v.t. to tie or bind 
by a leash. 

least (lest), adj. smallest in degree, 
size, value, importance, &c.: adv. in 
the lowest or smallest degree. 

leather (le^/i'er), n. the tanned and 
curried skin of an animal; anything 
made of, or resembling, leather. 

leatherback ('bak), n, the soft- 
shelled turtle. 

leatherette (-ef), n. imitation 
leather. 

leathern ('em), adj, made of, or re- 
sembhng, leather. 

leave (lev), n. permission granted; 
departure;^ farewell: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
left, p.pr. leaving], to depart from; 
forsake, abandon; bequeath; desist 
from; refer for decision: v.i, to de- 
part; go av/ay. 

leaven (lev'n), v.t, to produce fer- 
mentation in; taint; imbue: n. fer- 
ment mixed with a body to render it 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mJtp; mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LECHER 



535 



LEGIBILITY 



light; any influence working silently 
and strongly that causes changes in 
things or opinions. 

lecher (lech'er), n. a lewd man. 

lechery ('er-i), n. lustfulness; lewd- 
ness. 

lecithin (les'i-thin), n. a phosphorus 
compound contained in the cell 
material of animals and vegetables, 
including the yolk of egg. 

lectern (lek'tern), n. the reading 
desk of a church. 

lection ('shun), n. reading; a por- 
tion of the Scriptures to be read in 
the church service. 

lectionary (-a-ri), n, a table of les- 
sons. 

lector ('ter), n, one of the minor or- 
ders of the Roman Cathohc Church; 
a reader. 

lecture ('tur), n. a formal discourse 
on any subject; reprimand: v.i. to 
deliver a lecture: v.t, to reprimand. 

ledge (lej ) , n. a shelf ; ridge ; layer ; edge. 

ledger Cer), n, the principal account 
book of a mercantile house. 

ledger-line (-lin), n. the line either 
above or below the staff [mus.j. 

lee (le), n. the side or quarter to- 
ward which the wind blows; calm 
or sheltered side. 

leech (lech), n, an aquatic worm fur- 
nished with a sucker, used in medi- 
cine lor bleeding: formerly the name 
for a physician: v.t, to bleed with 
leeches. 

leek (iek), n, a biennial plant of the 
onion family with a bulbous root. 

leer (ler), n. a sh> sidelong look 
indicative of mahce, triumph, or 
lasciviousness: v.u to look with a 
leer. 

lees (lez), n.-pl. dregs of liquor. 

leeward (le'werd), 11. in the direction 
toward which the wind blows: n. 
lee side. 

leeway (le'wa), n. the lateral drift of 
a vessel to leeward of her course; 
arrears. 

left (left), adj. opposite to right: n. 
the side opposite to right: p.t. & p.p. 
of leave. 



left-handed ('hand-ed), adj. using 
the left hand with greater strength 
or dexterity than the right; awk- 
ward; mahcious; irregular. 

leg (leg), n. one of the limbs by 
which men and animals walk, espe- 
cially in man between the knee and 
the ankle; anything resembhng a 
leg, especially if used as a support; 
a covering for the leg; one of the 
fielders in cricket. 

legacy ('a-si), n. [pL legacies (-siz) ], 
a gift by win of money or property; 
bequest. 

legal (le'gal), adj. pertaining to law; 
permitted or authorized by law; 
legitimate. 

legalize ('iz), v.t. to make lawful; 
sanction. 

legalism (-izm), n. close adherence 
or conformity to law; the observ- 
ance of the strict letter of the law 
rather than its spirit. 

legality ('i-ti), 7i. conformity to law. 

legally ('h), adv. lawfully. 

legate (leg'at), n. a Papal ambassa- 
dor; envoy. 

legatee (-^-te'), n. a person to whom 
a legacy is bequeathed. 

legatine ('a-ten), adj. pertaining to 
a legate. 

legation (le-ga'shun) , n. an embas- 
sy; ambassador; the official resi- 
dence of an ambassador. 

legato (le-gii'to), adv. a musical term 
meaning smoothly, glidingly. 

legend (lej'end), ?i. a romantic or 
non-historical story; myth; fable; 
inscription, as on a coin, coat of 
arms, <fcc. 

legendary ('end-a-ri), adj. fabulous; 
mythical. 

legerdemain (-er-de-man') , n. sleight 
of hand. 

legged (legd or leg'ed), adj. having 
legs. 

leggings (leg'ingz), 7i.pl. long gaiters. 

Leghorn (leg'horn), n. a bonnet or 
hat made of finely plaited Leghorn 
straw; a variety of domestic fowl. 

'legibility (lej-i-bil'i-ti), ?z. the state 
of being legible. Also legibleness. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^^ 

book; hue, hut: think, then. 
Die. 35 



LEGIBLE 



636 



LEONINE 



legible ('i-bl), adj, capable of being 
read; clear; distinct; apparent. 

legibly (l-bli), adv. clearly; distinct- 
legion (le'jun), n, a division of the 
ancient Roman army; a great num- 
ber; host; suborder. 

legionary ('jun-a-ri), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, legions; in- 
numerable: n, a soldier of a Roman 
legion. 

legislate (lej'is-lat), v.i. to make or 
enact a law: vd, to effect by legis- 
lation. 

legislation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
making a law or laws. 

legislative (^is-la-tiv), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or enacted by, legislation; 
having the power to legislate: n. 
the legislature. 

legislator (-la-ter), n. a lawgiver; a 
member of a legislative assembly. 

Legislature (-la-ttir), n. that body 
in a state which is invested with the 
power of enacting and repealing 
laws; the legislative body of a state 
or territory. 

legitimacy (le-jit'i-m^-si), n. the 
state of being legitimate; lawfulness 
of birth. 

legitimate ('i-mat), adj.^ lawful; 
born in wedlock; real; logically cor- 
rect: v.t. to make, or sanction as, 
lawful; render legitimate. Also 
legitimize. 

legitimately (-U), adv. in a legiti- 
mate manner. 

legitimation (-ma'shun), n. the act 
of making legitimate or lawful. 

legume (le-gum'), n* a two-valved 
seed-vessel having its seeds attached 
, to one side only, as a pea-pod. 

legumin (le-gu'min), n. vegetable 
casein. 

leipoa (li-po'^)» ^» the native pheas- 
ant of Australia. 

leisure (le'zhur), n. spare time: adj. 
free from business; unoccupied. 

leisured ('zhurd), adj. having leisure. 

leisurely (-li), adj. done at leisure; 
deliberate: adv. at leisure. 

lemon ('un), n. the acid fruit of Cit- 



rus Limonum; the color of a lemon: 
adj. pertaining to, or of the color 
of, a lemon. 

lemonade (-ad), n. a beverage of 
sweetened or aerated water flavored 
with lemon. 

lemur (le'mer), n. a small nocturnal 
animal allied to the monkeys. 

lend (lend), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. lent, p.pr. 
lending], to grant to another for 
temporary use; accommodate: v.i, 
to make a loan. 

lene (le'ne), adj. unaspirated. 

length ^ (length), n. the measure of 
anything from end to end; extent; 
duration; reach; forty-two lines of 
an actor's part. 

lengthen ('en), v.t, to make long or 
longer: v.i, to grow longer. 

lengthily ('i-li), adv, at great length. 

lengthwise ('wiz), adv. in the direc- 
tion of the length. 

lengthy ('i), adj. long and tiresome. 

leniency (le'ni-en-si), n. clemency. 

lenient ('ni-ent), adj. mild; merciful. 

lenitive (len'i-tiv), adj. assuaging; 
emolHent. 

lenity (len'i-ti), n. mildness; human- 
ity. 

leno (le'no), n. a kind of cotton gauze. 

lens (lenz), n. a convex, or concave, 
glass adapted for changing the di- 
rection of rays of light and thus 
magnifying or diminishing the ap- 
parent size of objects; the crystal- 
line humor of the eye. 

Lent (lent), n. a fast of 40 days (ex- 
cluding Sundays), Ash Wednesday 
to Easter eve. 

Lenten (lent 'en), adj. pertaining to 
Lent. 

lenticular (len-tik'u-lar), adj. dou- 
bly convex. 

lentil Ctil), n. a leguminous plant: 
%)l. its orbicular seeds, used for food. 

Leonid ('o-nid), n. one of the me- 
teors that fall in showers during 
November of certain years, their 
chief point being in the constellation 
Leo. 

leonine ('o-nin), adj. like a lion; 
powerful; kingly. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



LEOPARD 



637 



LEUCORRHCEA 



I leopard Qep'^rd), n. a large cat-like 
I beast of prey, with a beautiful spot- 
ij ted skin. 

' leper ('er), n. one affected with lep- 
rosy. 

leprosy ('ro-si), n. {pi, leprosies 
(-siz) ], a chronic skin disease char- 
acterized by ulcers and white scaly 
scabs. 

leprous Cms), adj. infected with lep- 
rosy; covered with white scales; un- 
clean. 

lepto, a prefix meaning smalls slender y 
delicate, occurring in various scien- 
tific words, as leptocephsdy, small- 
• ness and narrowness of the skull, as 
in certain races. Also lept. 

lese-majesty (lez-maj'es-ti), n. a 
crime against royalty or the sover- 
eign power; treason. 

lesion (le'zhun), n. injury; morbid 
change in a function or organism. 

less (les), adj, (used as comparative 
of httle), not so much; smaller: adv, 
in a smaller or lower degree: n. a 
smaller quantity: suffix meaning 
absence of a quality, withouiy as 
souKess, worthZess, &c. 

lessee (-eO, n, a person to whom a 
lease is granted. 

lessen ('en), v.t. to make less; reduce. 

lesser ('er), adj. a double comparative 
of less, 

lesson (les'n), n. that which a pupil 
learns, or repeats, or does for a tutor; 
instruction or lecture given at one 
time; exercise; precept; a portion of 
Scripture read at divine service; ad- 
monition. 

lessor Cer), n. the grantor of a lease. 

lest (lest), conj. that not; for fear 
that. 

let (let), v.t, [p.t, & p.p, let, p.pr. let- 
ting], to permit; grant to a tenant; 

^ lease; give out on contract: v.i. to 
be hired or leased; suffer something 
to be done {let in the imperative 
mood is used to denote entreaty, per- 
mission or command) : 7i. an obstacle. 

lethal (le'thal), adj. deadly; fatal. 

lethalize (le'thM-iz), v.t. to execute by 
placing in a death chamber. 



lethargic Ge-thar'jik), adj. affected 
by lethargy; sluggish; drowsy; dull. 

lethargically (-al-h), adv, in a le- 
thargic manner. 

lethargy (leth'ar-ji), n, morbid 
drowsiness; unnatural prolonged 
slumber; apathy. 

Lethe (le'the), n, in classic mythoi' 
ogy, the stream of forgetfulness of 
the under world, whose waters, when 
drunk, produced loss of memory: 
hence obhvion, forgetfulness. 

letheomania (le'the-o-ma'ni-a), n. 
having a drug habit. 

lethifegral (le-thif'e-ral), adj, lethal 
or death-dealing. 

letter ('er), n. a mark or character 
used to represent a sound; written 
or printed communication; a print- 
ing type; literal meanmg; a docu- 
ment certifying certain privileges. 

lettered ('erd), adj. learned; in- 
scribed or marked with letters. 

lettergram (let'ter-gram), n, a night 
telegram sent at reduced rates. 

lettering ('ing), n. the act or pro- 
cess of inscribing with letters. 

letter-of -delegation (-er-ov-del-e-ga' 
shun), n. European war substitute 
for issuing checks in the United 
States on Germany and Austria; 
American bank instructs German or 
Austrian bank to pay desired amount 
of money to the designated person. 

letters patent ('erz pat'ent), n. a 
written document under seal of the 
Government, authorizing a person to 
do some act or enjoy some privilege. 

leuco, a prefix meaning white, as leu- 
cocyte, a minute mass of protoplasm 
found in white blood corpuscles 
which preys upon bacteria in the 
blood. 

leucopenia Gu-k5-pe'ni-a), n. defi- 
ciency of white blood corpuscles in 
the olood. 

leucocythemia (lu-k5-cy-the'mi-a), 
n. an excess of white corpuscles in 
the blood. 

leucoma (lu-kom^), n. a white opac- 
ity of the cornea of the eye. 

leucorrhcea (-re'a), n. vagmal catarrh. 



Ste, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQU. 



LEVANT 



538 



LIBERALISM 



Levant (le-vantO, w. the eastern 
coasts of the Mediterranean. 

levator (-vaster), n, a muscle that 
serves to raise some part. 

levee (lev'e), n> a morning reception 
held by a sovereign or personage of 
high rank; properly, one attended 
by gentlemen only; a river embank- 
ment : v.L to embank. 

level ('el), n. a horizontal plane or 
hne; surface without inequahties; 
state of equahty; standard; hne of 
direction; an instrument for indi- 
cating a horizontal hne or plane; 
section of a canal from one lock to 
another: adj. even; horizontal; 
smooth; equal to something else in 
importance: v.t. to make even; free 
from inequalities; bring to the same 
level; point in taking aim. 

lever (lev'er or le'ver), n. a bar of 
metal, &c., turning on a support 
(fulcrum) for raising a weight. 

leverage (-aj), n. the mechanical 
power gained by using a lever; lever 
action, 

leveret (lev'er-et), n. a young hare. 

leviable ('i-a-bl), adj, that may be 
levied upon or seized; assessable. 

leviathan (le-vi'^-th4n), n. a large 
unidentified aquatic animal (Job xli. 
1) ; anything huge, as a whale, &c. 

levigate ^ (lev'i-gat), v.t, to reduce to 
a fine, impalpable powder, 

levitation (lev-i-ta'shun), n» light- 
ness; buoyancy. 

levity (lev'i-ti), n. lightness of dis- 
position, conduct, &c.; inconsisten- 
cy; trifling gaiety; lightness of 
weight. 

levulose (lev'u-los), n. fruit-sugar. 

levy ('i), v,L {p.t. & p.p. levied, p.pr. 
levying], to raise or collect, as an 
army or tax; seize in execution: v.i, 
to make a levy: n. the act of raising 
money or men; amount or number 
raised. 

lewd (lud), adj. licentious; libidinous. 

lexicographer (-kog'r^-fer), n. the 
editor or compiler of a dictionary or 
lexicon. 

lexicography ('r§,-fi), n, the art or 



occupation of compihng dictionaries 
or lexicons. 

lexicology (-kol'o-ji), n, the science 
of the derivation and correct mean- 
ing of words and their correct appH- 
cation, 

lexicon Oeks'i-kon), n. vocabulary; 
dictionary of words. 

lexotheism (leks-o'the-izm), n. the 
doctrine that the universe is gov- 
erned by natural law instead of by a 
personal supreme being. 

Leyden jar (li'dn jar), n. a glass jar, 
coated outside and inside with tin 
foil, for accumulating electricity. 

liability (-a-biFi-ti), n, [pi, liabihties 
(-tiz)], the state of being liable: yl, 
debts. 

liable ('§,-bl), adj, exposed to damage, 
danger, expense, &c.; 

liaison (^Ie-a-z6ng0 , n, secret intimacy 
betw-een a man and a woman; union 
of two or more forces; military or 
business combination. 

liar (li'§;r), n, one addicted to lying. 

libation (-ba'shun), n. the act of 
pouring wine or oil on the ground, 
as a sacrifice to some deity; the 
liquid so poured out. 

libel ('bel), n, defamation of charac- 
ter or reputation; any writing, print, 
publication, or picture calculated 
to injure the reputation or character 
of anyone and bring him into public 
contempt: v.U to publish a libel 
against; defame the character of; ex- 
hibit a charge against in a court of law. 

libelous (-us), adj, containing, or of 
the nature of, a libel. 

liber Cber), n, the fibrous innermost 
layer of the bark of exogenous 
plants. 

liberal (lib'er-M), adj, generous; mu- 
nificent; plentiful; free from nar- 
rowness in ideas or doctrines: n. an 
opponent of conservatism; one who 
advocates extension of freedom in 
political institutions. 

liberalize (-iz), e;i. to free from nar- 
rowness or prejudice. 

liberalism (-izm), n. the principles 
of a liberal in politics or reHgion. 



Ste, arm, Itsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, th^n. 



LIBERALITY 



539 



LIFE-NETi 



liberality (-al'i-ti), n. [pL liberali- 
ties (-tiz)], the quality of being lib- 
eral; generosity; magnanimity; men- 
tal breadth; cathoUcity. 

liberate ('er-at), v.t, to set free. 

liberator (-a-ter), n, one who liber- 
ates. 

libertine ('er-tin), n. a debauchee: 
adj. unrestrained, morally or social- 
ly; licentious.^ 

libertinism (-izm), n. debauchery; 
extreme freedom in rehgious opin- 
ions. 

liberty ('er-ti), n. \pl, liberties (-tiz)], 
freedom; special privilege or exemp- 
tion; immunity; permission; un- 
granted or undue freedom; priv- 
ileged district. ^ 

libidinous (H-bid'i-nus), adj. lustful. 

librarian (-bra'ri-an), n. the custo- 
dian of a library. 

library ('bra-ri), n. [pi. hbraries 
(-riz)], an arranged collection of 
books; the building where such a 
collection is kept. 

libration (-bra'shun), n. the act of 
balancing; equipoise; an apparent 
irregularity in the moon's motion. 

libratory ('br§,-to-ri), adj. oscillat- 
ing. 

librettist (li-bret'ist), n, the writer 
of a libretto. 

libretto ('to), n. a book containing 
the words of an opera, oratorio, <fec.; 
the text itself. 

lice (lis), pi. of louse. 

license (li'sens), n. permission; leave; 
unrestrained liberty; legal permit 
to do something otherwise unlawful: 
v.t. to authorize by a legal permit. 

licentiate (-sen'shi-at), n. one li- 
censed to preach or practice a pro- 
fession. 

licentious ('shus), oAj. unrestrained 
morally or legally; lascivious; dis- 
solute. 

lichen (li^ken or lichen), n. one of 
an order of cellular flowerless (cr>^- 
togamic) plants of fungoid nature 
growing parasitic on stones, algae, 
&c.; a kind of skin eruption. 

lich-gate (hch'gat), n. the roofed 



gate of a churchyard, under which a 
bier rpay stand. Also lych-gate. 

licit (Hslt), adj. lawful. 

lick (lik), v,t. to pass the tongue 
over; caress with the tongue; lap 
up; vanquish; chastise: i;.t. tomake 
a licking movement: n. the act 
of licking; quick or careless stroke; 
superficial sahne deposit. 

lickspittle ('spit-1), n. a servile flat- 
terer. 

licorice (hk'o-ris), n. the root or in- 
spissated juice of the hcorice-plant 
(Glycyrrhiza glabra). 

lictor Cter), ?i. a Roman official who 
attended the chief magistrates and 
bore the fasces. 

lid (lid), n. a movable cover closing 
an aperture; top; eyelid. 

lie (ll), v.i. [p.t.^ lay, p.p. lain, p.pr. 
lying], to rest in a recumbent posi- 
tion; lean or press; rest or remain; 
be situated or placed; be maintaina- 
ble at law. 

lie (h), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lied, p.pr. ly- 
ing], to utter a falsehood; represent 
falsely: n. a falsehood; wilful mis- 
statement. 

lief (lef), adv. wilhngly; rather. 

liege (lej), adj. bound by feudal serv- 
ice or tenure: n. a vassal; hege lord, 
or sovereign. 

lien (le'en, fi'en or len), 7i. a legal claim 
upon property; security for payment. 

lieu (lu), 71. place; stead. 

lieutenancy (-ten'an-si), n. the rank 
or authorit}^ of a heutenant. 

lieutenant ('ant), ?i. an officer rank- 
ing next below a captain in the army 
and a commander in the navy; a 
deputy. 

life (lif), n. animate existence; vi- 
tality; union of soul and bod}-; 
period between birth and death. 

lifeguard ('gard), ?i. a bodyguard. 

life-kite (hf'kit), n. a kite flown from 
a wrecked ship to carry a life-line 
to the shore. 

life-net (lif 'net), n. a net used by 
firemen to break the fall of persons 
jumping from the "v^indows of a 
burning building. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LIFT 



540 



LIME 



lift (lift), v.t, to raise from the 
ground; elevate; support in the air; 
steal: vd. to exert strength in rais- 
ing; dissipate in the air: n. the act 
of lifting; elevation; promotion; a 
machine for raising or lifting. 

ligament^ (Hg'a-ment), n. a strong 
elastic tissue connecting the extrem- 
ities of movable bones; bond or tie. 

ligature (hg'a-tur), n, a narrow 
bandage or tie; two or more letters 
cast on one shank (fi, ce)', a slur, or 
notes joined by a slur 

light (lit), n. the imponderable agent 
by which objects are rendered visible 
by its action on the retina; day; an 
illuminating or erdightening agent: 
aspect; a window; that which emits 
light: adj. clear; bright; not heavy 
or burdensome; unencumbered; gay; 
trifling; unimportant; nimble; short 
in weight; well leavened and raised; 
graceful; undignified; dizzy; un- 
chaste: v.t [p.t & p.p, lighted, lit, 
p.pr. lighting], to set fire to; in- 
flame; illuminate; furnish with, or 
guide by, a light: v.i. to receive or 
reflect; rest or settle; fall upon by 
chance; happen. 

lighten ('en), v.t, to make light; il- 
luminate; flash out; render less 
heavy: v.i, to brighten; shine out. 

lighter ('er), n. a large open barge 
for loading and unloading vessels. 

lighterage (-aj), n. the unloading of 
a cargo by lighters; charge made. 

lighthouse ('hous), n.^ a structure 
furnished with a brilliant light to 
indicate points of danger to mariners 
at night. 

lightning ('ning), n. a sudden flash 
of electricity, usually accompanied 
by thunder. 

light-pressure (lit'presh'ur), n. the 
pressure of the waves in the ether 
that constitute light and other man- 
ifestations of radient energy. 

light-spot (lit'spot), n. spots on the 
epidermis of certain plants beheved 
to represent rudimentary sense or- 
gans comparable to the eyes of ani- 
mals. 



ligneous Qig'ne-us), adj. woody. 

lignin ('nin), n, woody fiber. 

lignite ('nit), n, wood converted into 
an imperfect kind of coal. 

lignum-vitae ('num-vi'te), n. the 
very heavy hard wood of a South 
American tree (Guaicum officinale) 
or of similar West Indian and Aus- 
tralasian trees. 

like (lik), adj. similar; resembling; 
equal or nearly equal; disposed: 
adv. in the same manner as; prob- 
ab}y: v.t. have a taste for; enjoy; 
n. a counterpart. 

likely ('li), adj. [comp. likelier, su- 
perl, likeHest], probable; suitable: 
adv. probably. 

liken (lik'n), v.t. to compare. 

likeness ('nes),?i. similarity; portrait. 

liking ('ing), n. preference; fondness. 

lilac ^ (li'lak) ^ n. a shrub of the genus 
Syringa, with pale pinkish purple 
flowers; a color. 

Lilliputian (lil-i-pu'shun), adj. very 
diminutive, from Swift's Gulliver^s 
Travels. Also Liliputian. 

lilt (lilt), n. a song with rhythmic 
movement; a merry and animated 
tune. 

lily (lil'i), n. a plant of the genus 
Lilium, with bulbous roots and hand- 
some flowers: adj. unsullied; lily- > 
white.^ 

limb (lim), n. a jointed or articulated 
part of an animal body; branch of a 
tree; edge or border; roguish child; 
leg: v.t. to dismember. 

limber ('ber), n. the detachable fore- 
part of a gun-carriage: adj. pliant: 
v.t. to attach a limber to (a gun-car- 
riage) ; make pliant. 

limbus ('bus), n. in the Roman Cath- 
olic Church, the place intermediate 
between heaven and hell, the abode 
of departed souls prior to the judg- 
ment; prison. Also limbo. 

lime (lim), n. a calcareous earth ob- 
tained by the action of heat upon 
limestone; bird-lime; a tree of the 
orange kind yielding an edible juicy 
fruit; the linden tree: v.t. to apply 
lime to. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue. hut; think, then. 



1 



LIMELIGHT 



641 



LINGULATE 



limelight (lit), n. a brilliant light 
produced by the action of lighted 
hydrogen and oxygen upon Hme. 

limen (li'men), 6. a dividing Hne or 
threshold, as in experimental psy- 
chology the threshold of an appre- 
ciable stimulus; also a structure in 
the brain. 

limerick (lim'er-ik), n. sl nonsense 
stanza of four lines, in which the 
first, second and fourth rhyme, the 
third hne containing a rhyme, within 
itself, different from the others. 

limestone ('ston), n, d rock having 
carbonate of lime as its basis. 

limit (lim'it), n. a border or bound- 
ary; utmost extent; v.t. to confine 
within bounds; restrict. 

limitation (-i-ta'shun), n. restric- 
tion. 

limn Oim), v.t. to paint or draw; il- 
luminate, as books and manuscripts. 

limnograph (lim'no-grM), n. an in- 
strument for recording the height 
of water in a lake or mill pond ; the 
automatic record it produces is 
called a hmnogram. 

limnology (lim-noro-ji), n. the scien- 
tific study of lakes and ponds, geo- 
graphical, physical, chemical, and 
biological. 

limousine (lim-oo-zen'), n. the body 
of a closed automobile. 

limp (limp), adj. flexible; flaccid: n. 
a halt in walking: v.i, to walk with 
a halt. 

limpet ('et), n. a gastropod of the 
genus Patella, which adheres firmly 
to rocks by its foot sucker. 

limpsy (limp'si), adj. flimsy; weak. 

limy Qim'i), adj. containing, or hke, 
hme. 

lin (hn), n. the American linden. 
Also linn. 

linchpin (linch'pin), n. the pin which 
goes through the end of the axle of a 
wheel, and keeps it in its place. 

linden (hn'den), n. sl tree with heart- 
shaped leaves, and small clusters of 
cream-colored flowers. There are 
several species, European and Amer- ' 
lean. 



line (lin) n. length without breadth^' 
a slender string or cord; fishing* 
line; extended row; l-12th of an 
inch; ^ short letter; occupation; 
mark in the hand or face; outline; 
verse; extent; direction; regular 
infantry; equator; particular class 
of goods; descent: v.t. to draw lines 
upon; place along side by side; 
cover on the inside; strengthen by 
inner works. 

lineage (hn'e-aj), n. ancestral line of 
descent from a common progenitor; 
family. 

lineal ('e-&l), adj. composed of fines; 
in direct line from an ancestor. 

lineally (-h), adv. by direct descent. 

lineament ('e-a-ment), n. feature; 
outline. 

linear ('e-^r), adj. pertaining to, or 
composed of, lines; having a straight 
direction. 

lineate ('e-at), adj. marked with 
lines. 

linen ('en), n. a cloth made of flax; 
articles made of linen; undercloth- 
ing: adj. made of, or resembling) 
Unen. 

liner (li'ner), n. a line-of-battle ship; 
a steamship belonging to a packet 
company; one who makes linings. 

ling (hng), n. an edible cod-like fish; 
heather. 

linger ^ ('ger), v.i. to delay; loiter; 
remain long in any state. 

lingerie (lang-zhe-re'), n, imdercloth- 
ing. 

lingo (ling'go), n. language; dialect. 

lingual ('gw§.l), adj. pertaining to, 
or formed by, "-he tongue : n. a letter 
or sound, so articulated, as s, thy &c. 

linguist Cgwist), n. one skilled in 
languages. 

linguistic ('tik), adj. pertaining to 
Hnguistics. 

linguistics ('tiks), n.pl. comparative 
philology. 

lingula Cgu-la), n. sl genus of bra- 
chipodus moUusks with a tongue- 
like valve. 

lingulate ('gu-Iat), adj. tongue- 
shaped. 



ate, arm, §sk^ at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LINIMENT 



642 



LIT 



liniment (lin'i-ment), n. a medicated 
liquid for rubbing into the skin. 

lining (lin'ing), n, an inside covering; 
contents. 

link ^ (lingk), n, a single ring or di- 
vision of a chain; anything doubled 
like a link; single part of a con- 
nected series; a land measure 7.92 
inches; connection; torch made of 
pitch and tow: pZ. flat sandy soil; 
golfing grounds: v.t. to connect by, 
or as by, a link: v.i, to be connected. 

linnet (lin'et), n. a British finch. 

linoleum (li-no'le-um), n, a floor 
cloth composed of ground cork, lin- 
seed oil, and chloride of sulphur. 

linotype (Hn'o-tip), n, a machine for 
composing and casting stereotyped 
words or lines for printing. 

linseed (Hn'sed), n, the seed of flax, 
from which linseed oil is expressed. 

linsey-woolsey ^ ('zi-woorzi), n. a 
cloth of mixed linen and wool. 

lint (lint), n, scraped linen used for 
dressing wounds. 

lintel (Hn'tel), n, the horizontal top 
piece of a door or window. 

lion (li'un), n, a large powerful car- 
nivorous mammal of the genus Feiis, 
found in Africa and Southern Asia: 
j)l. noted persons or places: adj, (in 
composition) noble, majestic; cour- 
ageous. Feminine lioness. 

lionize (-iz), v.t. to treat as an ob- 
ject of peculiar interest. 

lion's-share ('unz-shar), n. the ma- 
jor part. 

lip (lip), n, one of the two borders of 
the mouth; edge of anything; mouth; 
lip-like organ; speech: v,L [pi. & 
p.p. Hpped, p.pr, Upping], to touch 
vath the hps; kiss; utter. 

lipped (hpf), adj.^ having lips or 
rounded edges; labiate. 

liquation (h-kwa'shun), n. the act 
or process of melting. 

liquef acient ^ (lik-we-fa'shi-ent), odj, 
serving to liquefy. 

liquefaction (-f ak'shun) , n. the process 
of liquefying; state of being melted. 

liquefy ('we-fi), v.L to melt or make 
liquid: v.i. to become liquid. 



liquescent (-kwes'ent), adj, becoming 
liquid. 

liqueur (li-ker'), n, an alcoholic aro- 
matic cordial. 

liquid (iikVid), adj. clear; tearful; 
not solid; readily flowing: n. hquid 
substance; one of the consonants ^, 
m, n, r. 

liquidate ('wi-dat), v.t. to pay off, as 
a debt; arrange, as the affairs of 
a bankrupt. 

liquidation (-da'shun), n. the act of 
liquidating or paying off; the settle- 
ment of the affairs of a bankrupt's 
estate. 

liquidator ('wi-da-ter), n. an official 
who winds up a bankrupt's estate. 

liquor (lik'er), n. an alcoholic bever- 
age; a hquid: v.t. to treat with a 
solution: v.i. to take intoxicating 
drinks [slang]. 

liquorice. Same as licorice. 

lira (le'r^), n. [pi. Hre (le're) ], an 
Italian coin, the unit of monetary 
value = 19 cents; the Turkish lira 
= $4.40. 

lisle (111), n. a fine thread or lace. 

lisp (lisp), v.i. to pronounce s and z 
nearly like th; speak: v.t. to utter 
imperfectly or affectedly: n. the im- 
perfect utterance of s and z. 

lissom (iis'um), n. supple; lithesome. 

list (list), n. a catalogue, roll, or reg- 
ister; the edge or selvage of cloth; 
strip of cloth; inclination to one 
side; small square molding: pi. an 
enclosing for a tournament: v.t. to 
catalogue, register, or enrol; cover 
with strips of cloth; sew together; 
cause to tilt over to one side; listen 
to: v.i. to enlist; choose; careen; 
hearken. 

listen (lis'n), v.i. to attend to closely, 
so as to hear; hearken; obey. 

Lister ism (list'er-izm), n. the anti- 
septic method of operating and dress- 
ing, introduced by Sir J. Lister, 

listing Cing), n. the act of making a 
schedule. 

listless (les), adj. indifferent; lan- 
guid. 

lit, p.t. & p.p. of light. 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQn. 



LITANY 



543 



LITURGIC 



litany (lit'S-ni), n, a solemn respon- 
sive form of supplication. 

litchi (le'che), n, a tree producing a 
fruit (lichi) much esteemed in China. 

liter (le'ter). in the metric system, a 
measure of capacity, = 61.026 cubic 
inches, or a little more than 1 quart. 

literacy (iit-er-^-si), n. the state of 
being able to read and write. 

literal ('er-al), adj. consisting of, or 
expressed by, letters; following the 
exact words; exact; plain. 

literally (-h), adv. in a literal sense. 

literary ('er-^-ri), adj, pertaining to, 
or appropriate to, hterature or men 
of letters; versed in, or engaged in, 
literature. 

literate ('er-at), adj. instructed; 
learned: n. a Uterary man; a candi- 
date for holy orders who has not 
taken a university degree. 

literatesque (-^-tesk'), adj, fit for 
hterature. 

literati (-a'ti), n.pl. the learned. 

literatim (-er-a'tim), adv. literally. 

literature ('er-a-tur), n. the written 
or printed literary productions of a 
country or period; literary work; 
learning. 

litharge (Kth'arj), n. oxide of lead. 

lithe (li^/i), acy. supple; phant. 

lithesome ('smn), adj. nimble; lis- 
som. 

lithia (hth'i-S,), n. oxide of lithium. 

iithic (hth'ik), adj. pertaining to 
stone. 

lithium ('i-um), n. a metaUio ele- 
ment. 

litho, a prefix raeaning stcme, also 
hth, as lithogly-phf a carving on a 
gem or stone; lithajxthraXf stone- 
coal, &c. 

lithochromatics (lith'o-kro-mat'iks), 
n.pl. the art or process of painting 
in oil upon stone and then transfer- 
ring it upon canvas. 

lithograph (Hth'o-grM), n. a print 
reproduced from a drawing on stone: 
v.L to draw, or engrave on stone, 
and transfer to paper. 

lithographic ('ik), adj. pertaining 
to lithography. Also lithographical. 



lithographically ('ik-M-li), adv. by 

lithography. 

lithography (og'ra-fi), n. the art of 
making a design on stone so that 
ink-impressions can be taken from it. 

lithoid ('oid), adj. stone-hke; of 
stone structure. 

lithotint Co-tint), n. a lithograph 
from a drawing executed with a 
cameFs-hair pencil. 

lithotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the opera- 
tion of cutting into the bladder to 
remove stone. 

lithotrity (-ot'tri-ti), n. the surgical 
operation of crushing stone in the 
bladder. 

litigant^ (Ut'i-gS,nt), n. one who con- 
tends in law: adj. engaged in, or in- 
clined to, htigation. 

litigate ('i-gat), v.t. to contest in a 
court of law: v.i. to engage in a law- 
suit. 

litigation (-ga'shun), n. the act or 
process of carry^ing on a lawsuit; 
judicial contest. 

litigious (U-tij'us), adj. given to 
carrying on lawsuits; quarrelsome. 

litmus (lit'mus), n. a purple dye, ob- 
tained from certain lichens. 

litter (Ht'er), n. straw, hay, &c., used 
for horses' bedding: a frame-work 
with a bed, for carrying a person in 
a recumbent position; state of con- 
fusion or untidiness; number of 
young produced at one birth, as pigs, 
&c.: v.t. supply with Utter; cover 
with straw; scatter about careless- 
ly: v.i. bring forth a Utter of young. 

litterateur (-S-ter'), n. a Uterary man. 

little (Utl), adj. [comparative less, 
superlative least], small in size, 
cjuantity, duration, or importance; 
insignificant; young; mean: adv. 
in a small degree;^ not much: o. 
small in size, quantity, &c. 

littoral ('o-ral), adj. pertaining to, 
near, or living on the shore. 

Little Entente (-an-tant), n. union of 
Czecho-Slovasia, Rumania and Jugo- 
slavia in 1920, 

Uturgic (\i'teT']ik)f adj.^ pertaining 
to a liturgy. Also liturgical. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LITURGICALLY 



544 



LOBBY 



liturgically (-M-li), adv. by a lit- 
urgy. 

liturgies Cjiks), n.pL the science of 
liturgies. 

liturgy (lit'er-ji), ^ n, [pL liturgies 
(-jiz) ], the prescribed forms or rit- 
ual for pubhc worship. 

live (liv), v.i. to exist or have life; 
pass or enjoy life; reside; endure; 
subsist: adj, (liv) having life; 
quick; effective; ignited; kept for 
use; energetic. 

livelihood (livTi-hood), n, means of 
living. 

liveliness^ (-nes), n. briskness. 

lively ('li), adj. active; brisk; ani- 
mated; sprightly; vivid; forcible. 

live-oak ('ok), n, an American oak 
valuable for shipbuilding. 

liver (liv'er), n, one who lives; a 
glandular organ secreting bile. 

liveried (-id), adj. clothed in livery. 

liverwort (Vert), n. sl name for any 
cryptogamous plant of the class 
Hepaticae. ^ 

livery ('er-i), n. [pi. liveries (-iz) ], 
a particular costume worn by serv- 
ants; the state of being kept and fed 
at a stipulated rate, as horses. 

liveryman (-man), n. [pi. liverymen 
(-men) ], the keeper of a livery- 
stable. 

livery-stable (-sta'bl), n. a stable 
where horses are kept and let out 
for hire. 

livid ('id), adj. black and blue; dis- 
colored as by a blow; ashy pale. 

living^ Cing), p. adj. having^ life; 
flowing; vigorous; active; quicken- 
ing: n. livehhood; a church bene- 
fice; mode of life. 

livre (le'ver), n. an old French money 
of accoimt, value 193^ cents. 

lixiviate (liks-iv'i-at), v,t. to dis- 
solve out the saline matter from 
(wood-ashes) ; form into lye. 

lizard (liz'ard), n. a lacertihan reptile 
having a scaly body, and four well- 
developed limbs, each with five toes. 

llama (la'ma), n. a South American 
quadruped, somewhat resembling a 
camel. 



llama. Same as lama. 

llanero (lya-na'ro), n. a herdsman of 
the South American llanos. 

llanos Cnoz or la'noz), n.pL the ex- 
tensive level grassy plains, or steppes 
of South America. 

lo (lo), interj. behold! see! 

loach (loch), n. a small edible fresh- 
water fish; a simpleton. 

load (lod), v,t to put on as much as 
can be carried; burden; weigh 
down; embarrass; freight; charge, 
as a gim: n. a burden; weight; 
freight; encumbrance; pressure; a 
weight of hay, straw, or ore. 

loaded ('ed), p.adj. laden; drunk. 

loadline ('lin), n. the fine to which a 
vessel sinks when loaded with her 
full cargo. 

loadstar ('star), n. the pole-star.*' 

loadstone ('ston), n. magnetic oxide 
of iron; magnet. Also lodestone. 

loaf (lof), v.i. to idle away time: n. 
[pi. loaves (lovz) ], a large cake of 
bread. 

loafer ('er), n. an idler; cadger. 

loam (lom), n. rich vegetable mold, 
with clay and sand: v.t. to cover 
with loam. 

loan (Ion), n. a sum of money lent 
for a period, repayable with inter- 
est; something granted for tempo- 
rary use: v.i. to lend money. 

loath (loth), adj. unwilling; reluc- 
tant. 

loathe (loth), v.t. to regard with ab- 
horrence or disgust; detest: v.i. to 
feel nausea. 

loathing Cing), n. disgust; nausea. 

loathsome ('sum), adj. exciting 
loathing. 

lob (lob), v.t- [p.f. &i p.p. lobbed, p.pr. 
lobbingl^ to boss gently: v.i, to bowl 
lobs: n. sl large worm, used for fish- 
ing, the mgworm; a slow ball bowled 
underhand. 

lobate (lo'bat), adj. Iqbe-like. 

lobby (iob'i), n. [pi. lobbies ('iz) ], 
a small hall or waiting room; pas- 
sage opening before an apartment; 
that part of the hall of a legislative 
chamber to which the public have 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note,» north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LOBBYIST 



545 LODESTAR, LODESTONE 



I access: vA. lp,t, & p,p. lobbied, p,pr. 
lobbying], to solicit the votes of 

I members of a legislature to carry a 

I particular measure. 

lobbyist (-ist), n. a person, not a 
member, who tries to influence the 
votes of members of a legislative 
body. 

lobe (lob), n. any rounded and pro- 
jecting part; a subdivision of an 
organ. 

lobelet ('let), n, a small lobe. 

Lobelia (lo-be'lia), n. an extensive 
genus of plants with handsome 
flowers, including the Indian to- 
bacco plant, &c. 

lobster ('ster), n. an edible marine 
decapod crustacean. 

lobule Cul), n. a small lobe. 

lobworm. Same as lugworm. 

local (lo'kal), adj, pertaining to 
place; restricted to a particular 
place: n. a newspaper paragraph of 
local interest; a suburban train. 

locale (-kalO, n. place; locality 
[French]. 

localism ('kal-izm), n. a word, idiom, 
or custom restricted to a particular 
locality. 

locality (kaFi-ti), n. [pi, localities 
(-tiz) ), existence in or limitation 
to a place: position. 

localize ('kal-Iz), v.t. to limit to a 
particular place. 

locally (-li), adv. with respect to 
place. 

local option (op'shun), n. the re- 
striction of the sale of intoxicating 
liquors by the majority of the voters 
of a district. 

locate (lo'kat), v.t. to place; estab- 
lish; mark out and determine the 
position of: v.i. to settle. 

location (-ka'shun), n. place; plot of 
ground marked out by boundaries. 

locative (lok'a-tiv), adj. noting place. 

loch (lokh), n. 2L lake [Scotch]. 

lock (lok), n. a mechanical de\ice 
furnished with a spring and bolt for 
fastening a door, &c., by means of a 
key; anything that fastens; enclos- 
ure between lock-gates for raising 



and lowering the water within 
them; mechanism for firing a gun; 
hug in wrestling; a tuft of hair or 
wool; ringlet; tress: v.t. to fa ten 
or secure with a lock; shut up; con- 
fine: v.i. to become fast by a lock; 
entwine. 

lockage ('aj), n. difference of level of 
the water between canal locks; dues 
paid for passage through a lock. 

locker Cev), n. a receptacle secured 
by a lock. 

locket Cet), n. a small gold or silver 
case attached to a necklace or chain. 

lockjaw Cjaw), n. a spasmodic dis- 
ease by which the lower jaw is 
drawn up and becomes fixed; 
tetanus. 

lockman ('man), n. an under-sheriff 
in the Isle of Man. 

lockout ('out), n. the exclusion of 
workmen from a factory by an em- 
ployer to compel them to accept his 
terms: v.i. to close a factory against. 

lockup Cup), n. a temporary prison; 
calaboose; jail. 

loco (lo'ko), n. a name for various 
poisonous American plants, causing 
disease to animals eating them; 
also the disease so caused. 

locomotion (-mo'shun), n. the act 
or power of mo\ing from place to 
place. 

locomotive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to 
locomotion; not stationary: n. a 
steam engine for drawing railway 
cars. 

locomotor Cter), adj. pertaining to 
locomotion: n. a motor. 

locomotor ataxy (a-tak'si), n. want 
of co-ordination of the movements 
of the legs. 

locust Ckust), n. a migratory and 
destructive winged insect resem- 
bling the grasshopper; a tree of the 
bean family. 

locution ^ (-ku'shun), n. speech; 
phrase. 

lode (iod), n>^ a vein containing 
metallic ore. ^ 

lodestqir, lodestone. See loadstar, 
&c. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LODGE 



546 



LONELY 



lodge (loj), v.t. to furnish with a 
temporary dwelling: v,L to reside 
for a time; be deposited or fixed: n, 
a small house in a park; gate-keep- 
er's cottage; wild beast's den; hut 
of an American Indian; place where 
members of an association meet, 
especially Freemasons; the mem- 
bers themselves. 

lodger Cer), n. one who resides in 
lodgings. 

lodging ('ing), n. a place of temporary 
residence: pi. a room or rooms 
hired in the house of another. 

lodgment ('ment), n. the act of 
lodging; the state of being lodged; 
accumulation of something depos- 
ited; occupation of a military posi- 
tion. 

loft (loft), n. a room directly beneath 
a roof. 

loftily ('i-li), adv, in a lofty manner. 

loftiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being lofty. 

lofty ('i), adj. [comp. loftier, superl. 
loftiest], very high; proud; stately; 
sublime. 

log (log), n. an undressed piece of 
timber; a log-book; a heavy dull 
fellow; an instrument for ascertain- 
ing the rate of progress of a ship: 
v.t [p.t. & p.p. logged, p.pr. log- 
ging], to enter in a log-book: v.i. 
to hew down and get out trees. 

logarithm ('a-rithm), n. the expo- 
nent of the power to which a fixed 
number (the base) must be raised 
in order to produce a given number. 

logarithmic (-rith'mik), adj. per- 
taining to, or consisting of, loga- 
rithms. Also logarithmical. 

log-book ('book), n. a ship's diary, 
or journal, recording the progress of 
a vessel, daily occurrences, &c. 

loge (loj), n. box at a show. 

loggan Can), n. a rocking-stone. 

loggerhead ('er-hed), n. a blockhead. 

loggia (loj 'a), n. a covered gallery 
or portico; an open balcony in a 
theater. 

logging (log'ing), n. the business of 
cutting down timber. 



logic (loj'ik), n. the science of correct 
reasoning, especially of inference. 

logical (-al), adj. pertaining to, or 
used in, logic; according to the 
rules of logic. 

logically (-li), adv, by the rules of 
logic. 

logician (lo-jish'un), n. one skilled 
in logic. 

logistics (-jis'tiks), n.pl, sexagesimal 
arithmetic; the science of moving 
and supplying armies. 

logo, a prefix meaning speech, word, 
ratio, as logotype, a, type containing 
two or more letters, as ff. 

logogram (log'o-gram), n. a letter or 
sign standing for a word, as d for 
pence, &c.; a word-puzzle in verse. 

logograph (log'6-graf ) , n. a written 
word. 

logography (lo-gog'ra-fi),n.a method 
of printing in which a type repre- 
sents a word instead of a letter. 

logomachy (log-om'aki), n. a battle 
of words; furious argument or 
debate. 

logotype. See under logo. 

logroll (log'rol), v.i. to engage in 
log-rolling. 

logrolling (-ing), n. the act of rolling 
logs; united action in carrying 
legislative schemes for mutual bene- 
fit; mutual praise by authors of 
each other's books. 

logwood ('wood), n. a wood of a 
deep-red color, used in dyeing. 

loin (loin), n. the lower part of the 
back of a quadruped or man: pL 
the reins. 

loiter (ioi'ter), v.t. to idle (with 
away): v.i. to spend time idly; 
delay; linger. 

loll (lol), v.i. to lounge at ease; hang 
out the tongue. 

lone (Ion), adj. solitary; retired; by 
one's self; unmarried or in widow- 
hood. 

loneliness ('li-nes), n. the state of 
being lonely. 

lonely ('li), adj. [comp. lonelier, 
superl. loneliest], deserted; solitary; 
unfrequented. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LONESOME 



547 



LORD 



lonesome ('sum), adj, secluded from 
society depressed; unfrequented; 
drearfly solitary. 

long (long), adj. not short; extended 
in time, or length ; drawn out ; slow ; 
tedious; tall; lingering; far-seeing: 
adv. to a great length or period; far 
distant; for a length of time: n. any- 
thing that is long: v.i. to desire 
eagerly (with for or after). 

Songboat Cbot), n. the largest and 
strongest boat of a ship. 

longbow (Ido), n. a long powerful 
bow formerly used by Enghsh arch- 
ers. 

longcloth (Idoth), n. a superior cot- 
ton fabric. 

long-dozen (-duz'n), n. thirteen. 

longevity (lon-jev'i-ti), n. extended 
age. 

longhand ('hand), n. ordinary hand- 
writing, as distinguished from short- 
hand, 

longiy a prefix meaning longj as longi- 
corn: adj. long-horned. 

longing (long'ing), n. earnest desire. 

longitude (lonj'i-tud), n. distance 
east and west on the earth^s surface 
measured from a meridian or place, 
estimated in degrees; on the ecliptic, 
distance in degrees from the vernal 
equinox. 

longitudinal (-tud'i-nM), adj. per- 
taining to longitude, or length. 

longitudinally (-li), adv. length- 
wise. 

long-primer ('prim-er), 7i. sl size of 
type between small pica and bour- 
geois (see type). 

longshoreman (long'shor-m^n), n, a 
wharf laborer. 

loo (loo) , n, a card game. 

looby Cbi), n. an awkward fellow. 

loof^ Qoof), n, the fullest part of a 
ship's bow. 

look (look), v.i. to direct the eye to 
anything, in order to view it; direct 
the mind or attention to; examine; 
front or face; expect; watch; ap- 
pear: v.t. to search or seek for; 
ton the eyes upon: n. the act of 
looking; mien; aspect: inter j. see! 



lool Qool), n. a vessel for receiving 

the washings of ore. 

loom (loom), n. a frame or machine 
for weaving cloth; an oar handle: 
v.i, to rise gradually and appear 
larger than in reahty. 

loon (loon), n. the great northern 
diver. 

loony ('i), adj. crazed. 

loop (loop), n. a folding or doubling 
of string, rope, &c.; noose through 
which a cord may be run: anything 
resembhng a loop: v.t. to form into, 
furnish with, or secure with, loops. 

loophole ('hoi), n. Sb narrow aper- 
ture for obser^^ation or defense; 
means of evasion. 

loopline ('lin), n. a railway line run- 
ning out of and reioining the main 
Hne. 

loose Ooos), adj, not fast; unbound; 
not fixed; not tight; not crowded 
together; vague; unconnected; lax 
in principles or morals: ?i. the state 
of being loose: v.t. to set free; un- 
bind; disengage; relax. 

loosen (loos'n), v.t. to free from 
tightness, restraint, or tension; free 
from costiveness. 

loot Ooot), v.t. to pillage or plunder, 
especially a captured city: n. booty 
thus taken. 

lop (lop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lopped, p. 
pr. lopping], to cut off (a part of 
anything), especially branches of a 
tree; cut off partially; trim; let 
fall: v.i. to hang down: n. a hang- 
ing do\\Ti; that which is lopped, as 
branches. 

lopsided ('si-ded), n. heavier on one 
side. 

loquacious (lo-kwa'shus), adj. talk- 
ative. 

loquacity (-kwas'i-ti), n. talkative- 
ness. 

lord Qord), n. a ruler or governor; 
master; one possessed of supreme 
povrer; the owner of a manor; a 
baron in the British peerage; the 
son of a duke or marquis, eldest 
son of an earl; title of honor given 
to certain officials: v.t. to invest with 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LORDLINESS 



548 



LOUNGER 



authority; preside over: v.i, to dom- 
ineer. 

lordliness ('li-nes), n. lordly degree 
or rank; pride; haughtiness. 

lordling ('ling), n, a little or would- 
be lord. 

lordly (-li), adj. like a lord; noble, 
aristocratic; haughty, imperious: 
adv, proudly, despotically. 

lordosis (lor-do'sis), n, in pathology, 
an irregular curvature of the bones; 
curvature of the spine forward. 

lords-and-ladies, n. ^ In botany, the 
European wake-robin (Arum Ma- 
culatum), 

lordship ('ship), n. the state, quali- 
ty, or jurisdiction of a lord; title of 
address (with his or your) given to 
noblemen and judges. 

Lord's Supper ('z sup'er), n. the 
Holy Communion or Eucharist. 

lore (lor), n. learning; instruction; 
spacfe between the eye and bill of a 
bird. 

lorette Go-ret') n. a woman of the 
demi-monde [French], 

Lorettine (lo-ret-tin), n. A nine- 
teenth century order of nuns found- 
ed in Kentucky, devoted to the edu- 
cation o^ girls and destitute orphans. 
Also called Sisters of Loreto and 
Friends of Mary at the Foot of the 
Cross, 

lorgnette (lor-nyef), n, a long-han- 
dled opera glass; a pair of eye- 
glasses fixed to a long handle into 
which they shut. 

lorikeet (lor-i-kef), n. a straight- 
billed parrot, 

loris (lo'ris) n. a nocturnal lemur. 

lorn (lorn), adj. forsaken; forlorn. 

lorry (lor'i), n. [pi. lorries ('i?) ], a 
long four-wheeled wagon without 
sides; a miner's hand-cart. 

lory (lo'ri), n. [pi. lories ('riz) ], a 
species of parrot with brilliant 
pkmiage. 

lose (looz), v.t. [p,t. & p.p. lost, p.pr. 
losing], to be deprived of; cease to 
have in possession; mislay; forfeit; 
waste; squander: v.i. to fail of suc- 
cess; yield; be defeated. 



loss flos), n. detriment; injury; pri- 
vation; failure; defeat; that which 
is lost. 

lost (lost) p.adj. missing; forfeited; 
destroyed; perplexed. 

lot (lot), n. fortune; destiny; por- 
tion or parcel; anything used to 
determine chances; great quantity; 
v.t. to separate into lots; assign; 
catalogue. 

Lothario (lo-tha'ri-o), n. sl gay de- 
ceiver or libertine, from Rowe's '^The 
Fair Penitent." 

lotion ('shun), n. a medicated fluid 
for outward application. 

lottery (lot'er-i), n. [pi. lotteries 
(-iz) ], a distribution of prizes by 
chance; drawing of lots. 

lotto ('o), n. a parlor game played 
with 24 cards and wooden discs 
numbered 1 to 100. 

Lotus (lo'tus),^ n. a genus of the 
water-lily family, especially the sa- 
cred lotus of the ancient Nile; a 
name for various trees or shrubs, 
the fruit of which was fabled to 
cause forgetfulmess of care and in- 
duce a state of dreamy indolence. 

Lotus-Eater, n. one of the Lotophagi 
of mythology; an indolent dreamer; 
noted in Homer's *^ Odyssey." • 

louchettes (loo-shets'), n.pl. colored 
spectacles for direct vision in stra- 
bismus. 

loud (loud), adj. high- or full- sound- 
ing; noisy; ostentatious in dress or 
manner; showy; having an unpleas- 
ant odor: adv. loudly. 

loudly (li), adv. in a loud manner; 
ostentatiously. 

loud-mouthed, adj. having a noisy, 
offensive manner of speaking. 

lough (lokh), n. a lake [Irish]. 

louis d'or (loo'i dor'), n. an old 
French coin, of varying value 
(about $4.). 

lounge (lounj), v.i. to saunter about 
in a lazy manner; loll; live indo- 
lently: n. the act of lounging; a 
low-backed couch. 

lounger, n. an idler; one who loiters 
away his time. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut; think, then. 



LOUP 



549 



LUBBER 



loup Ooop), n. a mask or half -mask 
worn by masqueraders. 

lourd (lurd), adj. dull, stupid, fool- 
ish: n, a stupid, worthless fellow. 

louse (lous), 71. [yl. lice (lis) ], a 
parasitic insect of various species, 
especially those of the genus Pedicu- 
lus, parasitic on man. 

lousy (lou'zi), adj, infested with Hce. 

lout (lout), n. an awkward fellow. 

louver (loo'ver), n. an open turret 
or lantern on the roof of a building. 

lovable (luv'^-bl), adj. worthy of 
love. 

lovability (-§,-bil'i-ti), n. the quaHty 
that attracts love. 

love (luv), n. a strong feehng of af- 
fection, especially to one of the op- 
posite sex; courtship; devoted af- 
fection for or attachment to; pa- 
rental care; a sweetheart: v.t, to 
regard with strong affection; feel 
devotion toward; dehght m: v.i. to 
be in love; have strong affection. 

love-apple ('ap-1), n. the tomato. 

love-bird ('berd), n. a small bird of 
the parrot family. 

love-feast ('fest), n. a reUgious feast 
of commemoration. 

love-lies-bleeding (-llz-bled'ing), n. 
a species of amaranth. 

loveliness ('h-nes), n. the quaiitj^ of 
being lovely. 

lovely ('h), acy. [comp. loveher, su- 
perl. loveKest], exciting love or ad- 
miration; amiable; beautiful; prett}'; 
inviting; dehghtful: adv. so as to 
inspire love or admiration. 

lover Cer), n. one vrho loves; one in 
love: said of a man; one deeply at- 
tached. 

loving Cing), p. adj. devoted; affec- 
tionate. 

loving-cup (-kup), n. a wine-cup, 
usually with several handles, passed 
round from guest to guest. 

low (lo), adj. not high; depressed; 
shallow; not noisy; subdued; near 
the horizon; cheap; moderate; fee- 
ble or weak; of less than the normal 
height; below the recognized stand- 
ard; vulgar; abject: 7i. the bellow of 



cattle: adv. not on high; deeply; 
softly; quietly; meaningly; at a low 
price; iq humble rank: v.i. to bellow 
hke cattle. 

lowbell Cbel), n. a sheep- or cattle- 
beU. 

Low Churdi (cherch), adj. pertaia- 
ing to the Evangehcal section of the 
English Church, or to its doctrines. 

Low Countries (lo'kun-triz), n. term 
for Netherlands and Belgium. 

lower Cer), v.t. to lessen or bring 
down; reduce in price or value; 
weaken; humble; change to a lower 
pitch: v.i. to become lower; sink; 
fall; (lou'er) to appear dark, gloomy, 
or threateniQg. 

lower case (kas), n. that part of a 
compositor's case which contains 
the small printing types. 

lowering (lou'er-ing), p. adj. over- 
cast vdth clouds; threatening a 
storm; gloomy. 

lowermost (lo'er-most), adj. lowest. 

lowing ('ing), n. the bellow of cattle. 

lowland ('land), adj. pertaining to 
a low or level country: n.pl. a level 
country. 

Low Latin Gat 'in), n. mediaeval Latin. 

lowliness ('h-nes), n. the state of 
being lowly. 

lowly (li), adj. [corn p. lowlier, superl. 
lowliest], low in rank or size; humble; 
modest: adv. modestly. 

low mass (mas), ?i. mass said with- 
out musical accompaniment and by 
one priest. 

loxia (loks'i-^), n. wryneck. 

loxoy a prefix meaning slarding. 

loyal (loi'M), adj. faitliful in allegi- 
ance to one's sovereign or country; 
true to phghted faith or duty. 

loyalist (-ist), n. one who adheres 
to and supports the authority of his 
sovereign or country. 

loyally (-h), adv. in a loyal manner. 

lozenge (loz'enj), n. an obhque-an- 
gled parallelogram; a rhomb; dia- 
mond-shaped figure used in heraldry; 
a sweetmeat. 

lubber (lub'er), n. an awkward, 
clumsy fellow; a raw sailor. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LUBRICANT 



550 



LUMINOUS 



lubricant (lu'bri-kant), n. a substance 
for lubricating. 

lubricate (-kat), v.t, to make smooth 
or slippery. 

lubricator (-er), n. one who, or that 
which, lubricates, especially a de- 
vice for oiling machinery. 

lubricity (loo-bris'i-ti), n, lewdness; 
sensuality. 

lucernal (-ser'nal), adj. pertaining to 
a lamp, or to artificial light. 

lucerne (-sern'), n. a clover-like plant 
cultivated for fodder; aKalfa. 

lucid Csid), adj, clear; readily under- 
stood; shining; transparent. 

lucidity (\'i-ti), n. the state of being 
lucid. 

Lucifen; ('si=fer), n, Venus, as the 
morning star; Satan. ^ 

lucifer, n. a match ignited by fric- 
tion. 

Suck (luk), n, casual event or acci- 
dent; fortune, either good or bad; 
success. 

luckily Ci-li), adv. in a lucky manner. 

lucky ('i), adj. [comp. luckier, su- 
perl. lucldest], having good luck or 
fortune; successful; auspicious. 

lucrative (lu-kra-tiv), adj. profita- 
ble. 

lucratively (-li), adv. profitably. 

lucubration (-ku-bra'shun), n. a 
hterary composition produced as the 
result of protracted study. 

luculi ('ku-li), n.pL bright spots on 
the sunV surface. 

luculite (-kulit), n. a variety of 
black marble, cut and polished for 
ornamental purposes. 

ludicrous ('di-krus), adj. exciting 
mirth; comical; droll. 

luff (luf), n. the weather-gauge, or 
that part of a ship toward * the 
wind; the act of saihng close to 
the wind; luff-tackle: v.i. to steer 
nearer to the wind. 

luff-tackle (-tak'l), n. a large tackle 
consisting of a double and a single 
block. 

lug (lug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lugged, 
p.pr. lugging], to pull or draw along: 
v.i. to drag; move heavily; pull 



laboriously: n. the act or effort of 
lugging; something difficult to move; 
a projecting part; the ear; a lug-sail; 
handle of a vessel : pi. conceited airs. 

luggage Caj), n. effects of a traveler; 
baggage. 

lugger ('er), n. a small vessel with 
2 or 3 masts with a running sprit 
and lug-sails. 

lug-sail ('sal), n. a square sail, with- 
out boom or lower yard, bent to a 
yard that hangs nearly at right an- 
gles to the mast. 

lugubrious (-gti'bri-us), adj, mourn- 
ful. 

lugworm (Verm), n, a sand worm. 

lukewarm ('warm), adj, moderate- 
ly warm. 

lull (lul), v.t. to soothe to sleep; quiet: 
v.i. to become calm: n. abatement; 
temporary calm. 

lullaby ('a-bi), n, [pi, lullabies (-biz)], 
a cradle-song. 

lulu fado (lu'lu fa'do), n. a dance of 
rather intricate steps introduced in 
the summer of 1914. 

lumbago (-ba'go), n. rheumatism of 
the muscles of the loins. 

lumber ('ber), n. rubbish; forest 
timber sawed for market: v.t. to fill 
with lumber or rubbish; heap to- 
gether in disorder: v.i. to cut down 
timber and prepare it for market. 

lumberer ('ber-er), n. one who cuts 
forest timber and shapes it for mar- 
ket. 

lumberman ('ber-man), n. one who 
is engaged in the lumber trade; a 
foreman of lumberers. 

luminary ('mi-na-ri), n,^ [pi, lumi- 
naries (-riz)], a body emitting light, 
especially a heavenly body; one who 
enlightens or instructs. 

luminescence (lu-mi-nes'ens), n. a 
power of emitting light possessed 
by certain bodies that have been 
exposed to light or radiant energy. 

luminiferous (-nif'er-us), adj, emit- 
ting, or transmitting, Hght. ^ 

luminous ('mi-nus), adj, emitting or 
radiating light; bright; clear; per- 
spicuous. 



ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite;^ mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



LUMP 



651 



LUTE 



lump (lump), n, a small shapeless 

mass; aggregate; gross; a swelling; 

v.t. to throw or unite in the gross; 

heap indiscriminately; put up with. 
lumper ('er), n. a docker; mihtiaman. 
lumpfish Cfish), n, a thick marine 

fish with horny spines. 
lumpy Ci), adj. full of lumps. 
lunacy (lu'na-si), n. [pi. lunacies 

(-siz)], mental unsoundness: adj. 

pertaining to lunacy, or to lunatics. 
lunar Cnar), adj, pertaining to, 

measured by, or influenced by, the 

moon: n, lunar distance. 
lunar month ' (munth), n. a month 

measured by the complete revolution 

of the moon = 293^ days. 
lunar year (yer), n. a year of twelve 

lunar months = 354 1-3 days. 
lunate ('nat), adj. crescent-shaped. 
lunatic ('n^-tik), adj. affected with, 

or characteristic of, lunacy: n. one 

who is insane. 
lunation (-na'shun), n, a complete 

revolution of the moon. 
lunch (lunch), n. a hght meal be- 
tween breakfast and dinner. Also 

luncheon: v.i. to take lunch. 
lunette (lu-net'), n. anything shaped 

hke,a half-moon, as in fortification, 

&c.; a flattened watch-glass. 
lung ^ Gung), n. one of two organs of 

respiration in air-breathing verte- 
brates. 
lunge (lunj), n. a sudden thrust or 

pass with the sword; sudden lurch: 

v.i. to make a lunge. 
lungwort (lung'wert), n. a plant 

with dark-colored leaves spotted 

with white; a lichen growing on 

trees. 
luni, a prefix meaning moon, as luni" 

solar: adj. produced by the imited 

attraction of the moon and the sun. 
lunula (Iti'nu-la), n, [pi. lunulae 

(-le) ], the white crescent-shaped 

part of the nail near the root. 
lupine (lu'pin), ac?;? pertaining to, or 

resembling a wolf; wolfish. 
lupinin (lu'pi-nin), n. a bitter extract 

from ^ buds of the yellow lupine, 

used in medicine. 



lupus Cpus), n. a chronic tubercu- 
lous disease which eats into the 
skin, especially of the face. 

lurch (lerch), n. a sudden roll to one 
side, as of a ship; tendency; a dif- 
ficult or forlorn position; a losing 
position in cribbage: v.i, to roU 
suddenly to one side. 

lure^ (lur), v.t. to allure: n. any- 
thing used as an enticement; bait; 
a long carved trumpet used in Scan- 
dinavia. 

lurid (Id), adj. greyish-orange; wan; 
ghastly; pale; gloomy. 

lurk (lerk), v.i. to lie in wait; be con- 
cealed. 

luscious (lush 'us), adj. cjweet to ex- 
cess; dehghtful to the taste or sense; 
fulsome. 

lush (lush), adj. rich and juicy: n, 
intoxicating dxink. 

lust (lust), n. strong desire to pos- 
sess or enjoy; concupiscence: v.i. 
to desire strongly; have inordinate 
desires (with after), 

lustful ('fool), ac(;'. sensual; robust. 

lustfully (-h), adv, in a lustful man- 
ner. 

lustily ('i-H), adv. in a lusty man- 
ner. 

lustiness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- 
ing lusty. 

lustral (lus'trM), adj. pertaining to, 
or used in, purification. 

lustration (-tra'shmi), n. purifica- 
tion. 

luster ('ter), n. brightness; splen- 
dor; brilliancy of reflected light; re- 
nown; a chandelier ornamented 
with cut glass pendants; a lustrous 
dress-cloth; the quality and intensi- 
ty of hght reflected from the surface 
of minerals. 

lustrous Ctrus), adj. having a lus- 
ter. 

lustwort ('wert), n. the plant sun- 
dew. 

lusty ('i), adj. [comp. lustier, superl. 
lustiest], robust; vigorous; healthy. 

lute (lut), n. a stringed musical in- 
strument of the guitar family; a 
composition of clay, &c., used for 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, th^Ji. 

Die 36 



LUTHERAN 



552 



LYRIST 



making the joints of vessels air- 
tight, or protecting them from the 
action of fire. 

Lutheran ('ther-an), adj, pertain- 
ing to Luther, the German reformer, 
or to the Lutheran Church and its 
doctrines: n. a member of the Lu- 
theran Church. 

Lutheranism (-izm), n. the doctrines 
of Luther and the Lutheran Church, 

lux (luks), n. [pi. luces (lu'sez) ], the 
unit of intensity of electrical illumi- 
nation. 

luxuriance (lug-zu'ri-ans), n, exu- 
berant in growth. Also luxuriancy. 

luxuriant ('ri-ant), adj. character- 
ized by luxuriance; superabundant; 
superfluous. 

luxuriate ('ri-at), v,i. to grow ex- 
uberantly; hve luxuriously; indulge 
unrestrainedly. 

luxurious ('ri-us), adj. pertaining to 
luxury; indulging in, or administer- 
ing to, luxury. 

luxury Cluk'shu-ri) , n.^ \!pL luxm-ies 
(-viz)j, extravagant indulgence in 
the pleasures of the senses, dress, 
&c.; a dainty; anything productive 
of enjoyment. 

ly, a suffix meaning like, or pertain- 
ing to, as womanly, &c. 

Lyceum (li-se'um), n. [pZ. Lyceums, 
Lycea ('umz, 'a) ], originally the 
grove at Athens where Aristotle 
taught. 

lyceum (-se'um), n. a literary semi- 
nary; an academy; a literary asso- 
ciation; an intermediate classical 
school. 

Lycurgan (-ker'gan), adj. pertaining 



to Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, 
noted for the severity of his code of 
laws: hence relentlessly severe. 

lyddite (Ud'it), n. a powerful explo- 
sive, consisting chiefly of picric acid. 

Lydian (hd'i-an), adj. pertaining to 
ancient Lydia in Asia Minor, noted 
for its luxury, music, and purple 
dyes; effeminate; voluptuous. 

lye (li), n. an alkaline solution. 

lying ('ing), p. adj. addicted to false- 
hood; the state or act of being re- 
cumbent: n, untruthfulness. 

lying-in (-in), adj, ^ pertaining to 
childbirth: n, partu];ition, 

lyniph (hmf), n. a colorless alkahne 
nutritive fluid in animal bodies. 

lymphatic (lim-fat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, conveying, or containing 
lymph; sluggish: pi. the minute 
ducts which convey lymph. 

lynch (hnch), v.t. to judge and punish 
by lynch-law. 

lynch-law ('law), n, summary pun- 
ishment by private individuals with- 
out the usual legal formahties. ^ 

lynx (links), n, a fierce cat-like animal, 
proverbial for its keenness of sight. 

lyrate (ll 'rat), adj. lyre-shaped. 

lyre (lir), n. a musical instrument of 
the harp kind: used by the ancients 
to accompany the voice. 

lyre-bird ('herd), n. an Australian 
bird having a tail shaped like a lyre. 

lyric (lir'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
adapted to singing to, a lyre: n. a 
lyric composition. 

lyric poetry (po'et-ri), n. poetry 
expressive of the emotion of the poet. 

lyrist (lir'ist), n. a lyric poet. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booUf 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



M 



M, the thirteenth letter of the English 

alphabet. 
ma (ma), n, contraction of mamma; 

a Hindu form of respectful address 

to a woman. 
macaco (m^-kalco), n, a name for 

the ruffled lemur, and the ring-tailed 

lemur. 
macacus (-kalius), n. the ape-baboon. 
Macadamize (mak-ad'am-iz), v.t. to 

cover (a road) with small broken 

stone, so as to form a smooth hard 

rounded surf ace. ^ 
macaroni (-a-ro'ni), n. a paste com- 
posed chiefly of fine flour and made 

into long thin tubes; a dandy of the 

18th century. 
macaronic (-ron'ik), adj. pertaining 

to, or like, macaroni, or to a 

burlesque composition consisting of 

a jumble of incongruous words: n, 

macaronic verse. 
macaroon (-roon'), n. a small cake 

made of flour, eggs, almonds, and 

sugar. 
macaw (mS^-kawO, n. a large and 

handsome species of parrot with 

strong hooked bill. 
mace (mas), n. a massive staff usually 

surmounted with a crov>'n; a heavy 

bilHard cue; the second covering 

of the nutmeg. 
macerate (mas'er-at), v.t, to soften 

or separate the parts of by steeping 

in a fluid; mortify or harass. 
machan (ma-chan'), n. an elevated 

platform to protect a hunter in the 

jungle. 
machete (m§,-cha'ta), n. a large 

heavy knife used by the inhabitants 

of South America for cutting through 

forests, &c. 



Machiavellian (mak-i-§,-veri-§,n), adj\ 
pertaining to Machiavelli, the Flor- 
entine statesman, or to^ his prin- 
ciples of political duplicity: hence 
crafty; double-dealing: 7i. a cunning, 
unprincipled politician. 

Machiavellianism ^ (-izm), n. the 
principles of Machiavelli. 

machination (-i-na'shun), n. a plot; 
artifice. 

machine (m§.-shen'), n. any contri- 
vance to increase and regulate motive 
power; an engine; a light carriage 
or vehicle; one who acts mechanically 
or at" the bidding of another, 

machinery C-r-i), n. machines col- 
lectively;^ parts of a machine; any 
combination by which something is 
kept in action or the result desired 
is obtained.' 

machinist ('ist), n. a constructor of 
machines; one skilled in the princi- 
ples of machinery; one who works, 
or attends to, a machine. 

mackerel (mak'er-el), n. an edible 
marine fish, mottled with green and 
blue. 

mackintosh (mak'in-tosh), n. an 
india-rubber water-proof overcoat. 

mackle ('1), v.t. to blot or blur, so 
as to produce the impression of 
double printing. 

made ('1), n. a twin-crystal. 

macled ('Id), adj. spotted. 

macro, a prefix meaning large, long, 
as TTiacrocephalous, adj. large-headed. 

macrocosm (mak-ro'kozm), n, the 
universe. 

macrometer (m^-krom'e-ter), n. an 
optical instrument for determining 
the distance or size of inaccessible 
objects. 



ate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 

C5o3) 



MACRON 



554 



MAGIC SQUARE 



macron (mak'ron), n. a mark (-) 
over a vowel to indicate that it is 
long, as came. 

macroplasia (mak-ro-pla'si-a), n. ab- 
normal growth of a tissue or organ 
of the body. 

macropsia (mak-rop'si-a), n, a defect 
of vision through which objects 
appear of exaggerated size. 

macrosceles (mak-ros'e-les), Vi. one 
who has unusually long legs. 

macrosmatism (mak-ros'ma-tizm), 
n, having the organs of smell well 
developed, as is usual with lower 
animals. 

macrotia (mak-ro'ti-a), n. having 
unusually large ears. 

mad (mad), aij. [comp, madder, S2z- 
perL maddest], mentally ^disordered 
or distracted; insane; infatuated; 
furious with rage or terror; in- 
flamed with anger. 

madam ('am), n. \pl, mesdames 
(ma-dam') ], a complimentary title 
or form of courteous address to a 
lady. 

madarosis (-§.-ro'sis), n. loss of the 
hair, especially that of the eye- 
lashes. 

madcap (l^ap), n. a wild, thought- 
less, eccentric person. 

madden ('n), v.t. to make mad or 
furious : v.i. to become mad or furious. 

madder ('er), n, a plant of the ge- 
nus Rubia, from the root of which 
a red dye and pigment is extracted. 

madding ('ing), cidj. raging; furious. 

made (mad), adj. artificially pro- 
duced or formed : pi. & p.p. of make. 

madeira (ma-de'r4), n, a rich wine 
made in the island of Madeira. 

mademoiselle (mad-mw^-zel'), in 
France, a title of courtesy given to 
a young lady. 

Madonna (m§;-don'n§,), n. [pZ. ma- 
donnas ('n^z) ], a picture of the 
Virgin Mary, usually with the in- 
fant Christ. 

madras (ma-dras'), n. a cotton print 
of which shirting is made. 

madreperi (mad're-perl), n. mother- 
of-pearl. 



madrepore (mad're-por), n. coral. 

madrigal ('ri-gal), n, a light amor- 
ous song; a pastoral poem; a part 
song unaccompanied by music. 

maelstrom ^ (mal'strum), n. a cele- 
brated whirlpool on the Norwegian 
coast. 

Mafia (mafi-a), n. a secret order in 
Sicily, now used in carrying out 
criminal purposes. Supposed to be 
allied with the Black Hand, or 
Mano Neray a similar organization. 

magazine (mag-^-zen'), n. a ware- 
house; receptacle for military stores, 
as ammunition, &c.; chamber in a 
gun; a periodical literary or scien- 
tific publication. 

magdalen ('di.-len), n. a reformed 
prostitute, from Mary Magdalene 
(Luke vii. 36-50). 

magenta (m^-jen'tl-), n. a red ani- 
hne dye. 

maggot (mag'ot), n. the footless lar- 
va of a fly; grub; whim. 

maggoty ('ot-i), adj, full of mag- 
gots; whimsical. 

Magi (ma'ji), n.pl, among the Akka- 
dians and ancient Persians, the 
sacerdotal and learned class; the 
wise men of the East. 

Magian ('ji-i-n), adj, pertaining to 
the Magi: n, one of the Magi; 
an adherent of the Zoroastrian re- 
ligion. 

magic (maj'ik), n. the pretended art 
of working by the power or assist- 
ance of supernatural beings; sor- 
cery; witchcraft; enchantment: adj. 
pertaining to, produced by, or ex- 
ercising, magic; enchanted; necro- 
mantic. Also magical. 

magically (-al-li), adv. as by magic. 

magician (mi,-jish'^n), n. one skilled 
in magic. 

magic lantern (maj'ik lan'tern), n. 
an optical instrument for producing 
magnified objects on a screen. 

magic square (skwar), n. a series of 
numbers in parallel or equal rows 
so arranged that the perpendicular, 
horizontal, and diagonal columns 
shall give the same sum. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



MAGILP 



555 



MAHARAJAH 



magilp (m&-gilpO, n. a mixture of 
liDseed-oil and mastic varnish. 

magisterial (maj-is-te'ri-M), adj. per- 
taining to, or suitable to, a master 
or magistrate; authoritative. 

magistracy ('is-tr§,-si), n. [pZ. mag- 
istracies (-siz) ], the office or dignity 
of a magistrate; magistrates collec- 
tively 

magistrate ('is-trat), n. a civil of- 
ficer invested with certain judicial 
and executive powers. 

Magna Charta ('nk kar't&), n. the 
Great Charter, forming the basis of 
civil liberty, granted by King John 
of England to the Barons, 1215. 
Also the Great Charter granted by 

• Henry III. and confirmed by Ed- 
ward I. 

magnanimity (-ni-nim'i-ti), n. great- 
ness of mind; elevation of soul; 
nobility. 

magnanimous (-nan'i-mus), adj. 
great of mind; elevated in soul or 
sentiment; generous; courageous; 
heroic. 

magnate ('nat), n. a person of rank 
or distinction; nobleman. 

magnesia (-ne'shi-§.), n. a white 
tasteless earthy powder, the oxide of 
magnesium. 

magnesium (-um), n. a metallic ele- 
ment, the base of magnesia. 

magnesium light (lit), n. a power- 
ful and brilliant light produced by 
the conbustion of metaUic magne- 
sium. 

magnet .('net),- n. the loadstone; a 
magnetized steel bar. 

magnetic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, 
exhibiting, or produced by, the mag- 
net or magnetism. 

miagnetic poles (polz), n.pl. the two 
points in the north and south polar 
regions where the magnetic needle 
is vertical. 

magnetics (-net'iks), n. the science 
of magnetism. 

magnetism (-izm), n. that property 
possessed by various bodies, as iron 
or steel, of attracting or repelling 
each other according to certain phys- 



ical laws; the science that treats of 
such magnetic phenomena and laws. 

magnetite (mag'net-ite), n. mag- 
netic iron ore; lodestone. 

magnetize ('net-iz), v.t. to communi- 
cate magnetic properties to. 

magneto, a prefix meaning pertain- 
ing to, or caused by, magnetism, as 
ma^ne^o-electricity, electric pheno- 
mena produced by magnetism. 

magnetograph ('o-graf), n. an in- 
strument for registering automatic- 
ally terrestrial magnetism. 

magnetometer (-om'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the intensity 
of magnetic force. 

magnificable (-nif'i-k§,-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of being magnified or extolled. 

magnificence ('i-sens), n. grandeur 
of appearance; splendor; pomp. 

magnificent ('i-sent), adj. grand in 
appearance; splendid; pompous; sub- 
lime. 

magnifico Ci-ko), n. formerly a cour- 
tesy title of the noblemen of Venice; 
the rector of a German university. 

magnifier ('ni-fi-er), n. one who, or 
that w^hich, magnifies. 

magnify ('ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, mag- 
nified, p.pr. magnifying], to make 
great or greater; increase the ap- 
parent dimensions of; glorify or 
extol. 

magniloquent (-nil'o-kwent), adj, 
pompous in style or speech; bom- 
bastic. 

magnitude ('ni-tud), n. comparative 
size or bulk; extent of dimensions 
Gength, breadth, and thickness); 
importance. 

magnolia (-noli-^), n. a handsome 
sweet-scented flowering shrub. 

magnum ('num), n. a large wine 
bottle. 

magpie ('pi), n. sl chattering bird of 
the crow genus. 

maguey (Va or m§--ga'e), n. the 
century plant, a species of agave or 
American aloe. 

Magyar Cyar), adj. pertaining to 
the Hungarian race or language. ^ 

Maharajah (ma-ha-ra'ja), n. the title 



5te, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hutj think, then. 



MAHARMAH 



556 



MAINTAIN 



of certain Hindu princes; literally, 
"great prince/' 

maharmah (mH-har'm^), n. a muslin 
wrap worn by Turkish women over 
the head and across the mouth and 
chin when out of doors. 

mahatma (m^-hat'm§,), n. a priest 
of the inner cult of Buddhism; a 
theosophist of the highest rank. 

Mahdi^ (ma'de), n. a title given to 
certain Mohammedan spiritual lead- 
ers: appHed especially to the last 
great millennial, spiritual or tem- 
poral leader (imam) of the Faithful. 

Mahdism ('dizm), n. the doctrine of 
the coming of the Mahdi. 

Mahdist ('dist), n. one who enter- 
tains the behef that the Mahdi has 
appeared. 

mahl-stick (mawl'stik), n. a stick 
used by painters as a rest for the 
hand while painting. Also maul- 
stick. 

mahogany (m§,-hog'S,-ni), n. a tree 
of tropical America yielding a dark 
reddish-brown wood, used for fur- 
niture; a dining-table. 

Mahomedan or Mahometan* See 
Mohammedan. 

mahoohoo (-hoo'hoo), n. the white 
two-homed rhinoceros of Africa. 

Mahori (ma'ho-re), adj. pertaining to 
the Eastern Polynesian race. 

mahout (m§,-hootO> »• an elephant 
driver or keeper. 

Mahratti (-rat'e), n, the language of 
the Mahrattas, spoken in the Dec- 
can. Also Marathi. 

Mahratta C^), adj. pertaining to 
the Mahrattas, a people inhabiting 
part of West and Central India, or 
to their language. 

maid (mad), n. a young unmarried 
woman; girl; virgin; a female serv- 
ant. 

maiden ('en), n. an unmarried wom- 
an; virgin; girl; a washing machine; 
a kind of guillotine formerly used 
in Scotland; in cricket, an over in 
which no runs are scored: adj, per- 
taining to, or hke, a maiden; pure; 
innocent; unsullied; unused. 



maidenhair (-har), n. a handsome 

and dehcate-leafed fern. 

maidenhead (-hed), n. virginity. 

maidenhood (-hood), n. the state of 
being a maiden. 

maidenliness (li-nes), n. the quaUty 
of being maidenly; modesty. 

maidenly ('h), adj. like, or suitable 
to, a maiden; modest; gentle: adv. 
in a maidenlike manner. 

mail (mal), n. defensive body armor 
of steel, net, or plate-work; govern- 
ment system for conveying letters, 
&c. ; a receptacle for the conveyance 
of letters, &c.; letters, &c., carried 
by post; tribute formerly levied by 
freebooters: v.L to clothe with, or 
as with, mail; post, or send by post, 

mailable C^-bl), adj. admissible by 
post. 

mailed ('d), adj. clad in, or covered 
by, mail; spotted; speckled; posted. 

mail-chute (mar-sh5ot), n. a vertical 
mail tube in hotels and oflBce build- 
ings, to permit the mailing of letters 
on every floor and their collection 
in a single receptacle at the foot of 
the tube. 

mailing-tuhe (maling-tub), n. a 
pasteboard cylinder for maihng 
printed matter or other fragile 
materials. 

mail-order (mal'-or'der), n. a pur- 
chase-order received by mail instead 
of through agents or salesmen. 

maim (mam), v.L to deprive of the 
use of a limb; cripple or mutilate: 
n. an injury to the body by crippling 
or mutilation. 

main (man), adj. chief; principal; 
leading; direct: n. the ocean. 

mainmast (man'm§,st), n. the prin- 
cipal mast of a vessel. 

mainsail (man 'sal), n. the principal 
sail. 

mainsheet ('shet), n. one of the 
ropes by which the mainsail is ex- 
tended and fastened. 

mainstay ('sta), n. the stay extend- 
ing from the foot of the foremast to 
the main-top. 

maintain (-tanO, v.t. to support; 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MAINTENANCE 



557 



MALEVOLENCE 



sustain; defend; vindicate; aflfirm; 
continue. 

maintenance ('te-nans), ^ n. suste- 
nance; support; vindication; cham- 
perty. 

maize (maz), n. Indian com. 

majestic (ma-jes'tik), adj, having 
dignity of person or mien; stately; 
noble; sublime. 

majestically (-il-H), adv. in a ma- 
jestic manner. 

majesty (maj'es-ti), n. [ph majesties 
(-tiz) ], sovereignty; grandeur; no- 
bility; sublimity. 

majolica (ma-jori-M), n, a fine soft 
enameled kind of pottery. 

major (ma'jer), adj. greater in num- 
ber, extent, or quality; greater by 
a semitone [mus.]: n. a military 
officer next in rank above a captain ; 
the first proposition of a. regular 
syllogism in which the major term 
is contained. 

major-domo (-do'mo), n. the stew- 
ard of a household. 

major-general (-jen'er-^-l), n. an 
officer next in rank below a Ueuten- 
ant-general. 

majority (m§.-]or'i-ti), n, [pi. ma- 
jorities (-tiz) ], the state of being 
greater; greater number; more than 
half; full legal age (21); rank, &c., 
of a major. 

major term (ma'jer term), n. that 
terra of a syllogism which forms the 
predicate of the conclusion. 

make (mak), v.t. to create; fashion; 
fabricate; compose; produce or ef- 
fect ; prepare for use ; acquire ; in- 
cur; force; raise to rank or dignity; 
score; keep or hold; arrive near 
or in sight of: v.i. to tend or move; 
have effect; contribute; be active; 
rise or flow: n. shape; construction. 

makeshift (makeshift), n. a tempo- 
rary expedient. 

make-up ('up), n. the general com- 
position of anjrthing; artificial prep- 
aration. 

makeweight ('wat), n, anything 
which is s^ded to make up weight. 

maly a prejir meaning illj evil. Also 



male, as, maZadroit, clumsy; male-' 
volent, malicious, spiteful, &c. 

malachite (maFa-kit), n. native car- 
bonate of copper, of a blue or green 
color. 

maladroit. See imder mal. 

malady ('a-di), n. . [pi. maladies 
(-diz) ], a disease, especially a deep- 
seated or lingering disorder, mental 
or physical. 

malaga ('a-g§,), n. a variety of wine. 

Malagasy ('a-gas-i), n. a native of 
Madagascar; the language of Mada- 
gascar. 

malaise (m§,-laz'), n. a, vague feeling 
of imeasiness, often as the presursor 
of an attack of illness. 

malapert ('a-pert), adj. pert; saucy. 

malapropism ('4-prop-izm) , n. a 
grotesque misuse of fine words: from 
Mrs. Malaprop, in Sheridan's ^'The 
Rivals/' 

malapropos (-ap-ro-po'), adv. unsea- 
sonably. 

malar (mal^r), adj, pertaining to 
the cheek or cheek-bone. 

malaria CmWa'ri-S.), n. noxious ex- 
halations from marshy land, produc- 
ing fevers, <fcc.; disease produced by 
such exhalations or by the bite of 
malaria-infested mosquitoes; chills 
and fever; ague. 

malarial ('ri-^1), adj, pertaining to, 
producing, or infected by, malaria. 

malarious ('ri-us), adj, full of, or 
causing, malaria. 

Malay (-la'), adj. pertaining to the 
inhabitants of Malay, or to their 
language. 

malcontent (mal'kon-tent), adj. dis- 
contented, especially with estab- 
lished authority. 

male (mal), adj. pertaining to the 
sex that begets young; not female; 
bearing stamens; suitable to the 
male sex: n. one of the male sex. 

malediction (mal-e-dik'shun), n. de- 
nunciation of evil; execration; curse. 

malefactor ('e-fak-ter), n. an evil 
doer; criminal. 

malevolence ^ (m§,-lev'o-lens), n. 
spitefulness; ill-will. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MALEVOLENT 



558 



MAMMILLARY 



malevolent. See under mal. 

malfeasance (mal-fe'zans), n, an il- 
legal act or deed. 

malformation (-for-ma'shun), n. 
faulty or abnormal structure of an 
organism. 

malic (ma'lik), adj. derived from 
fruit, especially from the apple. 

malice (mal'is), n. evil intention to 
injure others; deliberate mischief; 
spite. 

malicious (m^-lish'us), adj. bearing 
ill-will or spite; prompted by hatred. 

malign (-lin), v.t. to speak evil of; 
slander: adj. hurtful; pestilential. 

malignancy (-lig'nan-si), n. the state 
of being malignant; virulence. 

malignant ('nant), adj. malicious; 
pernicious; intending or effecting 
evil; virulent. 

maligner (-lin'er), n. one who ma- 
ligns. 

malignity (-lig'ni-ti), n. the state of 
being malignant; maUce; virulence. 

malinger (-ling'ger), v.i. to feign ill- 
ness in order to evade duty. 

malison ('i-zn), n, sl curse; execra- 
tion. 

mall (mawl), n. a large heavy wooden 
mallet or beetle; a pubHc walk 
shaded by trees, originally a place 
where the game of pall-mall was 
played. 

mallard (mal' §,rd), n. a wild duck. 

malleability (-e-i,-biri-ti), n, the 
quality of being malleable. 

malleable ('e-a-bl), adj. capable of 
bein^ extended by hammering or 
rolling. 

malleolar ('e-o-l&r) adj, pertaining 
to the ankle. 

mallet Cet), n. a wooden hammer. 

malleus Ce-us)j n. one of the three 
small auditory bones of the ear. 

mallow Co) n. a plant of the genus 
Malva. Also mallows. 

malmsey (mam'zi), n. a rich variety 
of grape; a strong, full-flavored 
sweet wine. 

mal-nutrition (mal-nu-trish'un), n. 
a state of health in which the food 
is not properly assimilated. 



malpractice (mal-prak'tis), n, evil 
practice; illegal or immoral conduct, 

malt (mawlt)« n. barley or other 
grain steeped in water, fermented, 
and kiln dried for brewing: adj, 
made with malt: v.t. to make into 
malt: v.i. to be converted into malt. 

Maltese (mawFtez), adj. pertaining 
to Malta, or to its inhabitants. 

Malthusian (mal-thti'si-^n), adj. 
pertaining to Malthus, the political 
economist or his theory of dangerous 
overpopulation that • should be 
checked by social restraints. 

mal tine ^ (mawlt'in), n. the fermenta- 
tive principle^ of malt; a medicinal 
preparation in which malt forms 
the chief ingredient. 

malt-liquor (mawlt'lik-er), n. an 
alcoholic liquor made from malt, as 
beer, ale, stout. 

maltose Cos), n. sugar obtained 
from starch by the action of diastase 
or malt. 

maltreat (mal-tret), v.t. to treat ill 
or roughly. 

malversation (-ver-sa'shun), n. 
fraudulent practices, especially those 
committed in an office of trust. 

mama (ma-ma' or ma'ma), n. famil- 
iar name for mother. Also mamma. 

Mamaluke (mam'§,-luk), n. one of a 
body of cavalry constituting the mil- 
itary force of Egypt: destroyed by 
Mehemet Ali (1811). Also Mam- 
eluke. 

mamma (m§<-ma', or ma'm§.), n. a 
family name for mother. 

mammae (mam'e), n.pl. the breasts. 

mammal ('al), n. one of the Mam- 
malia. 

Mammalia (-a'li-§,), n.pl. the highest 
class of the Vertebrata, containing 
those animals which suckle their 
young. 

mammalian ('li-§,n), adj. pertaining 
to the Mammalia. 

mammary Ca-ri), adj. pertaining to 
the breasts. 

mammillary ('il-a-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or resembling, the breast or 
nipples. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MAMMODIS 



559 



MANGE 



mammodis ('mo-dis), n. coarse plain 
Indian muslins. 

mammon ('un), n. wealth; worldly 
gain: from Mammon, the Syrian god 
of riches. 

mammoth ('moth), n. an extinct 
species of huge fossil elephants: adj. 
gigantic. 

man (man), n. [pi. men (men) ], a 
human being.; an adult male of the 
human species ; mankind; male serv- 
ant; vassal; one possessed of man- 
ly attributes; a husband; one of 
the pieces in chess or draughts :^ v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. manned, p.pr. manning], 
to furnish w4th men; guard. 

manacle Ci--kl), n. a handcuff: v,L 
to place handcuffs upon; shackle. 

manage ('aj), v.t. to conduct or car- 
ry on; govern; render docile or trac- 
table; use cautiously; wield: v.i. to 
conduct affairs. 

manageable ('aj-§,-bl), adj. easy to 
be managed; docile. 

management ('aj-ment), n. the act 
or art of managing; control; skill 
in direction; administration. 

manager ('^-jer), n. one who directs 
or conducts anything; a skilful econ- 
omist. 

managerial (-je'ri-^1), adj. pertain- 
ing to a manager or to management. 

manakin ('k-kinjj n. a dwarf. 

manatee (-^-te'), u. the sea-cow. 
Also manati. 

manbote Cbot), n. among the Anglo- 
Saxons, the fine paid for killing a man. 

mandamus (-da'mus) (Latin : we com- 
mand), n. SL writ issued by a superior 
court directing the person or in- 
ferior court to whom it is issued to 
perform some specified act. 

mandarin (-d§,-ren'), n. in China, an 
official or magistrate, of whom there 
are nine classes, each being distin- 
guished by a particular kind of but- 
ton worn on the cap; a variety of 
orange: v.t. to dye (silk, &c.) an 
orange color produced by the action 
of dilute nitric acid on the fiber. 

mandarinate ('at), n. mandarins 
collectively. 



mandarin duck (duk), n. an Asiat- 
ic duck with handsome plumage. 

mandatary ('da-ta-ri), n. s> person 
to whom a mandate is given; one to 
whom the Pope has, by his preroga- 
tive, given a mandate or order for 
his benefice. Also mandatory. 

mandate ('dat), n. an ordei^ com- 
mand; Papal rescript. 

mandatory ('da-to-ri), adj. contain- 
ing a mandate; directory. 

mandible ('di-bl), n. the jaw; in 
vertebrates, the under jaw; in birds, 
both jaws: in insects and crusta- 
ceans, the anterior pair. 

mandolin ('do-lin), n. a musical in- 
strument of the guitar kind. 

mandrake ('drak), n. a plant of the 
nightshade family, with narcotic 
properties. 

mandrel ('drel), n. the shank of a 
lathe on which the work to be turned 
is placed; the revolving arbor of a 
circular saw. Also mandril. 

mandrill ('dril), n. the blue-faced 
baboon of Africa. 

mane (man), n. the long hair on the 
neck of certain quadrupeds, as the 
horse. 

manege (mS,-nazhO, n. the art of 
horsemanship; the training of 
horses; a school for horsemanship. 

manes (ma'nez), n.pl. the shades of 
the departed; the deities of the in- 
fernal regions. 

maneuver, manoeuvre (m^-noo'- 
ver), n. adroit management or opera- 
tion in military or naval affairs; 
skilful or dexterous management; 
stratagem: v.i. to perform maneu- 
vers with troops or war vessels; 
manage with adroitness or address. 

manful (man 'fool), adj. courageous; 
resolute. 

manfully (-li), adv. bravely; reso- 
lutely. 

manganate (mang'g§<-nat), n. a salt 
of manganic acid. 

manganese (-nez), n. a grey-colored^ 
hard and brittle metallic element. 

mange (manj), n. a cutaneous dis- 
ease of dogs, cattle, &c. 



ate arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit} note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MANGER 



500 



MANLY 



manger (man'jer}^ n, a feeding 
trough for horses or cattle. 

mangiiy ('ji-U), adv, in a mangy 
manner. 

manginess ('ji-nes), n, the state of 
being mangy. 

mangle (mang'gl), v.t, to lacerate; 
mutilate; hack; to smooth with a 
mangle: n, a machine for smoothing 
linen. 

mangier (mang'gl er), n. a meat- 
chopping machine; one who man- 
gles. 

mango ('go), n, [pi. mangoes Cgoz) ], 
the fruit of the mango tree. 

mango-fish (-fish), n. a handsome 
yellow-colored edible fish of the 
Ganges. 

mangosteen (-sten), n, a delicious 
fruit of the size of an orange grow- 
ing in Java and the Moluccas. Also 
mangostan. 

mangrove (mang'grov), n. an East 
and West Indian tree yielding an 
edible fruit: its bark is used in 
tanning. 

mangy (man'ji), adj, affected with 
the mange; unkept. 

manhood ('hood), n. human nature; 
manliness. 

mania (ma'ni-§,), n, violent insanity; 
intense excitement; excessive or un- 
reasonable desire- 

maniac ('ni-ak), adj. affected with 
mania: n. a madman. 

manicure (man'i-kur), n. the care of 
the hands, nails, &c. 

.manifest ('i-fest), adj, clear; plain; 

I "apparent: v.i. to make manifest; 
place beyond doubt: n, the invoice 
of a cargo to be exhibited to the cus- 
tom-house officials. 

manifesto (-fes'to), n. \ph manifes- 
toes Ctoz) ], a public declaration 
concerning political measures or in- 
tentions. 

manifold ('i-fold), adj. various in 
kind or quaUty; numerous; multi- 
plied; comphcated: adv, many times: 
v.t. to reduplicate by means of a 
manifold-writer. 

manif older (man'i-fol-der), n. an 



apparatus for dupHcating docu«- 
ments in fac-simile; also the person 
who uses the apparatus. 

manigraphy (ma-nig'ra-fi), n, a dis- 
cription of the various forms of 
mania or insanity. 

manif old- writer (ri'ter), n. an ap- 
paratus for reduplicating a writing 
by means of thin tracing paper. 

manikin ('i-kin), n, a dwarf; a model 
of the human body for anatomical 
study. 

manila, manilla (m§,-nil'i,), n, a 
kind of cheroot manufactured at 
Manila in the Philippine Islands; a 
hemp used for ropes, matting, &c., 
made from the fibers of Musa tex- 
iilisy aUied to the banana. 

manioc (man'i-ok), n. a tropical 
plant from the roots of which 
tapioca and cassava are prepared. 

maniple (man'i-pl), n. a kind of 
scarf worn on the left arm by a 
priest at mass; a company in an 
ancient Roman legion. 

manipulate (m^-nip'u-lat), v.t, to 
operate or work by means of the 
hands; treat; control the action of, 
by management; falsify: v.i, to use 
the hands, especially in scientific 
operations, or mechanical processes. 

manipulation (-la'shun), n. the act 
or process of manipulating; manual 
dexterity; falsification. 

manipulative ('u-la-tiv), adj. per- 
taining to, or performed by, manip- 
ulation. 

manipulator ('ti-la-ter), w. one who 
manipulates. 

manis (ma'nis), n. the scaly ant- 
eater. 

manism (ma'nizm), n, worship of 
the manes or shades of the departed. 

Manitou (man'i-too), n. the Great 
Spirit of the North American In- 
dians. 

manliness (li-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being manly. 

manly ('h), adj, having the charac- 
teristics of a man; courageous; 
noble; dignified; resolute: adv. hke 
a man. 



fite, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



MANNA 



561 



MANX 



manna ('§,), n. a name given by the 
Israelites to the food miraculously 
supplied in the wilderness (Ex. xvi. 
15); the sv^eet laxative juice exuded 
from certain species of ash of South- 
ern Europe. 

manner Cer), n. method; mode of 
action; habit; custom; sort; mien; 
aspect; style; fashion: pL deport- 
ment; morals; behavior. 

nxannerism (-izm), n. a peculiarity 
of style, action, or bearing, especial- 
ly if constrained or affected. 

mannerist (-ist), n. one who carries 
characteristic pecuharities to excess. 

mannerly (-li), adj. poUte; com- 
plaisant; respectful: adv, pohtely; 
respectfully. 

mannish ('ish), adj. masculine. 

manoepjivre (m^-noo'ver). See maneu- 
ver 

man-of-war (man-of-wawr), n. [pL 
men-of-war], a large ship of war. 

manometer (ma-nom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for determining the den- 
sity of the air or other gas from its 
elastic force. 

manor (man'er), n. the district over 
which a feudal lord held authority, 
and subject to the jurisdiction of his 
court-baron ; the land belonging to a 
lord, or so much as he formerly re- 
served for his own use; a tract of 
land occupied by tenants who pay a 
fee-farm rent to the owner. 

manorial (mi,-no'ri-§,l), adj. pertain- 
ing to a manor. 

mansard roof (man 'sard roof), n. 
a roof which has on all sides two 
slopes, the lower being steeper than 
the upper. 

manse (mans), n. the residence of 
a Presbyterian parochial minister 
[Scotch]. 

mansion (man'shun), n. a large 
dwelHng house. 

manslaughter ('slaw-ter), n. the un- 
lawful kiUing of a human being, but 
without mahce or premeditation. 

mantel ('tel), n. a narrow ornamental 
slab above a fireplace. Also mantel- 
piece. 



mantelet (-et), n. a kind of movable 
parapet for the protection of the 
besiegers; a small mantel; a besieging 
party, xilso mantlet. 

mantilla (-tiFa), n. a lady's light 
cloak or hood. 

mantle (man'tl), n. a loose cloak or 
cape; the external fold of the skin 
of thfi body of mollusks; a conical 
net-work that becomes incandescent 
when heated: used over a gas jet, 
&c., to increase the brilliancy of the 
light: v.t. to cover with, or as with, 
a mantle; conceal: v.i, expand or 
spread out. 

mantua-maker ('tti-^ma'ker), n, a 
dress-maker. 

manual ('u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or performed by, the hands: n. a 
handy compendium; the service book 
of the Roman Cathohc Church; the 
keyboard of an organ or harmonium. 

manufactory (-fak'to-ri), n. [pi. 
manufactories (-riz)], the place where 
goods are manufactured. 

manufacture ('ttir), v.t. to make or 
fabricate from raw materials; pro- 
duce artificially: v.i. to be occupied 
in manufactures: n. the conversion 
of raw materials into articles for 
use; the thing manufactured. 

manufacturing^ (-ing), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or used in, manufacture. 

manumission (-u-mish'un), n. the 
act of liberating from slavery; 
emancipation. 

manumit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
manumitted, p.pr. manumitting], to 
set free from slavery. 

manure (m4-nur'), n. any fertilizing 
substance used for enriching the 
soil: v.t. to enrich with fertilizing 
substances. 

manus (ma'nus), n. the hand. 

manuscript (man'u-skript), adj. 
written: n. a book or paper written 
by hand. 

manutype (man'u-tip), n. hand- 
printed matter in which the letters 
are separately impressed: v.t, to 
print by hand. 

Manx (mangks), adj. pertaining to 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



MANY 



562 



MARINE 



the Isle of Man, to its inhabitants, 
or to the old language of the island. 

many (men'i), adj. [comp, more, 
superl. most], numerous; consisting 
of a great number: n, a great num- 
ber; multitude; people. 

Maori (ma'o-ri, or mou'ri), adj. per- 
taining to the Maoris, or aborigines 
of New Zealand, or to their lan- 
guage. 

map (map), n. sl representation of 
the earth or some portion of it on 
a plane surface; a representation 
of the heavens: y.t. [p.t. & p.p. map- 
ped, p.pr. mapping], to delineate or 
lay down in a map; describe clearly; 
sketch or plan. 

maple (ma'pl), n. a tree of several 
species of the genus Acer, from one 
of which the rock-maple sugar is 
extracted. 

mar (mar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. marred, 
p.pr, marring], to disfigure; injure; 
damage: n. a blemish or disfigure- 
ment; injury. 

marabou (mar'^-boo), n. a large Af- 
rican stork, with handsome feath- 
ers. 

marabout (mar'§,-bo6t), n. a Mo- 
hammedan saint, who professes to 
cure diseases by supernatural power. 

marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. atrophy. 

Marathon (mar'a-thon), n. in ath- 
letics, a long distance race. 

maraud (-rawd'), v.i. to rove in 
search of plunder. 

marble (mar'bl), n. a hard lime- 
stone of various colors capable of 
taking a fine polish; anything re- 
sembling marble; a small ball of 
marble or stone: adj. made of, or 
like, marble; cold; hard; unfeeling: 
v.t. to stain or vein like marble. 

March (march), n. the third month 
of the year. 

march (march), n. a regular, meas- 
ured walk, especially of soldiers; 
steady onward movement ; a musical 
composition for the accompaniment 
of troops; frontier; borderland: v.t. 
to cause to move in a regular meas- 
ured walk, as troops: v.i. to move 



with regular steps, or in military 
form. 

marchioness (mar'shun-es), n. the 
wife or widow of a marquis. 

marconigram (mar-ko'ni-gram), n. 
a message sent by Marconi's system 
of wireless telegraphy. 

Mardi Gras (mar'de gra), n. Shrove 
Tuesday, the last day of Carnival. 

mare (mar), n. the female of the 
horse. 

mare's-nest (marz'nest), n. some 
fancied discovery which proves to be 
a hoax. 

mare's-tail ('tal), n. an aquatic 
plant of the genus Hippuris; a cir- 
rus cloud. 

margarine (mar'ga-rin) , n. artificial 
butter. 

margin ('jin), n. border; the part of 
a page at the edge, not printed 
upon; reserved amount; latitude: 
v.t. to turnish with a margin; enter 
on the margin of a page. 

marginal (-al), adj, pertaining to, or 
placed on, a margin. 

marginalia (-ji-na'li-§,), n.pl. mar- 
ginal notes. 

marginate ('jin-at), adj. having a 
margin. Also marginated. 

margosa (-go'sa), n. an East Indian 
tree yielding a valuable oil and tonic 
bark. 

margot ('got), n. a variety of perch. 

margravate ('gra-vat), n. the do- 
main or jurisdiction of a margrave. 

margrave ('grav), n. a German title 
of nobility. Fern, margravine. 

mariculture (ma'ri-kul-tur), n. de- 
velopment of the resources of the 
sea, particularly with reference to 
food supplies. 

marigold (mar'i-gold), n. a plant 
wit^ showy yellow flowers of various 
genera. 

marine (m§,-renO, adj. pertaining to, 
living in, or formed by, the sea; 
naval; near to the sea; used at sea: 
n. a soldier who serves on a war- 
ship; the navy of a nation; naval 
affairs; collective shipping of a 
country. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



MARINER 



563 



MARRY 



mariner (mar'i-ner), n. a sailor. 

marionette (mar-i-o-net'), n, a pup- 
pet moved by strings. 

marital ('i-tl,l), adj pertaining to 
marriage. 

maritime ('i-tim), adj. pertaining to, 
connected with, or bordering upon, 
the sea; naval. 

marjoram (mar'jo-ram), n. a genus 
of aromatic plants, containing the 
sweet marjoram. 

mark (mark), n. a visible sign by a 
which anything is known; impres- 
sion; evidence; target; a character 
made as a substitute for writing; 
an old Scotch coin = 273^ cents; a 
current German coin and monetary 
unit = 243^ cents; a former Euro- 
pean unit of weight = about 8 
ounces: v.t, to make a mark upon; 
notify by, or as by, a sign; distin- 
guish; take notice of; single out: 
v,i. to observe critically; take note. 

markedly ('ed-h), adv, distinctly; 
pubHcly. 

marker ('er), n, one who, or that 
which, marks; a counter in card- 
playing; one who registers the score 
at biUiards. 

market (marliet), n. a pubUc place 
for the sale or purchase of commodi- 
ties; market place; rate or price; 
v.i. to deal in a market; buy or sell. 

marking Cing), adj. having the qual- 
ity tc produce a mark: n. the mark 
made; arrangement of marks or col- 
oring. 

marksman (marks'm^n), n. [pi. 
marksmen ('men) ], one skilful in 
shooting. 

marl (marl), n. calcareous earth min- 
gled with clay and carbonate of 
lime; used as a manure: v.t. to ma- 
nure with marl; to wind with mar- 
Hnes. 

marline (mar'hn), n. a two-stranded 
cord used for winding round ropes, 
splicing, &c. 

marline-spike (-spik), n. a pointed 
piece of iron used for opening the 
strands of a rope in sphcing. Also 
mariing-spike. 



marling Cling), n. the act of winding 
with marlines. 

marly (^h), adj, containing, or like, 
marl. 

marmalade ('ma-lad), n. a confec- 
tion made of oranges or other fruit. 

marmose ('mos), n. a species of small 
opossum. 

marmoset ('mo-zet), n. a species 
of small American monkey. 

marmot ('mot), n. the Alpine rat; 
prairie dog. 

maroon (ma-roon'), n. formerly a fu- 
gitive slave in the West Indies; one 
who is marooned: v.t. to place and 
abandon on a desert island : adj, of a 
brownish-crimson color. 

marplot (mar'plot), n. one who frus- 
trates some plan by his officious in- 
terference. 

marque (mark), n. a license granted 
by a state to a private vessel to 
make reprisals at sea on the ships of 
another nation. 

marquetry ('ket-ri), n. inlaid work. 

marquis ('kwis), n. a nobleman rank- 
ing next below a duke. Also mar- 
quess. Feminine marchioness.^ 

marquisate (-at),^ n. the seigniory, 
dignity, or lordship of a marquis. 

marriage (mar'aj), n. the act of le- 
gally uniting a man and woman in 
wedlock; marriage ceremony. 

marriageability (-^-biri-ti), n. the 
state of being marriageable. 

marriageable ('aj-§.-bl), adj, fit, or 
of an age, to be married. 

married ('id), p.adj. united in wed-, 
lock; conjugal. 

marrow ('0), n. the medulla or oily 
tissue which fills the cavities of 
bones; the essence of anything; a 
vegetable marrow. 

marrow-bone (-bon), n a bone con- 
taining marrow: pi. the knees. 

marrow-fat (-fat), n. a late variety 
of pea. 

marry ('i), v.t. [p.t, &p.p. married, 
p.pr, marrying], to unite as husband 
and wife; wed: v.i. to enter into the 
state of wedlock: ijiterj. By IMary! 

' forsooth! 



ate, arm, i^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue^ hut; thinks then. 



MARS 



564 



MASON 



Mars (marz), n. one of the planets: 
from the Roman god of war. 

Marseillaise (mar-se-lya'), adj. per- 
taining to Marseilles or to its in- 
habitants: n, national anthem of 
the first French Revolution: com- 
posed by Rouget de Fisle, 1792. 

marseilles (-salz'), n, a double cloth 
fabric, quilted in the loom. 

marsh (marsh), n, a swampy tract of 
land. 

marshal (marshal), n, an official of 
high rank who superintends and 
regulates state ceremonies; a pur- 
suivant; in^ the French army, the 
highest mihtary officer; a sheriff: 
v.L to arrrange or dispose in order. 

marshiness ('shi-nes), n, the state of 
being marshy. 

marshy ('shi), adj. swampy; grow- 
ing in marshes. 

marsupial (-su'pi-§,l), adj. pertain- 
ing to the Marsupialia: n. one of the 
Marsupialia. 

Marsupialia (-pi-ali-a), n.pl. a sub- 
class of mammals that carry their 
young in a marsupium or external 
pouch, as the opossum and kangaroo. 

mart (mart), n, a market; purchase 
and sale. 

martagon ('tS,-gon), n, a variety of 
lily with purple-red flowers; the 
Turk's cap. 

marten ('ten), n. a small carnivorous 
animal of the weasel kind. 

martial ('sh&l), adj, pertaining to, 
or adapted for, war; military. 

martial law (law), n. a code of reg- 
ulations enforced by the military 
power and applicable to civilians in 
time of war, insurrection, &c. 

martially ('Li), adv. in a martial 
manner. 

martian (mar'sh§,n), n, a supposi- 
tious inhabitant of the planet Mars. 

martin ('tin), n. one of several spe- 
cies of birds allied to the swallow. 

martinet (-et), n. a strict disciplin- 
arian: pi. small lines fastened to the 
leech of a sail. 

martingale (-gal), n. a broad strap 
passing from the nose-band to the 



girth of a horse, between its fore 
legs, to keep its head down; a lowei 
stay for the jib-boom or flying jib- 
boom; 

martyr ('ter), n. one who testifies by 
his death to his faith or principles; 
one who suffers acutely: v.t. to put 
to death for adherence to some be- 
lief, especially Christianity; perse- 
cute; torture; destroy. 

martyrdom (-dum), n. the death or 
sufferings of a martyr. 

martyrologist (-ol'o-jist), n. a writ- 
er of martyrology. 

martyrology (-ol'o-ji), n. a register 
or history of martyrs. 

marvel ('vel), n. something extraor- 
dinary and astonishing; a prodigy: 
v.i. to be struck with astonishment; 
wonder. 

marvelous (-us), adj. exciting wonder; 
incredible. 

mascle (mas'kl), n. a lozenge-shaped 
scale of a coat of armor; in her- 
aldry, a lozenge perforated. 

mascot ('kot), n. a person or thing 
that brings good fortune. Feminine 
mascotte [French] . 

masculine ('ku-lin), adj. pertaining 
to, having the qualities of, or suita- 
ble for, a man; manly; powerful; 
robust; coarse; noting the male gen- 
der in grammar. 

mash (mash), n. a soft or pulpy 
mass; a mixture of bran and water 
for horses; bruised malt, &c., steeped 
in hot water for making wort: v.t. 
to mix with hot water (,as malt) 
in brewing; convert into a mash or 
soft pulpy state; to inspire love in.^ 

masher ('er), n. one who imperti- 
nently endeavors to make himself 
attractive to, or engage the attention 
of, women. 

mask (mi,sk), n. a cover or partial 
cover to conceal the face ; pretext or 
subterfuge; a masquerade: v.L to 
conceal with, or as with, a mask; 
cover or hold in check: v.i. to take 
part in a masquerade; be disguised. 

mason (ma'sn), n, a builder in stone; 
a Freemason. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo6n, 
book; hue, hut; think, if/ien. 



MASONIC 



565 



MATCH 



Masonic (-son'ik), adj, pertaining to 
Freemasons or to their craft. 

masonry ('sn-ri), n. the art or occu- 
pation of a mason; materials used 
by masons; Freemasonry. 

masque (mask), n. a masquerade. 

masquerade (mas-ker'ad), n, a ball 
or festive gathering where masks are 
worn; a disguise: v.t, to cover with 
a mask or disguise: v.i, to take part 
in a masquerade. 

mass (mas), n. a large quantity; 
lump; body of things collectively; 
the celebration of the Eucharist in 
the Roman Catholic Church; a mu- 
sical setting for certain parts of such 
a celebration: pi, common people 
(with the)\ v.t. & v.i. to collect into 
a mass or body. 

massacre ('a-ker), n. indiscriminate 
slaughter with unnecessary cruelty: 
v.t. to slaughter indiscriminately 
with unnecessary cruelty. 

massage ('aj or m^-sazh'), n. a method 
of medical treatment by rubbing 
or kneading the body. 

masseter ('e-ter), n. the short thick 
muscle that raises the lower jaw. 

masseur (m§,-ser'), n. one who per- 
forms the operation of massage. 
Feminine masseuse [French]. 

massicot (mas'i-kot), n. yellow oxide 
of lead. 

massive ('iv) , - adj . weighty ; heavy ; 
bulk^'; imperfectly and irregularly 
crystallized. 

massively (-H), adv. in a mass. 

massiveness (-nes), n. the state or 
quaUty of being massive. 

massy ('i), adj. massive. 

mast (mast), n. a long round piece of 
timber or iron tube, either entire, or 
formed of parts, raised vertically on 
the keel of a vessel to support the 
sails; the fruit of the oak and the 
beech. 

masted ('ed), adj. furnished with a 
mast. 

masthead ('hed), n. the top part of 
a mast: v.t. to send to the masthead 
as a nautical punishment. 

master Cer), n. one who rules or 



commands others; director; em- 
ployer; owner; head of a household, 
college, school, &c.: an expert; com- 
mander of a merchant-vessel; a uni- 
versity degree; appellation given to 
boys; a legal title: adj. pertaining 
to a master; chief: v.t. to subdue or 
overcome: v.i. excel. 

mastery (-i), n. dominion; preemi- 
nence; eminent skill. 

mastic (mas'tik), n. a resin obtained 
from the mastic tree: used aa a 
varnish. 

masticable ('ti-k^-bl) , adj. capable of 
being masticated. 

masticate ('ti-kat), v.t. to grind with 
the teeth; chew. 

mastication (-ka'shun), n. the act 
of masticating; chewing. 

masticator Cter), n. one who, or 
that which, masticates; a machine 
for mincing meat or cutting leather, 
&c., into small pieces. 

masticatory ('i-ka-to-ri), adj. adapt- 
ed for chewing. 

mastiff (m^'tif), n. a large variety 
of dog. 

mastodon (mas'to-don), n. an extinct 
genus of mammals, allied to the ele- 
phant. 

mastoid ('toid) , od!/. breast-like. 

mast-step (mS^t'step), n. in the 
building of ships or yachts, the step 
or support on which the mast rests. 

masturbation (-ter-ba'shun), n. seK- 
pollution. 

mat (mat), n. a texture of various 
fibrous materials, used for cleansing 
the feet, &c.; a web of rope-yard; 
an ornamental article on which to 
place things at table: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. matted, p.yr. matting], to cover 
vdih. mats; entangle or interweave. 

matador (ma-ta-dor'), n. the man 
who kills the bull in a bull-fight ; one 
of the three principal cards at omber 
and quadrille. Also madadore. 

match (mach), n. anything that read- 
ily ignites; a lucifer; anything w^hich 
agrees with or suits another thing; 
an equal; game or contest; mar- 

' riage; one to be gained in marriage: 



ate, arm, dsk, at, awl; me, mSrge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



MATCHBOARD 



666 



MATRON 



v,t to be equal to; set against or 
oppose as an equal: v.i, to agree 
with. 

matchboard ('bord), n. a thin plank 
used for wainscoting, &c. 

matchlock (lok), n. an old kind of 
musket. 

matchmaker ('mak-er), n. one who 
seeks to arrange marriages. 

mate (mat), n, a companion or asso- 
ciate; an equal; the male and female 
of animals associated for propaga- 
tion; an officer in the merchant serv- 
ice ranking below the captain; check- 
mate: v.L to match; be equal to; 
marry. 

mate (ma'ta), n. a tea made of the 
dried leaves of Braxilian holly: used 
largely in South America. 

matelote (mat'e-lot), n. a dish com- 
posed of various kinds of fish. 

mater (ma'ter), n. (Latin a mother) 
one of the two membranes (dura 
mater f pia mater) covering the brain. 

materfamilias (-fa-miri-as), n, the 
mistress of a family or household. 

material ('ri-al), adj. consisting of 
matter; not spiritual; corporeal; 
essential: n, the substance of which 
anything is made. 

materialism (-izm), n, the doctrine 
that all spiritual phenomena are the 
result of organized matter. 

materialize (-iz), v.t. to invest with 
material characteristics. 

materialist (-ist), n. one who holds 
the doctrine of materialism. 

materialistic ^ (-is'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to materialism. 

materiality (-ari-ti), n. material ex- 
istence. 

materially ('i-M-li), adv, essentially. 

materia medica (ma-te'ri-a med'i- 
ka), n. the science which treats of 
the substances used in medicine. 

materiel (-ta-re-aF), ^. the baggage, 
munitions, provisions of an army, 
&c. 

maternal (-ter'n§.l), adj. motherly. 

maternally (-li), adv. like a mother. 

maternity ('ni-ti), n. the character 
or relationship of a mother. 



math (math), n. a mowing. 

mathematical (-e-mat'ik-§,l), adj, 
pertaining to, or performed by, 
mathematics; theoretically precise. 
Also mathematics. 

mathematically (-li), adv. by math- 
ematics. 

mathematician (-m§,-tish'an) , n. one 
who is skilled in mathematics. 

mathematics (-mat'iks), n. the sci- 
ence of number and space. 

matico (ma-te'ko), n. a Peruvian 
plant, whose leaves are used as a 
powerful styptic. 

matin (mat'in), adj. pertaining to the 
morning or to matins: n.pl. morning 
prayer; in the Roman CathoUc 
Church the first canonical hour. 

matinee (-i-na' or m^-te-naO, n. a 
reception or musical or dramatic per- 
formance held in the daytime. 

matricidal (mat'ri-si-di,l), adj. per- 
taining to matricide. 

matricide ('ri-sid), n. the murder of 
a mother by a son or daughter; one 
who murders one's mother. 

matriculate (ma-trik'u-lat), v.t. to 
admit to the membership of a college 
or university by entering one's name 
in a register: v.i, to be admitted as 
a member or student of a college, &c. 

matriculation (-la'shun), n. the act 
of registering and admitting as a 
matriculated student. 

matrimonial (mat-ri-mo'ni-M) , adj. 
pertaining to marriage; nuptial; 
connubial. 

matrimonially (-li), adv. in a mat- 
rimonial relation. 

matrimony ('ri-mo-ni), n. marriage. 

matrix (ma'triks), n. [pi. matrices 
(mat'ri-sez) ], the womb; the cavity 
in which anything is formed or cast; 
a mold ; the rock in which a fossil or 
mineral is embedded; the five col- 
ors (black, white, blue, red, yellow) 
from which all others are formed in 
dyeing. 

matron (ma'tron), n. a married 
woman, especially one who has 
borne children; the lady superin- 
tendent of a hospital or institution. 



ate, arm, i,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut: think, then. 



MATRONAGE 



567 



MAZURKA 



matronage (-aj), n. matrons collec- 
tively. 

matronal ('tron-al), adj, pertaining 
to, or suitable for, a matron. 

matronly (-li), adv. matron-like; el- 
derly; sedately. 

matronymic (mat-ro-nim'ik), n. a 
man's or woman's name derived from 
that of a mother. 

matte (mat), n, metal imperfectly 
reduced. 

matted ('ed), adj. covered with a 
mat; closely tangled together. 

matter Cer), n. that which occupies 
space, and is perceptible by the 
senses; body; substance; thing of 
importance; business; event; in- 
definite amount; pus; set-up type: 
v.i. to signify; be of importance. 

matties ('iz), n.-pl. Scotch herrings 
of moderate size with small milts 
and roes. 

matting ('ing), n. mats collectively; 
material for mats; ornamental mat- 
work. 

mattock ('ok), n. a pickaxe having 
one of its ends flat. 

mattress ('res), n. a quilted hair- or 
straw- stuffed bed; a spring mat- 
tress; a mat made of trees or shrubs. 

maturation (-u-ra'shun), ?i. the process 
of ripening or coming to maturity. 

mature (mi-tur), adj. [comparative 
maturer, superlative maturest], ripe; 
full-grown; ready for application or 
use: v.t. to bring or hasten to ma- 
turity: v.i. to become ripe. 

maturely (-li), adv. in a mature 
manner. 

maturity ('i-ti), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being mature; ripeness; full 
development. 

matutinal (ma-tu'ti-nal). adj. per- 
taining to the morning; early. 

matzoth (mat'zo), n. an unleavened 
bread eaten by the Jews on the 
feast of the Passover. 

maud (mawd), n. a grey-striped 
Scotch plaid. 

maudlin ('lin), adj. easily moved to 
tears; weakly and foolishly senti- 
mental. 



maugre (maw'ger), prep, in spite of. 

maul (mawi), n. a large wooden ham- 
mer: v.t. to wound or bruise in a 
rough manner. 

maul-stick. Same as mahl-stick. 

mauser-rifle (mou'zer-ri'fl), n. a 
military rifle of German make. 

mausoleum (maw-so-le'um), n. a 
stately tomb or monument, especial- 
ly that of Alausoius, King of Caria, 
erected by his widow iVrtemisia. 

mauve (mov), n, a soft lilac or pur- 
ple color. 

mavis (ma'vis), n- the song-thrush. 

maw (maw), n. the stomach of ani- 
mals; the craw of a bird. 

mawkish (mawk'ish), adj, loath- 
some; afifectedly sentimental. 

maxilla (maks'il-a), n. [pi, maxillae 
-e) ], the upper jawbone. 

maxillary ('il-i-ri), adj. pertaining 
to the jaw or jawbone. 

maxilliform ('i-form), adj, shaped 
hke the cheek or jawbone. 

maxim ('im), n. an established prin- 
ciple or truth; proverb; aphorism. 

maximite (maks'im-!t), n. an explo- 
sive invented by Hiram Maxim. 

maximum ('i-mum), n. the greatest 
number, quantity, or degree, attain- 
able. 

maxixe (maks-isch'), n. an elaborate 
dance of recent introduction. 

May (ma), n. the fifth month of the 
year. 

may, n. the English hawthorn. 

may, v. aux. [pt, might (-mit) ], to 
be able; be allowed. 

mayhem (ma'hem), n. an unlawful 
attack on a person which results in 
mutilation or maiming. 

mayor (ma'er), n. the chief magis- 
trate of a city or borough. Feminine 
mayoress. 

mayoralty (-al-ti), n. the office, or 
term of office, of a mayor. 

Maypole Cpol), n. a pole around 
which May festivities are held. 

maze (maz), n. bewilderment; a laby- 
rinth: v.t. to bewilder. 

mazily ('i-li), adv. in a mazy manner. 

rnazurka (ma-zer'ka), 7i. a lively 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north,, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 37 



MAZY 



668 



MEDALLIST 



Polish dance; music set to such a 
dance. Also mazourka. 

mazy (maz'i), adj. intricate; bewil- 
dering; winding. 

mead (med), n, a fermented liquor of 
honey, water, and spices; a meadow 
[poet.]. 

meadow (med'o), n, a tract of rich 
pasture land; land yielding hay; low 
grass land by the banks of rivers. 

meadowy (-i), adj. containing mead- 
ows. 

meager (me'ger), adj. thin; scanty; 
poor; barren; lean; weak. 

meagerly (-li), adv. thinly; poorly. 

meal (mel), n. edible ground grain; a 
repast. 

mealy ('i), adj. consisting of, sprin- 
kled with, or having the qualities of, 
meal. 

mealy-mouthed (-mou^Ad), adj. us- 
ing soft words; unwilling to tell the 
truth in plain words, 

mean (men), adj. [comparative mean- 
er, superlative meanest], wanting in 
dignity or honor; vulgar; inferior; 
insignificant ; humble ; ^ sordid ; 
stingy; middle; not excessive: n. 
the middle point, quantity, value, or 
degree; average: pi. resources; 
property; y.t. [p.t. & p.p. meant, 
p.pr. meaning], to have in the mind 
or intention; signify: v.i. to have 
an intention. 

meander (me-an'der), v.t. to wind or 
flow round: v.i. to have a winding 
course; be intricate. 

meaning (men'ing), n. intention; 
sense. 

meant, p.t. & p.p. of mean. 

meantime ('tim), adv. in the inter- 
vening time. Also meanwhile. 

measles (me'zlz), n. an infectious 
disease characterized by fever and 
small red spots on the skin; a dis- 
ease of swine and of trees. 

measurable^ (mezh'er-§--bl), adj. ca- 
pable of being measured. 

measurably (-^-bli), adv. in a meas- 
urable manner; in a Umited degree. 

measure Cer), n. the standard by 
which the volume or extent of any- 



thing is compared; extent or dimen- 
sions of a thing; proportion; a di- 
visor leaving no remainder; an in- 
strument for measuring; musical 
time; meter; law or statute: pi. 
strata or beds: v.t. to ascertain the 
extent, size, or volume of; mark out; 
estimate; allot; determine by rule 
or standard: v.i. to take measure- 
ments; be equal or uniform. 

measured ('erd), adj. determined by 
a standard; uniform; steady; mod- 
erated. 

measurement ('er-ment), n. the act 
of measuring; quantity ascertained 
by measuring; size; area; capacity. 

meat (met), n. animal food. 

mechanic (me-kan'ik), n. a skilled 
workman: pi. the science of the laws 
of matter and motion, especially the 
science of machinery. 

mechanical (-al), adj. pertaining to 
the principles of mechanics; pertain- 
ing to, or produced by, machines or 
machinery; done automatically, as 
from force of habit. 

mechanically (-li), adv. in a me- 
chanical manner. 

mechanical powers (pow'erz), n.pl. 
powers obtained by the application 
of a small force, viz., the lever, in- 
clined plane, wheel and axle, screw, 
pulley, and wedge. 

mechanician (mek-i,-nish'^n), n. one 
skilled in mechanics or machinery. 

mechanism ('^-nizm), n. parts of a 
machine; mechanical construction. 

mechanotherapy (mek'a-no-ther'a- 
pi), n. the treatment of disease by 
mechanical means. 

medal (med'M),^ n. a coin-shaped 
piece of metal impressed with -a, de- 
vice or inscription to commemorate 
some event, distinguished person, &c. 

medallic (me-dal'ik), adj. pertaining 
to medals. 

medallion ('yun), n. a large antique 
medal; a round or oval tablet with 
figures in bas-relief. 

medallist (med'41-ist), n. an engraver 
of medals; one who has gained a 
medal as a reward or prize. 



ate, arm, §-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut; think, then. 



MEDAL-PLAY 



569 



MEER 



medal-pIay (med'al-pla), n. in golf a 
play in which the score takes ac- 
count of the total number of strokes, 
and not of the winning of individual 
holes. 

meddle (medl), v.i, to interpose or 
interfere officiously. 

meddler ('ier), n. an officious per- 
son; busybody. 

meddlesome (1-sum), adj. officiously 
intrusive. 

mediaeval. Same as medieval. 

median (me'di-an), adj, pertaining 
to, or connected with, the middle of 
anything. 

mediate (-at), v.L to interpose as a 
mutual friend between parties to 
effect a reconciliation. 

mediation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
mediating; reconciliation. 

mediator ('di-a-ter), n. one who 
mediates; an intercessor. 

mediatorial (-S,-to'ri-al) , adj. per- 
taining to a mediator or mediation; 
intercessory. Also mediatory. 

mediatorially (-li), adj. by mediation. 

medical (med'i-k§,l), adj. pertaining 
to, or connected with, medicine. 

medically (-li), adv. according to 
medical rules. 

medicament ('i-M,-ment) , n. a medi- 
cine or healing application. 

medicate ('i-kat), v.t. to impregnate 
or tincture with anything medicinal. 

medicinal (me-dis'i-n§,l), adj. having 
the properties of, or used in, medi- 
cine. 

medicinally (-M-Ii), adv. medically. 

medicine (medl-sin), n. the science 
which relates to the treatment and 
alleviation of disease; a specific for 
the cure of disease. 

medicine-man (-m§.n), n. among 
certain tribes, as the North Ameri- 
can Indians, a conjurer who pro- 
fesses to drive away evil spirits or 
disease by magical arts. 

medieval (me-di-e'vil), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characteristic of, the Mid- 
dle Ages (8th-15th centuries A.D.), 
Also mediaeval.^ 

medievalism (-izm), n, the spirit, 



especially in religion and art, char- 
acteristic of the Middle Ages. 

mediocre (me'di-o-ker), adj, of me- 
dium excellence; ordinary. 

mediocrity (-ok'ri-ti), n. of moder- 
ate degree; a person of ordinary 
abilities. 

meditate (med'i-tat), v.i. to muse or 
ponder; think abstractedly: v.t. to 
think upon; design; purpose. 

meditation (-ta'shun), n. the act of 
meditating; deep thought. 

meditative ^ Ci-ta-tiv), adj. disposed 
to meditation. 

meditatively (-li), adv. with medi- 
tation, 

meditativeness (-nes), n. the state 
or quahty of being meditative. 

medium (me'di-um), n. [pi. media, 
mediums (-^, -umz) ], a mean; any- 
thing intervening; agency; space or 
substance in which bodies exist or 
move; a size of paper 24 x 19 inches: 
middle term of a syllogism;^ a per- 
son through whom communications 
from the spirit world are conveyed; 
the liquid vehicle with which dry pig- 
ments are ground. 

medley ('li), n. mixture or confused 
mass of different ingredients. 

medulla (me-dul'a), n. the marrow 
of bones; pith of plants. 

medullary ('a-ri), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or like, marrow or 
medulla. 

meduUin (-durin), n. a variety of 
cellulose found in the pith of certain 
plants. 

Medusa ^ (me-du's^), n. [pi. medusae 
('se) ], in classical mythology, one of 
the three Gorgons whose fine hair 
was changed into snakes, and whose 
glance changed into stone all who 
looked on her. 

medusa, n. the sea-nettle or jelly-fish. 

meed (med), n. recompense; reward. 

meek (mek), adj. [coraparaiive meek- 
er, superlative meekest], gentle; sub- 
missive; yielding; mild of temper; 
humble; patient. 

meer (mer), n. a boundary or divi- 
sion. Also mere. 



ate, arm, §£k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MEERSCHAUM 



570 



MEMBRANE 



meerschaum ('sjium), n. a claylike 
silicate of magnesia from which 
pipebowls are made; a pipe of this 
material. 

meet (met), v,L [p,t. & p.p. met, p.pr. 
meeting], to come up to from a dif- 
ferent direction; confront; encoun- 
ter; fall m with; receive; satisfy; 
come upon; answer: vd. to assem- 
ble; be imited: n. a meeting of 
huntsmen;^ the place of meeting: 
adj. fit; suitable; appropriate. 

meeting ('ing), n, an assembling or 
coming together; junction; a con- 
gregation. 

tnegf a prefix meaning great, power* 
ful. Also mega, megalo, as mega* 
cephalous: adj. having a large head. 

megohm ('om), ti. 1,000,000 ohms: 
a measure of electrical resistance. 

megrim (me'grim), n. a sick or neu- 
ralgic headache, usually on one side 
of the head: pL vertigo in a horse. 

melancholia (mel-an-ko'h-S.), n. a 
form of insanity characterized by 
great depression of spirits. 

melancholic (-korik), adj. affected 
with melancholy; depressed in spir- 
its; dejected. 

melancholy ('§,n-kol-i), n. great de- 
pression of spirits; melanchoha: adj, 
depressed in spirits; hypochondriac. 

melange (ma-Iangzh'), n. a confused 
mixture; medley [French]. 

melanin (meFa-nin), n. the black 
pigment cells of the eye and skin. 

melanite ('^n-it), n. a black variety 
of garnet. 

melanism ('an-izm), n. excess of the 
coloring pigment in the skin. 

melanotrichous (mel-a-not'ri-kus) , 
adj. having black hair. 

meld (meld), n. in the card game of 
penuchle, the announcement of a 
counting combination, or in card 
games in general, a declaration: 
v.L to announce or declare in pe- 
nuchle or other card games. 

melee (ma-la'), n. a hand-to-hand 
conflict; scuffle; affray. 

melinite (meFin-it), n. a powerful 
explosive. 



melilot ('i-lot), n. a species of sweet- 
scented trefoil or clover. 

meliorate (mel'yo-rat), v.U to im- 
prove or make better. 

melioration (-ra'shun), n. improve- 
ment. 

mellifluent (mel-if 'flti-ent) , adj. 
smooth; sweetly flowing. Also mel- 
hfluous. 

melligenous (-ij'e-nus), adj. having 
the quahties of, or producing, honey. 

mellow ('o), adj. fully ripe; not hard, • 
harsh, or rigid; half tipsy. 

mellowy (-i), adj. soft; unctuous; 
, loamy. 

melodeon (me-lo'de-on), n. a small 
reed organ; a music hall. 

melodious ('di-us), adj. full of, or 
produced by, melody; musical. 

melodist ('dist), n. a composer of 
melodies. 

melodize ('diz), v.t. to make melo- 
dious: v.L compose melodies. 

melodrama (mel-o-dra'ma), n. a play 
characterized by highly sensational 
or romantic incidents. 

melodramatic (-dra-mat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to melodrama; highly 
sensational. 

melody Co-di), n. [pi. melodies 
(-diz) ], the arrangements of different 
musical sounds for a single voice or 
instrument; tune. 

melon ('un), n. a plant of the cucum- 
ber family with its edible fruit. 

melotype ('o-tip), n. a method of 
producing photographs so that their 
development may be deferred. 

Melpomene (mel-pom'e-na), n. the 
]\Iuse who presided over tragedy in 
the verse and drama of the Greeks. 

melt (melt), v.t. & v.i. to change from 
a solid to a liquid state; dissolve; 
soften to love and tenderness. 

melten ('un) , n. a kind of thick broad- 
cloth with an unfinished surface. 

member (mem'ber), n. a limb or or- 
gan; essential part of anything; one 
of an association or community. 

membrane ('bran), n. a thin fold or 
layer of tissue forming the covering 
of some part or organ. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



MEMBRANOUS 



571 



MENISCUS 



membranous Cbra-nus), adj, per- 
taining to, consisting of, or Uke, 
membranes. 

memento (me-men'to), n, [pL me- 
mentos ('toz)], a souvenir; memorial. 

memoir (mem'war), n. a history 
written from personal experience 
and knowledge; a biography: pi. a 
record of investigations on a sub- 
ject; transactions or journal of a 
learned or scientific society. 

memorabilia (-o-ra-biri-^), n.pL 
things worthy of remembrance or 
record. 

memorable ('or-§,-bl), adj, worthy of 
remembrance; remarkable; notable. 

memorably (-^-bli), adj, so as to be 
remembered. 

memorandum (-o-ran'dum), n. [pi, 
memoranda ('d4)], a note to assist 
the memory; brief record of some- 
thing to be remembered; summary 
or outline. 

memorial (me-mo'ri-M), adj, com- 
memorative; preservative of, or con- 
tained in, the memory: n, an in- 
formal diplomatic paper; a written 
representation of facts addressed to 
the government, a public body, &c. 

memorialize (-iz), v.t. to petition by 
means of a memorial. 

memorialist (-ist), n, one who pre- 
pares, signs, or presents, a memorial. 

memoriter (-mor'i-ter), adv. from 
memory. 

memory (mem'o-ri), n. [pi. memories 
(-riz)], that faculty of the mind by 
which it retains the knowlegde of pre- 
vious occurrences, facts, thoughts, 
&c., and recalls them. 

menace (men 'as), n. a threat: v.t, to 
threaten. 

menacingly ('§,-sing-li), adv. in a 
threatening manner. 

menagerie (-azh'er-i or -aj'e-ri), n. 
a place where wild animals are 
kept; a collection of wild animals 
for exhibition. 

mend (mend), v.i. to repair (that 
which is broken or worn); make 
good or better; reform; increase: 
v.i. to grow better; improve. 



mendacious (men-da'shus), adj, giv- 
en to falsehood; lying; false. 

mendacity (-das'i-ti), n. [pi. men- 
dacities (-tiz)], falsehood; habitual 
lying. 

Mendelian (men-deli-an), adj, per- 
taining to the now famous theory of 
heredity advanced by the Austro- 
Silesian monk, Gregor Johann Men- 
del. 

mendelism (men'del-izm), n, the 
theory of Mendel, according to which 
ancestral characteristics are trans- 
mitted independently to the offspring, 
certain characteristics being domi- 
nated or overcome by antagonistic 
characteristics in the first generation, 
but both dominant and recessive 
characteristics appearing in the sec- 
ond generation in a fixed proportion. 

mendelize (men'del-Iz), v.i. to con- 
form to Mendel's so-called law; that 
is to say, to maniiest the phenomena 
of dominance and recessiveness in 
the first generation and of segrega- 
tion in the second, as when the chil- 
dren of a black-e3^ed and a blue-eyed 
parent all have black eyes, but one 
in four of the grandchildren have 
blue eyes. 

mendicancy ('di-kan-si), n. the state 
of being a beggar; begging. Also 
mendicity. 

mendicant (-k§.nt), adj. practicing 
begging; reduced to beggary: n. a 
beggar; a begging friar. 

menhaden (-ha'dn), n. an American 
fish allied to the herring, yielding a 
valuable oil. ^ 

menial (me'ni-§.l), adj. pertaining to 
a retinue of servants; pertaining to, 
or suitable for, servants; mean; 
servile: n. a domestic servant; one 
who performs servile work. 

menilite (men'i-lit), n. a variety of 
opal. 

xneninges (me-nin'jez), n.pl. the 
three membranes that envelop the 
brain and the spinal cord. 

meningitis (men-in-ji'tis), n. inflam* 

' mation of the meninges. 

meniscus (me-nis'kus), n. [pi. men**. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MENSES 



573 



MERIDIAN 



isci ('si), meniscuses ('kus-e^)], a 
crescent; a lens convex on ono side 
and concave on the other. 

menses (men'sez), n.yl, the catame-» 
nial discharge. Also menstruation. 

menstrual ('stroo-&l), adj. occurring 
monthly. 

menstruum (-um), n. a solvent. 

mensurable ('shti-r^-bl), adj, meas- 
urable. 

mensuration (-ra'shun), n. the act 
or process of taking the measure or 
dimensions of anything; measure- 
ment. 

mental ('t§-l), adj. pertaining to the 
mind; intellectual. 

mentally (-ii), adv. in the mind; in 
thought or idea; intellectually. 

menthol ('thol), n. a crystalUne sub- 
stance resembling camphor: used as 
a counter-irritant. 

menthyl Cthil), n, the base of men- 
thol. 

mention ('shun), n, a brief notice; 
casual remark; hint: v.t, to speak 
briefly of; notice casually; name. 

mentor ('ter), n. a wise and faithful 
counselor: from Mentor, the friend 
and tutor of Ulysses. 

menu (-00'), ^. a bill of fare. 

Mephistophelian (mef-is-to-f e1i-^n) . 
adj. pertaining to, or like, Mephis- 
topheles: hence scoffing, relentless, 
and cynical. 

mephitic (me-fit'ik), adj, poisonous; 
noxious; offensive to the smell. 
Also mephitical. 

mercantile (mer'k§,n-til), adj. com- 
mercial. 

mercenarily ('se-n^-ri-li), adv. in a 
mercenary manner. 

mercenary ('se-n^-ri), w. [pi. mer- 
cenaries (-riz)], a soldier hired into 
foreign, service; one who serves for 
pay: adj. serving for pay or re- 
ward; venal; sordid. 

mercer ('ser), n* a dealer in textile 
fabrics, 

mercerize (mer'ser-iz), v.t. to give 
to cottoii cloth a silk lustre. 

mercery (-i), n. the commodities in 
which a mercer deals. 



merchandise ("chS-n-diz), n. goods, 
wares, or commodities, bought and 
sold. 

merchant ('ch§,nt)y n. one who traf- 
fics or carries on trade on a large 
scale, especially with foreign coun- 
tries; a shopkeeper: adj. pertaining 
to, or employed in, trade; mercan- 
tile. 

merchantman (-mi;n), n. [pi. mer- 
chantmen (-men)], a trading vessel. 

merciful ('si-fool), adj. full of, or 
exercising, mercy; tender-hearted; 
compassionate. 

mercifully (-li), adv. with mercy or 
compassion. 

merciless (-les), adj. destitute of 
mercy; unfeeling; cruel. 

mercurial (-ku'ri-al),^ adj. active; 
volatile; fickle; pertaining to, made 
of, or caused by, mercury. 

Mercury ('kti-ri), n, one of the plan- 
ets; from Mercury, the messenger of 
the gods. 

mercury, n. quicksilver. 

mercy ('si), n. [pi. mercies ('siz)l, 
the disposition to forgive, spare, or 
pity; clemency; forbearance; com- 
passion; beneficence. 

mere. Same as meer. 

mere (mer), adj. [superlative mer- 
est], such and no more; simple; en- 
tire; absolute. 

merely ('li), adv. simply; purely; 
only. 

meretricious (mer-e-trish'us), adj. 
pertaining to prostitutes; lustfid; 
alluring by false show; tawdry. 

merge (merj), v.t. to absorb or swal- 
low up: v.i. to be swallowed up or 
lost. 

merger (merj'er), n. the legal consol- 
idation of two estates, conforming 
them into one estate; the placing of 
the operations of two or more com- 
peting interests under the control of 
a single body.^ 

mericarp (mer'i-karp), n. one of the 
carpels of an umbelliferous fruit. 

meridian (me-rid'i-an), adj. pertain- 
ing to mid-day: n. mid-day; noon; 
highest point of culmination; an 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book} hue, hut; think, th^n. 



MERIDIONAL 



673 



MESSIEURS 



imaginary great circle of the sphere 
passing through the poles of the 
heavens and the zenith and nadir of 
any given place, and cutting the 
equator at right angles. 

meridional ('i-o-nil), adj, pertain- 
ing to the meridian; southern. 

meridionally (li), adj. in the direc- 
tion of the meridian. 

meringue (me-rangg'), n. a light con- 
fection of eggs, sugar, cream, or jam. 

merino (me-re'no), n, [pi, merinos 
('noz)], a breed of sheep with a fine 
wool; the wool of such sheep: adj, 
pertaining to, or made of, the wool 
of the merino sheep. 

merit (meruit), n. excellence; worth; 
deserved reward: pi, essential cir- 
cumstances: v.t, to earn; be entitled 
to; be deserving of. 

meritorious (-i-to'ri-us), adj. having 
merit; deserving of reward or praise. 

merle (merl), n. the blackbird [poet.] 

merlin (merlin), n. a, small falcon. 

merling (merring), n. the whiting. 

merlon ('on ) , n. that part of a parapet 
included between two embrasures. 

mermaid (mer'mad), n. a fabled ma- 
rine creature having the upper part 
like a woman and the lower part like 
a fish. 

merman ('min), n. the male of the 
mermaid. 

merrily (mer'i-h), adv. in a merr^^ 
manner. 

merriment ('i-ment), n. mirth; fun; 
froUc; gaiety. Also merriness. 

merry ('i), adj. '[comparative merri- 
er, superlative merriest], full of 
mirth and good humor; gay; sport- 
ive; jovial; pleasant. 

merry-andrew (-an'droo), n. a buf- 
foon. 

merry-dancers (-dan'serz), n.pl. the 
Aurora Borealis. 

merry-go-round (mer-i-go-round), n.' 
a circular frame fitted with wooden 
horses or seats, on which persons 
ride at fairs, &c. 

merry-thought (-thawt), n. the 
forked bone (furcula) of a fowl's 
breast. 



mesa (ma'sa), n. elevated table-land. 

mesalliance (-za-le-angs'), n. mar- 
riage with one of lower social posi- 
tion. 

mesh (mesh), n. an opQjiing or inter- 
stice of a net; brewer's grains. 

mesial (mez'i-al), adj. middle. 

mesjid (mez'jid), n. a mosque. 

mesmeric (-mer'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or produced by, mesmerism. 

Mesmerism ('mer-izm), n. the act of 
inducing an abnormal state of the 
nervous system in which the 
thoughts and actions of the patient 
are controlled by the will of the 
operator; animal magnetism. 

mesmerist (-ist), n. one who prac- 
tises the art of mesmerism. Also 
mesmerizer. 

mesmerize (-iz), v.t. to induce the 
mesmeric state. 

mesne (men), adj. middle; intervene 
ing. 

mesoy a prefix meaning middle, inter' 
mediate, as mesoblast, the inter- 
mediate layer of the blastoderm of 
an ovum; mesocarp, the middle 
layer of a pericarp. 

mesosperm (mes'o-sperm) , n. the 
second membrane of a seed. 

Mesozoic (-zolk), adj. pertaining to 
the Secondary Age or era of reptiles. 

mess (mes), n. a number of persons 
who sit down to table together, es- 
pecially soldiers or sailors; a state 
of dirt or confusion: v.i. to eat to- 
gether: v.t. to furnish with food; 
dirty. 

message ('aj), n. a communication, 
written or verbal, sent from one per- 
son to another; an official commu- 
nication. 

messenger ('en-jer), n. one who con- 
veys a message; an office servant 
who carries messages; a, herald or 
harbinger; an official of the bank- 
ruptcy court. 

Messiah (-i'a), n. Christ the Anoint- 
ed One. Also Messias. 

Messianic (-i-an'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the Messiah. 

messieurs ('yers), n.pl. sirs; messrs. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ik^n. 



MESSUAGE 



574 



METATHESIS 



messuage ('waj), n. a dwelling house 
with its adjacent buildings and land 
for the use of the household. 

mestee (-te'), n, the offspring of a 
whiteend a quadroon. Alsomustee. 

mestizo (-te'zo), n, [pL mestizos 
('zoz) ], the offspring of a Spaniard 
or Creole and an Indian. Also mes- 
tino. 

met, "p.t, & p.p. of meet. 

meta, a prefix meaning between, over, 
after, duplicate, resembling, change 
from one state to another, 

metabasis (me-tab'^-sis), n. transi- 
tion. 

metabolian (met-i.-bo1i-in), n. an 
insect of the sub-class Metabola 
which undergoes complete metamor- 
phosis. 

metabolic (-boFik), adj, pertaining 
to, or undergoing, change or meta- 
morphosis. 

mietabolism (-tab'o-lizm), n. the con- 
tinuous process by which hving cells 
or tissues undergo chemical change. 

metacarpal (met-§,-kar'pal), adj 
pertaining to the -metacarpus. 

metacarpus ('pus), n. that part of 
the hand which is between the wrist 
and the fingers. 

metacenter (-sen'ter), n. that point 
in a floating body on the position of 
which its equihbrium or stability 
depend. 

metagenesis (-§,-] en'e-sis), n. alter- 
nation of generation. 

metal ('al), n. an elementary sub- 
stance having certain physical char- 
acteristics, as luster, ductihty, mal- 
leabihty, insolubility, is fusible 
by heat, and a conductor of elec- 
tricity; molten glass; small stone 
cubes; effective power or caliber of 
the guns of a warship: pL the rails 
of a railroad: v.t, to cover with 
metal. 

metallic ('ik), adj, pertaining to, 
consisting of, or hke, metal. 

metallic oxide (oksid), n. a com- 
pound of metal with oxygen. 

metallic salt (sawlt), n, a salt which 
has a metallic oxide as its base. 



metalliferous (-lif'er-us), adj, yield- 
ing metal or metallic ores. 

metallography (-og'ra-fi), n. the 
science of metals; a treatise on 
metals. 

metalloid (-old), n. a non-metallic 
elementary body: adj, resembling a 
metal; non-met alHc. 

metallurgic (-er'jik), adj. pertain- 
ing to metallurgy. Also metallur- 
gical. 

metallurgist ('al-er-jist), n, one 
who is skilled in metalhirgy. 

metallurgy (-ji), n. the art or proc- 
ess of working metals and of sep- 
arating them from their ores. 

metamorphic (-a-mor'fik), adj. per- 
taining to, or produced by, meta- 
morphism. 

metamorphism ffizm), n. the proc- 
ess by which stratified rocks under 
pressure, heat, chemical action, &c., 
have changed from their original 
structure, as Hmestone to marble. 

metamorphose ('foz), v.t, to change 
into a different form. 

metamorphosis ('fo-sis), n. change 
of form, shape, or structure; trans- 
formation, as of a chrysalis into a 
butterfly. 

metaphor ('a-fer), n, a figure of 
speech by which one word is em- 
ployed for another of which it is 
the image; a compressed simile. 

metaphoric (-for'ik), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or comprising, a metaphor; 
not literal; figurative. Also meta- 
phorical. 

metaphorically (-M-li), adv, in met- 
aphors. 

metaphrastic (-fras'tik), adj, close 
or literal in translation. 

metaphysical (-fiz'i-kal), adj, per- 
taining to, or according to, the rules 
of, metaphysics; ontological. 

metaphysically (-h), adv, by the 
rules of metaphysical science. 

metaphysician (-fi-zish'un), n. one 
who is skilled in metaphysics. 

metaphysics (fiz'iks), n. mental 
philosophy, 

metathesis (-ath'e-sis), n. trans- 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thihkj then* 



METEMPIRICAL 



575 



METROPOLITAN 



position of the letters of a word or 
syllable. 

metempirical (-em-pir'i-kal), adj. 
exceeding the hmits of experience. 

metempsychosis (-si-ko'sis), n, trans- 
migration of the soul after death 
into - the body of another man or 
lower animal. 

meteor (me'te-er), n, a transient lu- 
minous body in the sky; falling or 
shooting star; anything that daz- 
zles or excites wonder for the mo- 
ment. 

meteoric (-or'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or formed of, or like, a meteor. 

meteorite ('te-er-it), n. a stone or 
metalhc body which, in its passage 
through space, has fallen upon the 
earth. 

meteorography (-er-og'r§,-fi), n. the 
registration of meteorological phe- 
nomena. 

meteorologic (-loj'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to the atmosphere, or its phe- 
nomena, or to meteorology. Also 
meteorological. 

meteorologist (-oro-jist), n. one 
who is skilled in meteorology. 

meteorology (-ji), n. the science of 
the atmosphere and its various phe- 
nomena. 

meter-, (me'ter), n. an instrument for 
registering automatically the amount 
measured, by it. 

meter, metre (me'ter), n. a rhythmic 
arrangement of syllables in verse; 
imit of length in the decimal system 
= 39.37 inches. 

meterage (-aj), n, measurement; 
cost of measuring. 

methinks (me-thinks'), v.i. [p.t. 
methought], it appears or seems to 
me. 

method (meth'od), n. regular ar- 
rangement of things; system; or- 
der; classification. 

methodical ('i-kal), adj. character- 
ized by, or arranged with regard to, 
method; systematic. Also method- 
ic. 

methodically (-li), adv, in a methf 
odical manner. 



methodize ('o-diz), v.t. to reduce to 
method; systematize. 

Methodism ('o-dizm), n. the doc- 
trines and worship of the Metho- 
dists. 

Methodist ('o-dist), n. one of a sect 
of Christians founded by John Wes- 
ley: adj. pertaining to the Metho- 
dists. 

methyl (meth'il), n. the hydro-car- 
bon radical of methyl alcohol, or 
wood spirit. 

methylated (-i-la'ted), adj. mixed 
with or containing methyl. 

methylene (-len), n. an inflammable 
liquid obtained from the distillation 
of wood. Also methene. 

methylic ^ (-irik), adj, derived from, 
or containing, methyl. 

meticulous (me-tik'u-lus), adj. un- 
duly cautious; excessively timid. 

metonymy (me-ton'i-mi), n. a figure 
of speech in which one word is used 
for another related to it. 

metre. See meter. 

metric (met'rik), adj. pertaining to 
the decimal system of weights and 
measures. 

metrical (-M), adj. pertaining to 
meter, measurement, or rhythm. 

metrically (-li), adv. in a metrical 
manner. 

metrograph ('ro-grM). n. an appa- 
ratus for indicating the mileage run 
by a locomotive, and the number 
and time of stoppages at stations, 
&c. 

metrology (-roro-ji), n. the science 
of weights and measures. 

metronome ('ro-nom), n. an instru- 
ment which beats musical time by 
means of a short pendulum. 

metronymic (-nim'ik), adj. derived 
from one's mother or female ances- 
tor. 

metropolis ^e-trop'o-lis), n. the 
capital or chief city of a kingdom 
or •country; the seat or see of a 
metropolitan. 

metropolitan (-tro-pori-tan) , adj. 
pertaining to the capital city of a 
kingdom or country, or to an arch- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, </ien. 



METTLE 



576 



MIDDLE AGES 



bishopric: n, the presiding bishop of 
a country or province; an arch- 
bishop. 

mettle (met'l), n, constitutional ar- 
dor or spirit; fortitude. 

mettlesome (-sum), n. high spirited. 

mew (mu), n, the cry of a cat; a sea- 
gull: pZ. stables for carriage horses: 
vi. to shed or molt (the feathers) : 
v.i, to cry Hke a cat. 

mezzanine (met'z§,-nen), n. a low 
intermediate story between two 
higher ones; a window in such a 
story. 

mezzotint (-tint), n, a variety of 
copper engraving. Also mezzotinto. 

mica (mi'ka), 7i, a mineral divisible 
into thin transparent plates. 

micaceous (-ka'shus), adj. pertain- 
ing to, consisting of, or like, mica. 

mice, pi. of mouse. 

mico (mi'ko), n. a small South Amer- 
ican monkey; a Japanese sohd oil 
or butter. 

micro, a prefix meaning small , as 
microcosm, a small universe or com- 
munity. 

microbe (mi'krob), n. a minute mi- 
croscopical organism found in the 
blood of animals, especially those 
suffering from disease; bacterium. 

microbic (krob'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or caused by, a microbe. Also 
microbial. 

microbicide (-krob'i-sid), n. an agent 
for destroying microbes or bac- 
teria. 

micrococcus (-kro-kok'us), n, {pi, 
micrococci ('si)], a genus of bac- 
teria, a source of fermentation 
and of zymotic disease. 

microcosm. See under micro. 

microcoustic (-kous' or -koos'tik), 
adj, pertaining to, or serving to in- 
crease, indistinct sounds: n. ani n- 
strument for the deaf, to augment 
faint sounds. 

microcrith (-krith'), n. the weight 
of an atom of hydrogen. 

microcyte ('kro-sit), n. a minute 
elementary granule in the blood, es- 
pecially present in lisease. 



micrograph Ckro-grM), n. a kind 
of pantograph for executing very 
minute engraving or writing. 

micrography (-krog'ri,-fi), n. the 
description of microscopic objects. 

microhm ('krom), n. the 1,000,000th 
part of an ohm. 

micrometer (-krom'e-ter), n, an in- 
strument for measuring minute dis- 
tances, or apparent diameters: used 
with a microscope or telescope. 

micromillimeter (-kro-mil'i-me-ter), 
n. the l,000,000^000th part of a me- 
ter. 

microphone Ckro-fon), n. an instru- 
ment for intensifying very minute 
sounds. 

microphotography (-fo-tog'r§,-fi), n. 
photographing in miniature. 

microphyte ('kro-fit), n, a micro- 
scopic vegetable growth. 

microscope ('kro-skop), n. an opti- 
cal instrument for magnif ymg mi- 
nute objects so as to render them 
visible for purposes of investigation. 

microscopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or determined by the aid of, 
a microscope. Also microscopical. 

microscopically (-al-li), adv, by, or 
as by, a microscope. 

microscopist ('kro-sko-pist), n. one 
skilled in microscopy. ^ 

microscopy ('kro-sko-pi), n. the use 
of the microscope; microscopic in- 
vestigation. 

microspore Ckro-spor), n. a very 
minute reproductive spore found in 
the capsules of lycopods. 

microvolt ('kro-volt), n, the 1,000,- 
000th part of a volt. 

microzyme ('kro-zim), n. 2b minute 
organism occurring in the air and 
found in the human blood, acting 
as a ferment in producing certain 
zymotic diseases. 

mid (mid), adj. middle: prefiXy as 
middsiy: n. a midshipman. 

middle (1), adj. equally distant from 
the extremes; mean; medial: n. 
the point equally distant from the 
extremes; central part; the waist. 

Middle Ages (aj'ez), n.pL the period 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut; think, then. 



MIDDLEMOST 



577 



MILKY WAY 



between the 5th and 15th centuries 
A. D. 

middlemost (-most), adj, situated 
in, or nearest, the middle. 

middling ('Hng), adj. of middle rank, 
size, or quahty; moderate: n.pL the 
coarser part of flour. 

middy ('di), n, [pL middies ('diz)], a 
midshipman. 

midge (mij), n, a gnat. 

midriff ('rif), n. the diaphragm sep- 
arating the cavity of the chest from 
the stomach. 

midshipman ('ship-m^n), n. [ph 
midshipmen], in the British nav^^ a 
junior officer ranking next above a 
cadet. 

midst (midst), n. the middle. 

midwife (mid'wif), n, [pL mid wives 
('wivz)], a woman who assists at 
childbirth: v,L to assist in child- 
birth: vd. to serve as a midwife.^ 

midwifery ('wif-er-i), n, obstetrics. 

mien (men), n. external appearance; 
air; look; carriage. 

might (mit), n. power; strength; 
force: %>,t, of may. 

mightily ('i-li), adv, with great 
power or strength; vehemently; in 
a great degree. 

mightiness (-nes), n. greatness; 
power; a title of dignity. 

mighty ('i), adj. [comp. mightier, 
superL mightiest], powerful; strong: 
influential; momentous; wonderful; 
huge: adv. very; exceedingly. 

mignon (min-y6ng')» adj. pretty; 
deUcate [French]. 

mignonette (min-yim-etO, n. a fra- 
grant annual with greenish flower 
and orange-colored stamens. 

migrant (mi'grl,nt), adj. migratory. 

migratory ('gr^-to-ri), adj. remov- 
ing or passing from one place of 
abode or resort to another; roving; 
nomad. 

Mikado (mi-ka'do), n. the Japanese 
emperor, as the spiritual and tem- 
poral head of the empire. 

milch (milch), adj. yielding milk. 

mild (mild), adj. [comp. milder, su- 
per!. 3iildestl gentle in temper and ' 



disposition; gentle; soft; placid; 
moderate; not sharp, sour, or bit- 
ter; lenitive. 

mildew (mil'du), n. a disease of 
plants produced by small fungi; 
spots of mold on cloth, &c., caused 
by damp: v.t. to taint with mildew: 
v.i. be affected with mildew. 

mile (mil), n. a measure of length 
varying in different countries: the 
EngHsh statute mile, in use in this 
country, contains 1,760 yds., the 
geographical or nautical mile l-60th 
of a degree of latitude or 2,025 yds. 
(nearly), 

mileage ('aj), n. an allowance for 
expenses per mile; length in miles. 

milfoil (mirfoil), n. a composite 
plant with finely divided leaves. 

militancy ('i-t^n-si), n. warfare; 
militarism. 

militant ('i-tint), adj. warlike; fight- 
ing; serving as a soldier. 

militarism ('i-t^-rizm), n. mihtary 
spirit, policy, or government. ^ 

military ('i-ta-ri), adj. pertaining to 
soldiers or to arms; warlike; mar- 
tial: n. soldiers collectively; army 
troops. 

militate ('i-tat), v.i. to be, or stand, 
opposed; operate against (with 
against). 

militia (mi-lish'&), n. citizens en- 
rolled and trained for the internal 
defense of a state. ^ 

milk (milk), n. a white fluid secreted 
by the mammary glands of female 
mammals for the^ nourishment of 
their young, especially^ the milk of 
the cow; the white juice of certain 
plants: v.t. to draw milk from; sup- 
ply with milk. 

milksop ('sop), n. an effeminate, 
weak person. 

milk-tooth (-tooth), n. the fore- 
tooth of a foal; one of the tempo- 
rary first set of teeth in the young 
of mammals. 

Milky Way ('i wa), n. a broad lumi- 
nous band in the heavens, from 
horizon to horizon, consisting of in- 
numerable stars. 



ate, arm, S^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



MILL 



578 



MIND 



mill (mil), n. a machine for grinding 
and reducing a substance to small 
particles; a manufactory; a prize 
fight; a money of account— 1- 
1,000th of a dollar: v.t. to reduce to 
fine particles in a mill; press or 
stamp, as the edges of coins; full 
(cloth); roll into bars, as metal; 
thrash. 

tnillboarci Chord), n. a kind of thick 
pasteboard. 

millennial (mil-len'ni-§,l), adj. of or 
pertaining to the millennium. 

millennium ('i-um), n. the space of 
1,000 years, especially that period 
during which Satan will be bound 
and Christ will reign on earth (Rev. 
XX. 1-4). . 

milleped (mil'e-ped), n. an insect 
with numerous feet, belonging to 
the genus Julus. Also millepede. 

millepore ('e-por), n. a coral of the 
genus Millepora, having a smooth 
surface, perforated with very small 
pores. 

miller ('er), n. one who keeps or 
works a flour mill. 

millet ('et), n. a grain-bearing plant. 

milli, a prefix meaning 1,000th part 
off as millisLmpere, the 1,000th part 
of an ampere. 

milliard ('i-^rd, or me-lyar'), n, one 
thousand millions. 

millier (me-lya'), n. in the metric 
system, a ton = 1,000,000 grams. 

milligram (mil'i-gram), n, the 
1,000th part of a gram = .0154 
grain English. Also milligramme. 

milliliter ('i-li-ter), n. the 1,000th 
part of a liter = .03102 cubic in. 

millimeter ('li-me-ter), n. the 1,000th 
part of a meter = .03937 in. 

milliner ('in-er), n, one who makes 
women's bonnets, hats, headdresses, 
&c. 

millinery ('li-ner-i), n. the articles 
made and sold by a milliner. 

milling ('ing), n. the act of grind- 
ing in, or passing through, a dress- 
ing mill; she process of making a 
serrated edge on a coin, &c. 

million ('yun), n, the number of ten 



hundred thousand; an indefinitely 
large number. 

millionaire (-arO, n. a person who 
is worth a million; one very rich. 

millionth ('yunth), adj, being one 
of amilUon: n. one of 1,000,000 parts. 

millpond ('pond), n. a reservoir of 
water for driving a mill. 

millrace ('ras), n. a current of water 
that drives a mill. 

millstone ('ston), n, one of two flat 
cyUndrical stones for grinding grain. 

milt (milt), n, the spleen; the sper- 
matic organ of a male fish: v.t to im- 
pregnate the ova of (a female fish). 

mime (mim), n. a kind of drama 
among the Greeks and Romans in 
which real persons and events were 
represented in a ludicrous manner; 
an actor in a mime. 

mimeograph (mim'e-o-graf), n. a 
machine for making a number of 
copies of letters, circulars, drawings, 
etc. 

mimetic (mi-met'ik), adj, imitative. 
Also mimetical. 

mimetism (mim'e-tizm), n. mimicry. 

miniic ('ik), adj, inclined to imi- 
tate; imitative: n. one who mimics 
or imitates: v.t. to imitate, or ridi- 
cule by imitation. 

mimicker (-er), n. a mimic. 

mimicry (-ri), n. ludicrous imitation 
for sport or ridicule; close external 
likeness. 

minaret (min'§,-ret), n, a tall slen- 
der turret attached to a mosque 
surrounded with several balconies 
from which the muezzin calls the 
people to prayers. 

minatory ('a-to-ri), adj. threatening. 

mince (mins), v.t. to cut or chop 
into minute pieces'; extenuate or 
suppress: v.i. to talk with affected 
elegance; walk with short steps or 
in a prim manner. 

mince-meat ('met), n. meat chopped 
very fine, especially with suet, rai- 
sins, lemon peel, &c. 

mincing ('ing), adj. affectedly ele- 
gant. 

mind (mind), n. the intellectual or 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, :nit; note, north, not; bo«a, 
book; hue, nut; think, ^^en. 



MINDED 



579 



MINOTAUR 



rational faculty in man*; the under- 
standing or intellect; soul; mem- 
ory; intention opinion: v.t. to at- 
tend to; heed, obe>. 

minded ('ed), p.adj having a mind; 
disposed or inclined 

mindful ('fool), dd, bearing in 
mind; observant, attentive. 

mine (min), pron. belonging to me: 
n. an excavation in the earth from 
which minerals, precious stones, &c., 
are extracted; crude ironstone; a 
tunnel under an enemy's works to 
blow them up; a rich source of 
wealth: v.L to carry on mining 
operations; practice secret methods: 
v.t, to imdermine or sap. 

mineral (min'er-il), n, any inor- 
ganic body found on the surface or 
in the earth : adj. pertaining to, con- 
sisting of, or impregnated with, a 
mineral. 

mineralize (-Tz), v.t to convert into 
a mineral; impregnate with mineral 
matter: v.i. to make excursions to 
collect minerals. 

mineralogist (-al'o-jist), n. one 
skilled in the knowledge of minerals. 

mineralogy (-aFo-ji), n, the science 
of minerals. 

mingle (ming'gl), v.t to intermix; 
join or combine; blend; compound: 
v.i. to be mixed or united with. 

miniature (minl-^-tur), n, a very 
small painting, especially a portrait 
on ivory, &c.: adj. done on a very 
small scale; diminutive; minute. 

minim ('im), n. the smallest liquid 
measure; a single drop; a musical 
note = 2 crotchets; one of an order 
of mendicant friars founded by St. 
Francis of Paola, 15th century; a 
small fish. 

minimize (-iz), v.t to reduce to a 
minimum. 

minimum ('i mum), n. [pt minima 
-ma) ], the least quantity; trifle. 

mining (minting), p.adj. pertaining 
to mines; burrowing in the earth: 
n. the act of making mines or work- 
ing them. 

minion (min'yun), n. a size of type 



intermediate between nonpareil and 
brevier (see type); a servile flat- 
terer or dependent. 

minister ('is-ter), n. a servant; one 
subordinate to another; agent; one 
intrusted with the direction of af- 
fairs of state; ambassador; a cler- 
gyman or pastor of a church author- 
ized to preach and administer the 
sacraments: v.t to supply; admin- 
ister: v.i. to ser\^e in some oflBce, 
clerical or lay; supply things neces- 
sary. 

ministerial (-te'ri-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to ministry or service, official 
or clerical; pertaining to a minis- 
ter of the state or of religion. 

ministerialist (-te'ri-M-ist), n. a 
supporter of the ministry in office. 

ministerially (-h), adv. in a minis- 
terial manner. 

ministrant ('is-tr^t), adj. serving 
as a minister. 

ministration (-tra'shun), n. the act of 
ministering; administration; service. 

nninistry ('is-tri), n. [pt ministries 
(-triz) ], the agency or service of a 
minister of religion; the office, du- 
ties, or functions of a minister of 
state; ministers of state collective- 
ly; term of ministerial office. 

minium ('i-um), n. red oxide of lead. 

miniver ('i-ver), n. the Siberian 
squirrel or its fur. Also minever. 

mink (mingk), n. a carnivorous mam- 
mal allied to the weasel, yielding a 
valuable fur. 

minnow (min'o), n. a fresh-water 
fish of small size. 

minor (mfner), adj. smaller; less; 
inconsiderable; less by a semitone 
[music]: n. one of either sex who 
is under the age of 21; in logic, the 
term or premise containing the sub- 
ject of the conclusion. 

minority (mi-nor'i-ti), n. [pH. mi- 
norities (-tiz) ], the smallest num- 
ber: opposed to majority; the state 
of being a minor. 

Riinotaur (min'o-tawr), n. in classic 

, mythology, a monster with the head 

of a bull and the body of a man. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; m5, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo^ 
book; IxQe, hut; think, ^^en. 



MINSTER 



580 



MISCELLANEA 



minster ('ster), w. the church of a 
monastery; a cathedral church. 

minstrel ('strel), n, in medieval 
times, one of an order of men who 
traveled from place to place singing 
their musical compositions to the 
accompaniment of a harp; a poet or 
musician. 

minstrelsy (-si), n. the art or occu- 
pation of minstrels; minstrels col- 
lectively; a collection of ballad 
poetry. 

mint (mint), n, the place where 
money is coined by government au- 
thority; ^ source of unlimited supply; 
place of invention or fabrication; an 
odoriferous plant yielding a pungent 
essential oil: v.t, to coin or stamp 
(money) ; invent. 

mintage ('aj), n, cofii &c., produced 
in a mint; duty paid to the mint 
for coining gold or silver. 

mint julep (ju'lep), n. a drink com- 
pounded ^ of brandy, sugar and 
pounded ice, flavored with mint. 

minuend (min'ti-end), n. that num- 
ber from which another number is 
to be subtracted. 

minuet ('u-et), n. a slow graceful 
dance; music for such a dance. 

minus (mi'nus), n. the sign ( — ) of 
subtraction. 

minute (-nut'), ddj. very small; pre- 
cise: n. (min'it) l-60th part of an 
hour or of a degree; an official 
note; memorandum. 

minutely (mi-nut 'li), adv. in a mi- 
nute manner; exactly. 

minuteness ('nes), n. the quality of 
being minute; exactness. 

minutiae (mi-nu'shi-e), n.'pl, smaller 
or minor details or particulars. 

minx (mingks), n, a pert, wanton 
girl. 

Miocene (mi'o-sen), adj. pertaining 
to the middle division of the Ter- 
tiary formation. 

miracle (mir'^-kl), n, a supernatural 
occurrence or act; wonder or marvel. 

miraculous (mi-rak'u-lus), adj. per- 
formed supernaturally; wonderful. 

mirage (mi-razh'), n. an optical at- 



mospheric illusion by which the im- 
age of a distant object is seen as if 
inverted. 

mire (mir), n. deep mud; wet clayey 
earth: v.t. to soil with mire; plunge 
and fix in mud: vd. to sink in mud. 

miriness ('i-nes), w. the state of be- 
ing miry. 

mirror (mir'er), n. a looking-glass; 
speculum; pattern: v.L to reflect as 
in a mirror. 

mirrorscope (mi'rer-skop), n. a re-< 
fleeting apparatus principally for 
automobiles, giving a complete view 
of objects in the rear. 

mirth (merth), n. noisy gaiety; so- 
cial merriment; hilarity; jollity. 

mirthful ('fool), adj. merry; festive. 

mirthfully (-li), adv. in a mirthful 
manner. 

miry ('ri), adj. abounding in, or cov- 
ered with, mire. 

mirza (mer'zi,), n. a Persian title 
equivalent to prince. 

mis, prefix meaning wrongj wronglyy 
ill, error, divergence. 

misadventure (mis-ad-ven'tur), n. 
an unlucky accident; misfortune. 

misalliance (-^-li'ans), n. an im- 
proper alliance by marriage, espe- 
cially with one of lower social 
status. See also mesalliance. 

misanthrope ('an-throp), n. a hater 
of mankind. 

misanthropic (-throp'ik), adj. hat- 
ing mankind. Also misanthropical. 

misanthropy ('thro-pi), n. hatred of 
mankind. 

misapprehend (-ap-re-hend'), v.t. to 
misunderstand; misconceive. 

misappropriate (-pro'pri-at), v.t. to 
apply to a wrong use or purpose, as 
trust-money, &c. 

miscarriage (-kar'aj), n. failjire; 
misbehavior; premature parturition. 

miscarry (-kar'i), v.i. [p.t. ^ & p.p. 
miscarried, p.pr. miscarrying], to 
go wrong; be unsuccessful; bring 
forth young prematurely. 

miscellanea (-e-la'ne-§.), n.pl. a col- 
lection of miscellaneous matters, or 
things. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MISCELLANEOUS 



581 



MIST 



miscellaneous ('ne-us), adj, ' con- 
sisting of several kinds mixed to- 
gether; promiscuous. 

miscellany ('e-la-ni), n. [pi, miscel- 
lanies (-niz) ], a mixture of various 
kinds; a book containing a variety 
of literary compositions. 

mischance (-chans'), n, misfortime; 
mishap. 

mischief ('chif), n. harm; injury; 
hurt; damage; misfortune. 

mischievous ('chi-vus), adj, produc- 
ing injury or damage; hurtful; in- 
clined to mischief. 

miscible ('i-bl), adj, capable of being 
mixed. 

misconceive (-kon-sev'), v.t. to con- 
ceive wrongly; misjudge; misappre- 
hend. 

misconception (-sep'shun), n, false 
opinion; misapprehension. 

miscreant ('kre-ant), n, an unscru- 
pulous villain; vile wretch: adj. un- 
scrupulous. 

misdemean (-de-men'), v,t, to be- 
have (one's seK) ill. 

misdemeanant (-de-men'§.nt), n, 
one guilty of a misdemeanor. 

misdemeanor Ccr), n. evil conduct; 
a crime less than a felony. 

miser (mi'zer), n. a covetous man 
who denies himself the comforts of 
life to hoard up money. 

miserable (miz'er-^-bl), adj, wretch- 
ed; very unhappy; worthless: des- 
picable; very mean or poor. 

miserably (-bh), adv, in a miserable 
manner. 

misery ('er-i), n. extreme pain, dis- 
tress or misfortune; great unhappi- 
ness. 

misfeasance (-fe'z§,ns), n. legal tres- 
pass; wrong performance. 

mislay (mis-la'), v.t. to lose. 

misle, another form of mizzle. 

misly (miz'h\ adj. raining in minute 
drops. 

misogynist (mi-soj'i-nist), n. a 
woman-hater. 

misogyny ('i-ni), n, hatred of 
women. 

misplace (-plas'), v.t. to put in a 



wrong place; place on an improper 
or undeserving object. 

misprision (-prizh'un), n, in law, a 
high offense under the degree of 
a capital one, but bordering upon 
it. _ 

misprision of felony (fel'o-ni), n, 
concealment of a felony by one who 
is cognizant thereof, but without 
consenting to it. 

misrepresent (-rep-re-zenf), v,L to 
represent falsely or incorrectly, wil- 
fully, or through carelessness. 

Miss (mis), n, [jpl, misses ('ez) ], a 
title of address prefixed to the name 
of an unmarried lady. 

misSy n, a young unmarried girl or 
woman; failure to hit, reach, per- 
ceive, or obtain: v.t. to fail to hit, 
&c.; omit or pass by; do without; 
feel the want of: v.i. to fail to hit; 
fly wide of the mark. 

missal ('§-1), n. the book containing 
the order of service for the Roman 
Cathohc Mass. 

missel (miz'l), n. the mistle thrush. 

missile (mis'il), n. a weapon or 
thing thrown, or designed to be 
thro\\Ti, to injure another. 

missing ('ing), p. adj. lost; wanting. 

mission (mish'un), n, the act of 
sending, or state of being sent with 
certain powers, especially to propa- 
gate religion; embassy; delegation; 
commission; a series of special re- 
Hgious services. 

missionary (-a-ri), n, [pi, mission- 
aries (-riz) ], a person who is sent 
to propagate religion, especially in 
foreign parts: ddj, pertaining to 
missions or missionaries. 

missioner (-er), n. a missionary; one 
who has charge of, or conducts, a 
mission. 

missive ('iv), n. a letter or message: 
adj. sent specially. 

mist (mist), n. visible watery vapor 
in the atmosphere, at or near the 
earth's surface; fog; anything that 
dims or obscures the vision: v.t. to 
cover with, or as with, mist: v.i. to 
rain in minute drops. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



MISTAKABLE 



582 



MOB 



znistakable (mis-tak'i-bl), adj. liable 
to be mistaken. 

mistake (-tak'), v,t, [p.L mistook, 
p.p. mistaken, p.pr, mistaking], to 
misunderstand; misconceive; mis- 
judge: v.i, to err in judgment or 
opinion: n, an error in judgment; 
misconception; fault. 

Mister ('ter), n. a title of address 
prefixed to a man^g name: abbre- 
viated in writing Mr, 

mistily ('ti-li), adv, obscurely; darkly. 

mistiness (-nes), n. the state of being 
misty; obscurity; dimness. 

mistletoe (miz'l-to), n. an evergreen 
plant parasitic on apple trees, &c., 
and less commonly on the oak. 

mistress (mis'tres), n. a woman who 
exercises authority or governs; the 
female head of a family, school, &c.; 
a woman well skilled in anything; 
a woman courted and beloved; 
sweetheart; a kept woman. 

Mistress (mis'tres), n. a title of ad- 
dress prefixed to the name of a 
married woman; abbreviated Mrs. 
(mis'is). 

misty ('ti), adj. [comp. ^ mistier 
superl. mistiest], characterized by, 
or obscured with, mist; dim; ob- 
scure; clouded. 

misunderstand (-im-der-standO, v.t, 
to take in a wrong sense; miscon- 
ceive. 

misunderstanding ('ing), n. mis- 
conception; disagreement. 

mite (mit), n. a minute insect of 
the division Acarida; a small coin 
formerly current; a very small ob- 
ject or quantity. 

miter, mitre (mi'ter), n. the head- 
dress of the high priest of the Jews; 
a kind of crown cleft in the middle, 
worn by archbishops, bishops, and 
sometimes by abbots on special oc- 
casions; the dignity of a bishop; the 
junction of moldings at an angle of 
45°: v.t to adorn with a miter; 
join at 45°. 

mitigate (mit'i-gat), v.t. to render 
less severe or rigorous or painful; 
soften; alleviate. 



mitigation (-ga^sbun). n. the act OE 

mitigating: alleviation. 

mitigative (miol-ga-tiv), adj. alle- 
viating. 

mitigator (-ter), n. one who, or that 
which, mitigates. 

mitigatory (mit'i-ga-to-ri), adj. tend- 
ing to mitigate 

mitrailleuse (me-tr§,-lyez'), n. a 
breech-loading gur formed of many 
barrels fitted together, and capable 
of being fired simultaneously. 

mitral (mi'tri,l), adj. pertaining to, 
or shaped like, a miter. 

mitriform ('tri-form), adj. shaped 
like a miter; conical. 

mitten ('n), n. a fingerless winter 
glove; a fingerless cover for the 
hand or wrist. 

mittimus (mit'i-mus), (Latin we 
send), n. a warrant of commitment 
to prison; a writ transferring a 
record out of one court to another. 

mix (miks), v.t. to unite or blend 
into one mass or compound; join: 
v.i. to become united in a com- 
pound; associate; mingle. 

mixture ('tur), n. the state of being 
mixed; a compound or mass formed 
by mixing, especially one in which 
the particles ot each ingredient re- 
tain theii property. 

mizzen (miz'o). n. the hindmost of 
the fore- and aft- sails of a vessel. 

mizzle CI), v.i. to rain in very mi- 
nute drops; to take one's self off : n, 
fine rain. 

mizzly ('li), adj. drizzling; misty. 

mnemonic (ne-mon'ik), adj. assist- 
ing the memory. 

mnemonics ('iks), n.pl. the art or 
science of assisting the memory. 

moan (mon), v.i. to utter a low 
sound from, or as from, pain or 
sorrow: n. a low prolonged expres- 
sion of sorrow or pain. 

moat (mot), n. a ditch round a fortress, 
&c. : v.t. to surround with a moat. 

mob (mob), n. the populace; a rude j 
disorderly crowd; riotous assembly; t| 
rabble: v.t. to attack in a disorderly ' 
crowd; crowd about and annoy. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booa, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^n. 



MOBCAP 



583 



MOGUL 



mobcap Ckap), n. a woman's plain 
headdress or cap. 

mobile (mo'bil), adj, easily moved. 

mobility (-bil'i-ti), nl susceptibility 
of motion. 

mobilization (-i-za'shun), n. the act 
of mobilizing. 

mobilize ^ (-Iz), v.t, to call (troops) 
into active service. 

mobocracy (mob-ok'ri.-si), n. the 
rule, or ascendency, of the mob. 

moccasin (mok'a-sin), n, a deerskin 
sandal or shoe worn by the^ North 
American Indians; a poisonous 
American snake. 

mocha (mo'ka), n. a kind of coffee 
from Mocha, a seaport of Arabia. 

mock (mok), v.t, to ridicule; mimic 
in sport, contempt, or derision; de- 
ride; disappoint the hopes of; tan- 
talize: n, derision; ridicule: adj, 
false; counterfeit. 

mockery C.er-i), n, derision; ridi- 
cule; delusion; imitation. 

mocking ('ing), p,adj, derisive; mim- 
icking. 

mocking: bird (herd), n. an Ameri- 
can thrush noted for mimicry of the 
notes of other birds. 

modal (mo'dM), adj. pertaining to 
mode or form; indicating some mode 
of expression. 

modality (-dal'i-ti), n, the fact of 
being a mode; in law, the quality of 
being suspended by a condition. 

mode (mod), n. form; custom; fashion; 
manner; variety of a syllogism. 

model (mod'el), n. a pattern of some- 
thing to be made, or reproduced; 
example for imitation; standard 
copy; a person who poses as a sub- 
ject for a painter or sculptor: adj, 
serving as a pattern or model: v.t. 
to form after a model, especially in 
some plastic material: v,i. to practice 
modeling. 

modeler (-er), n. one who models. 

modeling (-ing), n. the act or art 
of making a model, especially of a 
work of art in some plastic material. 

moderate (mod'er-at), v.t, to keep 
within bounds; lessen; quahfy: v.i^ 



to become less violent or intense; 
preside as a moderator: adj, kept 
within bounds; not extreme or ex- 
cessive; restrained; frugal; calm; 
reasonable; mild. 

moderately (-li), adv. in a moderate 
manner. 

moderation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
moderating; the state of being mod- 
erate; freedom from excess; equa- 
nimity. 

moderator (mod'er-a-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, moderates or 
restrains; the presiding officer in a 
church meeting. 

modern ('ern), adj. pertaining to the 
present time; recent: n.pl. people of 
modern times. 

modernize (-iz), v.t. to render mod- 
ern in usage or taste. 

modest ('est), adj. restrained by a 
due sense of propriety; diffident; 
decent; chaste. 

modesty ('es-ti), n. the quaht}^ or 
state of being modest; propriety of 
behavior or manner; chastity; dif- 
fidence; moderation. 

modicum ('i-kum), n. a little. 

modification (-i-fi-ka'shun), n, the 
act of modifying; the state of being 
modified; shght change in form. 

modify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. modi- 
fied, p.jpr, modifying], to change 
slightly in form; vary; qualify; 
reduce. 

modiste (mo-desf), n, a fashionable 
dressmaker. 

modulate (mod'u-lat), v.t. to vary 
the sound of; change the key or 
mode of: v.i. to pass from one 
musical key to another. 

modulation ^ (-la'shun), n, the act 
of modulating; the state of being 
modulated. 

modulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, modulates; in the 
tonic sol-fa system, a chart to in- 
dicate its modulations. 

Mogul (mo-gulO, ci^j- pertaining to 
the Mongolians: n. a person of the 
Mongolian race. The Emperor of 
Delhi was called the Great Mogul. 



ftte, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then, 

Dlt. 38 



MOHAIR 



584 



MOMENTARILY 



mohair ('har), n, a fabric made from 
the hair of the Angora goat; an 
imitation of such a fabric. 

Mohammedan (-ham'e-dan), adj, 
pertaining to Mohammed, or to 
Mohammedanism: n, an adherent 
of Mohammedanism. Also Ma- 
hometan, Mahomedan, Mussul- 
man, Moslem. 

Mohammedanism (-izm), n. the 
religion, doctrines, or institutions 
founded by Mohammed. 

moiety (moi'e-ti), n, one of two 
equal parts or shares; half. 

moil (moil), v.i. to toil; drudge. 

moire (mwar), n. watered silk. 

moire-antique (an-tek'), n, a supe- 
rior variety of watered silk. 

moist (moist), adj, containing water 
or other liquid; humid; damp. 

moisten (mois'n), v,t, to make moist. 

moisture (moist'ur), n, a moderate 
degree of dampness; slight wetness. 

moke (mok), n, a donkey. 

molar (mo'ler), n, a double tooth or 
grinder: adj, used for, and capable 
of, grinding. 

molasses (-las'ez), n. treacle. 

mold, mould (mold), n. a fine soft 
soil, rich in decayed matter; sub- 
stance of which anything is com- 
posed; a minute fungoid growth of 
decaying animal or vegetable mat- 
ter; the matrix in which anything 
is cast or shaped; character: v.t, 
cover with mold; cause to become 
moldy; fashion in, or as in* a mold: 
v.i. to become moldy. 

molder, moulder ('er), v.t. to turn 
into dust by natural decay: v.i. to 
crumble to mold; waste away by 
degrees: n. one who molds. 

moldiness, mouldiness ('i-nes), n. 
the state of being moldy. 

molding, moulding ('ing), n. the 
act of molding; anything made in 
or by a mold; ornamental strip: 
used on a wall, picture frame, &c. 

moldy, mouldy ('i), adj. covered 
with or having mold. 

mole (mol), n. a dark-colored mark 
or small protuberance on the skin; 



a small soft-furred burrowing ani- 
mal with small eyes of the genus 
Talpa, a pier or breakwater. 1 

molecular (mo-lek'u-lar) , adj. per- I 
taining to, consisting of, produced 
by, or existing between, molecules. 

molecularity (-lek-u-lar'i-ti), n. 
molecular state. 

molecule (more-ktil), n. the smallest 
quantity of an element or compound 
which can exist separately. 

moleskin (mol'skin), n. a twilled 
fustian cloth with a soft surface 
resembling a mole's fur. 

molest (mo-lesf), v.t. to annoy, or 
interfere with; trouble; vex. 

molestation (mol-es-ta'shun), n. the 
act of molesting; interference; an- 
noyance. 

mollifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who molli- 
fies. 

mollify Ci-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. molli- 
fied, p.pr. mollifying], to calm; 
soften; assuage. 

mollusk Cusk), n. one of the Mol- 
lusca. 

Mollusca (mo-lus'ka), n.pl. a divis- 
ion of the Invertebrata comprising 
animals with a soft fleshy body, and 
covered more or less with a calca- 
reous shell, as the snail, &c. 

molluscan ('kan), adj. pertaining to 
the Mollusca. Also molluscous. 

mollycoddle (mol'i-kod'l), n. an 
effeminate person. 

Moloch (mo'lok), n. the fire-god of 
the ancient Phoenicians and Ammo- 
nites to whom human sacrifices were 
offered. Also Molech. 

molt, moult (molt), v.i. to cast the 
feathers, hair, skin, &c. 

molten (molt'en), adj. melted; made 
of melted metal. 

molybdenum (mol-ib-de'num), n. a 
rare metallic element. 

moment (mo'ment), n. the smallest 
possible portion of time; an instant; 
importance; value; the product of 
a force and the perpendicular of its 
line of action from the point on 
which it acts. 

momentarily (-ta-ri-li), adv. for a 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MOMENTARY 



585 



MONITORY 



moment; from moment to moment. 

momentary ('men-ta-ri), adj, last- 
ing only for, or done in, a moment. 

momentous (-men'tns), adj. very 
important. 

momentum (-men'tum), n. impetus; 
the product of the mass by the ve- 
locity of a moving body. 

monachism (mon'a-kizm), n. mo- 
nastic life or system. Also monas- 
ticism. 

monad ('ad), n, an ultimate atom; a 
simple primary constituent of mat- 
ter; one of the smallest flagellate 
Infusoria; an elementary organism 
or cell; a univalent atom or radical. 

monarch C^rk), n. a supreme ruler; 
sovereign; the chief of its class or 
kind: adj. supreme. 

monarchic (-arldk), adj, pertain- 
ing to a monarch or to monarchy; 
vested in a monarch. Also monar- 
chical. 

monarchism ('ar-kizm), n. the prin- 
ciples of monarchy; preference for 
monarchy. 

monarchist (-ist), n. an advocate 
for, or supporter of, monarch3^ 

monarchy C§,rk-i), n. [pi, monarch- 
ies (-iz) ], government in which the 
supreme power, either absolute or 
limited, is vested in a monarch, 
kingdom, or empire. 

monasterial (-as-te'ri-^1), adj. per- 
taining to a monastery, or to mo- 
nastic life. 

monastery ('§-s-ter-i), n. [pi, mon- 
asteries (-iz) ], a home for religious 
retirement for men. 

monastic (mo-nas'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to monasteries, monks, their 
rules, &c. Also monastical. 

monastically (-M-li), adv. in a 
monastic manner. 

monasticism ('ti-sizm), n. mona- 
chism. 

mondaine (mon-dan'), w. a woman 
of fashion. 

Monday (mun'da), n. the second day 
of the week. 

monetary (mim'e-ta-ri), adj. per- 
taining to money. 



monetary unit (u'nit), n. the stand- 
ard of the currency of a nation, as 
the pound in England, or the dol- 
lar in the United States. 

monetization (-e-ti-za'shun), n. the 
act of monetizing. 

monetize ('e-tiz), v.t. to convert in- 
to money; give a standard or cur- 
rent value to. 

money (1), n. \pl. moneys ('iz) ], 
coin; specie; gold, silver, or other 
metal stamped by legal authority 
and used as ciurency; any currency 
used as money; wealth. 

moneyed C^id), adj. possessed of 
money; wealthy. 

monger (mung'ger), n, a dealer. 

Mongol (mong'gol), adj, pertaining 
to MongoHa, or to its inhabitants, 
or to one of the great divisions of 
mankind, of which the Mongols and 
Chinese are the type: n. a member 
of the Mongol race. Also Mongo- 
lian. 

mongoos. n. Another form of mun- 
goose. 

mongrel (mung'grel), adj. of a 
mixed breed or kind: n, anything 
of mixed breed or kind, as a dog, 
&c. 

monism (m .n'izm), n. the doctrine of 
the unity of substance; the identity 
of matter and mind. 

monist ('ist), n. a supporter or ad- 
vocate of monism. 

monistic (mo-nis'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to monism. 

monition (mo-nish'un), n. admoni- 
tion; warning; ^ notice. 

monitive (mon'i-tiv), adj, admoni- 
tory. 

monitor ('i-ter), n. one who warns 
or admonishes; a senior pupil se- 
lected to instruct the younger schol- 
ars; heavily-armed turreted iron- 
clad; a genus of large lizards, 

monitorial (-to'ri-§,l), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or performed by, a monitor. 

monitorially (-li), adv. in a monito- 
rial manner. 

monitory Ci-to-ri), adj. giving moni- 
tion. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&n.. 



MONITRESS 



586 



MONSIGNORE 



monitress ('i-tres), n. a female mon- 
itor. 

monk (mimgk), n. a man who de- 
votes himself exclusively to a reli- 
gious life and hves in commimity 
with others similarly bound by vows 
to chastity, obedience, and poverty. 

monkey ('i), n, [pi. monkeys ('iz) ], 
a quadrumanous mammal, of the 
species Simiidse; a name for va- 
rious mechanical contrivances; a 
name of contempt, especially for 
one of mischievous propensities. 

monkey-boat (-bot), n. a small 
dock-boat. 

monkey-jacket (-jak'et), n, a short 
closely fitting thick jacket. 

monkhood ('hood), n, the character 
or condition of a monk; monlvS col- 
lectively. 

monkshood ('s-hood), n. aconite. 

mono, a prefix meaning one, single^ 
alone. Also mon, as monobasic: 
adj. having only a single atom or 
equivalent of base, monocle, an eye- 
glass for one eye. 

monocular (mo-nok'u-l§.r), adj. 
adapted for use for one eye; with 
one eye only. 

monody (mon'o-di), n. a plaintive 
poem or song for one voice. 

monogamy (mo-nog'^-mi), n. mar- 
riage of one wife only; marrying 
only once; pairing with a single 
mate, as the dove. 

monogenesis (mon-o-gen'e-sis), n. a 
sexual reproduction from a single cell. 

nnonogram ('o-gram), n. a cipher or 
character formed by the interweav- 
ing of two or more letters. 

monograph ^ ('o-grM), n. a paper or 
treatise written on one particular 
subject or some branch of it. 

monolith ('o-lith), n. a pillar or col- 
umn formed of a single stone. 

monologue ('o-log), n. a dramatic 
scene in which one person only 
speaks; soliloquy. 

monomania (-ma'ni-^), n. mental 
derangement in regard to one sub- 
ject only. 

monomaniac (-ma'ni-ak), adj. per- 



taining to, or affected with, mono- 
mania: n. one affected with mono- 
mania. 

monometallism (-met'&l-izm), n. 
the legalized use of one metal only 
as currency. 

monoplane (mon'-o-plan), n. an 
aeroplane supported by a single 
plane or sustaining surface, as con- 
trasted with the biplane, q. v. 

monopolist (mo-nop'o-list), n. one 
who has a monopoly, or monopolizes. 

monopolize^ ('o-llz), v.L to acquire 
the possession of so as to be the only 
seller; to engross the whole of. 

monorail (mon'o-ral), n. a single rail 
serving as a track for a wheeled 
carriage. 

monotheism (mon'o-the-izm), n, the 
doctrine of, or beUef in, the ex- 
istence of one God. 

monotone (mon'o-ton), n, recitation 
on a single note or key: v.t. to re- 
cite (as prayers) on a single note. 

monotonous (mo-not'o-nus), adj. 
continued in the same unvarying 
tone; wearisome. 

monotony Co-ni), n. dull uniform- 
ity of tone* unvarjdng or irksome 
sameness. 

monotype (mon'o-tip), n. a machine 
that sets type by casting single let- 
ters instead of lines of words. 

monoxide (-noks'id) n. an oxide 
having one atom of oxygen in each 
molecule. 

monseigneur (mong-sa-nyer'), n, 
[pi. messeigneurs (ma-sa-nyer') ], 
formerly a title in France given to 
persons of high birth or rank, espe- 
cially to the dauphin; a title of 
French bishops. 

monsieur (mo-sye'), n, [pi. mes- 
sieurs (me-sye') ], a French title of 
courtesy, equivalent to Sir or Mr.; 
formerly the title of the eldest 
brother of the King of France. 

monsignore (mon-se-nyo'ra), n. [pi. 
monsignori Cre) ], an ecclesiastical 
title conferred by the Pope, on prel- 
ates of the Papal household, equiva- 
lent to Lord. 



ate, PTir, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MONSOON 



687 



MOOT 



monsoon (-soon'), n, a periodical 
wind in the Indian Ocean blowing 
from the southwest from April to 
October, and from the northeast 
during the other part of the year. 

monster ('ster), n. anything out of 
the usual course of nature; prodigy; 
something greatly deformed; a per- 
son remarkable for extreme wicked- 
ness, cruelty, &c.: adj. of unusual 
size. 

monstrosity (-stros'i-ti), n. [pi. 
monstrosities (-tiz) ], the state or 
quaUty of being monstrous; an un- 
natural production. 

monstrous ('strus), adj. out of the 
common course of nature; wonder- 
ful; huge; horrible; enormous. 

monte (mon'ta), n. sl gambling game 
played with dice or cards by the 
Spaniards. 

month (munth), n. one of the twelve 
divisions of the year, either calen- 
dar or lunar. 

monthly ('li), adj. continued, per- 
formed, or happening in a month: 
adv. once each month: n. a maga- 
zine or periodical published each 
month. 

monument (mon'u-ment), n. any- 
thing that perpetuates the memory 
of a person or event. 

monumental ('&1), adj. pertaining 
to, or serving as, a monument; last- 
ing. 

monumentally (-li), adv. by way of 
a monument or memorial. 

moo (moo), v.i. to make the noise of 
a cow; low: n. the lowing of a cow. 

mood (mood), n, style; manner; 
temper of mind; variation in the 
form of a verb to express the manner 
of action or being; in logic, the form 
of a syllogism with regard to the 
quantity and quality of the three 
propositions by which it is formed; 
in music, the same as mode. 

moodily ('i-H), adv. in a moody 
manner. 

moodiness (-nes), n. moody disposi- 
tion. 

moody ('i), adj. [comp. moodier, 



superl. moodiest], abstracted an 
pensive; out of temper; sad; gloomy. 

moon (moon), n. the satellite that 
revolves round the earth; satelHte of 
a planet; a month; a crescent-shaped 
outwork: v.i. to wander and look 
about in an abstracted and listless 
manner. 

moonsail ('sal), n. a sail carried 
above a skysail. Also moonraker. 

moonshine ('shin), n. moonhght; 
show without reahty; smuggled 
spirits. 

moonshiner (-er), n. a distiller of 
illicit whisky; a smuggler of whisky. 

moonstone ('ston), n. sl translucent 
stone of yellowish or yellow-white 
color exhibiting beautiful pearly 
reflections. 

moonstruck ('struk), adj. lunatic. 

moon wort ('wert), n. a fern with 
crescent-shaped fronds. 

moony (1), adj. crescent-shaped; 
weakly sentimental; intoxicated. 

Moor (moor), n. one of a dark race 
dwelling in Barbary in Northern 
Africa. 

moor (moor), n. an extensive tract 
of waste land covered with heather, 
Ac, sometimes marshy or peaty: v.t. 
to secure (a ship) by a cable and 
anchor: v.i. to be seciu:ed by a cable 
and anchor. 

moorage ('aj), n. a mooring place. 

moor-cock ('kok), n. the male of the 
red grouse. Also moor-fowl. 

mooring ('ing), n. the act of secur- 
ing a vessel to a particular place; 
the cables, anchors, &c., laid at the 
bottom of a harbor, &c., to which a 
vessel is moored : pi. the place where 
a vessel is moored. 

moorstone ('ston), n. a variety of 
Cornish granite, used for building. 

moose ^ (moos), n. sl large North 
American deer resembling the Euro- 
pean elk. 

moot (mo5t), v.t. to propose for dis- 
cussion: v.i. to argue or plead on 
a supposed case: n. a discussion on 
a supposed case: adj. subject or open 
for discussion or debate. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MOOT-COURT 



588 



MORGUE 



moot-court (moot'cort), n, a mock 
court in which law students try 
imaginary cases for practice. 

mop (mop), n. an instriunent for 
washing floors, decks, &c., consist- 
ing of a bundle of cloth, rags, &c., 
fastened to the end of a long handle; 
a fair at which servants are hired: 
v,L [p.t. & p.p. mopped, p.pr, mop- 
ping], to rub or dry with a mop. 

mope (mop), v,i. to be silent, dull or 
dispirited. 

moquette (mo-kef), n. a Brussels or 
tapestry carpet with a short velvety 
pile. 

mora (mo'r§,), n, a South American 
tree the wood of which is used for 
shipbuilding and furniture, and its 
bark for tanning; an Italian game 
of guess played with the fingers. 

moraine (mo-ran'), n, a line of rocks 
and gravel at the edges and base of 
glaciers. 

moral (mor'§,l), adj\ pertaining to 
morality or morals; conformed to 
right; subject to, or influenced by, 
the moral law; virtuous; practically 
sufficient; serving to teach a moral: 
n, inner meaning: pL moral phil- 
osophy or ethics; conduct of life; 
behavior. 

morale (mo-rM'), ^. moral condition; 
that mental state which renders a 
man capable of endurance and of 
exhibiting courage in the presence 
of danger. 

moralize (mor'M-Iz), v.t. to apply 
or explain in a moral sense; render 
moral: v.i. to make reflections on 
good or evil. 

moralist (mor'§,-list), n. one who 
moralizes; one who teaches or prac- 
tices the duties of life. 

morality (mo-ral'l-ti), n. [pL morali- 
ties (-tiz) ], the doctrine or prac- 
tice of the duties of life; ethics; vir- 
tue ; formerly a kind of allegorical play. 

morally (mor'&l-i), adv. according to 
the rules of morality; ethically; vir- 
tuously; practically. 

moral philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n, 
ethics. 



morass (mo-ris'), n. a swamp; fen. 

moratorium (mor-a-to'ri-um), n, 
legahzed right to postpone payment 
of a debt after it otherwise would 
fall due: as in England at the out- 
break of the Great War in 1914. 

Moravian (-ra'vi-§,n), adj. pertaining 
to Moravia, or to a Protestant sect, 
the Moravians or United Brethren. 

morbid (mor'bid), adj. pertaining to 
disease; sickly; unhealthy. 

morbidity (-bid'i-ti), n. a morbid 
state. 

morbific (-bif'ik), adj. producingr 
disease. 

morceau (-so'), n. a small piece 
[French]. 

mordant ('d^nt), adj. biting into or 
fixing colors; sarcastic; caustic: n, 
a substance that has a chemical af- 
finity for coloring matter, and serves 
to fix certain colors in dyeing; a 
substance to make gold-leaf adhere. 

more (mor), adj. [comp. of many and 
much, superl. most], greater in num- 
ber, quality, extent, number, &c.; 
additional; longer: adv. to a greater 
degree, &c.; again; besides: n. sl 
greater quantity, number, &c.; 
something further or additional. 

moreen (mo-ren'), n. a stout woolen 
embossed or figured fabric. 

morel (mor'el), n. a small fungus 
used for food and flavoring. Also 
moril. 

morello (mo-rel'o), n. a dark-red 
cherry: used for making cherry- 
brandy. 

moreover (mor-o'ver), adv. besides; 
further. 

Moresque (mo-resk'), adj. Moorish 
or Arabesque: n. such decoration or 
architecture. 

miorganatic (m6r-g§,-nat'ik), adj. 
noting the marriage of a man of 
royal rank with a woman of inferior 
degree, whose children are legiti- 
mate but cannot inherit their 
father^s rank or possessions. 

morgue (morg), n. a place where the 
bodies of persons unknown found 
dead are exposed for identification. 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



MORIBUND 



MORTIFY 



moribund (mor'i-bund), adj, dying. 

inoringa (mo-ring'g^), n. a highly 
scented East Indian tree, yielding 
the ben-nut and ben-oil. 

morion (mo'ri-un), n. an open hel- 
met without beaver or vizor. 

Morisco (mo-ris'ko), n. a Moor; the 
Moorish language. 

Mormon (mor'mun), adj. pertaining 
to a sect founded in 1830 by Joseph 
Smith, who professed to have found 
the Book of Mormon. The sect, 
called also Latter Day Saints, 
formerly practiced polygamy, and 
has its headquarters m Utah, U.S.A. 

Mormonism (-izm), n. the doctrines 
and practices of the Mormons. 

morning (morn'ing), n, the early 
part of the day: poet, mom: adj, 
pertaining to, occurring, or per- 
formed, in the morning. 

morning watch (woch), n. watch 
on shipboard from 4 a. m. to 8 a. m. 

moro (mor'o), n. a form of tumor; 
a kind of bird; a warlike native of 
the Phihppine Islands. 

morocco (mo-rok'o), n. a fine kind 
of grained leather of goatskin or 
sheepskin. 

moron (mo-ron'), n. a defective per- 
son. 

morone (-ron'), n, a dark crimson 
color. 

morose (-rosO, adj. sullen; austere; 
gloomy. 

morosely CU), adv. in a morose 
manner. 

moroseness ^ ('nes), the quality or 
state of being morose. 

morphia (mor'fi-^), n. the narcotic 
principle of opium. Also morphine. 

morphinism ('fin-izm), n. a morbid 
state occasioned by the excessive 
use of morphia. 

morphological (-fo-loj'i-kM), adj, 
pertaining to morphology. Also 
morphologic. 

morphology (-fol'o-ii), n, the science 
of the forms i n the organisms of 
animals and plants. 

morris (mor'is), n. a Moorish dance 
with tambourines, bells, castanets, 



&c., common in Old English pa- 
geants and revels; an old game 
played with men and counters on 
squares. Also morrice. 

morris-chair (mor'is-char), n. an 
easy chair, with back that can be 
inclined at any angle. 

morrow ('o), n, the next day. 

morse (mors), n, the walrus; a clasp 
for fastening a cope. 

morsel (mor'sel), n. a small piece. 

mort (mort), n, a salmon in its third 
year; a note or notes sounded on a 
hunting horn to notify the death of 
game. 

mortal (m6r't&l), adj. subject to 
death; causing death; fatal; pun- 
ishable with death; violent; ex- 
treme; tedious; pertaining to human 
beings: n. a human being; man, as 
subject to death. 

mortality (taFi-ti), n. the condition 
of being mortal; mankind; frequency 
or number of deaths in ratio to 
population. 

mortally ('til-li), adv. so as to cause 
death; fatally; extremely. 

mortar ('ter), n. a vessel in which 
substances are^ pounded with a 
pestle; a short piece of ordnance used 
for throwing shells at high angles 
of elevation; a building cement of 
lime, sand, and water: v.t. to plaster 
or secure with mortar. 

mortgage (mor'gaj), n. a deed con- 
veying property to a creditor as se- 
curity for the payment of a debt; 
the deed by which such conveyance 
is made: v.t. to convey or make over 
to a creditor as security; pledge. 

mortgagee (-ga-je')j n. the person to 
whom a mortgage is made or given. 

mortgager ('ga-jer), n. the person who 
grants a mortgage. Also mortgagor. 

mortification • (-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n, the 
act of mortifying; gangrene; sub- 
jugation of the passions and appe- 
tites by abstinence; humihation; 
vexation; chagrin. 

mortify ('ti-fi), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. mor- 
tified, p.pr, mortifying], to destroy 
the vital functions of; produce gan- 



atCj arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, norths not; boon, 
book: hue. hut; think, theiu 



MORTIFYING 



590 



MOTOR 



gr^e in; subdue by penance or aus- 
terities; humble; depress; chagrin; 
vd. to be subdued; practice austeri- 
ties; become gangrenous. 

mortifying (-ing), adj. tending to 
mortify; humiliating; vexatious. 

mortise ('tis), n. a hole made in 
wood to receive a tenon: v.t, to cut 
or make a mortise in. 

mortmain ('man), n, alienation of 
lands or tenements to any corporate 
body. 

mortuary ('ur&-ri), w. [pi, mortu- 
aries (-riz) ], a building for the 
dead pending burid: adj, pertaining 
to the burial of the dead. 

Mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to 
Moses, to the Law, institutions, &c., 
given through him, or to his writings. 

mosaic (-za'ik), adj. pertaining to 
or consisting of, mosaic work: n. a 
design, or form ^ of artistic work 
formed by the union of very minute 
pieces of glass, stcne, &c., of various 
colors, inlaid in a ground of stucco 
or metal. 

Moselle (mo-zel') , n. a light white wine. 

Moslem (mos'lem), adj, pertaining 
to Mohammedans: n. a Moham- 
medan or Mussulman. 

mosque (mosk), n. a Mohammedan 
temple, 

mosquito (mus-ke'to), n. an insect 
of the genus Culex, the females of 
which puncture the skin of men and 
animals, causing great cutaneous 
irritation and pain. 

moss (mos), n. soft peaty moorland; 
a natural orc'er of cryptogamous 
bog plants, the musci, with simple 
narrow leaves and of cellular struc - 
ture; a lichen. 

moss-rose ('rcz), n. a fragrant va- 
riety of rose with a moss-hke calyx. 

most (most), adj. [si.perl.oi more]^ 
greatest in nun^ber, quantity, or de- 
gree: n. the greatest number, part, 
quantity, or value. 

mot (mo), 71. a witty saying [French]. 

mote (mot), n.^ a popular assembly 
for the discussion and management 
of affairs; a very small particle. 



motet (mo-tetO, n, a short vocal 
composition of a sacred character; 

anthem. 

moth (moth), n. a lepidopterous in- 
sect or its larvse, which feed upon 
cloth, fur, &c ; anythmg that grad- 
ually gnaws away. 

mother (mui/i'er), n. female parent, 
especially one of the human race; 
one who has ^iven birth to a child; 
origin or source; the female superior 
of a rehgious house; a thick sHmy 
substance or film concreted in Hq- 
uids: acy. native; producing others: 
v.t. to adopt as a son or daughter. 

mother-in-law (-in-law), n. the 
mother of one's husband or wife. 

mother-of-pearl (-perl), n. the hard, 
silvery internal layer of various 
kinds of shells. 

mothers^-day (mu^/i'ers-da), tt. the 
second Sunday in May, when 
mothers are to be honored in various 
ways. 

motion (mo 'shun), n. the act, pro- 
cess, or state of moving; passage of 
a body from one place to another; 
animal life and action; impulse, de- 
sire, or passion; internal activity; a 
proposition made in a deliberative-as- 
sembly; evacuation of the bowelss 
v.i. to make significant movement 
or gesture. 

motion-picture (mo'shim-pik'tur), n. 
[See moving-picture.] 

motive ('tiv), adj. causing motion; 
able or tending to move: 7u that 
which moves or excites to action; 
inducement; reason; stimulus i in 
art, leading idea, or conception. 

motive power (pou'er), n. any nat- 
ural agent, as wind, water, steam, 
electricity, &c., employed to produce 
motion in a machine. 

motley (mot'li), adj. covered with 
parts of various colors; heteroge- 
neous. 

motmot ('mot), n. any one of various 
species of beautiful jay-like South 
American birds: so named from the 
note. 

motor (mo'ter), n. that which pro- 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon> 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MOTOR BOAT 



691 



MOUTH 



duces motion, or power, especially a 
machine which performs mechanical 
work; a machine for transmuting 
energy into mechanical motion. 

motor boat (bot), n. a boat pro- 
pelled by a gasoline or other marine 
motor. 

motor car (kar), w. a vehicle pro- 
pelled by means of petroleum, elec- 
tricity, &c. 

motorcycle (-si-kl), n. a bicycle pro- 
pelled by a motor. 

motordrome (drom), n. a field for 
automobile and motorcycle races. 

motorman (mo'ter-man), n. the 
operator of an electric car. 

mottle (motl), v,t, to mark with 
spots of various colors; variegate. 

motto ('o), n. [pi, mottoes ('oz)], a 
concise sentence added to a device, 
or prefixed to anything, suggesting 
some guiding principle, &c, 

mouflon (moof'lon), n. the wild large- 
horned sheep of Corsica and Sar- 
dinia. Also moufflon. 

moujik (moo-zhek'), n, a Russian 
peasant. 

mould. See mold. 

moulin (mo5-langO, n. a deep crack 
intersecting a glacial rivulet [lYench]. 

moulinage ('lin-aj)^ n. the process of 
reefing off silk in its raw state and 
dressing it prior to dyeing. 

moulinet ('fi-net), n. a kind of turn- 
stile; the drum or capstan of a ma- 
chine for hoisting. 

moult. See molt. 

mound (mound), n, an artificial bank 
of earth or stone, originaUy for de- 
fensive purposes; hillock; a small 
globe surmounted by a cross, sym- 
bolical of empire: v.t. to furnish, or 
fortify, with a mound. 

Mound Builders (bil'derz), n.pL a 
prehistoric race formerly dwelfing in 
the valley of the Mississippi, who 
erected large earthen mounds, &c. 

mount (mount), n, a hill or moun- 
tain; a rocky mass or elevation ris- 
ing above the level of the surround- 
ing land; a mound for defense or at-^ 
tack; rampart; cardboard on which 



a drawing is fixed: v.t. to raise on 
high; climb; ascend; bestride; fur- 
nish with horses; prepare for use by 
fixing on, or in, something else: v.i. 
to rise up; project; tower; get on 
horseback. 

mountain ('in), n. a large mass of 
rock or earth rising above the level 
of the adjacent coimtry; usually 
over 2,000 feet; anything very large. 

mountaineer (-er'), n. one who 
dwells among or climbs, moun- 
tains: v.i. to chmb mountains. 

mountainous (-us), adj. full of, or 
resembhng, mountains. 

mountebank ('e-bank), n. a quack- 
doctor; boastful pretender. 

mounted Ced), p. adj. seated or serv- 
ing on horseback; placed on a suit- 
able support. 

mounting Cing), n. the act of mount- 
ing, embellishing, or equipping. 

mourn (morn), v.i. to grieve; la- 
ment; be sorrowful; wear mourn- 
ing: v.i. to grieve for; bewail. 

mourner ('er), n. one who mourns; 
one who attends a funeral. 

mournful ('fool), adj. causing, or 
expressing, sorrow; doleful; sad. 

mournfully ('li), adv. in a mournful 
manner. 

mourning ('ing), n. expression of 
grief; lamenting; the dress of a 
mourner. 

mouse (mous), n. [pi. mice (mis)], 
a small rodent of the genus Mus, 
that infests houses, granaries, &c.: 
v.i. (mouz) to watch for, or catch, 
mice; watch for something in a sly 
manner; pry curiously: v.t, to tear, 
as a cat tears a mouse. 

nnousseline-de-laine (moo-se-len- 
de-lan'), n, a very light textured 
woolen dress material. 

moustache. See mustache. 

mouth (mouth), n. the opening in 
the head of an animal by which it 
receives food and utters sounds; en- 
trance or opening; exit; instrument 
of speaking; grimace: v.t. (mouth) 
to utter with an affected swelling or 
pompous voice: v.i. make grimaces. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MOUTHFUL 



592 



MUFFIN 



mouthful ('fool), n. [pL mouthfuls 
(-foolz)], as much as can be put into 
the mouth at one time; small quan- 
tity. 

mouthpiece ('pes), n, that part of 
an instrument which is held in or 
appUed to the mouth; a spokesman. 

movability (moov-^-bil'i-ti), n, the 
state or quality of being movable. 

movable ('§<-bl), adj, capable of be- 
ing moved or conveyed; changing 
from one time to another: n.pL 
goods, wares or furniture. 

movable feasts (fests), n.pl, certain 
Church festivals, the date of which 
is determined by Easter. 

movably (-hli) ^adv. so as to be moved. 

move (moov), v.t. to cause to change 
place or position; impel; set in mo- 
tion; rouse to action; influence; 
propose formally: v.i. to change 
place or position; go from place to 
place; stir; take action; change res- 
idence: 71. the act of moving; right to 
move; movement; artifice or scheme. 

movement ('ment), n, the act or 
manner of moving; change of place 
or posicion; motion; excitement; 
emotion; agitation; the going mech- 
anism of a watch or clock; ^ any 
single part in a musical composition. 

moving ('ing), p. adj. causing motion, 
or change of position; stirring the 
passions or affections; pathetic: n. 
the act of changing one's residence. 

moving-picture ('tur), n, popular 
term covering every form of ani- 
mated pictures (see biograph). 

moving platform (moov'ing plat'- 
form), 71. device for a series of 
connected platforms, with and with- 
out seats, mechanically moved at 
different speeds. 

mow (mo), v.t. [p.t. mowed, p.p. 
mowed, mown, p.pr. mowing], to cut 
down with, or as with, a scythe: v.i. 
to cut grass w^ith a scythe. 

mow (mou), n. a heap of hay, &c., 
stowed in a barn; the compartment 
in a barn where hay, etc., are 
stored: v.t. to stow in a mow. 

mown, p.p. of mow. 



much (much), adj. [comparative more, 
superlative most], great in quantity 
or amount; long in duration; many 
in number: adv. to a great degree 
or extent; often or long; nearly: 
n. a great quantity; something con- 
siderable or unusual. 

mucilage (mu'si-iaj), n. Sb gummy or 
gelatinous substance; gum of plants. 

mucilaginous (-laj'i-nus), adj. per- 
taining to, resembling, or secreting, 
mucilage or gum. 

muck (muk), n. moist dung; any- 
thing filthy or vile: v.t. to manure 
with dung. 

muckiness ('i-nes), n. the quality or 
state of being mucky. 

muckraker (muk'ra-ker), n. one 
who rakes muck; a censorious and 
abusive writer or speaker. 

muckworm ('werm), n. a grub or 
larva bred in manure; a miser. 

mucky ('i), adj. consisting of muck; 
miry; nasty; filthy. 

mucous (mu'kus), adj. pertaining to, 
resembling, or secreting, mucus; vis- 
cous or slimy. 

mucous membrane (mem'bran), n. 
the moist, glandular lining of the 
cavities and canals of the human 
body. 

mucus Ckus), 71. the viscid fluid se- 
creted by the mucous membrane; a 
gummy or slimy substance found in 
certain plants. 

mud (mud), n. soft wet earth; mire. 

muddle ('1), v.t. to make a mess oi: 
or confuse; cloud or stupefy; make 
partially drunk; squander: ti. aeon- 
fused state; intellectual dulness or 
bewilderment. 

muff (muf), n. a warm soft cylindri- 
cal cover of fur, &c., to keep the 
hands warm in cold weather; a 
stupid, spiritless fellow; failure to 
hold a ball when catching it: v.t. to 
handle awkwardly; fail to hold (a 
ball) when catching it. 

muffetee (-e-te'), n. a fur or worsted 
wristband. 

muffin ('in), n. a soft light spongy 
round cake. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MUFFLE 



593 



MULTITUDINOUS 



muffle (1), v,t. to wrap up closely 
and warmly; cover or conceal the 
face of; cover up so as to deaden 
sound: v.i. to speak indistinctly: n. 
a semi-cylindrical earthenware oven 
used in assaying metals. 

muffler ('ler), n. a wrapper. 

mufti ('ti), n. [pi. muftis ('tiz), n, 
a doctor or official expounder of Mo- 
hammedan law; civilian dress worn 
by a naval or military officer when 
off duty. 

mug (mug), n. an earthenware or 
metallic drinking vessel; the 'face. 

mugginess ('i-nes), ». the state of 
being muggy. 

muggy ('i), adj, warm, damp, and 
close; moldy. 

mugwump ('wump), n. an independ- 
ent member of the RepubUcan party. 

Muhammedan. Same as Mohamme- 
dan. 

mulatto (mu-lat'o), n. [pL mulattoes 
('oz) ], the offspring of negro and 
white parents. Feminine mulattress. 

mulberry (muFber-i), n. [pL mul- 
berries (-iz) ], the tree or fruit of 
the genus Moms; dark purple. 

mulch (mulch), n. haK rotten straw, 
Utter, &c., used to protect the roots 
of trees, plants, &c.: v.t. to cover, or 
protect, with mulch. 

mulct (inulkt), v.t. to punish with a 
fine: n, a fine, especially for some 
misdemeanor. 

mule (mul), n, the offspring of a 
male ass and a mare; a stubborn 
obstinate person; a machine for 
spinning cotton, &c. 

muleteer (-e-terO, n. a mule driver. 

mulish (mul'ish), adj, hke a mule; 
stubborn. 

mull (mul), n. a headland or cape; a 
snuff-box made of the end of a horn; 
a very thin soft kind of muslin; an 
inferior kind of madder; dust or 
rubbish; failure: v.t. to warm, spice, 
and sweeten (wine, ale, &c.). 

mullein (muFin), n, a coarse her- 
baceous plant. 

muller ('er), n. a flat-bottomed pestle 
used for grinding pigments or drugs. 



mullet ('et), an edible marine fish, 
much esteemed for the table. 

mullion Cyun), n. an upright bar or 
division between the fights of win- 
dows, screens, &c., in a Gothic arch: 
v.t. to furnish with, or divide by, 
muUions. 

mulse (mills), n, wine boiled and 
mixed with honey. 

mult, multi, prefixes meaning many: 
as, mi^Z^angular, having many an- 
gles, multiRoious, having many 
flowers. 

multigraph (mul'ti-graf), n. a ma- 
chine for reproducing copies of 
typewritten matter. 

multi-millionaire (mul'ti-mil'yun- 
ar), n. one having two or more mil- 
fion dollars. 

multiple (mul'ti-pl), adj, consisting 
of many parts ; repeated many times : 
n. a number or quantity which con- 
tains another an exact number of 
times without a remainder. 

multiplex Cti-pleks), adj. manifold. 

multiplicand (-pH-kand'), n. the 
number or quantity to be multiplied. 

multiplicate ('ti-pH-kat), adj. con- 
sisting of many. 

multiplication (-ka'shun), n. the 
act or process of multiplying; rule 
or operation by which any given 
number or quantity is multiphed. 

multiplicity (-plis'i-ti), n. the state 
of being manifold; a great number. 

multiplier ('ti-ph-er), n. one who, or 
that which multiplies or increases; 
the number or quantity by which an- 
other is multiplied. 

multiply ('ti-pll), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
multiplied, p.pr. ^ multiplying], to 
cause to increase in number; make 
more by natural generation, produc- 
tion or addition; repeat (any given 
number or quantity) as often as 
there are units in another number 
or quantity : v.i. to increase in num- 
ber or extent. 

multitude ('ti-tud), n. a great num- 
ber; crowd; assembly; populace 
(with the). 

multitudinous (-tu'di-nus), adj. pei- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, naet; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



MULTUM 



594 



MURREY 



taining to, or consisting of, a multi- 
tude; numerous. 

multum ('turn), n, a mixture of the 
extracts of quassia and liquorice used 
for adulterating beer. 

mum (mum), adj. silent: n. silence; 
a kind of strong ale: inter j, be silent! 

mumble ('bl), v.t. & v.i. to mutter or 
speak indistinctly; chew gently with 
closed lips. 

mumbo- jumbo ('bo-jumlDo), n. a 
West iOrican idol or object of su- 
perstitious reverence or dread; vul- 
gar bugbear. 

mumm (mum), v.i. to mask or dis- 
guise one^s self for sport. 

mummer ('er), n. one who makes 
sport in disguise; a masker; actor. 

mummery ('er-i), n. masquerading; 
buffoonery; hypocritical parade or 
disguise. 

mummiform ('i-form), adj, like a 
mummy. 

mummy ('i), n. [pL mummies ('iz) ], 
a dead body embalmed after the 
manner of the ancient Egyptians; a 
kind of wax used in grafting trees; 
a rich brown color from bitumen. 

mump (mump), v.i. & v.t. to move the 
hps with the mouth nearly closed; 
nibble; cheat; whine or sulk; play 
the beggar; to mutter; impose upon. 

miumper ('er), n. a begging impostor. 

mumps ('s), n. a contagious febrile 
disease characterized by the swelling 
of the glands of the neck: pZ. the 
sulks. 

mumpish ('ish), adj. sulky. 

munch (munch), v.t. & v.i. to chew 
with an audible crunching noise, 

mundane (mun'dan), adj. pertaining 
to the world. 

mundil ('dil), ». a richly embroid- 
ered turban. 

mungoos (mung'goos), n. an ichneu- 
mon that preys on snakes. Also 
mongoos. 

municipal (mu-nis'i-pM), adj. per- 
taining to a city, corporation, state, 
or local self-government. 

municipal law (law), n, the com- 
mon law of a city or country. 



municipality ('i-ti), n. {pi. munici- 
palities (-tiz) ], a corporate town or 
city; a division of the country 
[France]. 

municipally ('i-pHl-li), adv. in a mu- 
nicipal manner. 

munificence (nif'i-sens), n. the qual- 
ity or state of being munificent; lib- 
erality. 

munificent ('i-sent), adj. character- 
ized by great liberality in giving; 
bountiful. 

muniment (mu'ni-ment), n. a strong- 
hold or fortification; a legal record 
defending a title; title-deed or char- 
ter. 

munitions (-nish'unz), n.pl. military 
stores or material. 

mural ('rM), adj. pertaining to, 
growing on, or resembling, a wall. 

murder (mer'der), n. homicide with 
malice aforethought: v.t. to kill with 
premeditated malice; mangle; mar 
or ruin. 

murderer (-er), n. one who is guilty 
of murder. Feminine murderess. 

murderous (-us), adj. pertaining to, 
guilty of, or attended with, murder. 

muriate (mu'ri-at), n. a salt of muri- 
atic acid. 

muriatic (-at'ik), adj. derived from 
sea salt. 

murine ('rin), adj. pertaining to a 
mouse or mice. 

murk (merk), n. darkness. 

murkiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being murky. 

murkily ('i-li), adv. darkly. 

murky ('i), adj. dark; gloomy; ob- 
scure. 

murmur (mer'mer), n. a low indis- 
tinct sound, as of a running stream; 
a complaint in a low muttering 
tone: v.i. to make a low continued 
noise like the hum of bees; mutter 
in discontent; grumble. 

murra ('^), n. a delicate kind of 
handsome ancient ware made of 
fluor-spar. 

murrain (mur'an), n. an infectious 
and fatal disease among cattle. 

murrey ('i), n. dark red. 



ate, arm, i«k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



MUSCARDINE 



595 



MUSTARD 



inu8carci*ne (mus'kar-din), n. a 
fungus which causes fatal disease in 
silk-worms. 

muscatel CM-tel), n. a variety of 
rich wine; the grapes which produce 
it; a sweet fragrant pear. Musca- 
del, muscadine. 

muscle (1), n. a highly contractile 
organ of fibrous tissue by which 
movement in an animal body is ef- 
fected; muscular strength. 

muscled ('Id), adj, having muscles. 

Muscovite ('ko-vit), n. a Russian. 

muscovy duck (-vi duk), n, a large 
duck of tropical America. 

muscular ('ku-lar), adj, pertaining 
to, consisting of, or performed by, 
muscles; strong; vigorous; brawny. 

muscularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the qual- 
ity or state of being muscular. 

Muse ^ (muz), n. any one of the nine 
classical goddesses who presided each 
over one of the nine liberal arts. 

muse^ (muz), v.i. to study in silence; 
meditate; be absent-minded: vX. to 
meditate on. 

musette (mu-zef), n. a small bag- 
pipe; a soft melodious air. 

museum (-ze'um), n. a collection of 
natural, scientific, or hterary curi- 
osities, or of works of art; the 
building containing such a collection. 

mush (mush), n. boiled Indian maize 
meal. 

mtushroom ('room), n. an edible fun- 
gus Agaricus campestriSy or similar 
edible fungi; an upstart: ad[;. made 
from, or resembling mushrooms; up- 
start; ephemeral. 

music (mu'zik), n, the art or science 
of harmonic sounds; harmony or 
melody; musical score or composi- 
tion. 

musical ^ ('zi-kM), adj. pertaining to, 
producing, or consisting of, music; 
harmonious; melodious. 

musicale (-zi-k^l'), n. a social mu- 
sical party. 

musically (-H), adv. in a musical 
manner. 

musicalness (-nes), n. musical qual- 
ity. 



musician (-zish'§,n), n, one skilled in 
the science of music; one who sing3, 
or plays on a musical instrument. 

musing (muz'ing), n. meditation: 
adj, meditative. 

musk (musk), n. a strong-scented 
substance obtained from the male 
musk-deer; a small plant with a 
musk-scented perfume. 

musk-deer Cder), n. sl small hOTn- 
less deer which yields musk. 

musk-duck Cduk), n. the Muscovy 
duck; an Australian duck. 

musket (mus'ket), n. the firearm for- 
merly used by infantry. 

musketeer (-er'), n. a soldier armed 
with a musket. 

musketoon (-oon'), n. a short mus- 
ket. 

musketry (-ri), n. firearm practice. 

musk-ox (musk'oks), n. an Arctic 
bovine animal. 

muskrat (musk'rat), n. an aquatic 
rodent of North America wkich 
emits a musky secretion. Also musk- 
beaver, musquash. 

muslin (muz'hn), n. a fine thin cot- 
ton cloth or fabric: adj. made of 
muslin. 

muslinet (-ef), n. a coarse muslin. 

musquash. Same as muskrat. 

musquito. Same as mosquito. 

muss (mus), n. a confused struggle; 
disorder: v.L to disorder, as clothing. 

mussel ('el), n. a marine edible bi- 
valve. 

Mussulman ('ul-m^), n. [pi. Mus- 
sulmans (-mILnz) ], a Mohammedan, 
or Moslem. 

mussy (mus'i), adj. disordered. 

must (must), n. unfermented ex- 
pressed grape juice: v.t. to make 
moldy and sour: v.i. to be obhged 
morally or physically. 

mustache (mus-t^sh'), n. hair worn 
on a man^s upper Up. Also mous- 
tache. 

mustang ('tang), n. the small, hardy, 
semi-\\^d horse of the prairies. 

mustard ('terd), n. a plant and its 
' seed of the genus Sinapis; a condi- 
ment made from the ground seed. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MUSTEK 



MYRIAD 



xnustee (-te), n. the offspring of a 
white and a quadroon. Also mestee. 

muster ('ter), n, an assembly of 
troops for review or active service; 
register of troops mustered; assem- 
blage; collection: i;.^. to assemble, as 
troops for review or active service: 
v.i. to meet in one place. 

mustily ('ti-H), adv, in a musty con- 
dition. 

mustiness (-nes), n. the state of be- 
ing musty. 

musty ('ti), adj. [comp. mustier, si^- 
perL mustiest], spoiled with damp, 
mold, or age; spiritless; antiquated. 

mutability (mu-t^-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being subject to change; 
instability. 

mutable ('t§,-bl), adj. susceptible of 
change. 

mutableness (-nes), n. the quality 
or state of being mutable. 

mutably (-bli), adv. in a mutable 
manner. 

mutation (mu-ta'shun), n. altera- 
tion; change. 

mute (mut), adj, silent; dumb; not 
pronounced or sounded: n. one who 
is dumb or remains silent; an under- 
taker's assistant who stands before 
the door of a house at a funeral; a 
consonant which is not pronounced, 
or intercepts the sound; a contriv- 
ance to deaden or soften the sound 
of a musical instrument. 

mutely ('li), adv, silently. 

muteness ('nes), n. the quality or 
state of being mute. 

mutilate (mu'ti-lat), v.t. to cut off a 
limb or essential part of; render im- 
perfect; maim. 

mutilation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
mutilating. 

mutilator ('ti-la-ter), n. one who 
mutilates. 

mutineer (-ti-ner'), n. one who is 
guilty of mutiny: v.i. to mutiny. 

mutinous* ('ti-nus), adj. disposed to, 
or guilty of, mutiny; seditious. 

mutiny ('ti-ni), n. insurrection 
against, or forcible resistance to, 
constituted authority, especially of 



soldiers or sailors against their oflS- 
cers: v.i, [p.L &p-p. mutinied, p.pr. 
mutinying], to rise against consti- 
tuted authority. 

mutism ('tizm), n. the state or habit 
of being mute. 

mutoscope (mu't5-skop), n. a form 
of kinetoscope, worked by hand. 

mutter (mut'er), t;.i. to utter words 
in a low voice with compressed Hps; 
murmur: v.t. to utter indistinctly: 
n. indistinct utterance; murmur. 

mutton ('n), n. the flesh of sheep. 

mutual (mu'tu-§;l), adj, reciprocal. 

mutually (-li), adv. reciprocally. 

mutuality (-al'i-ti), n. reciprocation. 

mutualism (-izm), n. the ethical doc- 
trine of mutual dependence in social 
development. 

muzzle (muzl), n. the projecting 
mouth, lips, and nose of an animal; 
snout; the mouth of a gun, &c.; a 
fastening or cover for the mouth of 
a dog, &c. to prevent biting: v.t. to 
secure the mouth of with a muzzle. 

muzzy (1), adj. absent-minded; mud- 
dled. 

my (mi), poss. pron. belonging to me. 

myalgia ^ (-al'ji-^), n. stiffness or 
cramp in the voluntary muscles. 

mycoderm ('ko-derm), n, a crypto- 
gamic plant which forms on the sur- 
face of fermenting liquids. 

mycology (-kol'o-ji), n. the branch 
of botany that treats of fungi or 
mushrooms. 

myelitis (-el-i'tis), ». inflammation 
of the spinal cord. 

mylodon (mi'lo-don), n, a huge ex- 
tinct fossil edentate animal. 

mynheer (min-har'), ». sir [Dutch]; 
a Dutchman. 

myo, a prefix meaning muscle, as myo- 
dynamics, the science of muscular 
action. 

myology (mi-ol'o-ji), n. a description 
of the muscles. 

myopia (-o'pi-§,), n, short-sighted- 
ness. 

myriad (mir'i-M), n, the number of 
10,000; a very large number: adj. 
innumerable. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge,, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



MYRIAGRAM 



597 



MYXOMYCETES 



myriagraniy myriagrainme ' ('i-&- 
gram), n. in the metric system, 
10,000 grams. 

myrialitery myrialitre (-le-ter), n, 
in the metric system, 10,000 Hters. 

myriatnetery myriametre (-me- 
ter), n. in the metric system 10,000 
meters. 

myriare ('i-ar), n, in the metric sys- 
tem, 10,000 ares. 

Myrinidon ('mi-don), n. one of a tribe 
of Thracian warriors who accom- 
panied Achilles to the Trojan war. 

myrmidon, n. a brutal or unprinci- 
pled follower or subordinate. 

myrrh (mer), n. the aromatic gummy 
resin of Balsamodendron myrrha^ 
growing in Arabia and Abyssinia. 

myrtle (mer'tl), n. a fragrant ever- 
green shrub of the genus Myrtus. 

myself (ml-self'), pron. [pL ourselves 
(our-selvz')], I or me in person: 
used emphatically or reflexively.^ 

mystagogue (mis't§,-gog), n, an ini- 
tiator into, or interpreter of, mys- 
teries; in the Roman Catholic 
Church, one who keeps and exhibits 
relics. 

mysterious (-te'ri-us), adj. not clear 
to the understanding; obscure; in- 
comprehensible. 

mystery ('ter-i), n. [pZ. mysteries 
(-iz)], something secret, obscure, or 
unexplained ; that which is beyond 
human comprehension; formerly a 
trade or handicraft: -pi. among the 
ancients, sacred rites and ceremonies 
to which the initiated only were ad- 
mitted; rehgious dramas or miracle 
plays. 

mystic^ ('tik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, mystery or mysticism; 
allegorical; emblematical; obscure; 
occult. ^ Also mystical: n, a behever 
in mysticism. 



mystically (-§1-Ii), ado. in a mystic 

manner. 

mysticism ('ti-sizm), n. the doc- 
trines of the Mystics, who professed 
a pure, subUme, and disinterested 
devotion, and who aspired to a more 
direct intercourse with God, through 
the inward perception of the mind, 
than is afforded by revelation; ob- 
scurity of thought or teaching. 

mystification (-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
act of mystifying; the state of be- 
ing mystified. 

mystify ('ti-fi), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. my^ 
tified, p.jyr, mystifying], to involve 
in mystery; obscure; bewilder; puz- 
zle. 

myth (mith), n. a legend; poetic fic- 
tion; a fabulous narrative founded 
on some event, especially in the 
early existence of a people, and em- 
bodying their ideas as to their own 
origin, their gods, natural phenom- 
ena, &c. 

mythic ('ik), adj.^ pertaining to 
myths. Also mythical. 

mythically (-M-U), adv, in a mythical 
manner. 

mythological (-o-loj'i-k§,l), adj, per- 
taining to mythology; mythical. 

xnythologically (-h), adv. accord- 
ing to mythology. ^^ 

mythologist (-oro-jist), n. a student 
of, or one skilled in, mythology. 

mytholopry Co-ji), n. [pi. mytholo- 
gies (-jiz)], the collected body or 
system of the traditions or legends 
of a people in which are embodied 
their beliefs concerning their origin, 
gods, heroes, <fec.; the science of 
myths; a treatise on m3^hs. 

myxomycetes (miks-o-ml-se'tez), n. 
pi. organisms forming a net work of 
creamy filaments on decaying wood, 
leaves, &c. 



ate, arm, &sk, -at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQJu 



N 



N, the fourteenth letter of the English 
alphabet. 

nab (nab), v.L [p.t. & p.p, nabbed, 
p.pr, nabbing], to catch or seize 
unexpectedly. 

nabee (n§,-be'), n. a powerful poison 
prepared in the East Indies from 
the root of Aconitum ferox, 

nabob (na'bob), n. in India, a deputy 
or administrator under the Mogul 
Empire;^ one ^ who has amassed 
wealth iu India; a very wealthy 
man. 

nacarat (nak'§.-rat), n, a pale red 
color; fine linen or crape dyed such 
color. 

nacelle (na-sel), n. the rod placed 
for^ protection of the sides of a 
dirigible balloon. 

nacre (na'ker), n. mother-of-pearl. 

nacreous ('kre-us), adj, having an 
iridescent luster; resembling moth- 
er-of-pearl. 

nacrite ('krit), n. a mineral with a 
pearly luster. 

nadir (na'der), n. that part of the 
-leavens directly under our feet, or 
directly opposite to the zenith. 

Ti":)vo8e ('vos), adj, freckled. 

ncDvus (ne'vus), n. a birth-mark. 

iicg (nag), n. a small saddle-horse: 
D,L [p.L & p.p. nagged, p.pr. nag- 
ging], to scold or find fault with 
continually: v.i. to find fault con- 
stantly. 

nagana (na-ga'na), n. an infectious 
animal disease in Africa caused by a 
protozoal germ, 'transmitted by the 
tsetse-fly. 

naggy (nag'i), adj. disposed to nag. 

nahoor (na-hoor'), n. a species of 
wild Nepaul sheep. 



Naiad (na'yad), n. a water-nymph. 

naif (na-ef'), adj. noting an uncut i 
jewel with a natural luster, as a| 
naif gem. m 

nail (nal), n. the homy substance at 
the ends of the human fingers and.i 
toes; the claws of a bird or other I 
animal; 234 inches; a pointed piece * 
of metal usually furnished with a 
head for fastening woodwork, &c.: 
v.t. to fasten with nails; to secure 
or make certain; to hold down tight- 
ly, as to an argument; to expose, 
as to nail a lie. 

nail-gun (nargun), n. a tubular ap- 
paratus for driving nails in floor- 
planks with the workmen in a stand- 
ing position. 

nainsook (nan'sook), n. a thick kind 
of muslin. 

naive (na-ev'), adj. artless; ingenu- 
ous ; unaffectedly simple. 

naivete (na-ev-ta'), n. natural, un- 
affected simplicity or ingenuousness. 

naked (na'ked), cki;. unclothed; bare; 
unarmed; defenseless; exposed to 
view; plain; without addition or 
ornament; without glasses. 

namaycush (nam'a-kush), n. the 
great American trout. 

namby-pamby (nam'bi-pam'bi), adj. 
weakly sentimental or affectedly 
pretty or fine. 

name (nam), n. that by which a 
person or thing is called; designa- 
tion; character; reputation; fame; 
authority: v.L to give an appella- 
tion or designation to; nominate; 
specify; mention by name. 

nameless ('les), adj. without a name 
unknown: not fit to be mentioned. 

namely ('li), adv. that is to say. 



ate, arm, §-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(598) 



NAMESAKE 



599 



NATATORIAL 



namesake ('sak), n, one having the 
same name. 

nankeen (nan-ken'), n, a buff-col- 
ored cotton cloth, originally from 
China. 

nannocephaly (nan-o-sef'a-li), n.dis- 
proportionate smallness of the head. 

nap (nap), n. a short slumber; doze; 
a game at cards; the woolly sub- 
stance on the surface of cloth; pile; 
downy covering of plants; top of a 
hill: v,L lp,L & p.p. napped, p.pr, 
napping], to doze. 

nape (nap), n. the back of the neck. 

napery (nap'er-i), n. table-linen; 
linen underclothing. 

naphtha ('tha), n. a clear, volatile, 
inflammable, bituminous, liquid 
hydrocarbon exuding from the 
earth, or distilled from coal-tar, &c.; 
rock-oil. 

naphthalic (-thal'ik), adj. produced 
from naphtha. 

napkin (nap'kin), n. a small cloth, 
specifically one used at table for 
wiping the hands, &c. 

Napoleon (na-po'le-on), n. a gold 
coin formerly current in France, 
value 20 francs. 

nappy (nap'i), adj. covered with nap 
or pile; drowsy. 

narceine (nar'se-in), n. an alkaloid 
obtained from opium. 

Narcissus (-sis'us), n. a genus of 
ornamental bulbous plants with 
handsome fragrant flowers, includ- 
ing the daffodils. 

narcissus, n. a plant of the genus 
Narcissus. 

narcomania (nar-ko-ma'ni-a), n. an 
acquired craving for narcotic drugs. 

narcosis (-ko'sis), n. stupefaction 
from the effects of a narcotic. 

narcotic (-kot'ik), adj. producing 
coma or torpor: n. a medicine to 
alleviate pain and produce sleep, 
and in excessive doses causing death. 

narcotine ('ko-tin), n. the active 
narcotic principle of opium. 

narcotism. Same as narcosis. 

nard (nard), n. spikenard: an aro- 
matic unguent prepared from it. 



nardine ('in), adj. pertaining to, or 
like, nard. 

narrate (nar-raf), v.t to tell; recite; 
give an account of; write, as a story. 

narration (-ra'shun), n. the act of 
narrating; statement, written or 
verbal. 

narrative ('ra-tiv), adj. pertaining 
to narration: n. recital of a story 
or event; tale. 

narrator (-ra'ter), n, one who nar- 
rates. 

narrow (nar'o), adj. of little breadth 
or extent; limited; straightened; 
contracted in mind; bigoted; un- 
generous; within a little distance: 
v.t. to lessen the breadth or extent 
of; confine or contract; restrict: v.i. 
to become narrow; not to take 
ground enough: said of a horse: 
n.pl. a strait or narrow passage 
between two seas. 

narwhal (nar'hwal), n. a cetaceous 
mammal allied to the whale, with a 
large projecting tusk; the sea uni- 
corn. Also narwal, narwhale, narval. 

nasal (naz'al), adj. pertaining to, 
affected by, or pronounced through 
the nose: n. a letter pronounced 
through the nose. 

nascent (nas'ent) adj. beginning to 
grow or exist. 

nastily ('ti-li), adv. in a nasty manner; 
filthily; disagreeably. 

nastiness (-nes), n. the quality or 
state of being nasty. 

Nasturtium (-ter'shi-um), n. a genus 
of plants,including the watercresses. 

nasturtium, n. a plant of the ger- 
anium family, having aromatic 
flower-buds. 

nasty Cti), adj. [comp. nastier, 
superl. nastiest], dirty, nauseous; 
filthy; obscene; foul; serious. 

natal (na'tal), adj. pertaining to 
one*s birth or birthday; indigenous. 

natant Ctant), adj. swimming in 
heraldry, floating on the surface: 
said of fish. 

natation (-ta'shun), n. the act or 
art of swimming. 

natatorial (na-ta-to'ri-al), adj.. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, rait; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



NATION 



600 



NAUSEA 



swimming, or adapted for swim- 
ming. Also natatory. 

nation (na'shun), n. the inhabitants 
of one country or imited under the 
same government; people ethnolog- 
ically or linguistically allied. 

national (nash'un-M), adj. pertain- 
ing to a nation; public; general; 
attached to one^s country. 

nationalism (-M-izm), n, the state 
of being national; national idiom, 
characteristic, or independence. 

nationality ('i-ti), n, national char- 
acter; patriotism; nation. 

nationalize (-^1-iz), v.t, to render 
national. 

nationally (-li), adv, as a nation. 

native (na'tiv), adj. pertaining to 
the time and place of birth; pro- 
duced by nature; not acquired; in- 
nate: n. one who is born in a cer- 
tain country or place; an oyster 
cultivated artificially. 

nativism (-izm), n. in philosophy, 
the doctrine of innate ideas; the ad- 
vocacy of the claim of natives, _ as 
opposed to that of naturalized 
citizens. 

nativity (-tiv'i-ti), n. time, place, 
and manner of birth; astrological 
representation of the position of the 
heavenly bodies at the time of one's 
birth. 

Nativity, n. the birth of Christ (with 
the). 

natrolite (na'tro-lit), n. a hydrated 
silicate of aluminum and soda. 

natron ('tron), n. native carbonate 
of soda. 

natterjack (nat'er-jak), n. the yel- 
low-backed rush toad, remarkable 
for its deep voice. 

nattily ('i-h), adv, tidily; neatly. 

nattiness ('i-nes), n. the quality of 
being natty. 

natty ( i), adj. tidy: neat; smart. 

natural (nat'u-ri,l), adj. pertaining 
to, produced by, or in the course of, 
nature; inborn; not artificial; oc- 
curring in the ordinary course of 
things; treating of mind and matter; 
not revealed, as religion; true to 



life; unassumed; affectionate by^ 
nature; illegitimate; unconverted; 
according to the usual diatonic 
scale of C [music]: n. an idiot; a, 
sign ( fct ) used to correct the pre- 
vious power of a sharp or flat 
[music]. 

natural history (his'to-ri), n. the 
scientific description of the earth 
and its various productions, es- 
pecially the animal kingdom. 

naturalize (-iz), v.t. to make natural; 
accUmate; invest (a foreigner) with 
the privileges of a natural-born 
citizen or subject. 

naturalisnri (-izm), n, mere state of 
nature; natural religion; the denial i 
of supernatin^al interference with| 
natural laws. ^ ' 

naturalist ^ (-ist), n. one skilled in 
natural history; one who believes in 
naturalism. 

naturalistic (-is'tik), adj. reaHstic. 

naturalization^ (-i-za'shun) , n. the 
act of investing a foreigner with 
the rights and privileges of a natural- 
born citizen. ^ 

naturally (-li), adv. according to| 
nature; spontaneously. « 

naturalness (-nes), n. the state of 
being natural; conf ormity . to truth 
or reahty. 

nature (na'cher or nat'ur), n. the 
universe; essential qualities; species; 
natural order of things; constitu- 
tion; personal character or natural 
disposition ; natural affection ; nudity. 

nature-faker (na'tur-fak'er), n. a 
pseudo naturalist; a false authority 
on animal life and habits and other 
natural phenomena. 

naught (nawt), n. nothing: adj. 
worthless: ad.v. in no degree. 

naughtily ('i-li), adv. in a naughty 
manner. 

naughtiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being naughty; misbehavior. 

naughty ('i), adj. bad; perverse or 
mischievous. 

nausea ('shi-§;), n. a strong sensation 
of sickness; sea-sickness; loathing 
or disgust. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, t/»en. 



NAUSEATE 



601 



NEBULIUM 



nauseate ('shi-at), v.t tq affect with 
nausea; loathe: v.i. to feel disgust; 
be inclined to vomit. 

nauseation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
nauseating; the state of being nau- 
seated. 

nauseous ('shus), adj. loathsome; 
abhorrent. 

nautch (nawch), n. in India, a dance 
performed by girls; dancing exhibi- 
tion. 

nautical (naw'ti-Ml), adj. pertain- 
ing to ships, sailors, or navigation; 
maritime. Also nautic. 

nautically (-H), adv, in a nautical 
manner. 

nautilus ('ti-lus), n. [pi. nautili], 
any member of a genus of cephalo- 
pods, including those furnished with 
a chambered spinal univalve shell; 
a kind of diving-bell. 

naval (naVM), adj, pertaining to 
ships or a navy; consisting of ships; 
maritime. 

navalism (na'val-izm), n. exploiting 
the interests of the navy, or increas- 
ing the naval strength. 

nave (nav), n. the middle or body of 
a church, extending from the chan- 
cel to the principal entrance; the 
center of a wheel in which the 
spokes are inserted. 

navel ('el), n. the depression in the 
center of the lower part of the ab- 
domen, indicating where the umbili- 
cal cord was joined to the foetus. 

navigability (nav-i-g^-biri-ti), n. the 
quality or state of being navigable. 

navigable ('i-g^-bl), adj. capable of 
being navigated. 

navigably (-bli), adv, in a navigable 
manner. 

navigate ('i-gat), v.i, to pass on the 
water by a ship or vessel; sail: v.t, 
to pass over in a ship or boat; steer 
or manage in sailing. 

navigation (-ga'shun), n. the act of 
navigating; the science of navigating 
ships. 

navigator ('i-ga-ter), n, one who 
navigates; one skilled in the science 
of navigation. 



navvy (nav'i), n, a laborer employed 
in constructing railways, canals, 
&c. 

navy (na'vi), n, the ships of war 
belonging to a nation, or their offi- 
cers and men. 

nay (na), adv. no; not only so, but: 
n. a refusal or denial. 

Nazarene (naz-^-ren'), n, a native of 
Nazareth: applied to Jesus Christ, 
His followers, and the early Chris- 
tians as a term of contempt; in the 
Early Church, one of a sect of 
Judaizing Jews. 

Nazarite ('^-rit), n. a Jew devoted 
by vow to God to a life of purity 
(Num. vi.). 

neap (nep), adj. low: applied to the 
tides which occur in the beginning 
of the second and fourth quarters 
of the moon. 

neaped ('t), adj. left aground by the 
tide: said of a ship. 

Neapolitan (ne-^-pol'i-t§.n), adj, per- 
taining to Naples or its inhabitants. 

near (ner), adj, [comp, nearer, su- 
perl, nearest], not far distant in 
time, place, or degree; close; inti- 
mate; dear; familiar; literal; nar- 
row; parsimonious; on the left side: 
adv. Sit a little distance; almost: 
prep, close to: v,L to approach^ 
come near to. 

neat (net), n. cattle of the bovine 
genus: adj. pertaining to bovine ani- 
mals; tidy; trim and clean; simple 
and elegant; chaste; unadulterated. 

neatsfoot ('z-foot), n. the foot of aa 
ox or cow. 

neb (neb), n, a bird's beak; mouth; 
nose or snout. 

nebula Cu-1§,), n, [pi, nebulae (-le) ], 
a faint misty patch of light in the 
"heavens produced by groups of stars 
too remote to be seen singly, or by 
masses of diffussd gaseous matter; 
a slight white spot on the cornea. 

nebular ('u-l^^r), adj. pertaining to 
nebulae. 

nebulium (ne-bu'li-um), n. name 
given the substance, hitherto un- 

' known on the earth, that exists in 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



NEBULOSITY 



602 



NEGLECT 



the nebulae and causes bright green 
lines in the spectrum. 

nebulosity (-los'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being nebulous.^ 

nebulous ('u-lus), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, a nebula; cloudy; 
hazy; perplexed. 

necessarily (nes-e-sa'ri-li), adv, by 
necessity. 

necessariness ('e-sa-ri-nes), n, the 
state of being necessary. 

necessary ('e-sa-ri), adj. that cannot 
be otherwise; essential; indispensa- 
ble: n. [pL necessaries (-riz) ], 
things requisite. 

necessitate (ne-ses'i-tat), v.t, to make 
necessary; compel; render unavoid- 
able; constrain. 

necessitous ('i-tus), adj, very poor; 
destitute; needy. 

necessity ('i-ti), n. the state of being 
necessary; that which is unavoid- 
able; compulsion; extreme poverty: 
pL things necessary for human life. 

neck (nek), n. that part of the body 
between the head and trunk; a long 
narrow part, as of land or a vessel. 

necklace ('las), n a string of beads 
or ornaments, as pearls, &c., worn 
round the neck. 

necrological (,-r6-lo]'i-k§,l), adj. per- 
taining to a register of deaths. 

necrology (-roro-ji), n. a register, 
or account, of the dead. 

necromancer ('ro-man-ser), n, one 
who practices necromancy; a con- 
jurer. 

necromancy (-si), n. the pretended 
art of predicting future events by 
communication with the dead. 

necromantic (-man'tik), adj. per- 
taining to, or done by, necromancy. 

necropolis (-rop'o-lis), n. a cemetery. 

necrosis (-ro'sis), n. mortification and 
death of a bone; a disease in plants, 
characterized by small blacky spots. 

nectar (nek'tar), n. in classic my- 
thology, the wine of the gods; the 
honey of plants; any delicious bev- 
erage. 

nectarial (-ta'ri-§,l), adj. pertaining 
to, containing, or like, nectar. 



nectareous ('re-us), adj. producing 

or sweet like, nectar. 

nectarine ('t^-rin), n. a variety of 
peach. 

nectary ('t^-ri), n. that part of a 
flower which secretes a saccharine 
fluid. Nectarium. 

nee (na), adj. by birth: often placed 
before the maiden name of a mar- 
ried woman. 

need (ned), n. necessity; urgent 
want; exigency; poverty: v.t. to , 
want: v.i. to be necessary or wanted. ij 

needful ('fool), adj. necessary;!' 
needy. 

needfully (-li), adv. necessarily. 

needle ^ (1), n. a small sharp-pointed 
steel instrument furnished with an 
eye to hold thread; anything resem- 
bling a needle; the polarized steel of 
a mariner^s compass. 

needle-gun (-gun), n. a breech- 
loading gun, the cartridge of which 
is exploded by a needle. 

needle-valve (nedl-valv), n. a very 
fine^ valve, especially one having a 
conical or needle-like point operated 
by a fine screw. 

needs (nedz), adv. necessarily; in- 
dispensably. 

needy (nedl), adj. very poor; neces- 
sitous. 

ne'er (nar), adv. contraction of never. 

nefarious (ne-far'i-us), ac(;. extremely 
v/icked; vile; infamous. 

negation (ne-ga'shun), n. denial; 
absence of certain qualities. 

negative (neg'a-tiv), adj. implying 
negation; denying; refusing; having 
the power of veto; noting a quantity 
to be subtracted: n. a proposition 
by which something is denied; a 
word expressing denial; right of 
veto; a photograph in which the 
lights and shades of the object are 
the opposite of those in nature: v.t. 
to prove the contrary of; dismiss 
or reject by vote. 

negatively (-li), adv. in a negative 
manner. 

neglect (-lekt'), ^. omission; habitual 
negligence; disregard; carelessness: 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



NEGLECTFUL 



603 



NEOLOGISM 



v.t. to omit by carelessness or design; 
slight; disregard. 

neglectful Cfool), adj. indicating, 
or accustomed to, neglect; careless. 

neglectfully (=li), adv, with neglect. 

negligee (-li-zha'), n. a loosely fitting 
dress or gown; easy and uncere- 
monious dress in general: adj. care- 
lessly arranged or attired. 

negligence CH-jens), n, carelessness. 

negligent ('H-jent), adj. careless. 

negligible ('h-ji-bl), adj. that may 
be neglected; of little account or 
value. 

negotiate (ne-go'shi-at), v.i. to treat 
with others in business or private 
affairs; hold intercourse respecting 
a treaty, &c.: v.t. to conclude by 
treaty, bargain, or agreement; sell. 

negotiability (-go-shi-§,-biri-ti) , n, 
the quahty of being negotiable. 

negotiable ('shi-§,-bl), adj. capable of 
being negotiated, transferred, or 
exchanged. 

negotiation (-a 'shun), n. the act of 
negotiating or transacting business; 
treaty. 

negotiator ('shi-a-ter), n. one who 
negotiates. 

negotiatory (-to-ri), adj. pertaining 
to negotiation. 

negrillo (ne-griro), n. a young negro. 

Negrito (-gre'to), n. one of a diminu- 
tive negro-like race of the Malay 
Archipelago. 

negro ('gro), n. [pi. negroes ('groz) ], 
an African black. Fe?n, negress* 
adj. pertaining to, or characteristic 
of, negroes. 

negroid ('groid), adj. of the negro 
type. 

negrophobia (ne-gro-f 51)1-8:), n. ex- 
treme fear of, or antipathy to, the 
negro. 

negus Cgus), n. a beverage of hot 
water and wine, sweetened and 
spiced. 

Negus, n. the title of the ruler of 
Abyssinia. 

neigh (na), v.i. to utter the cry, or 
whinny, of a horse: n. the cry of a 
horse. 



neighbor (na'ber), n. one who dwells 
near to another; an intimate: adj. 
near to another; adjacent: v.t. to 
adjoin: v.i. to be neighborly or 
friendly. 

neighborhood (-hood), n. adjacent 
district; vicinity; the state of being 
neighbors. 

neighboring (-ing), adj. living or 
being near. 

neighborliness Cber-li-nes), n. the 
state of being neighborly. 

neighborly (-11), adj. like, or be- 
coming, a neighbor; social; civil; 
friendly: adv, in the manner of a 
neighbor. 

neighing ('ing), n. the cry of a horse. 

neither (ne' or m'thei), pron. & 
conj. not either. 

Nemaean (nem-e'&n), adj. pertaining 
to Nemsea, or to the ancient games 
held by the Greeks at Nemaea. 

nematoid (nem-a-toid'), adj. thread- 
like. 

nemesis ('e-sis), n. retributive ven- 
geance: from Nemesis, the avenging 
deity of the Greeks. 

neo, a prefix meaning new, young, re- 
cent, as neoplastic, recently formed. 

neo-Darwinism (ne-o-dar'win-izm), 
n. a recent modification of the Dar- 
winian theory which gives added 
emphasis to the doctrine of the 
survival of the fittest in accounting 
for the origin of species. 

neodymium (ne-o-dim'i-um), n. a 
metallic element found in cerite. 

neogenesis (ne-o-jen'e-sis), n. a new 
genesis of production. 

neo-Lamarckism (ne'c-la-marTcizm) 
n. a recent modification of the evo- 
lutionary theory of Lamarck, who 
laid great stress on the modification 
of characters by use or disuse and 
the hereditary transmission of such 
modifications. 

Neolithic (-o-lith'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the later or 
pohshed Stone Age. 

neologian. Same £is neologist. 

neologism (-oFo-jizm), n. a new 
word or phrase introduced into a 
language; new religious doctrines. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hiie, hut; think, then. 



NEOLOGIST 



604 



NET 



neologist (-o-jist), n, an innovator 
in language or religion, especially 
one who holds doctrinal views op- 
posed to the orthodox interpreta- 
tion of revealed religion. 

neologize (-jiz), vd, to introduce new 
words, phrases, or religious doc- 
trines. 

neology (-ora-ji), n. neologism; doc- 
trines or rationalistic theological 
interpretation at variance with 
orthodox belief. 

neon (ne'on), n, a recently discovered 
element existing in atmospheric air. 

neontology (-toro-ji), n, the scien- 
tific study of existing species. 

neophyte {'o-fit), n, a novice; one 
recently baptized; a convert: adj, 
recently entered. 

neoplasm ('o-plazm),n.tissue growth 
more or less distinct from that in 
which it occurs. 

neoplastic (-plas'tik), adj, newly 
formed. 

neoplastic ('o-plas-tik), n, the restor- 
ation of tissue by granulation, or 
autoplasty. 

neo-Salvarsan (ne'-o-sal-var'san) , n. 
a modified form of salvarsan, the 
specific for syphilis discovered by 
EhrKch. 

neoteric (-0-ter'ik), adj, recent in 
origin. 

neotype (ne'o-tip), n. a, specimen of 
animal or plant selected as the type 
of a species where the original type 
specimen is not available. 

neovitalism (ne-o-vi'tal-izm), n. the 
doctrine that the activities of living 
beings are not governed by purely 
mechanical laws. 

nep (nep), n. catmint. 

nepenthe (ne-pen'the), n. a drug 
supposed by the ancient Greeks to 
have the power of causing forget- 
fulness of sorrow. 

nephew (nev'u), n, the son of a 
brother or sister. 

nephritis (ne-fri'tis), n, inflamma- 
tion of the kidneys. 

nepotism (nep'o-tizm), n. a prefer- 
ence shown in bestowing patronage 



to one's relatives in the church or 
public service. 

Neptunian (nep-ttin'i-an), adj. per- 
taining to the classic deity Neptune, 
or to the sea; deposited by the 
agency of the sea. 

Nereid (ne're-id), n. a sea nymph. 

Nernst lamp (nernst lamp), n, an 
incandescent electric lamp with 
metal filaments, invented by Prof. 
W. Nernst. 

neroli (ner'o-le), n. the essential oil 
of orange flowers. || 

nervation (-va'shun), n. arrange^' 
ment of nerves. 

nerve (nerv), n, one of the grey fibres 
which convey sensation from all 
parts of the body to the brain and 
originate motion; tendon; sinew; 
strength; manliness; the strong 
vein of a leaf: v,L to invigorate or 
strengthen. 

nervine (ner'vin), n, a tonic for the 
nerves. 

nervous ('vus), adj, pertaining to, 
or composed of, nerves; having 
weak nerves; easily agitated; vig- 
orous in style. 

nest (nest), n. the bed or dwelling 
chosen by a bird for incubation, and 
the rearing of its young; the place 
where eggs are laid and hatched; 
a cozy residence; a number of 
boxes one fitting inside another: 
v,L to build and occupy a nest. 

nest-egg ('eg), n, an egg left in a 
nest to keep the hen from forsaking 
it; money forming a nucleus. 

nestle (nes'l), v.i. to lie close 
and ^ snug; take shelter: v.L to 
cherish. 

nestling ('ling), n. a young bird in 
the nest or just taken from it: adj, 
recently hatched. 

net (net), n. an instrument of twine 
knotte into meshes for catching 
birds, fish, &c.; anything resembling 
or made like a net; a snare: adj. 
clear of all charges or deductions: 
opposed to gross: v.t. [pd. & v-V- 
netted, p.pr. netting], to make into 
a net or network; take with a net; 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



NETHER 



605 



NEW THOUGHT 



snare; produce as clear profit: vd, 
to form network. 

nether (ne^/i'er), adj, Ijdng beneath; 

lower; belonging to the regions below. 

I nettle (net'l), n. a stinging plant of 

I the genus Urtica: v.t. to provoke or 

irritate. 

nettlerash (-rash), n. a cutaneous 
eruption resembling the effects of a 
nettle sting. 

neural (nu'rM), adj\ pertaining to 
the nerves. 

neuralgia (-rarji-i), n, acute pain 
in a nerve. 

neuralgic Cjik), adj, pertaining to 
neuralgia. 

neurasthenia (-r^s-the'ni-^), n. 
brain and nerve exhaustion, as from 
influenza, &c. 

neuration (-ra'shun), n, the vena- 
tion of the wings of an insect; 
nerve distribution. 

neurilemma (-ri-lem'a), n, the 
fibrous sheath of a nerve. 

neurine Crin), n, nerve matter. 
Also neurin. 

neuritis (-ri'tis), n. inflammation of 
a nerve. 

neuro, a prefix meaning nerve, as 
neurography, a treatise on the 
nerves. 

neuroderm (nu'ro-derm), n, the 
embryonic membrane that gives 
rise to the nervous system. 

neuroglia (-rog'U-^), n. the delicate 
connective tissue between the nerve- 
fibers of the brain and spinal cord. 

neurology (-roro-ji), n. a scientific 
description of the nerves. 

neuroma (-ro'mS,), n. a fibrous tu- 
mor occurring in a nerve trunk. ^ 

neuropathic (-path'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or suffering from, nervous 
disease; affecting the nerves. 

neurosis (-ro'sis), n. nervous dis- 
ease. 

neurotic (-rot'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
seated in, or affecting, the j^erves; 
characterized by a morbid hysteri- 
cal style: n. a nerve tonic. 

neurotomy ('o-mi), n. dissection of 
the nerves. 



neuter ('ter), adj, of neither sex; in- 
transitive: n, a flower having nei- 
ther pistil nor stamens; a sterile 
sexless insect, especially the work- 
ing bee. 

neutral ('trM), adj. unbiased;; in- 
different; taking no part on either 
side in a contest; neither very good 
nor very bad; neither acid nor al- 
kaHne: said of chemical salts. 

neutrality ('i-ti), n, the state of 
being neutral. 

neutralize ('tril-Iz), v.t. to make 
neutral; render inactive. 

neutrally ('tr^-i), adv. in a neutral 
manner. 

neutral tint (tint), n. a dull grey. 

neve (na-va'), n. the granular com- 
pressed snow which forms glacier ice. 

never (nev'er), adv not at any time; 
in no degree. 

nevertheless (-the-les^), adv. not- 
with.tandinf,; in spite of that. 

new (n ), adj. recent in origin; mod- 
ern; novel; lately made, produced, 
invented, or discovered; recently 
entered upon or commenced; not 
previously used; fresh. ^ 

newel ('eP, n. in a winding stair- 
case, the ^ central upright pillar 
around which the steps turn. 

new-fangled (-fang'gld), adj. new- 
fashioned. 

Newfoundland (-foundlS-nd), n. a 
large variety of dog, originally from 
Newfoundland. 

news (nuz), n. recent intelligence; 
tidings. 

newspaper ('pa-per), n. a paper 
published periodically, usually daily 
or weekly, containing the most re- 
cent intelligence. 

new style (stil), n. the Gregorian or 
present style of computing the cal- 
endar: opposed to the former or 
JuHan method. 

newt (nut), n. an eft; salamander. 

new thought (nu-thot), n. advanced 
views or progressiveness in all de- 
partments of human knowledge, in 
contradistinction to effete ideals 
and retroaction. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then- 



NEWTONIAN 



606 



NIHILISM 



Newtonian (nu-to'm-§,n), adj, per- 
taining to, discovered by, or invented 
by, Sir Isaac Newton, the philoso- 
pher, or to his system. 

next (nekst), adj. [superL of nigh], 
nearest in time, place, degree, or 
rank: adv, immediately succeeding. 

nexus (neks'us), n, a connection or 
tie. 

nib (nib), n. a bird^s beak; the point 
of anything, especially a pen. 

nibbed ('d), adj, furnished with a 
nib. 

nibble ('1), v.t. & v.i, to bite by little 
at a time; continue to bite at gently 
and quickly, as a fish: n. a small 
bite; a seizing to bite. 

niblick (nib 'Ilk), n. a heavy iron 
round-headed golf club. 

nicolite (nik'o-lit), n, arsenical nickel 
ore. 

nice (nis), adj, fastidious; precise; 
squeamish ; minutely discriminative ; 
delicate; refined; socially agreeable; 
pleasing to the palate; scrupulously 
exact. 

nicely ('li), adv. in a nice manner. 

niceness Cnes), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being nice; delicacy of per- 
ception or touch. 

nicety ('e-ti), n. delicate manage- 
ment; fastidious dehcacy; precision; 
minute accuracy: pi. table delica- 
cies. 

niche (nich), n. a recess in a wall 
for a statue. 

Nick (nik), n. an evil water spirit; 
the Devil (with old). 

nick (nik), n. exact or critical point 
of time; winning throw at dice: v.t, 
to cut in nicks or notches; touch at 
the lucky moment; cheat; steal. 

nickel ('el), n. a greyish-white duc- 
tile metal; a five-cent coin, made of 
nickel and copper alloy. 

nickel-green (-gren), n. the apple- 
green colored arseniate of nickel. 

nickelodeon (nik-el-od'e-on), n. a 
biograph or moving picture place 
where admission is five cents. 

nickel-silver (-sil'ver), n, an alloy 
of nickel, copper, and zinc. 



nickname ('nam), n, a name given '^ 
in derision or familiarity: v,t, to 
give a nickname to; call by an op- 
probrious name. 

nicotine ('i-tin), n. an acrid, poi- 
sonous alkaloid extracted from to- 
bacco. Also nicotin. 

nidge (nij), v.t, to dress (stones) with I 
a pick. I 

nidification (nid-i-fi-ka'shun), n, the ^ 
act of building a nest, rearing young, ^ 
&c. ii 

nidus (ni'dus), n, a nest or hatching 
place. 

niece (nes), n. the daughter of a 
brother or sister. 

niello (ni-eFo), n, a kind of orna- 
mental engraving on brass, &c. ; 

niggard (nig'ard), adj, meanly cov- ' 
etous; parsimonious; miserly. Also ' 
niggardly: n. one who is meanly 
covetous; a miser. 

niggardliness (-li-nes), n, the state 
of being niggardly ; stinginess. 

niggardly (-li), adv, like a niggard. 

nigh (nl), adj, near in time or place; 
adjacent; closely allied by blood or 
friendship: adv. near; almost: prep, 
near to. 

nighness ('nes), n. nearness; prox- 
imity. 

night (nit), n, the time from sunset 
to sunrise; period of darkness: death; 
intellectual or moral darkness. 

nightingale ('in-gal), n, a small 
bird which sings with a sweet note 
at night; philomel. 

nightmare ('mar), n. a dreadful 
dream accompanied with oppres- 
sion on the chest and a feeling of 
helplessness; an incubus. 

night-stick (nit'stik), n, a club, usu- 
ally of extra length, carried by a po- 
liceman at night. 

Nihilism (ni'hil-izm), n, scepticism 
which denies that anything, even ex- 
istence, can be known; an extreme 
soci^ist movement in Russia to 
destroy existing institutions and 
found a new order of things, with 
communistic rights of land and 
property. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



NIHILIST 



607 



NITROGEN 



nihilist (-ist), n. a supporter of ni- 
hilism. 
nihilistic ('ik), adj, pertaining to 

nihilism. 

nil (nil), n. nothing [Latin], 

nimble (nim'bl), adj. quick and ac- 
tive; alert; Uvely; brisk. ^ 

nimbus (nim'bus), n. in art, the 
halo or cloud of ^ light surrounding 
the heads of divinities, saints, and 
sovereigns; a rain-cloud. 

nine (nin), adj. containing one more 
than eight : n. the sum of 1 and 8. 

ninefold ('fold), adj, nine times re- 
peated. 

ninepins ^ ('pinz), n.'pl. a game in 
which nine pins or pegs of wood are 
set up to be bowled at with Wooden 
bowls or balls. 

nineteen ('ten), adj, consisting of 9 
and 10: n. the sum of 9 and 10. 

nineteenth ('tenth), adj, being one 
of 19 equal parts: n. a nineteenth 
part. 

ninetieth ('ti-eth), adj, next after 
89th: n, a ninetieth part. 

ninety ('ti), adj, containing 9 ten 
times: n, the number containing 9 
times 10; the symbol (xc. 90) ex- 
pressing such a number. 

ninny (nin'i), n, a simpleton. 

ninth (nin'th), adj, the ordinal of 9: 
n. one of 9 equal parts. 

niobite (ni'o-bit), n, a black min- 
eraL 

niobium Cbi-um), n. a metaUic ele- 
ment present in niobite. 

nip ^ (nip), n. a pinch, as with the 
nails or teeth; a blast as by cold; 
a small drink of spirits: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p, nipped, p.jpr. nipping], to pinch; 
cut off the end of; check the growth 
or vigor of, especially by frost; blast 
or destroy 

nipper ('er), n, one who, or that 
which, nips; one of the four fore- 
teeth of a horse; a small boy: pi, 
small pincers. 

nippingly ('ing-li), adv, keenly. 

nipple (nip'l), n, that part of the 
breast of a woman from which milk 
is drawn by a child; a teat. 



Nirvana (ner-va'n^), n. in Bud- 
dhism, the highest religious state, 
when all desire of existence and 
worldly good is extinguished, and 
the soul is absorbed into the Deity. 

nit (nit), n, the egg of any small in- 
sect. 

niter, nitre (ni'ter), n, nitrate of 
potash or saltpeter. 

nitrate (ni'trat), n, a salt of nitric 
acid. 

nitrate of silver (silVer), n, silver 
dissolved in nitric acid. 

nitrated ('tra-ted), adj, combined 
with nitric acid. 

nitre* See niter. 

nitric ('trik), adj, contained in nitro- 
gen. 

nitric acid (as'id), n. a powerful 
acid, used in chemistry, the arts, 
and medicine, composed of nitro- 
gen and oxygen, obtained by the ac- 
tion of sulphuric acid upon nitrate 
of potash; aquafortis. 

nitride ('trid), n. a compound of 
nitrogen with a metal, also with 
phosphorus, sihcon, or boron. 

nitriferous (-trif'er-us), adj, pro- 
ducing niter. 

nitrification (-tri-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
process of converting into niter. 

nitrifier (nrtri-fi-or), n. anything 
which tends to bring the nitrogen 
of the air into combination; in par- 
ticular, certain types of bacteria 
that colonize on the roots of legum- 
inous plants, enabling the plants 
to take nitrogen from the air in the 
soil. 

nitrify ('tri-fi), v.t, to form into 
niter. 

nitrite ('trit), tt. a salt of nitrous 
acid. 

nitro, a prejlx meaning containing 
nitrogen, as ni/ro-hydrochloric acid 
or aqua regia. 

nitro-glycerine (-glis'er-in), n. a 
highly explosive, oily liquid, pre- 
pared by the action of nitric and 
sulphuric acids upon glycerine. Also 
nitro-glycerin, nitroleum. 

nitrogen (ni'tro-jen), n. a gas which* 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note^ north, not; boon, 
book', hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



NITROGEN-FIXING 608 NOISE 

with argon, constitutes 4-5ths by nobleman (-mi,n), n. a peer. Pern*. \ 

volume of the atmosphere, and con- noblewoman. I 

stitutes the basis of nitric acid.^ nobleness (-nes), n. the state or i 

nitrogen-fixing ^ (ni'tro-jen-fik'sing), quahty of being noble. 

a. said of certain microbes that grow nobly ('bli), adv. in a noble manner; 

on the roots of leguminous plants, of noble rank, 

and make atmospheric nitrogen nobody ('bod-i), n. no one; a person 

available. ^ of no importance or influence. 

nitrogenize ^ (-troj'en-iz), vd. to im- nocent ('sent), adj, harmful. i 

pregnate with nitrogen. nocturnal (nok-ter'ni,l), adj. pertain- 

nitrogenous ('en-us), adj. pertaining ing to, done, or happening at, night, 

to or containing nitrogen. ^ nocturnally (-li), adv. by or in the i 

nitrous ('trus), adj. resembling, ob- night. 

tained from or impregnated with, nocturne ('tern), n. a pictiu-e of a i 

niter. ^ night scene; a musical composition 

nitrous acid (as'id), n. a compound appropriate to the night; a lullaby, 

of four volumes of nitrogen and nod (nod), n. a quick inclination of 

one of oxygen. the head; a command: v.t. [p.t. & 

nitrous oxide (oks'id), n. a com- p.p. nodded, p.pr. nodding], to sig- 

pound of one volume of oxygen and nify by a nod; incline or bend: v.i. 

two voulmes of nitrogen; laughing- to give a quick forward motion of 

gas. the head; bend the head in token of 

nitrosulphuric (ni'tro-sul-fu'rik), adj. assent, or as a salute; be drowsy, 

consisting of sulphuric acid and nodal (no'dM), adj. pertaining to 

an oxide of nitrogen. nodes. 

niveous (niv'e-us), adj. snow-like. nodated ('da-ted), adj. knotted. 

nix (niks), n. in Teutonic mythology, nodder (nod'er), n. one who nods; a 

a water-sprite; a kelpie [Scotch]. drowsy person. 

no (no)., adv. a word of denial or noddle (1), n. the head, 

refusal: opposed to yes: adj. none, noddy ('i), n. a simpleton; a sea-fowl. 

nob (nob), n. a knob; the head; a node (nod), n. a knot; knob; one of 

fop. ^ the two points at which the orbit of 

nobby ('i), adj. capital; spruce; a planet intersects the echptic; the 

stylish. points of the stem of a plant from 

Nobel prize (no-bel'priz), n. one of which a leaf springs; the plot of a 

the annual prizes, amounting to poem or play; a tumor of the perios- 

nearly $40,000.00, given by the teum, the bones, or tendons. 

Nobel Foundation for distinction in nodose (no'dos), adj. having knots or 

various departments of science, in nodes. 

literature, or in the promotion of nodular (nod'u-ler), adj. pertaining 

peace. Nobel was a Swede, and to, or like, a nodule, 

the inventor of dynamite and nodule ('ul), n. a Httle knot or ir- 

smokeless powder. regular rounded lump. 

nobility (no-biFi-ti), n. the state or noggin (nog'in), n. a small cup or 

quality of being noble; noble birth; mug; a liquid measure =1 gill, 

grandeur; dignity; nobles coUec- nogging ('ing), n. a partition formed 

tively. of timber scantlings filled up with 

noble (no'bl), adj. high in excellence bricks. 

or worth; illustrious; magnani- • noise (noiz), n. sound; clamor; out- 

mous; generous; exalted in rank; cry; frequent or pubHc conversa- 

of ancient lineage: n. peer or noble- tion: v.t. to spread abroad by 

man. rumor: v.i. to sound loud. 

ate, arm, S.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



NOISEFUL 



609 



NOONDAY 



noiseful ('fool), adj, clamorous; loud. 

noisily ('i-li), adv. with noise. 

noisiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being 
noisy. 

noisome (noi'sum), adj. injurious to 
health; noxious; disgusting. 

noisy (noiz'i), adj, full of noise; tur- 
bulent. 

nomad (nom'ad), n, one of a tribe 
that wanders about in search of 
game, pasture, &c.: adj. nomadic. 

nomadic (no-mad'ik), adj. wander- 
ing; pastoral. 

nomenclature (no'men-kla-ttir), n. 
the words, terms, or language used 
in any art or science. 

nomial ('mi-M), n. in algebra, a sin- 
gle term. 

nominal (nom'i-nM), adj. pertaining 
to, or containing, names; exist- 
ing only in name. 

nomin&lly (-li), adv. in name only. 

nominate ('i-nat), v.t. to propose for 
an office; appoint. 

nomination (-na'shun), n. the act 
of nominating; the state of being 
nominated. 

nominative ('i-na-tiv), adj. noting 
in grammar the case of the subject: 
n. tne case of the subject. 

nominator ('i-na-ter), n. one who 
nominates. 

nominee (-i-ne'), n, one who is pro- 
posed for an office. 

non, prefix meaning not, 

nonage (non'aj), n. minority. 

nonagenarian (-§.-jen-a'ri-§,n), n. a 
person 90 years old. 

nonagesimal (-jes'i-mM), adj. per- 
taining to 90, or to a nonagesimal: 
w. that point of the ecliptic which is 
highest above the horizon. 

nonagon ('§,-gon), n. a plane figure 
with 9 sides and 9 angles. 

nonchalance (nong-shi-langs'), n. 
coolness; indifference [French]. 

nonchalant (-lang'), adj, cool; in- 
different. 

nondescript (non'de-skript) , n. Sb 
person or thing that cannot be easily 
described or classed: adj. abnor- 
mal; novel; o-dd. 



none (nun), adj. not any; not one; 
n. OS pron. no one; nothing. 

nonentity (non-en 'ti-ti), n. [pi, non- 
entities (-tiz)], a thing not exist- 
ing; a person of no importance or 
influence. 

nones (nonz), n.pl. in the ancient 
Roman calendar the ninth day be- 
fore ides, reckoned inclusively; in 
the Roman Catholic Breviary, the 
devotional office for the ninth hour 
or 3 p.m. 

nonillion (non-il'yim), n. in the 
Enghsh system of numeration, the 
number denoted by 1 followed by 54 
ciphers; in the French system, in 
use in this country, the number de- 
noted by 1 followed by 30 ciphers. 

nonpareil (-p^-rel'), cuij. without an 
equal: n. imequaled excellence; a 
kind of printing-type (see type); a 
variety of apple. 

nonplus ('plus), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. non- 
plussed, p.pr. nonplussing], to throw 
into complete perplexity; puzzle: n. 
an insuperable difficulty; puzzle. 

nonsense ('sens), n. language with- 
out meaning; anything absurd: in- 
ter j. absurd! 

nonsensical ('i-kM), adj. absurd; un- 
meaning. 

nonsensically (-li), adv, absurdly.^ 

non sequitur (sek'wi-ter), n. in logic, 
a conclusion or inference which does 
not follow from the premises. 

nonsuit ('sut), ?i. the withdrawal of 
a suit during trial either voluntarily 
or by judgment of the court on the 
discovery of error or defect in the 
pleadings: v.t. to subject to a non- 
suit. 

non-valent (non-valent), a. without 
chemical affinity or valency. 

noodle (noodl), n, a simpleton; a 
strip of dried dough, served in soup 
or as a baked dish. 

nook (nook), n. a small recess or se- 
cluded retreat; a corner .^ 

noon (noon), n. the middle of the 
day, 12 o'clock; height: adj. per- 
taining to noon. 

noonday ('da), adj. pertaining to 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



NOOSE 



610 



NOTIFICATION 



noon, or midday. 

noose (noos), a running knot which 
binds the closer the more tightly 
it is drawn. 

nor (n5r), conj, a negative particle 
correlative to neither or not. 

normal ('mal), adj, according to rule; 
regular; perpendicular. 

normalcy (n5r-mal-), n. state of 
being normal. 

normal school (skool), n, 2l school 
for the training of teachers for ele- 
mentary schools. 

Norman ('man), adj, pertaining to 
the Normans, Normandy, or to a 
style of architecture introduced into 
England by the Normans, charac- 
terized by the rounded arch and 
massive square towers. 

Norse (ndrs), adj, pertaining to an- 
cient Scandinavia, its language, and 
its people. 

north (ndrth), n. one of the four 
cardinal points; the point opposite 
to the south: adj, pertaining to, 
situated in, or coming from, the 
north: adv, to the north. 

norther (ndr^ther), n, a strong gale 
which prevails in the Gulf of Mexico 
from September to March. 

northern ('^/iern), adj, in, from, or 
toward, the north. Also northerly. 

northern lights (lits), n,pl, the 
Aurora Borealis. 

northing (ndrth'ing), n. distance 
northward. 

Norwegian (n6r-we'jian), adj. per- 
taining to Norway, its language, or 
inhabitants. 

nose (noz), n, the organ of smell; 
scent; a snout; nozzle; anything re- 
sembling a nose:».^.to smell or scent. 

nosegay ('ga), n, a bouquet. 

nosology (-soro-ji), n. the systematic 
classification of the diseases of 
animals and plants. 

nostalgia (nos-tarji-a), n, home- 
sickness. 

nostril ('tril), n. one of the two 
openings in the nose. 

nostrum ('trum), n. a quack medi- 
cine. 



not (not), adv, a word expressive of 
denial or refusal. 

notabilia (no-ta-biri-a), n,pL things 
worthy of note. 

notability (-ta-bil'l-ti) , n. [pi, nota- 
bilities (-tiz) ], a person of note; 
the quality of being notable. 

notable (no'ta-bl), adj. worthy of 
notice; memorable; notorious; re- 
markable; industrious; thrifty: n. 
a person or thing of distinction. 

notably (-bli), adv. in a notable 
manner. 

notarial (no-ta'ri-al) , adj, pertaining 
to, or done by, a notary. 

notary ('ta-ri), n. [pi, notaries (-riz) ), 
an official authorized to attest 
deeds, protest bills of exchange, 
&c. 

notation (-ta'shun), n, the act or 
practice of recording by marks or 
symbols; a system of signs or sym- 
bols. 

notch (noch), n, b, small hollow cut; 
indentation: v,t, to cut into small 
hollows. 

note (not), n, a memorandum; repu- 
tation; brief explanation; short let- 
ter; a diplomatic communication; a 
mark or sign representing a sound; 
the sound itself [music]; a paper 
acknowledging a debt and promis- 
ing payment: pi, a summary of a 
speech: v,t, to make a note of; 
mark; show respect or attention to. 

noted ('ed), p,aaj, well-known; cele- 
brated; remarkable. 

nothing (nuth'ing), n. not anything; 
a thing of no value, use, or impor- 
tance; a cipher: adv, in no degree. 

nothingness (-nes), n, non-existence; 
worthlessness. 

notice (no'tis), n, mental or visual 
observation; attention; remark; ad- 
vice; information; warning; pub- 
lic intimation; press criticism: v.t. 
to see or observe; regard; attend to; 
make remarks upon. 

noticeable (-a-bl), adj, worthy of 
observation; remarkable. 

notification (-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n, the 
act of giving notice; notice given; 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



NOTIFY 



611 



NUGATORY 



document by which information is 
communicated. 

notify Cti-fi), v.L [pd, & p.p. notified, 
p.pr, notifjdng], to give notice to; 
make known. 

notion ('shun), n. an idea of concep- 
tion; opinion; belief; inclination; 
a clever contrivance. 

notional (-il), adj. pertaining to 
or conve^dng, a notion; ideal; im- 
aginary. 

notoriety (-to-ri'i-ti), n. the state of 
being notorious. Also notorious- 
ness. 

notorious (-to'ri-us), adj. publicly 
known; usually in a bad sense. 

notornis (-tor'nis), n. the gigantic 
short-winged coot of New Zealand. 

Notus (no'tus), n. the south wind. 

notwithstanding (-wi^/i-stand'ing) , 
prep, in spite of: conj, although: 
adv. however; yet. 

nougat (n55-ga'), n. a confection of 
almonds, pistachio nuts, sugar, and 
paste. 

nought. Same as naught. 

noumenon (no-5o'me-non), n. [pi. 
noumena (-n&) ], essence; the sub- 
stance or reality existing under the 
phenomenal. 

noun (noun) , n. the name of anything ; 
a substantive. 

nourish (nur'ish), v.t. to feed or bring 
up; support; maintain; educate: v.i. 
to promote growth. 

nourishment (-ment), n. that which 
nom'ishes. ^ , 

nous (nous), n. intellect; clever com- 
mon-sense. 

novel^ (nov'el), adj. of recent origin 
or introduction; new; strange or 
unusual: n. a fictitious tale or ro- 
mance. 

novelette (-ef), n. a short novel. 

novelist ('el-ist), n. a writer of 
novels. 

novelty ('el-ti), n. newness; some- 
thing new. 

novice ('is), n. a beginner; in the 
Roman Catholic Church, one who 
has entered a religious house but 
has not yet taken the vow. 



novitiate ^ (no-vish'i-at), n. the state 
of a novice; time of probation as a 
novice; a house or retreat for 
novices. 

now (nou), adv. at the present time; 
quite recently. 

nowel ('el), n. the inner part of a 
large loam foundry mold. 

nowise (no'^iz), adv. not in any 
manner or degree. 

noxious (nok'shus), adj. harmful; 
pernicious; deadly. 

nozzle (nozl), n. a projecting mouth- 
piece. 

N-rays (n'-raz), n. rays to which the 
olfactory nerves are sensitive, pro- 
duced by electric waves similar to 
those of Hght. 

nubbin (nub 'in), n. a small or im- 
perfect ear of maize. 

nubilous (nuHoi-lus), adj. cloudy. 

nuclear ('kle-^), adj. pertaining to, 
or connected with, a nucleus. 

nucleate ('kle-at), adj. having a nu- 
cleus. 

nucleolus ('5-lus), n. a minute body 
inside a nucleus. 

nucleoprotein (nulde-o-dro'te-in), 
n. a specific form of protein found 
in the nucleus of the living cell. 

nucleus ('kle-us), n. the central mass 
around which matter accretes or 
grows; the head of a comet. 

nuculiform (nu'ku-li-form), adj. simi- 
lar in shape to the mollusk called 
nucula. 

nudation (-da'shun), n. a making 
bare. 

nude (nud), adj. bare; naked; in 
law, made without consideration; 
void; in art, the undraped body 
(with the). 

nudely ('li), adv. nakedl3\ 

nudeness ^ ('nes), n. nakedness. 
Also nudity. 

nudge (nuj), v.t. to touch gently, as 
with the elbow: n. a gentle touch, as 
with the elbow. 

nudity (nu'di-ti), n. nakedness: pi. 
naked parts. 

nugatory ('girto-ri), adj. trifling; 
useless. 



aie, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



NUGGET 



612 



NUTRITION 



nugget (nug'et), n, a lump or mass 
of metal, especially of gold in aurif- 
erous soil. 
nuisance (nu's§,ns), n. anything of- 
fensive, injurious, vexatious, or an- 
noying. 
null (nul), adj, of no legal force; void. 
nullification (-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the 

act of nullifying. 

nullifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who nullifies. 

nullify {'\-il),v.t, [p.t. & p.p. nullified, 

p.pr. nuUifjdng], to annul or render 

void. 

nullity ('i-ti), n, want of existence, 

force, or vaHdity. 
numb (num), ad/, deprived of sensa- 
tion or motion; torpid: v.L to be- 
numb. 
number Cber), n. a unit; one, or 
more than one; multitude; one of a 
series; a collection of things; sounds 
distributed into harmonies; poetry; 
meter, or verse (usually p2.): v.U 
to eoimt; mark with a number. ^ 
numeral (nu'mer-^1), adj. pertaining 
to, consisting of, or denoting, num- 
bers n. a symbol or word expressing 
a number. 
numerary ('mer-a-ri), adj. belonging 

to a certain number. 
numerate (-at), v.t, to reckon or 
enumerate; point or read, as figuics. 
numeration (-a'shun), n. the act or 
art of numbering, or of reading and 
writing numbers. 
numerator ('mer-a-ter), n, one who 
numbers; the figure or figures above 
the fine in fractions which indi- 
cate how many parts of a unit are 
taken. 
numerous ('"mer-us), adj. consisting 

of a great number. 
numismatic (-mis-mat 'ik), adj. per- 
taining to coins or medals: n.'pl. the 
science and study of coins and med- 
als. Also nimiismatology. 
numismatist ('ma-tist), n. one 
skilled in numismatics. Also numis- 
matologist. 
numskull ('skul), n. a blockhead. 
nun (nun), n. a female devoted to a 
religious life and seclusion under a 



vow of chastity; a variety of pig- 
eon; the blue titmouse. 
nuncio ('shi-o), n, a papal ambassa- 
dor. 
nuncupative (nung'ku-pa-tiv), adj. 
verbal; nominal. Also nuncupatory. 
nunnery (nun'er-i), n. [pi. nunneries 

(-iz) ], a rehgious house for nuns. 
nuptial (nup'sh§,l), adj. pertaining 
to, or constituting, marriage: n.yl. 
a marriage; marriage ceremony. 
nurse (ners), n. a woman who has 
the care of infants, or of the child 
of another person; one who tends 
the sick or infirm; one who, or that 
which, protects or fosters: v.t. to tend 
or suckle, as an infant; bring up; tend 
in sickness; promote; economize. 
nursery ('er-i), n. [pi. nurseries 
(-iz) ], an apartment for young chil- 
dren; a place or garden for rearing 
young plants; a race for two-year- 
old horses. 
nursling ('ling), n. an infant. 
nurture (ner'tur), n. that which 
nourishes; diet; food; education: 
v.t. to bring up; educate; nourish. 
nut (nut), n. the fruit of certain trees, 
containing a kernel inclosed in a 
hard shell; a piece of metal grooved 
tor screwing on to the end of a bolt: 
v.i. {p.t. & p.p. nutted, p.pr. nutting], 
to gather nuts. 
nutant (nu't§.nt), adj. having the top 

bent downward. 
nutation (-ta'shun), n. the periodic- 
al vibratory movement of the axis 
of the earth. 
nutmeg (nut'meg), n. the aromatic 
kernel of the fruit of an East In- 
dian tree. 
nutria (nu-tri-§,), n. the commercial 
name for the fur or skin of the 
coypou. 
nutrient ('tri-ent), adj. promoting 

growth. 
nutriment ('tri-ment), n. nourish- 
ment. 
nutrition (-trish'un), n. that which 
nourishes; food; the action of pro- 
moting growth or repairing waste in 
organic bodies. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bodHt 
book; hue, hut; think, thQU. 



NUTRITIOUS 



613 



NYSSA 



nutritious ('us), adj, affording nu- 
trition, 

nutritive ('tri-tiv), adj. pertaining to, 
or having the quality of, nutrition. 

nutritively (-U), adv. by nutrition. 

nutty (nut'i), adj, abounding in, or 
tasting like, nuts. 

nux vomica (nuks vom'i-ki), n. the 
fruit of an East Indian plant 
(Strychnos Nux vomica) which yields 
the deadly poison strychnine. 

nuzzle ('1), v.t, to root up with the 
nose, as swine: v.i, to nestle. 

nye (ni), n. a brood of pheasants. 



nylghau (nil'gaw), n. a large In- 
dian antelope. Also nylgau. 

nymph (nimf), n. in classic myth- 
ology, a goddess of nature inhabit- 
ing the mountains, woods, streams, 
&c.; a light, handsome, graceful 
young woman. 

nympha (nim'fi), n. the pupa or 
chrysalis of an insect. 

nymphomania (-fo-ma'ni-a), n. erot- 
i*c insanity in females. 

nyssa (nis'a), n. a species of dog- 
wood, rare, with flowers of a greenish 
tint. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, iheiu 



o 



O, the fifteenth letter of the English 
alphabet. 

O (5), interj, an exclamation of won- 
der, pain, &c. : n. [pi. o's (-oz) ], a 
ting, cipher, or naught. 

oadal (o'a-dal), n. a tree of the cola- 
nut family. 

oaf (of), n, a changeling; dolt. 

oafish ('ish), adj, simple; silly; dolt- 
ish. 

oak (ok), n. a tree of many species, 
especially the common oak (Quercus 
robur)j valued for its timber. 

oak-apple ('ap-1), n, a spongy ex- 
crescence growing on the leaves or 
young branches of the oak. 

oaken ('en), adj. made of, or con- 
sisting of, oak. 

oakum Cum), n, old ropes imtwisted 
and pulled into loose hemp. 

oar (or), n, a hght pole with a broad 
blade, for rowing a boat: v,L & v.i. 
to row, 

oasis (o-a'sis), n. [pi, oases ('sez) ], a 
fertile spot in a barren sandy desert. 

oast (ost), n. a kiln for drying hops 
or barley. 

oat (ot), n. a grassy ^ plant of the 
genus Avena, the grain of which is 
used as food [usually in pi.]. 

oaten ('en), adj. made of oats. 

oath (oth), n. a solemn declaration 
of truth-telling with an appeal to 
God as witness. 

ob, a prefix meaning hefore, against, 
towardj in front of, reversed. 

obbligato (ob-li-ga'to), n. an indis- 
pensable instrumental part or ac- 
companiment written especially for 
the instrument named [music]. 

obduracy ('du-rl,-si), n. obdurate 
conduct or quality. 



obdurate ('du-rat), adj. hardened in 
heart or feelings, especially against 
moral influence. 

obdurately (-h), -adv. stubbornly. 

obdurateness (-nesj, n. the quahty 
or state of being obdurate. 

obedience (o-be'di-ens), n, submis- 
sion to authority; dutifulness. 

obedient ('di-ent), adj. submissive 
to authority; dutiful. 

obeisance (-ba'si-ns), n. a bow or 
curtsey; act of reverence. 

obelisk (ob'e-hsk), n. a lofty, four- 
sided stone pillar gradually tapering 
as it rises, and terminating in a 
pyramidal top; a reference mark 

\ T /• 

obelus ('e-lus), n. a mark ( — or -^ 
or t ) used in old MSS. to indicate a 
doubtful or spurious reading; in 
modern writing, a break ( — ). 

obese (o-bes'), adj. corpulent. 

obesity (-bes'i-ti), n. excessive corpu- 
lence, especially of an unhealthy 
kind. Also obeseness. 

obey (-ba'), v.t. [p.L & p.p, obeyed, 
p.pr. obeying], to submit to the rule 
or authority of; comply with the 
orders or instructions of: v.i. to 
yield; do as bidden. 

obfuscate (ob-fus'kat), v.t. to be- 
wilder. 

obi (o'bi), n. among the West Indian 
natives and negroes of Africa a sys- 
tem of secret sorcery or magical 
rites; a charm; a kind of sash worn 
by Japanese women. 

obituary (o-bit'u-a-ri), n. [pi. obit- 
uaries (-riz) ], a register of deaths; 
an account of a deceased person: 
adj. pertaining to, or recording, 
deaths. 



&te, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(614) 



OBJECT 



615 



OBSCENE 



object (ob-jekt'). v.t to urge against; 
oppose* vd, to make objections: n. 
(ob'jekt), anything placed before 
the mind or senses : motive ; end ; aim. 

object-glass (^ject-gl^s), n. the lens 
of a microscope or telescope nearest 
to the object to be observed and 
forming the image. 

objection (-jek'shun), n. the act of 
objecting; adverse reason; diffi- 
culty raised. 

objectionable (-^.-bl), adj. liable or 
open to objection; reprehensible. 

objective Ctiv), adj, pertaining to, 
an object; external to the mind; in 
grammar, noting the case which fo- 
lows a transitive verb or a preposi- 
tion and is governed by it: n. the 
accusative case; an objective point. 

objectively (-li), adv. in an objec- 
tive manner. 

objectivism ('tiv-izm), n. the philo- 
r^opliical doctrine that the knowledge 
of the non-ego is anterior to that of 
the ego; in art and literature, the 
representation of persons and in- 
cidents as they really appear. 

objectivity ('i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being objective. Also ob- 
jectiveness. 

objurgate (-jer'gat), v.t, to chide or 
reprove. 

objurgation (-ga'shun), n. reproof. 

objurgatory ('ga-to-ri), adj, con- 
taining reproof or censure. 

oblate (-lat'), adj. depressed or flat- 
tened at the poles; orange-shaped; 
in the Roman Catholic Church, not- 
ing a secular priest who has devoted 
himself and his property to the mon- 
astery he has entered. 

oblation (-la'shun), n, an offering or 
sacrifice; anything presented in re- 
ligious worship. 

obligation (-li-ga'shun), n. the bind- 
ing power of a vow, promise, or 
contract; the state of being indebted 
for a favor; in law, a bond to which 
a penalty is annexed on failure 
of due performance. 

obligatory (ob'h-gi,-t6-ri), adj. mor- 
ally or legally binding. 



oblige (o-blijO, v,t. to constrain by 
force, morally, legally, or physically; 
bind by some favor or kindness 
rendered; render a favor to; gratify. 

obligee (ob-H-je'), n, one to whom a 
bond is given. 

obliging (5-blij'ing), p. adj. complai- 
sant; civil or courteous. 

obliger ('er), n. one who obliges. 

obligor (ob'li-gor), n. one who is 
bound by a bond. 

oblique (-lek'), adj. deviating from 
a right line; not parallel; not di- 
rect or straightforward. 

oblique angle (ang'gl), n. an angle 
greater or less than a right angle. 

oblique case (kas), n. in grammar 
any case except the nominative. 

obliquely ('li), adv. in an oblique 
manner or direction. 

obliqueness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being oblique; slanting 
direction; moral error. Also obliq- 
uity. 

obliterate (-lit'er-at), v.t. to efface 
or wear out; destroy by the effects 
of time or other means. 

obliteration (-a'shun), n. the act of 
obliterating; effacement. 

oblivion (-liv'i-un), n. the state of 
being blotted out from memory; for- 
get fulness. ■ 

oblivious ('i-us), ad}, forgetful. 

oblong ('long), adj. longer than 
broad: n. a geometrical figure of 
such shape. 

obloquy (lo-kwi), n. reproachful 
language; calunmy; slander; re- 
proach. 

obnoxious (-nok'shus), cidj. deserv- 
ing of censure or disapproval; hate- 
ful; offensive; unpopular. 

oboe (o'bo-e), n. sl musical wind in- 
strument of the reed class; hautboy; 
an organ stop. 

obolus (ob'5-lus), n. an ^ ancient 
Greek coin, value IJ^ farthings; an 
Attic weight = l-6th of a drachma. 

obovate (-o'vat), adj. inversely ovate. 

obscene (-sen'), adj. offensive to 
chastity; impure in language or ac- 
tion; indecent; filth3^ 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 
Die. 40 



OBSCENELY 



616 



OBTUSENESS 



obscenely (1i), adv. in an obscene 
manner. 

obsceneness ('nes), n, impurity in 
language or action; indecency. Also 
obscenity. 

obscure (-skur'), adj. without light 
or distinctness; dark; not easily 
understood; illegible; secluded; hum- 
ble: v.t. to darken or dim;^ dis- 
guise; render less visible or intel- 

/ ligible; tarnish; make mean. 

obscurely ('h), adv. in an obscure 
manner. 

obscureness ('nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being obscure. Also 
obscxu-ity. 

obsecrate ('se-krat), v,t to implore. 

obsecration (-kra'shun), n. entreaty. 

obsequies ('se-kwiz), n.pl, funeral 
rites. 

obsequious (-se'kwi-us), adj, servile; 
comphant to excess. 

observable (-zer'vi.-bl), adj. capable 
of being observed; worthy of observa- 
tion; remarkable. 

observably (-bh), adv. remarkably. 

observance (V&ns), n. the act of ob- 
serving; performance of rites; rule 
of practice. 

observant ('v§,nt), adj. taking notice; 
attentive; mindful. 

observation (-va'shun), n. the act of 
observing; attention; that which is 
observed; remark; note. 

observational (fehun-^l), adj. consis- 
ting of, or containing, observations. 

observatory ('v^-to-ri), n.^ [pL ob- 
servatories (-riz)], a building fitted 
up for astronomical research. 

observe (-zerv'), v-t^ to keep in view; 
take notice of; celebrate; practice 
ceremonially; mention: v.i. to make 
observations. 

observing ('ing), p.adj. giving par- 
ticular attention to. Also observant. 

obsession (ob-sesh'im), n. the state 
of being possessed by one idea to the 
exclusion of others. 

obsidian (-sid'i-^n), n. volcanic larva 
of glassy appearance. 

obsolescence (-so-les'ens), n. the 
state of becoming obsolete. 



obsolescent Cent), adj. becoming ob* I ' 
solete. 

^obsolete ('so-let), adj. gone out of 
date; disused; imperfectly developed. 

obsoleteness (-nes), n. the state of 
being obsolete; indistinctness. 

obstetric (-stet'rik), adj. pertaining 
to midwifery: n.pl. the science of 
midwifery. 

obstetrician (-ste-trish'in), n. an 
accoucheur. 

obstinacy '''sti-ni-si), n. the state or 
quality of being obstinate; stub- 
bornness. Also obstinateness. 

obstinate ('sti-nat), adji pertina- 
ciously adhering to one^s opinion , 
or purpose; stubborn. |j 

obstinately (-U), adv. in an obstinate i 
manner. 

obstreperous (-strep 'er-us), adj. 
clamorously noisy; turbulent. 

obstruct (-struktO, v.t. to block up 
or impede; hinder from passing; in- 
terrupt. 

obstruction (-struk'shun), n. an im- 
pediment. 

obstructionist (-ist), n. a member 
of a legislative assembly who makes 
use of its rules to dehberately hinder 
the progress of pubhc business. 

obstructive ('tiv), adj. causing ob- 
struction. 

obtain (-tan'), v.t. to get possession 
of; gain; acquire; win; procure: v.i. 
to be established in practice or use. 

obtainment ('ment), n. the act of 
obtaining. 

obtrude (-trood'), v.t. to thrust in or 
upon; urge or offer with imreasonable 
importimity: v.i. to enter uninvited. 

obtrusion (-troo'zhim), ». the act of 
obtruding. 

obtrusive ('siv), adj. inclined or apt 
to intrude. 

obtrusively (-H), adv. by way of 
obtrusion. 

obtuse (-tils'), adj. not pointed or 
acute: greater than a right angle; 
dull. 

obtusely (-li), adv. in an obtuse 
manner. 

obtuseness ('nes), n. the state or 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



OBVERSE 



617 



OCTANT 



quality of being obtuse; bluntness; 
mental dulness. 

obverse (-vers'), ddj, bearing the 
head; said of a coin or medal; nar- 
rower at the base than the top: 
said of a leaf or radicle: n. (Vers) 
the side of a coin or medal having 
the face or head upon it: opposed 
to reverse. 

obversely ('11), adv, in an obverse 
form. 

obvert (-vert), v,t. to turn toward; 
face. 

obviate ('vi-at), v,L to remove, as 
difficulties or objections. 

obvious ('vi-us), adj, evident. 

obvoiute (Vo-lut), adj. arranged so 
as to overlap, as the margins of an 
organ or part of a plant. 

oca (o'ka), n. South American plant 
with a tuberous root resembling the 
potato. 

occasion (ok-ka'zhun), n. occurrence; 
state or position of affairs; opportu- 
nity; incidental cause or need; 
exigence: v,t. to cause or influence 
directly or indirectly; give rise to. 

occasional (-al), adj, incidental or 
casual. 

occasionally (-li), adv, incidentally 
or casually. 

Occident (ok'si-dent), n, the West; 
the countries west of Asia and the 
Turkish dominions. 

Occidental (-si-den'tal) , adj. of or 
belonging to the Occident: n. a 
native of the Occident. 

occipital (-sip'i-tal), adj, pertaining 
to the occiput. 

occiput ('si-put), n. the hinder part 
of the skull or head. 

occult (-kulf), ddj. hidden; secret; 
invisible. 

occultation (-kul-ta'shun) , n. tem- 
porary disappearance or obscura- 
tion: said of one heavenly body 
when another conceals it from sight. 

occulted^ (-kult'ed), adj. hidden from 
the vision, as a star, &c. 

occultism ('izm), n. Eastern theos- 
ophy. 

occultly (1i),adr.in an occult manner. 



occult sciences (si'en-sez), n.pl. 
magic, alchemy, and astrology. 

occupancy ('u-pan-si), n. the act of 
taking and holding in possession. 

occupant ('u-pant), n. one who has 
possession. 

occupation (-pa'shuh), n. the act or 
state of occupying; business, em- 
ployment, or calling. 

occupier ('u-pi-er), n. one who oc- 
cupies. 

occupy Cu-pi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. occu- 
pied, p.pr, occupying], to take pos- 
session of; hold or keep in posses- 
sion, as for use; fill or cover; 
employ: v.i. to traffic. 

occur (-kerO, v.i. [p.t. & p.p. occurred, 
p.pr. occurring], to happen or take 
place; come to mind; be found 
or met with. 

occurrence (-kur'ens), n. an accident, 
event, or incident. 

ocean (o'shun), n. the vast expanse 
of salt water covering more than 
3-5ths of the globe; any one of its 
chief divisions; an immense ex- 
panse: adj. pertaining to the great 
expanse of salt water. 

oceanic (-she-an'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, occurring in, or produced by, 
the ocean. 

ocelot Cse-lot), n. the Mexican cat. 

ochre ('ker),n.a fine yellow- or brown- 
colored clay: used as a pigment. 

octa, a prefix meaning eight. Also 
octo, as octachord, an instrument of 
8 strings; a system of 8 sounds; 
octodecimo, a book with 18 leaves 
to the sheet (18 mo.). 

octagon (ok'ta-gon), n. a plane figure 
of 8 sides and 8 angles. 

octagonal (-tag'o-nal), adj, having 8 
sides and 8 angles. 

octahedral (-ta-he'dral), adj. having 
8 equal sides. 

octahedron ('drun), n. a solid figure 
contained by 8 equal equilateral 
triangles. 

octangular (-tang'gu-lar) , adj. hav- 
ing 8 angles. 

octant Ctant), n. the 8th part of a 
circle. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



OCTARTICULATE 



618 



OFFER 



octarticulate (ok-tar-tik'u-lat), adj, 
having 8 articulations or joints. 

octave Ctav), n, an eighth, or an 
interval of 12 semitones; the 8th 
day after a church festival, the 
festival itself being included; a 
small cask of wine = l-8th of a pipe: 
adj. consisting of 8. 

octavo (-ta'vo), n. a sheet of printing 
paper folded in 8 leaves or 16 pages 
(8 vo): adj. having 8 leaves or 16 
pages to the sheet. 

octennial (-ten'i-al), adj. recurring 
every 8th year; continuing 8 years. 

octennially (-li), adv. every 8 years. 

octillion (ok-tiryun), n. in French 
and American numeration the num- 
ber represented by 1 followed by 
27 ciphers; in English numeration 
1 followed by 48 ciphers. 

octodecimo (-to-des'i-mo), adj. con- 
sisting of 18 leaves or 36 pages to a 
sheet: n. a book of such size (18mo). 

octogenarian (-to-je-na'ri-an), n. one 
who is 80 years old: adj. 80 years 
old. 

octopod (to-pod), n. an animal with 
8 feet. 

octopus ('to-pus), n. [pi. octopuses 
(-ez) ], a genus of Cephalopods hav- 
ing 8 arms, containing the cuttlefish. 

octoroon (-to-roon), n. the offspring 
of a white person and a quadroon. 

octuple Ctu-pl), adj. eight-fold. 

ocular Cu-iar), adj. pertaining to, 
depending on, or formed by, the 
eye; known from actual sight. 

oculiform ('u-li-form), adj. eye- 
shaped. 

oculist ('u-list), n. one who is skilled 
in the treatment of eye diseases. 

odd (od), adj. not paired or matched 
with another; not even; not exactly 
divisible by 2; unusual; peculiar; 
eccentric. 

Odd Fellow ('fel-o), n. a member of 
the order of the benevolent society 
of Odd Fellows. 

oddity Ci-ti), n. sl person or thing that 
is peculiar; eccentricity; strangeness. 

odds (odz), n.pl. inequality; van- 
tage; superiority; excess of either 



compared with the other. 

ode (od), n. a short song; lyric poem. 

odic force, n. assumed to account for 
mesmerism. 

odious (o'di-us), adj. offensive; un- 
popular. 

odium Cdi-um), n. hatred; dislike. 

odometer (o-dom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for registering the number 
of revolutions of a carriage-wheel, 
to which it is attached. 

odontoid (-don'toid), adj. tooth-like. 

odontology (-toro-ji), n. dental 
science; a treatise on the teeth. 

odoriferous (-der-if'er-us), adj. dif- 
fusing fragrance. 

odorous Cder-us), adj. emitting an 
odor or scent; fragrant. 

odor Cder), n. a scent; estimation. 

o'er. Same as over. 

oesophagus. See esophagus. 

of (ov), prep, from; out of; belong- 
ing to; according to; proceeding 
from. 

off (6f), adj. most distant; noting the 
right-hand side in driving, or the 
left-hand side of the bowler at 
cricket: adv. away from: prep, not 
on; distant from: inter j. begone! 

offal (of'al), n. refuse; waste meat. 

offend (-fendO, v.t. to displease or 
make angry; molest or annoy; pain 
or shock: v.i. to transgress; do any- 
thing displeasing. 

offense (-fens'), n. any cause of 
anger or displeasure; insult; injury; 
assault. 

offensive (-fen'siv), adj. causing dis- 
pleasure; annoying; disagreeable; 
disgusting; used in attack: n. the 
act of attacking (with the). 

offensively (-li), adv. in an offensive 
manner. 

offensiveness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being offensive. 

offer Cer), v.t. to present for accept- 
ance or refusal; proffer; present in 
worship or sacrifice; bid as a price 
or reward: v.i. to be ready; express 
a willingness; attempt or make an 
attempt: n. a proposal made; price 
offered; first advance. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



OFFERING 



619 



OLEANDER 



offering (-ing), n. that which is of- 
fered; a sacrifice; oblation. 

office (of is), n, public or private 
business ; employment ; function ; act 
of worship; formulary of devotion; 
act of kindness; service; apartment 
for the transaction of business: pZ. 
the outlying buildings of a mansion; 
apartments of a house in which do- 
mestics discharge their duties. 

officer ('is-er), n. a person commis- 
sioned to perform a certain pubUc 
duty: vi. to furnish with officers. 

official (-fish'al*), adj, pertaining to 
an office or public duty; from the 
proper authority: n. one who holds 
a civil office. 

officialism (-izm), n, government by 
officials; official routine. 

officially (-li), adv, by the proper of- 
ficer; in an official manner. 

officiate Ci-at), v.u to perform the 
duties of an office. 

officinal (-fis'i-nal), adj. noting drugs, 
officially recognized by the iDharnia- 
copcfiia. 

officious ^ (fish'us), adj, too forward 
in offering services; meddling. 

offing (of 'ing), n. that part of the sea 
with deep water off the shore. 

ofFscouring ('skour-ing), n. refuse. 

off scum ('skum), n. dregs; fiith. 

offset ('set), n. a young shoot or 
bud; a sum or account placed as an 
equivalent for another; in survey- 
ing, a perpendicular let fall from the 
main line to an outlying point. 

offside ('sId), n, the side to the right 
hand of the driver. 

offspring ('spring), n. children; de- 
scendants. 

often ('en), adv. many times; fre- 
quently. 

ogee (o-jeO, n. a wave-like molding, 
one side convex, the other concave; 
a cyma. 

ogle Cgl), v.t, to look fondly at with 
a side glance: n. a side glance. 

ogre ^ (o'ger), n. an imaginary man- 
eating monster or giant. Feminine 
ogress. 

ogreish (-ish), adj. like an ogre. 



oh (o), interj. an exclamation of won- 
der, pain, or anixety. 

ohm (om), n. the unit of electrical 
resistance. 

oil (oil), n. a highly inflammable 
fatty liquid obtained from various 
animal and vegetable substances: 
v.t, to lubricate wdth oil. 

oilczdce ('kak) n. the substance that 
remains after the oil has been ex- 
pressed, as from flaxseed. 

oilcloth (Idoth), n, painted canvas 
for floor covering. 

oil-color ('kul-er), n. a pigment 
made by grinding a coloring sub- 
stance in oil; a painting executed 
in oil-colors. 

oil-engine (oil'en'gin), n. an internal 
combustion engine using oil in a 
spray, of which the Diesel engine 
is the best recent example. 

oil-feed (oil'fed), n. a cup or device 
for the automatic oihng of ma- 
chinery. 

oiliness ('i-nes), n. oily quality; 
greasiness. 

oil-tanned (oil'tand), p.adj. tanned 
by a process involving the use of oil 
to give softness to the leather. 

oily ('i), adj. containing, or hke, oil; 
greasy; unctuous; flattering. 

ointment (oint'ment), n. an unctu- 
ous substance applied to a wound or 
injured part. 

okapi (ok-ap'e), n. recently found 
African animal resembling a giraffe. 

okra (ok'r^), n. a West Indian plant, 
the pods of which are used in soups, 
&c. Okro, ochra. 

old (old), adj. [comp. older, superl. 
oldest], aged; decayed by time; an- 
cient; out of date; long practiced. 

olden (ol'den), adj. ancient; b\"gone. 

oldish (old 'ish), adj. somewhat old. 

old style (stil), n. the old mode of 
reckoning time according to the 
Julian year of 365 J<i days. 

oleaginous (o-le-aj'i-nus), adj. oily; 
unctuous. 

oleander (-an'der), n. an evergreen 
shrub with handsome fragrant flow- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, but; think, theuo 



OLEASTER 



620 



OMNIBUS 



oleaster (-as'ter), n, the wild olive. 

oleate ('le-at), n. a salt of oleic acid. 

defiant ('e-fi'ant), adj, noting a gas 
formed by heating 2 volumes of sul- 
phuric acid with 1 volume of alcohol. 

olefiant gas (gas), n. heavy car- 
buretted hydrogen. 

olefine^ (o'le-fin), n, a hydrocarbon 
containing 2 atoms of hydrogen and 
1 atom of carbon. 

oleic (le-ik) adj, pertaining to, or 
obtained from, oil. 

oleic acid (as 'id), n, an oily acid ob- 
tained from the saponification of lin- 
seed and other oils, or in the making 
of soap. 

oleiferous (-le-if'er-us), adj, produc- 
ing oil, 

oleine ('le-in), n, the pure liquid part 
of oil or fat. Also olein. 

oleo, a jyrejix meaning oilyf 'pertaining 
to oil, or oily. 

oleograph (le-o-graf), n, a lithograph 
in oil-colors. 

oleomargarine (-o-mar-gar-in), n. 
imitation butter made from milk and 
animal fat, &c. 

oleometer (-om'e-ter), n. an instru- 
ment for testing and determining 
the relative density of oils. 

oleo-oil (-oil), n* oil obtained from 
animal fat. 

olfactory (ol-fak'to-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or used in, smelling: n. or- 
gan of smell (usually pZ.). 

olibanum (o-lib'§,-num), n. a gum 
resin; the frankincense of the an- 
cients. Also oliban. 

oligarch (ol'i-gark), n. one of an oli- 
garchy. 

oligarchal (-M), adj, pertaining to 
an oligarchy. 

oligarchy ('i-gar-ki), n, [pi, oligar- 
chies (-kiz) ], government in which 
the supreme power is in the hands 
of a few; a state so governed. 

olive ('iv),^ n, a plant of the genus 
Olea, or its oily fruit; a tawTiy yel- 
low color: adj, pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, the ohve. 

olive-branch (-branch), n. the branch 
of the olive: the emblem of peace. 



olivet ('i-vet), n, an imitation pearl 
made for traffic with savage races. 

olivil ('i-vil), n. a crystalHne sub- 
stance obtained from the gum of the 
olive tree. 

olivine ('i-vin), n. a variety of chrys- 
olite. 

oUa podrida (ol'ya po-dre-da), n,~ a 
Spanish dish made of a mixture of 
meats, vegetables, peppers, and 
other ingredients, stewed together. 

Olympiad (o-lim 'pi-ad), n, in an- 
cient Greece, the interval (4 years) 
between the celebration of the Olym- 
pic games: a system of chronology 
reckoning from the first Olympiad, 
776 B.C. 

Olympic ('pik), adj, pertaining to 
Olympia in Elis, where the Oljnnpic 
games were celebrated. Also Olym- 
pian: n.pl, the Olympic games of 
ancient Greece, celebrated every 4 
years in honor of Zeus of Mt. Olym- 
pus. 

om (om), n. a word, sacred to the 
Brahmins, not to be spoken aloud, 
except on solemn occasions. 

omber, ombre (om'ber), n, a card 
game. 

ombrometer (-brom'e-ter), n, a rain- 
gage. 

omega (o-me'gi), n, the last letter of 
the Greek alphabet: hence the last; 
end. 

omelet (om'e-let), n, a kind of pan- 
cake of eggs, &c. 

omen (5 'men), n, a sign of some fu- 
ture event: v.t, to portend or prog- 
nosticate. 

ominous (om'i-nus), adj, foreboding 
evil; inauspicious. 

omission (o-mish'un), n, neglect or 
failure to do something required; 
something omitted. 

omit {'-T[i\i'),y.t, [p.t, & p.p. omitted, 
p.pr, emitting], to leave out; neg- 
lect; fail to mention. 

omni, a prejix meaning ally entirely y 
as ommpresent.^ 

omnibus (om'ni-bus), n. a public 
four-wheeled carriage for passenger 
traffic. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl' me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^r' 
book; hue, hut; think, ihQu. * 



OMNIGERENT 



621 



OPALESCENT 



omnigerent (om-nij'e-rent), adj. ca- 
pable of performing any kind of 
work. 

omnilingual (om-ni-ling'gwal), adj, 
versed in all languages. 

omnilucent (om-ni-lu'sent), adj. giv- 
ing light in every direction. 

omnipotence (-nip'o-tens), n. unlim- 
ited power. 

omnipotent ('o-tent), adj, having 
unlimited power. 

Omnipotent, n. God (with the). 

omnipresence (-ni-prez'ens), n. imi- 
versal presence. 

omniscient (-nish'ent), adj. knowing 
all things; infinitely wise. 

omniscope (om'ni-skop), n. an im- 
proved periscope for use in a sub- 
marine boat, giving a wide range of 
vision. 

omnivorous (-niv'er-us), adj. feed- 
ing upon animal and vegetable food; 
all-devouring. 

on (on), prep, upon; in contact with 
the upper part; at; near: adv, for- 
ward; onward: adj. noting the side 
to the right of the batsman in crick- 
et: inter j. go on! 

onager (on'S-jcr), n. the wild ass. 

onanism (o'ni,n-izm), n. masturba- 
tion. 

once (wuns), adv. at one time; for- 
merly; one time. 

one (wim), adj. single in number; 
some way; indi^ddual: n. [pi. ones 
(wunz) ], the number one or its 
symbol; an individual. 

onerous (on'er-us), adj. burdensome; 
weighty; oppressive. 

one-step (worn '-step), n. o, very simple 
and popular modern dance. 

onion (un'yun), n. sl bulbous-rooted 
plant of the genus AUium: used in 
cookery. 

only (on'li), adj. single; one and no 
more: adv. singly; merely. 

onomatopoeia (on-o-mat-o-pe'y§,), n. 
the formation of words to resemble 
the sounds made by the thing sig- 
nified, as whiz; the use of words so 
formed, or the word Itself. 

onomatopoeti'c (-po-et'ik), adj. 



formed by onomatopoeia. Also ono- 
matopoeic. 

onset ('set), n. an assault; attack, 

onslaught ('slawt), n. a furious at- 
tack. 

ontogenesis (-to-jenVsis), n. the 
history of the evolution of individual 
organisms. Also ontogeny. 

ontological (-to-loj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to ontology; metaphysical, 

ontologist (-toro-jist), n. a meta- 
physician. 

ontology ('o-ji), n. the logic of pure 
being; metaph^^sics. 

onus To'nus), n. a bmrden; duty; ob- 
ligation. * 

onward (on'werd), adj. advancing; 
progressing: adv. in advance. Also 
onwards: inter j. forward! 

onyx (on'iks), n. a variety of agate. 

oolitic (o'ollt), n. sl limestone com- 
posed of grriins like the roe of a fish. 

oolitic (-lit'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
composed of, or like, oolite. 

oology (-oFo-ji), n. sl treatise on 
birds' eggs; the scientific study of 
birds' eggs. 

oolong (oo'long), n. a Chinese black 
tea, the flavor of which resembles 
green tea. Also oulong. 

oomiak ('mi-ak) , n. an Eskimo fishing 
and transport boat. Also oomiac, 
umiak. 

oosperm (o'o-sperm;, n. a fertilized 
ovum. 

ootheca (-the'ka), n. the egg-case of 
certain mollusks and insects contain- 
ing the eggs. 

ooze (ooz), n. soft mud or slime; gen- 
tle flow; liquor of a tan vat: v.i. to 
flow gently; percolate. 

opacity (o-pas'i-ti), n. opaqueness. 

opah CpS.), n. the king-fish. 

opal ('p&l), n. a precious stone of 
milky hue, exhibiting a play of vari- 
ous colors. 

opalesce (-es'), v.i. to exhibit a play 
of various colors like the opal. 

opalescence ('ens), n. the quality of 
being opalescent. 

opalescent Cent), adj. resembhng 
opal in its reflection of light. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



OPALINE 



€22 



OPIUM 



opaline ('pa-lin), adj\ pertaining to, 
or resembling, the opal. 

opaque (-pak'), ddj. not transparent. 

opaqueness (-nes), n, the quality or 
state of being opaque. 

ope (op), v.i. & adj, same as open 
[poet.]. 

open ('n), adj, not shut; unfastened; 
clear of trees; expanded; uncovered; 
unsealed; not frozen nor frosty; 
clear; unreserved; public; generous; 
frank; sincere; enunciated without 
closing the mouth: v.t, to make 
open; explain; begin; expand; break 
the seal of: v.L to unclose itself; 
commence; begin to appear; bark 
in view of the scent or game: said 
of a dog. 

opening (-ing), n. an aperture; be- 
ginning; opportunity: adj, first in 
order. 

opera (op'er-a), n. a musical drama. 

opera-bouffe (-boof), n. a comic 
opera. 

opera-cloak (-klok), n. 2 lady's 
evening dress cloak worn at an 

I opera, theater, &c. 

opera-glass (-glas), n. a small bi- 
nocular glass used in operas, thea- 
ters, &c. 

operameter (-er-am'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for recording the num- 
ber of revolutions made by the 
shaft or wheel of a machine. 

operate ('er-at), v,i. to work; pro- 
duce a certain effect; perform a sur- 
gical operation: v.L to cause to per- 
form certain work: as, to operate a 
machine. 

operatic (-at'ik), ddj. pertaining to 
the opera. 

operation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
operating; agency; effect; manipu- 
lation; surgical performance with 
instruments; a series of movements 
of an army or fleet. 

operative ('er-a-tiv), adj. having the 
power of acting; efficacious; vigor- 
ous: n. an artisan or skilled work- 
man. 

operator ('er-a-ter), n, one who, or 
that which, operates. 



operetta (op-er-et'a), n. a light mu- 
sical drama. 

ophicleide (of'i-klld), n. a large brass 
keyed musical instrument of the 
horn class. 

Ophidia (o-fid'i-a), n.pl, an order of 
reptiles, including the serpents. 

ophidian ('i-an), adj, pertaining to' 
the Ophidia; snake-like: n. one of 
the Ophidia. 

ophiological (of-i-o-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to ophiology. 

ophiology (-ol'o-ji) n. that branch, 
of natural history which treats of 
serpents. 

ophthalmia (of-thal'mi-a), n, in- 
flammation of the eye or eyeball. 
Also ophthalmitis. 

ophthalmic ('mik), adj, pertaining 
to the eye. 

ophthalmologist (-mol'o-jist), n. onei 
v/ho is skilled in diseases of the eye. 

ophthalmology ('o-ji), n. the science 
that treats of the eye and its diseases. 

ophthalmoscope ('mo-skop), n. an 
instrument for examining the inte- 
rior of the eye. 

ophthalmoscopy (-mos'ko-pi) , n. ex- 
amination of the eye. 

ophthalmoscopy ('mo-sko-pi), n, ex- 
section or extraction of the eye. 

ophthalmotrope (of-thal'mo-trop) , 
n, a mechanical model of the two 
eyes regulated by pulleys and 
used to demonstrate the action of 
the various eye muscles. 

opiate (o'pi-at), n. a medicine com- 
pounded with opium to induce 
sleep or rest; narcotic; anything 
that soothes: adj. narcotic; sooth- 
ing; inducing sleep or quiet. 

opine (o-pin'), v.i. to think; be of 
opinion. 

opinion (-pin'yim), n. belief or judg- 
ment; estimation; persuasion. 

opinionated (-a-ted), adj. firm or 
obstinate in one's opinions. 

opinionative (-a-tiv), adj. fond of 
preconceived ideas; self-conceited. 

opinionatively (-li), adv. obstinately. 

opium (6'pi-um), n. the dried juice 

of the capsules of the white poppy. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



OPOBALSAM 



623 



OPTIMISM 



opobalsam (op-obawl'sl,m), n. balm 
of Gilead 

opodeldoc (-deFdok), n, a soap lini- 
ment used for sprains, &c. 

opossum (o-pos'um), n, an American 
and Australian marsupial carnivo- 
rous mammal. 

opotherapy (op-o-tlier'arpi), n. treat- 
ment of disease with animal ex- 
tracts, chiefly of the glands of 
internal secretion, as the thyroid, 
adrenals, and pituatary body: more 
commonly called organotherapy. 

opponent (op-po'nent), adj. opposite; 
adverse; antagonistic: n. one who 
opposes, especially in argument or 
debate; adversary. 

opportune (-per-tun'), odj, well- 
timed; seasonable 

opportunely ('H) adv. seasonably. 

opportuneness ('nes), n. seasonabie- 
ness 

opportunism ('izm), n. sacrifice of 
principle to circumstances, especial- 
ly in pontics. 

opportunist ('ist), n. one who takes 
advantage of circumstances to pro- 
mote the political interests of his 
party. 

opportunity (-tti'ni-ti), n, convenient 
time or occasion. 

opposable (-poz'^bl), adj, that may 
be opposed. 

oppose (-pozO, v.t, to act against; 
contend with; resist; place as an 
obstacle; check. 

opposite Cpo-zit), adj. placed or 
standing in front; contrary; ad- 
verse; antagonistic. 

oppositely (-li), adv, in front; ad- 
versely 

oppositeness (-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being opposite. 

opposition (-zish'un), n, the act or 
state of opposing; hostile resistance; 
contrariety; obstacle ;^ the situation 
of two heavenly bodies when their 
longitudes differ by 180°; the col- 
lective body of opponents to the 
existing administration or govern- 
ment. 

oppositionist (-ist), n. one of the 



party that opi)Oses an administra- 
tion or government. 

oppress (-presO, ^-i- to burden; crush 
by hard^p or severity; He heavily 
upon. 

oppression (-presh'un), n, the act of 
oppressing; state of being oppressed; 
hardship; calamity; injustice; lassi- 
tude; dulness. 

oppressive (-pres'iv), odj. unreason- 
ably burdensome; unjustly severe; 
tyrannical ; overpowering ; heavy. 

oppressively (-h), adv. in an oppres- 
sive manner. 

oppressiveness (-nes), n, the state 
or quahty of being oppressive. 

oppressor Cer), n. one who oppresses. 

opprobrious (-pro'bri-us), adj. ex- 
pressive of opprobrium; reproachful 
and contemptuous; disgraceful. 

opprobrium^ (Ibri-um), n. reproach 
with disdain or contempt; igno- 
miny. 

opsiometer (-si-om'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the hmits of 
distinct vision. 

opsonic (op*son'ik), adj. related to 
opsonin. The opsonic index, deter- 
mined by observation of the white 
blood corpuscles in engulfing bac- 
teria, reveals the relative quantity 
of opsonin in the blood. 

opsonin (op'so-nin), n, name given 
by Sir Almroth Wright to the 
hypothetical antibody in the blood 
that enables the leucocytes to ingest 
hostile bacteria. 

optative ('ta-tiv), adj. expressing de- 
sire or wish. 

optic ('tik), adj. pertaining to vicion. 
Also optical: n,pZ. the science of the 
properties of hght and vision. 

optically (-M-li), adv. by optics or 
vision. 

optician (-tish'im), n. one skilled in 
optics; one who makes or sells opti- 
cal instruments. 

optigraph ('ti-grM), n. a kind of 
camera for copying landscapes. 

optimism ('ti-mizm), n. the doctrine 
that everything in the present state 
of existence is for the best. 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; hbbxift 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



OPTIMIST 



624 



ORCHARD 



optimist ('ti-mist), n, one who holds 
the doctrine of optimism. 

optimistic (-mis'tik), adj, character- 
ized by optimism; sanguine. 

optimistically (-m-li), adv. hope- 
fuUy. 

option ('shun), n. power or right of 
choice; wish; selection; on the 
Stock Exchange, the hberty to sell 
or buy stock in a time bargain at a 
stated price. 

optional (-M), adj, left to one's wish 
or choice. 

optionally (-li), adv, at one's own 
option. 

optometer. Same as opsiometer. 

optophone (op'to-fon), n. an instru- 
ment which by utilizing the varying 
electrical conductivity^ of selenium 
under changing conditions of light, 
enables a blind man to detect the 
presence of opaque objects by the 
sense of hearing. 

optotechnics (op'to-tek'niks), n, 
the science that deals with optical 
instruments, including microscope, 
telescope, and camera. 

opulence ('u-lens), n. wealth. Also 
opulency. 

opulent ('u-lenf), adj, wealthy; rich. 

opus (o'pus), n. [pL opera (op'er-^) ], 
a work; musical composition. 

opuscule ('kul), n. a httle work; 
brochure. 

or (or), conj, the correlative of either. 

oracle (or'§,-kl), n. among the an- 
cients, the response of a deity or in- 
spired priest to some inquiry; the 
deity who gave the answer; the place 
where a deity might be consulted; 
the Jewish temple; a prophetic 
declaration; a prophet or person of 
reputed wisdom. 

oracular (o-rak'u-l^r), adj. of the 
nature of an oracle; uttering ora- 
cles; dogmatically magisterial; am- 
biguous; venerable. 

oral ('r^l), ac?;. verbal. 

oralism (o'ral-izm), n. teaching deaf- 
mutes by the hp-language. 

orally (-H), adv. verbally. 

orange (or'enj), n. a tree (Citrus 



Aurantium) with a deep golden-col- 
ored and juicy fruit; the color of 
such fruit: adj. pertaining to an 
orange ; orange-colored . 

orangeade (-ad), n. a beverage made 
from orange- juice. 

orange-book, n. oflScial name of a 
collection of diplomatic messages 
issued by Russia just before the 
European war of 1914. 

Orangeman (-mi,n), n. [pi. orange- 
men (-men) ], a member of a polit- 
ical society of Irish Protestants: 
named from William III., Prince of 
Orange. 

orangery (-ri), n, a place for the 
cultivation of oranges. 

orange-rust (or 'an j -rust), n. sl fim- 
gus that infests the stems of black- 
berry and raspberry plants. 

orang-outang (o-rang'oo-tang) , ri. 
the great anthropoid ape of the East- 
ern Archipelago. 

oration (-ra'shun), n. a formal pub- 
lic speech delivered on an occasion 
of special importance; harangue. 

orator (or'§.-ter), n. one who makes 
an oration; an eloquent speaker. 

oratorical (-tor'i-k§,l), adj. pertain- 
ing to an orator or to oratory; rhe- 
torical. 

oratorically (-H), adv. in a rhetori- 
cal manner. 

oratorio (-to'ri-o), n. a musical com- 
position having a sacred theme as 
its subject. 

oratory ('l.-t6-ri), n. the art of an 
orator; eloquence: n.pl. oratories, a 
small chapel, especially one for pri- 
vate devotion. 

orb (orb), n. a circular body; sphere; 
the eye; circuit. 

orbed ('d), adj. spherical. Orbiculate. 

orbicular (-bik'u-l^r), adj. orb-shaped. 

orbit ('bit), n. the bony cavity of the 
eye; the path described by a heav- 
enly body during its periodical rev- 
olution. 

orbital (-M), adj. pertaining to an 
orbit. 

orchard ('cherd), n. an inclosure 
of fruit trees. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ORCHESTRA 



625 



ORGANIST 



orchestra Ckes-tri,), n. in the an- 
cient Greek theater the place where 
the chorus danced; in a modern 
theater, &c., the place occupied by 
the musicians; the parquet; the 
body of musicians. 

orchestral (-tr^l), adj. pertaining 
to, suited to, or performed by, an 
orchestra. 

orchestration (-tra'shun), n. musi- 
cal arrangement or instrumentation 
for an orchestra. 

orchid Ckid), n. a handsome flower, 
often of fantastic shape, of the genus 
Orchis. 

Orchis Ckis), n. a genus of plants 
with curiously-shaped roots and 
flowers. 

orcin ^ ('sin), n. a coloring substance 
obtained from lichens. 

ordain (-dan'), v.t, to appoint; in- 
stitute; invest with ministerial or 
priestly functions. 

ordeal ('de-i,l), n. an ancient method 
of. trial by fire, water, combat, &c., 
to determine the guilt or innocence 
of an accused person; hencj a severe 
trial or test. 

order ('der), n. method or regular ar- 
rangement; settled mode of proced- 
ure; rule; regulation; command; 
class; rank; degree; a religious fra- 
ternity; an association oi: persons 
possessing* a common honorary dis- 
tinction; a division intermediate be- 
tween a class or sub-class and a 
family; in architecture, a system of 
constructing and ornamenting col- 
umns, comprising the Tuscan, Doric, 
Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite; 
pL the three orders (bishop, priest, 
deacon) of the Christian ministry in 
an Episcopal Church (Holy Or- 
ders): v.L to regulate or manage; 
command; conduct; direct: v.i, to 
give a command or order. 

ordering ('der-ing), n. arrangement; 
distribution. 

orderly ('der-li), adj. well regulated; 
methodical; performed in good or- 
der; peaceable; oamihtary duty: n. 
a isoldier who attends upon an officer 



to carry his orders: adv. method* 
ically. 

ordinal ('din-il), adj. noting order: 
n. a number noting order; a book 
containing the form of service for 
ordination. 

ordinance ('di-nans), n. an estab- 
lished rule, rite, or law. 

ordinarily ('di-na-ri-li), adj. accord- 
ing to established rule or method; 
usually. 

ordinary ('di-na-ri), adj. according 
to estabhshed order; usual; ^ cus- 
tomary; commonplace; mediocre; 
plain; a meal for all comers a'j fixed 
charges; an ecclesiastical judge; a 
prison chaplain; in heraldry, that 
part of the escutcheon contained be- 
tween straight and other fines. 

ordinate ('cfi-nat), n. a straight line 
in a curve terminated on both sides 
by the curve and bisected by the 
diameter. 

ordination (-na'shun), n. the act of 
conferring holy orders; the state of 
being ordained or appointed, 

ordnance '(ord'nans), n artillery. 

ore (or), n. metal as extracted from 
the earth in its natural state or com- 
bined with some other substance 

oread (o 're-ad), n. a mountain nymph. 

orexigenic (o-rek-si-jen'ik), a. tend- 
ing to stimulate the appetite. 

organ (or'g^n;), n. an instrument; 
means oi communication or convey- 
ance; that part of Uving structure 
by means of which some function is 
discharged or work performed; a 
wind instrument. 

organic (-gan'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
composed of, containing, or produced 
by, organs; instrumental. Also or- 
ganical. 

organically (-M-li), adv. in an organ- 
ic manner; with, or by means of, 
organs. 

organicalness (-nes), n. orgamo 
quality. 

organism ('g^n-izm), n. organical 

structure- 
organist ('ist), n. a performer on the 
organ. 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, north, not); boon, 
book hue^ hut think, then. 



ORGANIZATION 



626 



ORNAMENTALLY 



organization (-i-za'shun), n. organic 
structure; the act of organizing. 

organize ('g§<n-iz), VsL to form or 
furnish with organs; to arrange or 
distribute into parts with the proper 
officials so as to work or carry out a 
scheme efficiently. 

organogeny ('oj-e-ni}, ru organic de-* 
velopment. 

organography (-og'r§<-fi>) n. a scien- 
tific description of the organs of 
animals or plants.^ 

organology (-oro-ji)» n, that branch 
of physiology which treats of animal 
organs, 

organon ('g§,-non), n. a body of rules 
for regulating scientific or philo- 
sophical investigation. 

organoplastic (-o-plas'tik), adj. pro- 
ducing, or evolving, organic tissue. 

organotherapy (6r'gan-o-ther'a-pi) , 
n. the treatment of disease by animal 
extracts, an important department 
of recent medicine; also called opo- 
therapy. 

organzine ('g§.n-zin), n, thrown silk 
of very fine texture; a fabric made 
from it. 

orgasm ('gazm), n. immoderate ex- 
citement or action. 

orgues (orgz), n.pL pieces of timber 
pointed and shod with iron; an ar- 
rangement of gun-barrels in parallel 
order for firing simultaneously. 

oi'&y Cii)> ^' ^ drunken revel, espe- 
cially at night: pi. secret rites in the 
worship of Dionysus (Bacchus) dis- 
tinguished by wild revelry. 

oriel (o^ri-el), n. a large bay window. 

Orient ('ri-ent), adj. Oriental: n, the 
East. 

orient ('ri-ent), v,L to define the po- 
sition of with reference to the East. 

Oriental (-en't^l), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated in, the East; proceeding 
from Asia or the East: n. aa inhabi- 
tant of Asia or the East. 

oriental (-en'tM), adj. precious; 
pure; valuable: said of gems. 

Orientalism (-izm), n. an idiom or 
custom characteristic of the East. 

Orientalist (-ist), n. one who is 



skilled in Oriental languages, sub* 
jects, &c. 

orientate (-tat), v.t. & v.i. to turn 
toward the East. 

orientation (-ta'shun), n. the deter- 
mination of the position of the east; 
eastward position; the faculty pos- 
sessed by certain birds of finding 
their way home from long distances. 

orifice (or'i-fis), n, a mouth or aper- 
ture. 

oriEamme ('i-flam), n. the ancient 
royal standard of France, a red flag 
split at one end and forming flame- 
shaped streamers. 

origin ('i-jin), n. beginning; first ex- 
istence; source; cause; derivation. 

original' (o-rij'i-nM), adj. first in or- 
der; having power to originate; not 
copied: n. that from which anything 
is copied, &c.; the language in which 
a work is written; archetype; an 
eccentric person. 

originality ('i-ti), n. original state 
or quality. ^ 

originally (-li), adv, at first. 

original sin (sin), n. the inherent 
tendency of mankind to sin, derived 
from Adam and imputed to his de- 
scendants. 

originate (-rij'i-nat), v.t. to bring 
into existence; v.i. to rise; com- 
mence. 

origination (-na'shun), n. first pro- 
duction; source; method of produc- 
tion. 

originator ('i-na-ter), n. one who 
originates. 

orillon (o-ril'yun), n. a mound of 
earth faced with a wall to protect a 
cannon. 

oriole (o'ri-ol), n. the golden-thrush. 

orlop (or'lop), n. the lowest deck of 
a ship. 

ormolu ('mo-loo), n. bronze or cop- 
per gilt in imitation of gold. 

ornament ('n§,-ment), n. anything 
that adorns or beautifies; embellish- 
ment: v.t. to adorn, beautify, or dec- 
orate. 

ornamentally ('M-li), adv. so as to 
adorn. 



ttte, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



ORNAMENTATION 



627 



ORTHOGRAPHY 



ornamentation (-ta'shun), n. deco- 
ration. 

ornate (-naf), ddj, ornamented. 

ornately (li), adv, in an ornate 
manner. 

ornery (6r'ne-ri), adj. very ordinary 
or insignificant: colloquial term of 
depreciation or contempt. 

ornith, a prefix meaning bird. Also 
ornitho, as ornitholitey the remains 
of a bird in a fossil state. 

ornithological (-ni-tho-loj'i-kal) ,adj, 
pertaining to ornithology. 

ornithologist (-thoro-jist), n. one 
who is skilled in ornithology. 

ornithology ('o-ji), n, the scientific 
study of the structure, habits, &c., 
of birds. 

orographic (or-6-graf 'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to orography. Also oro- 
graphical. 

orography (o-rog'ra-fi), n. the science 
that treats of mountains, mountain 
systems, their height, &c. Also 
orology. 

oroide (o'ro-Id), n. an alloy of tin 
and copper resembling gold. 

orotund (o'ro-tund), adj. character- 
ized by fullness, clearness, strength, 
and smoothness: said of the voice or 
manner of utterance: n. a quality 
of voice thus characterized. 

orphan (or'fan), n. a child bereft of 
one or both parents: adj. bereft of 
parents. 

orphanage (-aj), n. the state of an 
orphan; an institution for orphans. 
orphaned ('fand), adj. bereft of 
parents. 

Orphean ('fe-an), adj. pertaining to 
Orpheus, the celebrated bard of 
classic mythology: hence melodious, 
enchanting. Also Orphic. 

orphrey ('fri), n. an embroidered 
band or bands of gold or silver on 
the front of an ecclesiastical vest- 
ment from the neck downward, 
especially on a cope. 

orpiment ('pi-ment), n. yellow sul- 
phuret of arsenic; king's yellow. 

orpin Cpin), n. a yellow color of 
various shades of intensity. 



orpine ('pin), n. a succulent plant 
with fleshy leaves: so named from 
its yellow color. 

orrery (or'e-ri), n. an apparatus to 
illustrate by balls mounted on rods 
the motions, magnitudes, and posi- 
tions of the planets of the solar 
system. 

orris ('is), n, gold or silver lace; the 
iris. 

orris-root (-root), n. the dried roots 
of the Florentine orris: used as a 
perfume. 

orthite (or'thit), n, a variety of alla- 
nite. 

ortho, a prefix meaning straight, 
right, true, 

orthoclase (6r'th6-klaz) , n, potash 
feldspar. 

orthodiograph (or-tho'di-o-graf), n. 
a de\dce for taking X-ray pictures 
of the internal organs of the body. 

orthodontist (or-tho-dont'ist), n. 
one who makes a business of straight- 
ening teeth, widening mouth arches, 
and restoring jaws to proper shape. 

orthodox' Ctho-doks), adj. holding, 
or in accordance with, the received 
or established belief or doctrine. 

orthodoxy (-dok-si), n. conformity 
to orthodox belief or opinion. 

orthoepy (-tho'e-pi), n, correct pro- 
nunciation. 

orthogenesis .'^or-tho-jen'e-sis), n. 
the theoretical origin of species 
through the inheritance of charac- 
ters acquired or modified by func- 
tional activity. 

orthogonal (thog'o-nal), adj. rec- 
tangular. 

orthograde (or'tho-grad) , adj. walk- 
ing with upright body, after the man- 
ner of man and the anthropoid apes. 

orthographer ('ra-fer), n. one skilled 
in orthography. Also ortho- 
graphist. 

orthographic (-tho-graf Ik) , adj. per- 
taining to orthography; correctly 
spelt. Also orthographical. 

orthographically (-al-li), adv. ac- 
cording to the rules of orthography. 

orthography (-thog'ra-fi) , n. the 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&a. 



ORTHOPiCDIA 



628 



OSTEOLOGY 



art of spelling and writing words 
correctly. 

orthopsedia (-tho-pe'di-§<), n. the 
prevention and cure of deformities, 
especially in children. 

ortolan ('to-lan), n, a small bird, 
aUied to the bunting: much es- 
teemed for its flesh. 

OS (os), n. (Latin) [pZ. ossa ('§;) ], a 
bone; the mouth (pL ora). 

oscillate ('i-lat), vd, & v.t, to swing 
backwards and forwards; vibrate. 

oscillation (-la 'shun), n, a swinging 
backwards and forwards; vibration. 

oscillator (os'i-la-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, oscillates; a device 
for producing electric currents of a 
constant period, independently of 
variations in its driving force. ^ 

oscillatory (os'-i-l§,-to»'ri), adj. swing- 
ing; vibrating. 

oscillograph (os'i-lo-grM), n, an in- 
strument for studying the oscilla- 
tions of the electric current. 

osculate ('ku-lat), v.L & vd. to kiss; 
touch. 

osculation (-la'shun), n. kissing; 
touching. 

osculatory Cku-li^-to-ri), adj, per- 
taining to kissing: n. a tablet or 
board on which the picture of Christ 
or the Virgin Mary is painted for 
worshipers to kiss. 

osier (o'zher), n. a willow, the twigs 
of which are used in basket-making; 
matter in muscular fiber containing 
those constituents to which its taste 
when cooked is due. 

Osiris (os-fris), n. the favorite god 
of the Egyptians; the husband of 
Iris and the father of Horus, two 
other Egyptian deities. 

Oslerize (osler-iz), v.L to take the 
life of persons who are presumed to 
have reached an age at which their 
usefulness is ended. 

osmium (os'mi-um), n. a metallic 
element in platinum ore. 

osmose ('mos), n. the process of at- 
traction by which gases and fluids 
pass through a separating mem- 
brane. 



Osmund ('mund), n, the flowering 
fern of the genus Osmunda. 

osnaburg ('n^-berg), n. a coarse 
linen. 

osprey (os'pra), n. the fish-hawk. 
Also ossifrage. 

ossein ('e-in), n. gelatinous tissue in 
bone. 

osseous ^ ('e-us), adj, pertaining to, 
consisting of, or like, bone. 

osseter ('e-ter), n, a species of stur- 
geon, yielding a fine kind of isin- 
glass. 

ossicle ('i-kl), n. a little bone: pi. a 
hard structure of small size, as the 
calcareous plates of the starfish. 

ossiferous (-if'er-us), adj, producing, 
or containing, bone. 

ossification (-fi-ka'shun), n. conver- 
sion of soft animal tissue into bone. 

ossify Ci-fi), v.t. [pi. & p.p, ossified, 
p.yr. ossifying], to convert into 
bone or into a bone-hke substance; 
harden: v.i. to become bone. 

ostensibility (-ten-si-biri-ti), n, the 
state or quality of being ostensible. 

ostensible ('si-bl), adj, apparent; 
held forth to view; plausible. 

ostensibly ('si-bli), adv, in appear- 
ance. 

ostensive ('ten-si v), adj. showing; 
exhibiting. 

ostentation (-ta'shun), n. outward 
show or appearance; ambitious or 
vain display. 

ostentatious ('shus), adj. fond of 
show; intended for vain display; 
gaudy. 

osteodentine (-te-o-den'tin), n. a 
substance forming the teeth of verte- 
brate animals and structurally in- 
termediate between bone and den- 
tine. 

osteoderm (os'te-o-derm), n, a bone 
developed in the skin of an animal, 
as in the case of amphibia and rep- 
tiles and in the armadillo. 

osteogenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. bone 
formation. 

osteologist (-oro-jist), n. one who is 

skilled in osteology. 
osteology ('o-ji), n. that part of an- 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut] think, th^n. 



OSTEOPATHIC 



629 



OUTLINE 



atomy treating of bones, their struc- 
ture, &c. 

osteopathic (-o-path'ik), adj, per- 
taining to osteopathy. 

osteopathist (-op'^-thist), n. one 
skilled in, or who practices, osteop- 
athy. 

osteopathy (-op'^-thi), n. a system 
of therapeutics in which the treat- 
ment is by manipulation of the 
bones, muscles, and nerve centers. 

osteosarcoma (-o-sar-ko'm^), n, sof- 
tening of the bones. 

ostitis (-ti'tis), n. mflamma-tion of 
the bones. 

ostler (os'ler), n. a man who attends 
to horses at an inn. 

ostracism ('tr§,-sizm), n. banishment 
by ostracizing. 

ostracize ('tr§--siz), v.t. to banish by 
popular vote: from the ancient cus- 
tom in Athens of banishing a citizen 
by throwing a shell, inscribed with 
the name of the person to be ban- 
ished, into an urn; exclude from 
public or private favor. 

ostracoderm (os-trak'o-derm), n. a 
group of marine crustaceans, fossil 
forms of which are believed by Prof. 
Patten to represent direct ancestors 
of the vertebrates. 

ostrich • ('trich), n. a swift running 
African bird, valued for its feathers. 

Ostrogoth ('tr5-goth), n. an Eastern 
Goth. 

other (u^/i'er), adj. noting something 
besides; different; contrary. 

otherwise (-wiz), adv, in another 
manner; in other respects: conj, 
else. 

otoscope (6'to-skop), n. an instru- 
ment for examining the interior of 
the ear. 

otter (ot'er), n. an amphibious mam- 
mal of the weasel family, which 
feeds on fish. 

otto. Another form of attar. 

Ottoman (ot'o-m§,n), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the Turks or 
their government: n. a Turk. 

ottoman ('o-min), n. a cushioned 
seat; a movable cushioned foot-rest. 



ought (awt), v.i, to be under obliga- 
tion; be fit, necessary, or proper: n, 
anything. 

ounce (oims), n. a weight l-16th of 
a pound avoirdupois; l-12th of a 
pound troy; a carnivorous animal 
resembhng the leopard. 

our (our), pron. pertaining to, or be- 
longing to, us. 

ourselves (our-selvz'), pron.pl, we 
or us, not others. 

ousel, ouzel (oo'zel), n. the Euro- 
pean blackbird. 

oust (oust), i^.i. to eject. 

out (out), adv. without; not within 
or at home; abroad; gone forth; 
not in office or employment; in a 
state of extinction; to the end; at a 
loss; without restraint; not actively 
engaged in a game; in an error; 
loudly: inter j. begone!: n. one who 
is not in office. 

out-and-out» adj, thorough: adv. 
completely; thoroughly. 

outbreak (out'brak), n. a breaking 
out; an eruption. 

outcast ('kist), adj. cast out; re- 
jected: n. one who is cast or driven 
out; an exile. 

outcrop ('krop), n. the exposure of 
strata at the earth^s surface: v.i. to 
crop out at the surface. 

outcry Ckri), n. clamor; tumult. 

outfall ('fawl), n. the lower end of 
a water-course; point of discharge. 

outgo (-go'), v.t. [p.t. outwent, p.p. 
outgone, p.pr. outgoinig], to go be- 
yond; surpass. 

outgoings ('ings), n.pl. expenses. 

out-herod (-her'od), v.t. to exceed 
the cruelty or violent character of 
(Herod the Great): hence to exceed 
in any evil. 

outlander (outlan-der), n. a for- 
eigner. 

outlandish (-land'ish), adj. foreign; 
extraordinary; vulgar. 

outlaw (law), n. one who is deprived 
of legal benefits and protection: v.t. 
to deprive of legal benefits and pro- 
tection. 

outline (lin), n. a line boimding or 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, ih&n. 



OUTPORT 



630 



OVERTAKE 



defining a figure; first sketch: v.t, 
to sketch out. 

outport Cport), n. a port or harbor 
at some distance from the chief port. 

output (out 'put), n. the total quanti- 
ty of any product manufactured or 
produced. 

outrage ('raj), n. open and excessive 
violence; wanton abuse or mis- 
chief: v.L to commit an outrage 
upon; insult indecently: vd, to act 
in an outrageous manner.^ 

outrageous ('us), adj. violent; ex- 
cessive; exceeding all bounds. 

outre (oo-tra'), adj. overstrained; 
exaggerated. 

outrider (out'ri-der), n. a servant 
on horseback who rides in advance 
of a carriage. 

outrigger ('rig-er), n. a projecting 
spar or beam for extending sails or 
ropes; a boat with projecting row- 
locks. 

outright Crit), adv, completely; at 
once. 

outside ('sid), n. the external part 
of anything; superficies; utmost; a 
passenger on the top of a bus, &c. : 
pi. the exterior sheets of a ream of 
paper: adj, pertaining to, or situ- 
ated upon, the outside; exterior. 

outspan (out-span'), v.i, to unyoke 
the oxen and prepare for resting or 
camping out. 

outspoken ('spo-kn), adj. candid. 

outstanding (-stand'ing), adj. pro- 
jecting; unpaid. 

outward ('werd), adj. external; to or 
from the exterior; visible; extrinsic. 

outward-bound (-bound), adj. sail- 
ing to foreign parts. 

outwards ('werdz), adv. toward the 
outside; to foreign parts. Also out- 
ward. 

outwent, p.t of outgo. 

outwit (-wit'), v.t. to overreach, or 
defeat, by superior skill or cunning. 

outwork ('werk), n. a defense con- 
structed beyond the main body of a 
fort, &c. 

ouzel. See ousel. 
1, pi. of ovum. 



oval (6'vM), adj. shaped like an egg; 
elHptical: n. anything egg-shaped. 

ovarian (-va'ri-§!n), adj. pertaining 
to the ovary. 

ovaritis (-ri'tis), n. inflammation of 
the ovaries. 

ovary ('vi,-ri), n. [pi. ovaries (-riz) ], 
the organ in a female animal in 
which the ova or first germs of fu- 
ture life are formed; the hollow 
seed-case of a plant. 

ovate ('vat), adj. egg-shaped. 

ovate-oblong (ob'long), adj. longer 
than oval. 

ovation (-va'shun), «.^ among the 
ancient Romans, a minor triumph 
of a general for an inferior victory 
at which sheep were sacrificed; an 
enthusiastic demonstration of pub- 
lic esteem. 

oven (uv'n), n. a place or apparatus 
for baking or heating. 

over (o'ver), prep, superior in posi- 
tion, authority, dignity, excellence, 
or value; above; upon; across; cov- 
ering; more than: adv. from begin- 
ning to end; from one to another; 
from side to side; in excess; on the 
surface; throughout: adj. beyond; 
superior: n. in cricket, the number 
of balls delivered by one bowler. 

overhaul ('hawl), v.t. to examine 
thoroughly; overtake; gain upon: 
said of a ship. 

overplus ('ver-plus), n. excess. 

overpower (-pou'er), v.t. to bear 
down or crush by superior force: 
vanquish. 

over-production (-pro-duk'shun), n. 
supply in excess of the demand. 

overseer (-ser'), n. the superiotendent 
of some department of a business; a 
parochial official who superintends 
the poor. 

overshot wheel ('ver-shot hwel), n. 
a water wheel which is driven by 
water flowing over its top. ^ 

overt ('vert), adj. open; public. 

overtake (o-ver-tak'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
overtook, p.pr. overtaking], to cajoch 
by pursuit; come upon as a punish- 
ment; take by surprise. 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



OVERTHROW 



631 



OYES 



overthrow (-throO, v.i. to turn up- 
side down; demolish; vanquish; de- 
stroyn^ n. ('ver-thro) ruin; defeat; 
in cricket, a ball missed by the 
wicket-keeper when retin-ned to him. 

overtones (Ver-tonz), n.pL har- 
monics. 

overture (Ver-tur), n. an offer or 
proposal; opening; an introductory 
S3maphony before the commencement 
of an opera, &c. 

overweening (-wen'ing), adj, con- 
ceited. J 

overwhelm (-hwelm'), v,L to crush 
or destroy utterly. 

overwise (-wlz'), adj. affectedly vnse. 

ovicular (-\ik'u-lar), adj, pertaining 
to an egg; oviform. 

oviparous (-vip'a-rus), adj. produc- 
ing young by eggs. 

ovoid (Void), adj. egg-shaped. Also 
ovoidal. 

ovolo (Vo-lo), n. a round or convex 
egg-shaped molding. 

ovoplasm (Vo-plazm), ?i. the proto- 
plasmic substance or yolk of an 
egg. 

ovoviviparous (-^a-vip'^-^us), adj. 
producing eggs containing the young 
in a hving state, as certain animals. 

ovule ('vul), n. the germ borne by 
the placenta of a plant, and subse- 
quently developing into a seed. 

ovum ('vum), n. [pi. ova (Va) ], the 
germ or body in the ovary which, 
when impregnated, develops in the 
foetus; an egg-shaped ornament. 

owe (o), v.t. to be indebted, or under 
obHgation to; be obhged to pay: 
v.i. to be in debt. 

owing ('ing), p.adj. due as a debt; 
ascribable to; imputable to. 

owi (oul), n. 8L raptorial nocturnal 
bird characterized by its hoot: v.i. 
to smugde. 

owlet ('et*), n. a young owl. 

own (on), adj. belonging to; peculiar 
or proper to: v.t, to possess or hold 
by right; concede or acknowledge. 

owner ('er), n. lawful proprietor. 

ownership ('er-ship), n. rightful 
possession. 



ox (oks), 71. [fl. oxen ('n) ], an ani- 
mal of the bovine genus, especially 
a castrated bull. 

oxalate ('a-lat), n. a salt of oxalic 
acid. 

oxalic (-al'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
derived from, oxahs, a genus of 
plants T^-ith a bitter taste, contain- 
ing the wood-sorrel. 

oxalic acid (as'id), n. a poisonous 
acid obtained from sawdust. 

oxidability (-id-a-bil'i-ti), n. capa- 
bihty of being converted into an 
oxide. 

oxidable ('i-da-bl), adj. capable of 
being converted into an oxide. 

oxidate. Same as oxidize. 

oxidation (-da'shmi), n. the opera- 
tion of converting into an oxide. 

oxide ('Id), n. a compound of oxj'gen 
and a base. 

oxidize^ ('i-diz), v.t. to convert into 
an oxide: v.i. to be converted into 
an oxide. Also oxidate. 

oxlip Clip), rt. a variety of primula. 

oxy, a prefix occurring in various sci- 
entific words, meaning the presence 
of oxygen. 

oxygen ('i-jen), n. a colorless in- 
odorous gas, which with nitrogen 
and argon constitutes l-5th by vol- 
ume of the atmosphere, and in com- 
bination with hydrogen forms water. 

oxygenate ('i-jen-at), v.t. to com- 
bine with oxygen. Also oxygenize. 

oxygenation. Same as oxidation. 

oxy hydrogen (-hi'dro-jen), adj. con- 
sisiting of a mixture of oxygen and 
hydrogen, as in the oxyhydrogen- 
blo\\TDipe by which an intense heat 
is produced by the combination of 
the two gases. 

oxy tone ('i-ton), adj. having an 
acute sound; having the last sylla- 
ble accented; n. an acute sound. 

oyer (o'yer), n. sl hearing or trial of 
legal causes. 

oyer and terminer (ter'min-er), n. 
a court constituted by commission 
to hear and determine specified 
causes. 

oyes Cyes), inter j. the introductory 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge^ met; mite, mit; note^ north, not; boo>>j 
book; hue, tut: think, then. 

Die 41 f t i f 



OYSTER 



632 



OZOTYPE 



cry of an official or public crier de- 
manding silence. Also oyez. 

oyster (ois'ter), n, a bivalve moll ask 
of the genus Ostrea, much esteemed 
as a dehcacy. 

oyster-plant (-plant), n. a plant 
whose root, when cooked, has the 
flavor of oysters; salsify. 

ozocerite (o-zo-se'rite), n. a wax 
made of paraffin. 

ozone Czon), n, an allotropic form 
of oxygen present in the atmosphere, 
especially after electrical disturb- 
ance, with a characteristic odor. 



ozonium (o-z6n'i-um), n. a fungus 
growth in cotton producing root-rot. 

ozonize ('zo-niz), v.t, to charge with 
ozone. 

ozonometer (-nom'e-ter), n, an in- 
strument for determining the pres- 
ence and amount of ozone in the 
atmosphere. 

ozostomia (o-zo-sto'mi-a), n. fetid 
breath caused by stomach trouble. 

ozotype (o-zo-tip), n. a method of 
photographic printing depending up- 
on the action of light on chromium 
trioxite. 



ate, arm, §^, at, awlj me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tb^XL. 



p 



P, the sixteenth letter of the English 
alphabet; the chemical symbol for 
phosphorus. 

pa (pa), n. abbreviation of papa. 

pabulum (pab'ti-lum), n, food; nour- 
ishment. 

paca (pak'&), n, a small South Ameri- 
can rodent of a dark-brown color 
spotted with white. 

pace (pas), n, a step; manner of 
walking; length of one's movement 
of the foot in walking; a hnear 
measure, varying from 30 in. to 60 
in.; rate of progress; an amble: v.t. 
to measure by steps or paces: v.i, 
to walk slowly or deliberately; amble. 

paced (past), p. adj. having a par- 
ticular manner of walking. 

pacha. Same as pasha. 

pachycarpous (pak-i-kar'pus), adj. 
having a very thick pericarp. 

pachydactyl (-dak'til), n. an animal 
with thick toes. 

pachydermatous (-der'm&-tus), adj, 
thick-skinned. 

pachyotous (pak-i-6'tus), adj. having 
abnormally thick ears. 

pacific (p&-sif'ik), adj. peace-making; 
concihatory; mild; peaceful. 

pacification (-i-ka'shun), n. the act 
of peace-making; conciliation. 

pacificator (-sif'i-ka-ter), n. a peace- 
maker. 

pacifier (pas'i-fi-er), n. one who 
pacifies. 

pacifist (pas'si-fist), n. one who op- 
poses war. 

pacify Ci-fi), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. pacified, 
p.pr. pacifying], to calm or apoease. 

pack (pak), n. a large bundle tied 
up for carriage; load; burden; set 
of playing-cards; great number or 



quantity; gang; weight of wool = 
240 lbs.; number of dogs kept for 
hunting: v,t. o ^ ind and press to- 
gether, as goods for carriage; load; 
dismiss summarily or unceremoni- 
ously; select nd put together for 
an unjust object: v.t. to become firm- 
ly pressed; depart or remove in 
haste. 

package ('aj), n. a bundle or bale of 
goods. 

packet ('et), n. a small pack, or par- 
cel; a vessel saiUng between two 
or more ports for the conveyance 
of passengers, mails, and merchan- 
dise at regular intervals. 

paco (pa'ko); n. the alpaca; an earthy 
brown oxide of iron containing 
small quantities of native silver. 

pact (pakt), n. an agreement. 

pad (pad), n. a soft cushion; a thick 
mass of sheets of blotting paper for 
writing upon; a slow-paced horse: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. padded, p.jyr. pad- 
ding], to travel slowly: v.U stuff 
with padding. 

padding Cing), n. material used for 
stuffing; the act of impregnating 
cloth with a mordant; inserted mat- 
ter for filling out a newspaper or 
magazine article, &c. 

paddle ('1), v.i. to row slowly; play 
in the water: i;.^ to propel by pad- 
dle or oar; to sparJs:: n. a short 
broad oar; an oar blade; one of the 
floats for propelling a steamship. 

paddle-wheel (-hwel), n. a. wheel 
with floats for propelHng a steam- 
ship. 

paddock ('uk), n. a small field or 
enclosure adjacent to a stable for 
horses, &c.; a large toad or frog. 



ftte, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(633) 



PADLOCK 



634 



PALANQUIIN 



padlock (pad'lok), n. a lock with a 
link to pass through a staple or eye* 
v.L to fasten with a padlock. 

padrone (p§,-dro'na), n» sl person, 
usually an Italian, who owns barrel 
organs and lets them out on hire; 
in Italy, a contractor for labor. 

peean (pe'^n), n. a triumphal song. 

psedobaptism (-do-bap'tizm), n. in- 
fant baptism. Also pedobaptism. 

pseony. Same as peony. 

pagan (pa'gan), n. a heathen; idolater: 
adj. heathen ; idolatrous. 

paganish (-ish), adj, heathenish. 

paganism (-izm), n. heathenism; 
idolatry. 

page (paj), n. a boy attending on a 
person of distinction; a boy in liv- 
ery; a male attendant on a legisla- 
tive body; one side of the leaf of a 
book; a book or writing; episode: 
t;.^ to mark or number in pages. 

pageant (paj'ent), n. a. theatrical 
show or spectacle; anything merely 
showy. 

pageantry (-ri), n. ostentatious dis- 
play. 

paginal ('i-nal), adj, consisting of 
pages. 

pagination (-na'shun), n, the mark- 
ing, numbering, or making, into 
pages. Also paging. 

pagoda (pi,-go'd^), ^ n. a Buddhist 
temple; a Hindu idol temple; an 
idol; a gold or silver coin current 
in India. 

paid, p,t. & p.p. of pay. 

paidology (pa-dol'o-ji), n. scientific 
child study. 

pail (pal), n, an open vessel of wood 
or metal furnished with a handle 
for carrying water, &c. 

pailful ('fool), n. the quantity that 
a pail will hold. 

pain (pan), n, physical or mental 
suffering; penalty: pi. dihgent ef- 
fort; throes of parturition: v.t. to 
cause physical or mental suffering; 
render uneasy. 

painful ('fool), adj, full of, or caus- 
ing, pain. 

painfully (-li), adv, so as to cause pain. 



painfullness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being painful. 

paint (pant), v.t, to represent by 
delineation and colors; depict; be- 
smear or cover with color; dye: v.i. 
to practice painting; rouge: n, sl 
coloring substance or pigment; rouge. 

painter Cer), n. one whose occupa- 
tion is to paint; an artist who is 
skilled in depicting subjects in col- 
ors; a rope for fastening a boat. 

painter' s-colic ('erz-kol'ik), n. lead- 
poisoning. 

painting ('ing), n, the act, art, or 
occupation of laying on colors; the 
representation of objects by delinea- 
tion and cok)rs; a picture; vivid 
verbal description. 

pair (par), n, two things of a kind, 
similar in form, suited to each other, 
and used together; couple; married 
couple: v.L to join in couples: v.i, to 
be joined in couples; suit or be 
adapted to each other; in a legisla- 
tive body, to offset votes, or agree to 
a pair-off. 

pair-ofF ('of), n. an agreement by 
two members on opposing sides of a 
measure to abstain from voting 
when the votes if cast would neu- 
tralize each other. 

pajamas (p&-ja'ml,z), n.pl. loose 
trousers of silk, &c.; a kind of 
sleeping costume. 

pal (pal), n, an intimate friend; ac- 
complice. 

palace (pal'i;S), n. the residence of 
a sovereign or bishop; a magnificent 
house or building. 

paladin ('&-din), n, a knight-errant, 
especially one of the knights of 
Charlemagne or Arthur. 

palaeo, a prefix meaning ancient^ as 
palcEolithiCy adj. noting the earliest 
division of the Stone Age. 

palaeontology. Same as paleontology. 

palaeozoic. Same as paleozoic. 

palaestra. Same as palestra. 

palanquin (pal-i,n-ken'), n. in India 
and China, a covered conveyance for 
one passenger borne on the shoulders 
of men. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PALATABLE 



635 



PALLID 



palatable ('^t§,-bl), adj. agreeable 

to the taste; savory. 
palatal C^-tal), adj. pertaining to, 
or uttered by means of, the palate: 
n. a letter pronounced by means of 
the palate. 
palate ('at), n. the roof of the mouth; 

taste or relish. 
palatial (p^-la'sh^l), adj. pertaining 
to, or suitable to, a palace; royal. 

palatinate (-lat'i-nat) , n. the province 
or dignity of a palatine. 

palatine ('a-tin), adj. invested with 
royal privileges and rights, as cer- 
tain counties: n. one who is thus 
invested. 

palaver (p^-la'ver), n. a public con- 
ference [African] ; superfluous or idle 
talk; chatter: v.t. to talk over; 
deceive by words: v.L to confer; 
chatter. 

pale (pal), adj. not of a fresh or ruddy 
complexion; wan; wanting in color; 
of a faint luster: n. a narrow board 
used in fencing; a pointed stake; 
space inclosed by rails; limit; dis- 
trict or territory: v.i. to turn pale: 
v.t. to inclose with, or as with, pales. 

paleobiologist (pa'le-o-bi-ol'o-jist), n. 
one who studies fossil organisms with 
reference to the life-histories of 
the animals they represent. 

paleolatry (pa-le-oFa-tri), n. great 
regard for the antique, particularly 
in art and letters. 

paleomachic (pale-o-mak'ik), adj. 
having reference to ancient warfare. 

paleontologist (pa-le-on-toro-jist) , 
n. one who is skilled in paleontology. 

paleontology ('o-ji), n. that branch 
of geology which treats of fossil re- 
mains. 

palmoscopy (pal-mosl^o-pi), n. ob- 
servation and study of the pulse as 
a guide to the interpretation of 
bodily conditions. 

Paleozoic (-o-zo'ik), adj. noting the 
fossihferous strata in which the 
earhest forms of life appear. 

palestra (p^-les'tri,), n. a place for 
wrestling or gymnastic exercises. 

palette (pal'et), n. a thin oval wood 



or porcelain plate for mixing and 
holding colors. 

palfrey (pawFfri), n. a small saddle- 
horse for a lady's use. 

Pali (pa'le), n. the sacred language 
of the Buddhists, allied to Sanskrit. 

palimpsest (pal'imp-sest), n. a parch- 
ment manuscript which after the 
writing upon it has been partially 
erased, is used again, the former 
writing being more or less discernible. 

palindrome ('in-drom), n. a word, 
verse, or sentence which reads the 
same backward or forward, as 
''Able was I ere I saw Elba/' 

paling ('ing), n. a fence constructed 
of pales; materials for a fence of 
pales. 

palingenesis (pal-in-jen'i-sis), n. 
new birth or regeneration; inherited 
evolution. 

palisade (-i-sad'), ^. a fence or forti- 
fication formed of jstakes driven into 
the ground and pointed at the t^p; 
v.t. to inclose or fortify with stakes. 

palish (parish), adj. somewhat pale. 

pall (pawl), n. a cloak or mantle; a 
kind of scarf of lamb's wool sent by 
the Pope to an archbishop on his 
consecration (also paUium); a cof- 
fin covering: v.i. to become insipid; 
lose strength: v.U to make insipid. 

palladium (pal-a-di'um), n. any safe- 
guard of a liberty, or privilege: 
from the statue of Pallas at Troy, 
said to have fallen from heaven, and 
on the preservation of which de- 
pended the safety of the city; a 
rare greyish metal found with jplat- 
inum. 

pallet ('et), n. a pallette; a name 
for various tools used in gilding, 
pottery, horology, &c. : a small piece 
of the mechanism oi a watch; a 
small rough bed. 
palliate Ci-at), v.t. to excuse or cover 

over; extenuate; lessen or abate. 
palliation (-a'shun), n. the act of 

palliating; extenuation; mitigation. 
palliative ('i-§^tiv), adj. tending to 

lessen or mitigate. 
pallid ('id), adj. pale; wan. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&n. 



PALLIUM 



636 



PANDEAN 



pallium. See under pall. 

pall-mall (pel-meF), n, a game for- 
merly played with a ball which was 
driven through an iron ring by a 
mallet. 

pallor (pal'er), n. paleness. 

palm (pam), n. the inner part of the 
hand; a linear measure of varying 
length (from 3 to 4 in.); a tree of 
various species of the order Palmse; 
a palm branch symbolical of victory 
or rejoicing: v.t, to conceal in the 
palm of the hand; impose upon by 
fraud (with off), 

palmate (pal'mat), adj, resembling a 
hand with the fingers outstretched; 
web-footed. 

palmer (pam'er), n. a pilgrim to the 
Holy Land who carried a palm 
branch as a token of his pilgrimage. 

palmetto (pal-met'o), n, a species of 
palm-tree, the cabbage-tree palm. 

palmist (paFmist), adj, pertaining 
to palmistry. 

palmister (-er), n. one who professes 
palmistry. 

palmistry ('mis-tri), n, the pretend- 
ed art of foretelling the future by 
examination of the lines and marks 
of a person's hand. 

palmitin ('mi-tin), n, a solid fatty 
substance obtained from vegetable 
oils, &c. 

Palm Sunday (pam sun'da), n. the 
Sunday next before Easter, held in 
commemoration of Christ's trium- 
phal entry into Jerusalem. 

r>almwise (pam'wiz), adv. having the 
palm of the hand uppermost. 

palmy (pam'i), adj. abounding in 
palms; flourishing; prosperous. 

palpability (pal-pa-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quahty of being palpable. 
Also palpableness. 

palpable ('pi,-bl), adj. easily per- 
ceived; obvious. 

palpably ('p§,-bh), adv, obviously. 

palpitate ('pi-tat), v.i, to beat or throb. 

palpitation (-ta'shun), n. abnormal 
beating or throbbing of the heart. 

palsied (pawl'zid), p. adj. affected 
with palsy. 



palsy ('zi), n. paralysis: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
palsied, p.pr. palsying], to paralyze. 

palter ('ter), v.i. to trifle; act insin- 
cerely. 

paltry ('tri), adj. worthless; con- 
temptible. 

pampas (pam'p^z), n.pl. in South 
America, vast treeless plains cov- 
ered with luxuriant pasture, 

pamper ('per), v.t. to feed luxurious- 
ly; satiate. 

pampero (-pa'ro), n. a strong south- 
west wind that blows across the 
pampas of South America. 

pamphlet ('flet), n. a small unbound 
book, usually on some current topic, 
of one or more sheets stitched to- 
gether. 

pamphleteer (-er'), n. a writer of 
pamphlets: v.i. to write pamphlets. 

pan, a prefix meaning ally universal, 
as pan-Anghcan: n. a broad shallow 
vessel; that part of an old flint- 
lock which held the priming.^ 

panacea (pan-a-se'a), n. a imiversal 
remedy or medicine. 

panada (pa-na'd§.), n. a bread pulp; 
bread soaked in sweetened boiled 
water and flavored with nutmeg. 

Pan- America (pan-a-mer'i-k§,),^ n. 
a poUtical term for all the American 
repubhcs. 

pancake ('kak), n. a thin cake of 
batter fried. 

pancratic (-krat'ik), adj, excelling 
in gymnastic exercises: from an 
athletic contest (pancratium) of the 
ancient Greeks. 

pancreas ('kre-^s), n, a large fleshy 
gland (the sweetbread) situated 
under and behind the stomach se- 
creting a fluid that assists in the 
process of digestion. 

pancreatic (-at'ik), adj, pertaining 
to, or secreted by, the pancreas. 

pancreatin ('kre-4-tin), n. an albu- 
minoid principle in the fluid of the 
pancreas. 

panda ('da), n, the Himalayan bearcat. 

Pandean (-de'§,n), adj. pertaining to 
the god Pan, the tutelary deity of 
shepherds. 



lite, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note,, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PANDEAN-PIPES 



637 



PANTOLOGY 



Pandean-pipes (-pips), n,pL a mu- 
sical wind instrument consisting of 
short reeds of varying length blown 
by the breath. Also Pan's-pipes. 

Pandect ('dekt), n. the digest of the 
Roman or civil law. 

pandemonium (-de-mo 'ni-um), n. 2l 
place or abode of general disorder. 

pander ('der), vA. to act as an agent 
for the gratification of the passions. 

pandit, another form of pundit. 

pane (pan), n. a square of glass; a 
piece in variegated work. 

panegyric (-e-jir'ik), n. an ovation 
or eulogy in praise of some person 
or event; encomium. 

panegyrize ('e-jir-iz), v.t. to praise 
or commend highly: v.L to bestow 
praise. 

panel ('el), n. a piece of board, the 
edges of which are inserted in a 

/ frame; a thin board on which a pic- 
ture is painted; a schedule contain- 
ing the names of persons summoned 
to serve as jurors; the jury; in 
Scots law, the prisoner at the bar: 
v.t. to form with panels. 

pang (pang) , n. a violent sudden pain; 
agony, mental or physical. 

panic ('ik), n. a sudden fright; a 
kind of millet: adj. suddenly and 
violently alarming: said of fear. 

pannier ('ni-er), n. one of two bas- 
kets suspended across the back of a 
horse, for carrying market produce. 

panoplied ('o-plid), adj. furnished 
with a complete suit of armor. 

panoply ('o-pli), n. a complete suit 
of armor. 

panopticon (-op'ti-kon), n. a prison 
so arranged that the warder on 
duty can see all the prisoners with- 
out himself being visible; a kind of 
polytechnic; a room for the exhibi- 
tion of novelties. 

panotype (pan'o-tip), n. a photo- 
graph produced by the collodion 
process. 

panpathy (pan'pa-thi), n. a feeling 
or sentiment shared by all people. 

panplasm (pan'plazm), n. the theory 
that all portions of the living cell 



and all tissues of an animal have a 
share in the specific bodily func- 
tions, and not merely the cell nuc- 
leus or any other isolated structure. 

panorama (-o-ram'a), n. a picture, 
viewed from a central standpoint, 
of several scenes unrolled and made 
to pass before the spectator. 

panoramic (-ram'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or like, a panorama. 

Panslavic (-slav'ik), adj. pertaining 
to all the Slavic races or Pansla\dsm. 

Panslavism ('izm), n. a Russian 
movement for the political union of 
all the Slavic races. 

pansy ('zi), n. the heart's-ease. 

pant (pant), v.i. to breathe rapidly; 
desire ardently (with for or after): 
n. rapid breathing: pi. abbreviation 
for pantaloons. 

pantagraph. Same as pantograph. 

pantalettes (pan-ta-lets'), n.pl. loose 
drawers for women or children. 

pantaloon ('a-loon), n. a buffoon in 
a pantomime: pi. a pair of tight 
trousers. 

pantamorphic (-mdr'fik), adj. tak- 
ing all shapes. 

pantheism ('the-izm), n. the doc- 
trine that the universe in its 
totality is God. 

pantheist (-ist), n. a believer in 
pantheism. 

pantheistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining 
to pantheism. 

Pantheon ('the-on), n. 2l temple 
dedicated to all the Gods, especially 
that of ancient Rome dedicated to 
Mars and Jupiter. 

panther ('ther), n. a fierce feline 
carnivorous animal. Fern, pantheress. 

pantile ftil), n. a curved tile. 

pantochronometer (-to-kro-nom'e- 
ter), n. an instrument which com- 
bines the sun-dial, compass, and a 
time-dial. 

pantograph ('to-graf), n. an instru- 
ment for copying drawings, designs, 
&c., on an enlarged or reduced 
scale. Also pantagraph. 

pantology (-tol'o-ji), n. universal 
knowledge. 



I ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
I book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PANTOMETER 



638 



PARADOXICALLY 



pantometer (-tom'e-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for measuring angles, 
elevations, distances, &c. 

pantomime ('to-mim), n. a repre- 
sentation in dumb show; a popular 
Christmastime theatrical entertain- 
ment with music, dancing, &c. 

pantomimic (-mim'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to a pantomime. Also panto- 
mimical. 

pantomimist ('to-mim-ist) , n, one 
who acts in pantomime. 

pantry ('tri), n. sl provision closet. 

pap (pap), n, soft food for infants; 
a nipple, teat, or breast; pulp of 
fruit. 

papa (pa-pa' or pa'pa), n. a word of 
endearment for father. 

Papacy (pa'pa-si), n, the office, dig- 
nity, or authority, of the Pope; 
popes collectively; Roman Catholic 
religion. 

Papal Cpal), adj. pertaining to the 
Pope, or the Church of Rome. 

papaw (-pawO, w. an East Indian 
fruit tree. [See pawpaw.] 

paper (pa'per), n. a thin flexible 
substance made of various mater- 
ials, as linen, straw, &c., used for 
writing or printing upon; a piece of 
paper; newspaper; an essay or liter- 
ary contribution; written instru- 
ment; bank-notes or bills of ex- 
change: adj. made of paper; thin: 
v.t. to cover with, or wrap in, paper. 

papeterie (pap'e-tre), n. a case con- 
taining paper and writing materials. 

papier-mache (pap-ya'ma-sha), n. 
paper pulp molded and made into 
trays, &c., and japanned. 

papilla (-piFa), n. [pi. papillae ('e) ], a 
small nipple: pi. minute 'elevations 
on the tongue, &c. 

papillary (pap'il-er-i), adj. pertaining 
to a nipple or the papillae; covered 
with papillae. 

papoose (-poosO, n. 2l young child 
[North American Indian]. 

pappus (pap'us) , n. the feathery sub- 
stance on the seed of certain plants; 
the calyx of a composite flower. 

pappy ('i), adj. resembling pap. 



paprika (pa-preka), n. a pepper 
resembling cayenne, but less fiery; 
introduced by the Hungarians, who 
are exceedingly fond of it. 

papyrus (pa-pi'rus), n. [pi. papyri 
Cri),] a species of Egyptian reed, 
from which the ancients made 
paper; a manuscript on papyrus. 

par (par), n. state of equality; nomi- 
nal and market value. 

para, a prefix meaning beyond, beside, 
divergence, as paracentric. 

parable (par'a-bl), n. an allegorical 
method of conveying instruction by 
means of a fable or short fictitious 
narrative ;a comparison orsimiiitude. 

parabola (-ab'o-la), n. one of the 
conic sections formed by the inter- 
section of the cone by a plane par- 
allel to one of its sides. 

parabolic (-a-boFik), adj. pertaining 
to, or formed like, a parabola; 
allegorical. Also parabolical. 

paraboloid (pa-rab'o-loid), n. a solid 
generated by the revolution of a 
parabola on its axis. 

parachute ('a-shoot), n. an umbrella- 
shaped apparatus for descending 
from a balloon. 

Paraclete ('a-klet), n. a title of the 
Holy Ghost, the Comforter, and 
Advocate. 

parade (pa-rad'), n. ostentatious dis- 
play; show; military display; place 
of assembly for exercising troops: 
v.t. to marshal in military order; 
make a display of: v.i. to exhibit, 
or walk about ostentatiously. 

paradigm (par'a-dim), n. an exam- 
ple or model; example of the gram- 
matical inflection of a word. 

paradise ('a-dis), n. the garden of 
Eden; any place of happiness; 
heaven. 

paradox ('a-doks), n. something ap- 
parently absurd or incredible, yet 
true; a tenet contrary to received 
opinions. 

paradoxical ('i-kal), adj. of the na- 
ture of a paradox. 

paradoxically (-li), adv. in a para- 
doxical manner. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, 
book; hue, hut; think, thon. 



PARAFFIN 



639 



PARASITISM 



paraffin ('&-fin), n, a white crystal- 
line substance obtained by distilla- 
tion from wood, shale, &c. 

paragoge (-go'je), n. the addition of 
a letter or syllable to the end of a 
word. 

paragon ('i,-gon), v.. something of 
extraordinary excellence; model or 
pattern of perfection: v.L to equal 
or compare. 

paragraph ('&-gr§,f), n. a small sub- 
division of a connected discourse; a 
short passage; a reference mark 
(^); an item of newspaper intelli- 
gence. 

paragraphic ('ik), adj, consisting 
of paragraphs. Also paragraphical. 

paragraphist ('&-gr&f-ist), n, a 
writer of newspaper paragraphs. 

parallax ('M-laks), n, the apparent 
angular shifting of an object caused 
by change in the position of the ob- 
server, especially the difference in 
the apparent position of a heavenly 
body and its true place. ^ 

parallel ('&l-lel),^ adj, lying side by 
side; extended in the same direction 
and equi-distant at all points; hav- 
ing the same direction or tendency; 
corresponding: n. a hne equidistant 
at all points from another line; re- 
semblance or likeness: pi. trenches 
in front of a fortified place parallel 
to the defenses: v.L to place so as 
to be parallel; correspond to; equal. 

parallelism (-izm), n, the state or 
quahty of being parallel; corre- 
spondence. 

parallelogram ('o-gram), n. a plane 
4-sided figure whose opposite sides 
are parallel and equal. 

parallelepiped (-e-pip'ed), n, a reg- 
ular solid figure boimded by 6 paral- 
lelograms, of which the opposite 
pairs are equal and parallel. 

paralysis (pl,-rari-si£), ». loss of the 
power of sensation of one Or more 
parts of the body; palsy. 

paralytic (par-&-lit'ik), adj, per- 
taining to,^ affected by, or inclined 
to, paralysis: n, one who is affected 
with paralysis. 



paralyze ('§,-liz), v.t. [p.t & p.p. 
paralyzed, p.pr. paralyzingl, to af* 
feet with paralysis; unnerve. 

paramount (par'd-mount) , adj. su- 
perior to all others; eminent or 
chief. 

paramour (par'a-mor), n. an illicit 
lover. 

paranoia (par-a-noi'a), n. a kind of 
monomania. 

paranoiac (par-a-noi'ak), n. one who 
has paranoia; a monomaniac. 

psu'apet C^-pet), n. a wall breast- 
high; a rampart to protect troops 
from the fire of an enem3^ 

paraph (p^r 'af ) , n. a flourish ; addition 
to the signature made by a flourish 
of the pen^ which, during the Middle 
Ages provided against forgery. 

paraphernalia (-fer-na'h-&), n.pl. 
the apparel, Jewels, <fec., of a wife 
which she possesses over and above 
her dowry; ornaments of dress gen- 
erally; quipment; trappings. 

paraphraise C&-fraz), n. a free transla- 
tion or explanation; a hymn based 
on some Scriptural passage: v.L 
make a free translation of; ex- 
plain in many words: v.i. to make a 
paraphrase. 

paraphrastic (-fras'tik), adj. free 
or clear in explanation; of the na- 
ture of a paraphrase. Also para- 
phrastical. 

paraphrastically (-&l-li), adv. in a 
paraphrase. 

paraplegia (-ple'ii-&), n. paralysis 
of the lower half of the body. 

parasite ('&-sit), n. one who fre- 
quents the able of a rich man and 
gains his favor by flattery; a hanger- 
on; an animal or plant nourished by 
another to which it attaches itself. 

parasitic (-sit'ik), adj. of the nature 
of a parasite; meanly servile or 
fawning; living at the expense of 
another animal or plant. Also para- 
sitical. 

parasitically (-&l-li), adv. like a 
parasite. 

parasitism ('&-sit-izm), n. the state 
or behavior ot a parasite. 



ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; booii,» 
book; hue, hut; think, theju 



PARASOL 



640 



PARIAN 



parasol ('S-sol), n. a lady^s sunshade. 

parastatic (par-a-stat'ik), adj, con- 
cerning the seeming minicry of one 
species of animal or plant by another. 

parasyphilis (par-a-sif'i-lis), n, a 
diseased condition believed to be 
due to the germ of syphilis but dif- 
fering from typical cases of the dis- 
ease. 

parataxis (-^-taks'is), n. a loose ar- 
rangement of sentences: opposed to 
syntax. 

parathesis (pa-rath'e-sis), n. in print- 
ing or writing bracketed matter. 

parathyroids (par-a-thi'roids), n. 
small glands on sides of the thyroid. 

paratyphoid (par'-a-ti'foid), n. near 
typhoid fever. 

pari mutuel (pa-re' mu-tu-eP), w. a 
French system of betting in which 
the winners divide the stakes. 

parboil (par'boil), v.U to boil par- 
tially. 

parbuckle Cbuk-l), n. a rope formed 
into a double sling for hoisting 
casks, &c.: v,U to hoist by means of 
a parbuckle. 

Parcae ('se), n.pl, in classic mythol- 
ogy, the three Fates, Clotho, Lache- 
sis, and Atropos, who controlled the 
destiny of every mortal. 

parcel ('sel), n. a small bundle or 
package; little part: v.t, [pt. & p.p. 
parceled, p.pr. parceling], to divide 
into parts. 

parceling (-ing), n. long narrow 
strips of tarred canvas to prevent 
friction. 

parcels-post (par'sels-p5st), n, a, 
government mailing system for bul- 
ky parcels in which the postal charge 
is regulated according to distance as 
well as weight. 

parcenary ('sen-§,-ri), n. co-heirship. 

parcener ('sen-er), n. a co-heir. 

parch (parch), v.t. to scorch; burn 
slightly; dry to excess. 

parchesi (par-che'si), n. an Asiatic 
game played by two or four persons 
with colored disks on a board. 

parchment ('ment), n. the skin of a 
sheep, goat, &c., dressed and pre- 



pared for writing upon; a deed: 
adj. made of, or like, parchment. 

pard (pard), n. a leopard; any spot- 
ted beast. 

pardon (par'dn), v.t. to forgive; ab- 
solve: n. forgiveness; absolution; 
official remission of a penalty. 

pardoner (-er), n. one who pardons; 
formerly, a cleric who was licensed 
to sell Papal indulgences. 

pare (par), v.t. to cut away little 
by little; reduce or diminish. 

paregoric (par-e-gor'ik), n. a tinc- 
ture of opiuni to assuage pain: adj. 
mitigating pain. 

pareira^ (p§,-ra'r§,), n. the root of a 
Brazilian plant, used in medicine. 

parenchyma (-reng'ki-m^), n. the 
soft cellular tissue or pith of plants; 
the soft tissue of the glandular or- 
gans of the body. 

parenchymous (Id-mus), adj. per- 
taining to, or like, parenchyma: 
soft; spongy. Also parenchymatous. 

parent (pa'rent), n, a father or 
mother; origin. 

parentage (-aj), n. extraction; birth. 

parental (-ren'tM), adj. pertaining 
to, or becoming, parents; fond. 

parentally (-U), adv. like a parent. 

parenthesis (p§,-ren'the-sis), n. [pi. 
parentheses (-sez) ], an explanatory 
word or clause inserted in a sen- 
tence, which is grammatically com- 
plete without it: indicated by the 
marks (). 

parenthetical (par-en-thet 'i-ki.1) , 

adj, expressed in a parenthesis; us- 
ing parentheses. 

parenthetically (-li), adv, in a par- 
enthetical manner. 

paresis (par'e-sis), n. insanity with 
general motor paralysis; softening 
of the brain. 

parhelion (par-heli-on), n. a mock 
sun; a bright Ught seen near the 
sun. 

pariah (pa'ri-a), n. one of the low- 
est class of Hindus without caste: 
hence an outcast. 

Parian (pa'ri-§,n), adj. pertaining tOk 
or found in, the Isle of Pares, famed 



5te, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; bOon, 
book: hue. hut: think, then. 



PARIETAL 



641 



PARSE 



for its marble: n, a fine porcelain 
used for statuettes, &c. 

parietal (pa-ri'e-tal), adj, pertain- 
ing to a wall or side; forming the 
wall: or side: said of the large lat- 
eral bones of the head; growing 
from the wall or dde of another 
organ. 

parish (par'ish), n. an ecclesiastical 
district under the particular charge 
of priest, clergyman, or minister; a 
district having its own officers for 
the care of the poor of such a dis- 
trict; a congregation: adj. pertain- 
ing to, or maintained by, a parish. 

parishioner ('on-er), n* one who 
belongs to a parish. 

Parisian ^ (pa-rizl-an), n, a native 
or inhabitant of Paris. 

pari, a 'prefix meaning equal. 

parisyllabic (par-i-sil-ab'ik), adj. 
having an equal number of syllables. 

parity ('i-ti), n. equahty; hkeness. 

park (park), n. a large inclosed piece 
of ground surrounding a man- 
sion, or used as a pubhc place for 
recreation; the train of artillery be- 
longing to an army division; an artil- 
lery encampment: v.t. to inclose, or 
collect, in a park; compact. 

parlance (parlans), n. conversation; 
idiom of conversation. 

parley (/U), n. a conference, especial- 
ly wath an enemy: v.i, [p.t. & p.p. 
parleyed, p.pr. parleying], to hold 
a conference, especially with an 

. enemy with a view to peace. 

Parliament ('h-ment), n. the su- 
preme legislative assembly of Great 
Britain and Ireland, consisting of 
the Sovereign, the House of Lords, 
and the House of Commons. 

parliamentarian (-men-ta'ri-an) , n. 
one who is versed in parhamentary 
law and usages. 

parliamentary ('t§-ri), adj. pertaining 
to, enacted by, or in accordance with 
the usages of, Parliament. 

parlor^ Cler), n. reception room; 
drawing room. 

Parnassian (-nas'i-§.n), adj. pertain- 
ing to Mt. Parnassus in Greece, the 



abode of the Muses; of, or pertain^ 
ing to poetry. 

parochial (pa-rold-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to a parish; narrow-minded. 

parodist (par'o-dist), n. one who 
parodies. 

parody ('o-di), n. [pi parodies 
(-diz) ], a burlesque imitation of a 
serious poem: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. par- 
odied, p.pr, parod3dng], to convert 
into a parody. 

parole (p§,-ror), n. a word of honor, 
especially one given by a prisoner 
of war that in return for conditional 
freedom he will return to custody 
on a specified day; the daily pass- 
word in a camp or garrison. 

paronym (par'o-nim), n. a parony- 
mous word. 

paronymous (-on'i-mus), adj. of the 
same derivation, but different in 
spelling and meaning. 

paroquet. Same as parrakeet. 

paroxysm ('oks-izm), n, a sudden 
spasm, or fit of acute pain; sudden 
action or convulsion. 

paroxysmal " (-iz'm§.l), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or occurring in, paroxysms. 

parquet, parquette (par-ket'), n. 
the fioor space of a theater between 
the orchestra-rail and dress-circle. 

parquetry ('ket-ri), n. mosaic wood- 
work for floors. 

parr (par), n. a young salmon. 

parrakeet (par'a-ket), n. a small 
long-tailed parrot. Also paraquet, 
paroquet. 

parricidal ^ ('i-sid-^1), adj. pertaining 
to parricide. 

parricide ('i-sid), n. the murderer 
of a father or mother; murder of a 
parent. 

parrot ('ot), n. a tropical bird with 
a hooked bill, characterized by its 
brilliant plumage and its power of 
imitating the human voice. 

parrot-fish (-fish), n. a billHant 
hued fish of the tropical seas. 

parry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. parried, 
p.pr. parrying], to ward off, as a 
blow. 

parse (pars), v.t. to resolve by gram- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, Uiqh, 



jeARSEE 



642 



PARTITIVE 



matical rules a sentence into its 
component parts, and show the re- 
lation of the various parts of speech. 

Parsee (par'se), n, a descendant of 
the old Persians, holding the Zoroas- 
trian faith, and now living in India. 
Also Parsi. 

Parseeism (-izm), n. the religion of 
the Parsees. Also Parsiism. 

Parsi. Same as Parsee. 

parsimonious (-si-mo 'ni-us), adj, 
frugal to excess; miserly; penurious. 

parsimony ('si-mon-i), n. closeness 
in expenditure; niggardliness. 

parsley (pars'li), n. a cuhnary herb. 

parsnip ('nip), n. an edible plant 
with a carrot-hke root. ^ 

parson (par'sn), n, the incumbent of 
a parish; a clergyman. 

parsonage (-aj), n, an ecclesiastical 
benefice; the residence of an incum- 
bent. 

part (part), n, something less than 
the whole; piece; portion; propor- 
tional quantity; ingredient; share; 
member or organ; side or party; 
concern; business; portion of a work 
issued in numbers at stated inter- 
vals; any one of the characters of a 
play; one of the melodies in a har- 
mony: pL faculties, qualities, or ac- 
complishments; ^ regions; quarters: 
v.L to divide into two or more 
pieces; distribute; separate: v.i. to 
be separated or divided; take leave. 

partake (par-tak') v.i. [p.t, par- 
took, p.p. partaken, p.pr. partaking], 
to take a part or share in common 
with others. 

parterre (-tar'), n, a series of flower 
beds arranged ornamentally, with in- 
tervening spaces of gravel or turf. 

parthenogenesis (-then-o-jen'e-sis) , 
reproduction of animals or plants 
by means of unimpregnated germs 
or ova. 

Parthenon ('the-non), n, the temple 
of Athene (Minerva) at Athens. 

partial ('sh^l), adj. inclined to favor 
one side or party; biased. 

partially (-li), adv. in a partial 
manner. 



partiality (-shi-al'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being partial. 

participant (-tis'i-pint), adj. shar- 
ing: n. one who shares or partakes. 

participate ('i-pat), v.i. to partake: 
v.t. to have part of; share. 

participation (-pa'shun), n. the act 
of sharing something with others; 
division into shares; companionship. 

participator ('i-pa-ter), n. one who 
partakes with another. 

participial (-ti-sip'i-^1), adj. having 
the nature of a participle. 

participle ('ti-si-pl), n. a word 
which partakes of the nature of a 
verb and of an adjective. 

particle ('i-kl), n. an atom; the 
smallest part into which a body can 
be divided; a word non-inflected, or 
not used alone; a crumb of conse- 
crated bread. 

parti-colored (par'ti-kul-erd), adj. 
having various colors. 

particular (-tik'ti-lar), adj. distinct 
from others; individual; peculiar or 
special; characteristic; exclusive; 
exact; minute. 

particularity (-lar'i-ti), n. circum- 
stantiahty. 

particularize ('u-l§,r-iz), v.t. to give 
the particulars of: v.i. be attentive 
to single things or details. 

particularly ('u-lar-li), adv. espe- 
cially. 

parting ('ing), p. adj. separating; 
given when separating: n. division; 
separating; a taking leave; a divi- 
sion in strata. 

partisan (par'ti-z^n), n. an adher- 
ent of a party or faction; a kind oi 
halberd: adj. pertaining to, or 
biased in favor of, a party, &c. 

partisanship (-ship), n. the state 
of being a partisan. 

partite ('tit), adj. divided almost to 
the base. 

partition (-tish'un), n. the act or 
state of being divided; separation; 
distribution; a dividing wall; part 
where separation is made: v.t. di- 
vide into shares; divide by walls. 

partitive Cti-tiv), adj. noting a 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bQon* 
book: hue, hut: think, th^n. 



PARTLY 



643 



PASSOVER 



part: n, a word that denotes a part 
or expresses partition. 

partly (part'li), adv. in part.^ 

partner (/ner), n. one who is asso- 
ciated with another, especially in a 
business, &c.; an associate; one who 
dances with another; a husband 
or wife. 

partnership (-ship), n. the state of 
being a partner; union of two or 
more persons in the same business 
or profession. 

partook, p.t, of partake. 

partridge (par'trij), n, a well-known 
gallinaceous bird of the genus 
Perdix, preserved as game. 

parturition (-tu-rish'un), n. the act 
of bringing forth young. 

party ('ti), n. [pL parties ('tiz) ], 
a number of persons united together 
for a particular purpose; faction; 
one concerned in an affair; cause or 
side; a select company; siugle indi- 
vidual spoken of. 

party- wall (-wawl), n. a common 
wall separating two tenements. 

parvenu (par've-nu), n, a person who 
just attained riches; an upstart. 

paschal (pas'k§,l), adj. pertaining to 
the feast of the Passover or Easter. 

pasha (pash'aw), n. a Turkish title 
given to high officials. Also pacha. 

pashalic (-hk), n. the jurisdiction of 
a pasha. Also pachalic. 

pasquinade (pas-kwin-ad'), n, a lam- 
poon or rude satire: v.L to lampoon 
or satirize. 

pass (p^), v.i, to move from one 
place or state to another; be pro- 
gressive; change by degrees; disap- 
pear; be enacted; be current: v.t. 
to go beyond, or through, or by; 
cause to move onward; omit; dis- 
regard; give authority to; transfer; 
void; utter or pronounce: n. a nar- 
row passage, avenue, or entrance; 
defile; hcense or permission, state of 
extremity; a thrust. 

passable C^-bl), adj. that may be 
passed, traveled, or navigated; ca- 
pable of bearing inspection; toler- 
able. 



passage ('aj), ?i. the act of passing; 
course or journey; entrance or exit; 
right of passing; legal enactment; 
single clause or portion of a book; 
migratory habits. 

pass-book ('book), n, a book which 
passes between a merchant and his 
customer and contains the entries 
of goods sold on credit; a bank-book 
held by the depositor. 

passenger ('en-jer), n, one who trav- 
els in or on a conveyance; one who 
passes. 

passe (-a'), odj. past; worn out or 
faded [French]. 

passerine ('er-in), adj. pertaining to 
the Passeres, the order of birds 
which includes the swallows and 
sparrows. 

passing (pSs'ing), p.adj. departing: 
adv. exceedingly: n. the act of going 
by; transit, 

passing-bell (-bel), n. a bell tolled 
immediately after the death of a 
person. 

passion (pash'un), n. violent agita- 
tion of mind in anger; strong deep 
feeling or excitement; love; ardor; 
intense desire. 

Passion, n. the sufferings of Christ 
in his last agonies. 

passionate (-at), adj. moved by pas- 
sion; angry; excitable. 

passionately (-h), adv. with passion. 

passion-flower (-flou-er), n. a flower 
of the genus Passiflora. 

Passion play (pla), n. a dramatic 
representation of the Passion of the 
Saviour. 

Passion Sunday (sun'da), n. the 
6th Sunday in Lent. 

Passion week (wek), n. the week 
following Passion Sunday. 

passive ('iv), adj. suffering without 
resisting, not acting; submissive. 

passivist, n. a non-resistant. 

passive verb (verb), n. that form of 
a verb in which the object of the 
active verb becomes the subject. 

Passover (p^s'o-ver), n. a Jewish 
feast commemorative of the passing 
of the destroying angel over the 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PASSPORT 644 PATERNAL 

houses of the Israelites when he pasture ('ttir), n. land under grass 

slew the first-born of the Egyptians. for grazing cattle: grass for graz- 

passport Cport), n, a Hcense to ing: v.t. to supply with grass or 

travel in a foreign country. pasture: v.i, to graze. 

password (Verd), n. a word by pasty (past'i), adj, like paste; a small 

means of which friends are distin- pie of crust raised without a dish, 

guished from strangers or enemies, pat (pat), n. a light quick blow with 

past (pi^t), p.adj. having formerly the hand; a small lump of butter 
been; gone by; completed: n. the made up: adj. apt; exact-: adv. fitly: 
time gone by: adv. along: prep. ^i^- iP-i- & p.p. patted, p.pr. pat- 
beyond, tmg], to strike gently and qmckly 

paste (past), n. a mixture of flour, with the fingers or hand. 

&c., with water, used as a cement; patch (pach), n. a piece apphed to 

dough prepared for pies, &c.; a com- cover a hole or rent; a piece m- 

position for making artificial gems: serted in variegated work; a plot of 

t;.^. to fasten with paste. ground: v.t. to put a patch on; 

pasteboard (^ord), n, tlnck stiff pSi^M^^ n. an Indian 

paper; a board on which dough is ^ ^^^^^^ f^^^^^l^^ dried roots of which 

pastel '(pas'tel), n. a colored crayon. ^ Jj^^^ odoriferous perfume is 

paster (pas'ter),, n strip of gummed (^-^^ ^^ ^j^^ j^^^^ ^^^^^ ^j ^j^^ 

paper with printed matter on it . *^ head 

Pasteurize (pas'tur-iz), v.t. to sterilize pate-de-fois-gras (pa'tarde-fwa-gra'), 
milk by heating it to a temperature n. pastry made of goose-livers, 
of 145 degrees Fahrenheit and hold- which have been enlarged in the 
ing it so for half an hour. geese by excessive feeding. Some- 
pastil^ ('til), 71. a small cone of aro- times thia dish is called Strassburg 
matic paste used for fumigating a pie. 

room; a medicated lozenge. Also paten (pat'en), n, the plate used for 

pastille (pas-teF). , the bread at the Eucharist. 

pastime (p§,s'tim), n. diversion; patent (pat'ent, or pa'tent), adj. ap- 

gport. parent; open to the perusal of all; 

pastor ('ter), n. a clergyman or min- secured by letters patent; spreading 

ister having spiritual charge of a widely: n. a privilege granted by 

church and congregation. ^ letters patent, as a^ title of nobility, 

pastoral (-i,l), adj. pertaining to or the sole right in an invention: 

shepherds, or to the care of a v.t. to grant or secure by letters 

church; rural; addressed to the patent. 

clergy of a diocese by its bishop: n. patentee (-e'), n. one who has se- 

a kind of dramatic poem, delineating cured a patent, 

incidents in rural life; a bishop's patent-leather (-le^/i-er), n. a var- 

pastoral letter. nished or japanned leather. 

pastorate^ ('ter-at), n. the office or patent-yellow (-yel-o), n. a pig- 
jurisdiction of a pastor. Also pas- ment or paint composed of oxide and 
torship. chloride of lead. 

pastry (pas'tri), n. articles of food, as patera (pat'er-§,), n. a shallow cir- 

pies, &c., made of light puffy dough. cular dish; a flat ornament on a 

pasturable (pi,s'tur-l,-bl), adj. suited frieze, 

for pasturing. paterfamilias (pa-ter-fS-m7l'i-&s), n. 

pasturage ('tur-aj), n. the business the father of a family. 

of grazing cattle; pasture. paternal ('ter-nM), adj. pertaining 

ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PATERNALLY 



645 



PATTER 



to, or exhibiting the characteristics 

of, a father; hereditary. 
paternally (-U), adv, in a paternal 

manner. 
paternity (-ter-ni-ti), n, paternal 

relation; authorship. 
paternoster (pa-ter-nos'ter), n. the 

Lord's Prayer; a rosary; every 11th 

bead in a rosary. 
path (path), n. a road; footway; 

track; course of conduct or action. 
pathetic (p§,-thet'ik), adj. affecting 

the emotions or passions; touching. 

Also pathetical. 
pathetically (-M-H), adv. in a pa- 
thetical manner. 
pathogenetic (path-o-jen-et'ik), adj, 

producing disease. 
pathogeny (p§,-tho]'e-ni), n. the 

science of the origin of diseases. 
pathological (path-o-loj'i-k^l), adj, 

pertaining to pathology. 
pathologist (p§--thoro-jist), n, one 

skilled in pathology. 
pathology ('o-ji), n. the science of 

diseases. 
pathos (pa'thos), n. expression of 

deep feeling; that which excites the 

mental emotions. 
pathosocial (path-o-so'shal), adj. 

pertaining to abnormal conditions 

in society. 
patience ('shens), n. the quality of 

being patient or calmly enduring. 
patient ('shent), adj. suffering pain, 

hardship, affliction, insult, &c., wi;h 

calmness and equanimity; continu- 
ance of labor; persevering; waiting 

\N'ith calmness: n. a person undrr 

medical treatment. 
patina (pat'i-n^), n. the fine green 

rust with which coins, ancient 

bronzes, &c., become covered by age, 

&c. 
patness ('nes), n. appropriateness. 
patois (p4-twaO, n. provin'^ial dialect. 
patriarch (pa'tri-ark), n. the founder 

or head of a family; an aged man; 

in the Greek Church,^ a metro- 

poHtan dignitary of the highest rank. 
patriarchate (-at), n. the office, 

rank, or jurisdiction of a patriarch. 



patrician (pi,-trish'an), n, one of 
the senators of ancient Rome; a 
nobleman: adj. senatorial; noble. 

patrimonial (pat-ri-mo'ni-§,l), adj, 
inherited from ancestors. 

patrimonially (-h), adv, by inheri- 
tance. 

patrimony ('ri-mo-ni), n. an estate 
or right inherited from a father or 
one's ancestors; an ecclesiastical 
endowment or estate. 

patriot (pat'ri-, or pa'tri-ot), n. one 
who loves, and is devoted to, his 
native country and its welfare. 

patriotic T.-ri-ofik), adj. character- 
ized by patriotism. 

patriotically (-^ U), adv. Hke a 
patriot. 

patriotism ('ri-ot-izm), n. love of 
one's country. 

patristic (p&-tns tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to the theology and \\Titings of 
the fathers of the Christian Church. 
Also patristical. 

patrol (p§,-tror), n. a corporal's 
guard that marches round at night 
to preserve order; a mounted police- 
man: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patrolled, y.pr. 
patrolling], to go round as a patrol. 

patron (pa'tron), n. a guardian or 
protector; one who has the gift of a 
benefice. Fcm. patroness: adj. giv- 
ing aid or exercising guardianship; 
tutelary. 

patronage (-aj), n. special support; 
guardianship or protection; right of 
conferring a benefice. 

patronal ('tro-n§.l), adj. performing 
the office of a patron. 

patronize (-niz), v.t. to act as a 
patron toward; support or protect; 
frequent as a customer. 

patronymic (pat-rc nim'ik), adj. de- 
rived from the name of an an^.estor: 
n. a name derived from an ancestor. 

patroon (p§,-tr6on'), n. a landed pro- 
prietor with manorial rights. 

patten (pat 'en), n. a wooden shoe 
with an iron ring worn under the 
soles by women as a protectioii 
against damp; the base of a column. 

patter Cer), v.i. to strike with u. 



ate, arm, dsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&Ji, 



PATTERING 



646 



PEACE TRIBUNAL 



quick succession of light sounds, as 
hail: n. the dialect of a class. 

pattering (-ing), y.adj. making a 
quick succession of hght blows. 

pattern ('ern), n, a model, sample, 
or specimen; anything cut out or 
formed into shape to be copied. 

patty ('i), n. a small pie. 

paucity (paw'si-ti), n. smallness of 
number or quantity. 

paunch (panch, or pawnch), n. the 
belly; the first and largest stomach 
of a ruminant. 

pauper (paw'per), n. a poor person; 
one who is supported by the poor 
rates. 

pauperism (-izm), n, the state of 
being a pauper. 

pauperize (-iz), v,U to reduce to 
pauperism. 

pause (pawz), n, cessation; tempo- 
rary stop; a break in writing indi- 
cated by the mark [ — ]; a mark of 
cessation in speaking; a mark ["^ ] 
in music, indicating the continuance 
of a note or rest: v.i. to make a 
short stop; wait; hestitate. 

pave (pav), v.t, to cover or lay with 
stones, bricks, &c.: as, to yave a 
street. 

pavement (pav'ment), n, a paved 
roadway or floor. 

paver (pa'ver), n, one whose occupa- 
tion is to lay pavements. 

pavilion (p^-viFyun), n. an orna- 
mental dome-shaped building; a 
large tent; a temporary movable 
habitation; summer-house. 

paving (pa'ving), n, pavement. 

pavonated (pav'o-na-ted), adj, of a 
brilliant bluish green color, like the 
neck of a peacock. 

pavonine (pav'o-nin), adj, resem- 
bling the tail of a peacock; irides- 
cent: said of certain ores. 

paw (paw), n, the foot of an animal 
with claws; the hand: v.t, to scrape 
with the forefoot; handle, as with 
paws; caress, as a dog. 

pawl (pawl), n. a short bar to pre- 
vent the recoil of a windlass. 

pawn (pawn), n, something given as 



security for the redemption of a 
pledge; a common piece at chess: 
v.L to give in pledge. 

pawnbroker ('bro-ker), n. one who 
lends money on the security of goods 
pawned with him. 

pawpaw (paw'paw) n, a tree of 
the custard-apple family, common in 
the southwestern United States. 

pax (paks), n. a small crucifix, or a 
crucifix engraved on a small metal 
plate kissed by worshippers. 

paxwax ('waks), n. the strong ten- 
don in the neck of animals. 

pay (pa), v,t, [p.t, & p.p. paid, p,pr. 
paying], to discharge a debt to; 
give an equivalent for; compensate; 
reward; fulfil; smear with tar, 
pitch, &c. : n. money given for serv- 
ice rendered. 

payee (-e'), n, one to whom money is 
paid. 

pay-envelop (pa'en-vel'up), n. a 
small envelop designed to hold the 
wages of an employee. 

paymaster ('m^s-ter), n. one who 
pays or from whom wages are re- 
ceived, especially an officer. in the 
army or navy whose duty is to pay 
the officers and men. 

pea (pe), n. [pi, peas, or pease 
(pez) ], a leguminous plant of the 
genus Pisum and its edible seed. 

peace (pes), n. a state of rest or 
tranquillity; calm; freedom from 
war or disturbance. 

peaceable C^-bl), adj. disposed to 
peace; calm; quiet. 

peaceableness (-nes), n, the slJate 
or quality of being peaceable. Also 
peacefulness. 

peaceably (-bli), adv, without agita- 
tion or tumult. 

peaceful ('fool), adj. full of peace; 
pacific; quiet. 

peacefully (-U), adv, in a peaceful 
manner. 

peace-officer (-of'i-ser), n. a justice 
of the peace or a police-officer. 

Peace Tribunal (tri-bu'nal), w. a 
name applied to the International 
Court at The Hague in Holland, 



ate, arm, dsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; htie, hut: think, then. 



PEACH 



647 



PECULIAR 



which determines questions at issue 
between nations. 

peach (pech), n. a tree with its downy- 
edible fruit: v.i. to betray one's ac- 
compHces. 

peacock (pe'kok), n, a gallinaceous 
bird with handsome plumage: adj. 
iridescent like the feathers of the 
peacock. 

peahen Chen), n. a female peafowl, 
homologous to the peacock. 

pea-jacket ('jak-et), n, a seaman^s 
heavy jacket. 

peak (pek), n. the sharp-pointed sum- 
mit or jutting part of a mountain 
or hill; pointed end; the leather pro- 
jection in front of a cap; the upper 
outer comer of an extended sail: v.i. 
to look pale and wan: v.t. to raise 
(a sail) obliquely to the mast. 

peakish ('ish), (idj. having pale thin 
features. 

peaky ('i), adj. having, or resembling, 
a peak. 

peal (pel), n. a loud sound, as of 
thunder, bells, &c.; a set of musical 
bells, or the changes rung by them: 
v.i. to give forth loud or solemn 
sounds. 

pean. Same as paean. 

peanut (pe'nut), n, the ground-nut. 

pear (par), n. the juicy edible fruit 
of the pear-tree (Pyrus communis). 

pearl (perl), n. a hard, smooth, grey- 
ish-white iridescent gem found in 
the mother-of-pearl oyster; an^^ thing 
resembling a pearl or very precious; 
a white speck in the eye; a small 
size of type (see type) : adj. pertain- 
ing to, or formed of, pearls: v.t. 
to set or adorn with pearls. 

pearlash ('ash), n. an impure car- 
bonate of potash. 

pearliness ('i-nes), n, the quality of 
being pearly. 

pearlite (perllt), n. a form of steel 
containing less than one per cent of 
carbon. ^ 

pearly ('i), adj. resembling or con- 
taining, pearls; clear; transparent. 

peasant (pez'§,nt), n. a countryman; 
rustic laborer: adj. rural; rustic. 



peasantry (-ri), n. peasants collec- 
tively. 

pease (pez), n.pl. peas collectively. 

peastone (pe'ston), n. pisohte. 

peat (pet), n. decayed vegetable mat- 
ter resembling turf cut out of bogs: 
used as fuel. 

pebble (peb'l), n. a roundish stone; 
transparent rock crystal used for 
spectacles, &c. 

pebbly ('h), adj. full of pebbles. 

pecan (pe-kan'), n. a species of 
North American hickory and its 
fruit. 

peccability (pek-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being subject to sin. 

peccable ('a-bl), adj. Uable to sin. 

peccadillo (-dil'o), n. a trifling fault. 

peccancy ('an-si), n. sinfulness. 

peccary Ca-ri), n. sl South American 
mammal allied to the hog. 

peccavi (a'vi), (Latin, I have 
sinned), a word in colloquial use, 
expressive of contrition for the com- 
mission of a fault. 

peck (pek), n. 1-4 th of a bushel; 
quick sharp stroke with the beak: 
v.t. to strike with the beak; pick up 
with the beak; eat. 

pecker ('er), n. one who pecks; a 
woodpecker. 

pectic acid ('tik as'id), n. an acid 
found in various fruits. 

pectin ('tin), n. the gelatinizing prin- 
ciple of certain ripe fruits. 

pectinate ('tin-at), adj. shaped Hke 
the teeth of a comb. Also pectinated. 

pectoral ('to-rM), adj. pertaining 
to, good for, or worn on, the chest: 
n. the breastplate of the Jewish 
high-priest; a medicine for chest 
complaints; a pectoral fin. 

peculate ('u-lat), v.i. to appropriate 
pubhc money to one's own use; em- 
bezzle. 

peculation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
appropriating pubhc money to one's 
own use. 

peculator ('u-la-ter), n. one who 
peculates. 

peculiar (pe-ku'lyir), adj. one's own; 
appropriate; individual; strange: n. 



&te, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 42 



PECULIARITY 



648 



PEER 



a church or parish exempted from 
the jurisdiction of the diocese to 
which it belongs. 

peculiarity (-h-ar'i-ti), n. [pL pecu- 
harities (-tiz) ], something pecuhar 
or characteristic. 

peculiarly ('ly^r-H), adv. in a pecu- 
har manner. 

pecuniarily ('ni-S,r-i-h), adv. as re- 
gards money. 

pecuniary ('ni-§,r-i), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, money; monetary. 

pedagogic (ped-4-goi'ik), adj, pertain- 
ing to a pedagogue or to the science 
of teachmg. ^Also pedagogical. 

pedagogics ('iks), n. the science of 
teaching. 

pedagogism ('§,-gog-izm), n. the oc- 
cupation or manners of a pedagogue. 

pedagogist (-ist), n. one who treats 
of pedagogics. 

pedagogue C^-gog), n. a schoolmas- 
ter; pedant. 

pedagogy ('i.-go-ji), n. pedagogics. 

pedal (ped'al), adj. pertaining to a 
foot: n. a key or lever attached to 
a musical instrument and moved by 
the foot, to modify the swell or 
tone. 

pedant ('§,nt), n. one who makes an 
ostentatious display of his learning. 

pedantic (pe-dan'tik),^ c^dj. pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by, ped- 
antry. Pedantical.^ 

pedantically (-^l-H), adv. like a 
pedant. 

pedantry ('§,n-tri), n. ostentatious 
display of learning. 

pedate ('at), adj, palmate, with the 
two lateral sections lengthened and 
lobed. 

peddle ('1), v.i. to travel about selling 
small wares; be busy about trifles: 
v.t, to retail in small quantities. 

peddler, pedler, pedlar (ler), n. 
one who peddles. 

peddling ('hng), adj. trifling. 

pedestal ('es-tM), n. the base of a 
column, statue, &c. ^ 

pedestrian (pe-des'tri-in), adj. going 
on foot; walking: ti. one who jour- 
neys on foot; professional walker. 



pedestrianism (-izm), n. the art or 
practice of walking; racing on foot- 

pediatric (pe'di-at-rik), n. pertain- 
ing to medical treatment of children. 

pedicel (ped'i-sel), n. a small short 
foot-stalk. ^ 

pedicure ('i-kur), n. the care of the 
feet; a chiropodist. 

pediform ('i-form), adj. foot-shaped. 

pedigree ('i-gre), n, lineage; gen- 
ealogy. 

pediment ('i-ment), n. the triangu- 
lar or circular ornament over the 
entablature, &c., of a building. 

pedler. See peddler. 

pedobaptism. Same as paedobaptism. 

pedometer (pe-dom'e-ter) , n. instru- 
ment for recording paces and dis- 
tances in walking. 

pedotrophy (pe-dot ro-fe) , n. branch 
of hygiene concerning the nourish- 
ment of infants and children. 

pedrail (ped'ral), n. a traction engine 
the wheels of which rest on the links 
of a jointed chain, giving support to 
the vehicle on soft or uneven ground. 

peduncle (-dungl^l), n. a flower- 
stalk. 

peduncular Ckti-lar), adj. of or per- 
taining to a peduncle. 

pedunculate ('ku-lat), adj. haying, 
or Rowing upon, a peduncle. 

peel (pel), v.t. to Strip the skin, bark, 
or rind from: v.i. to undress: n. 
skin or rind; a baker^s long . flat 
wooden shovel; a contrivance for 
hanging up printed sheets to dry. 

peeler ^er), n. one who peels; a 
pillager; a pohceman: from Sir 
Robert Peel. 

peen (pen), n. the point of a ma- 
son^s hammer. 

peep (pep), v.i. to chirp or cry, as 
young birds; to look through a 
crevice or hiding place; look slyly; 
begin to appear: n. the cry of a 
chicken; a sly look; a beginning to 
appear. 

•peer (per), n. one of the same rank; 
an equal; associate; a nobleman; a 
member of the House of Lords: v.i* 
to appear; look narrowly. 



Ste, ton, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booa^ 
Dook; hue, hut; think, thQU* 



PEERAGE 



649 



PENCIL 



peerage ('aj), n. the rank or dignity 
of a peer; peers collectively; a book 
giving information respecting the 
nobility. 

peeress ('es), n. a peer's wife; a lady 
of noble rank. 

peerless (les), adj. without an equal. 

peevish (pev'ish), adj. fretful; diffi- 
cult to please. 

peewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. 

peg (peg), n. a small pointed wooden 
pin; a piece of wood serving as a 
narl:^ v.t, & p.p, pegged, p.yr. 
pegging], to fasten or mark out 
with pegs. 

Pegasus (peg'a-sus), n, a winged 
horse, according to Greek legend, 
sprung from Medusa at her death. 
The same legend attributes to a 
stamp of his hoof the fountain of 
the Muses, Hippocrene, on Mount 
Hehcon. 

pelage (pel'aj), n. the hair or similar 
covering of a mammal. 

pelagic (-laj'ik), adj, pertaining to 
the ocean. 

pelerine (pel'er-in), n. a lady's long 
cape with tapering ends. 

pelf (pelf), n. money; wealth: used 
in a bad sense. 

pelican (peri-k§.n), n, a large aquatic 
bird with a huge axe-shaped bill; 
a dentist's instrument. 

pelisse (pe-les'), ^. a lady's silk 
habit. 

pell (pel), n. a skin or hide; a roll 
of parchment. 

pellagra (pel-a'gra), n. a recent dis- 
ease of as yet unknown origin, but 
believed by some experts to result 
from eating corn products from im- 
pure grain; is characterized by 
gastro-intestinal, cerebro-spinal and 
cutaneous symptoms. 

pellet Cet), n. a little ball. 

pellicle ('i-kl), n. a thin skin or 
fihn. 

pellitory ('i-to-ri), n. a perennial 
plant of the nettle family, grow- 
ing on old walls. 

pell-mell ('mel), adv, with confused 
violence. 



pellucid (-u'sid), ddj, perfectly clear; 

transparent. 

pelota (pa-lo'ta), n. a game popular 
in Cuba and other Spanish countries 
played in a court with a ball hurled 
from a grooved stick attached to the 
player's arm. 

pelt (pelt), n. a raw hide; a blow 
from something thro\\Ti: v.t. to 
strike by throwing something: v.i. 
to fall heavily, as rain. 

peltry (pel'tri), n. skins of furred 
animals collectively. 

pelt- wool (pelt 'wool), n. wool from 
dead sheep. ^ 

pelvic (pei'vik), adj. pertaining to 
the pelvis. 

pelvis Cvis), n. the bony cavity in 
the lower part of the abdomen. 

pemmican (pem'i-k^n), n. lean 
meat, dried, pounded, and pressed 
into cakes. 

pen (pen), n. a small mclosure; 
coop; an instrument for writing: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. penned, p.pr. pen- 
ning], to shut up or confine in a 
small inclosure; write. 

I>enal (pe'n§,l), adj. enacting, inflict- 
ing, or incurruig punishment for 
crime; punitive. 

penalize (pe'nal-iz), v.t. to render 
subject to penalty or punishment. 

penally (-li), adv, by way of pun- 
ishment. 

penalty (pen'M-ti), n. legal punish- 
ment either on the person or by a 
fine; fine or forfeit; an extra 
weight carried by a racehorse. 

penance (pen'ans), n. self-imposed 
suffering, as an expression of con- 
trition for sin; repentance; in the 
Roman Catholic Church one of the 
sacraments by which sins are par- 
doned after confession and satisfac- 
tion. 

penates (pe-na'tez), n.'pl. the house- 
hold gods of the ancient Romans. 

pence, pi. of penny. 

penchant (pang-shangO, n. a strong 
inclination or taste [French]. 

pencil (pen'sil), n. a small fine brush 
used by artists; a pointed instru- 



&te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut: think, ^Aen. 



PENCILED 



650 



PENOLOGIST 



ment of black lead, colored chalk, 
&c.; a collection of rays of light 
converging to a point: v.t. to write, 
sketch, paint, or mark with a pencil. 

penciled ('sild), p.adj, written, drawn, 
or painted, with a pencil; radiat- 
ing. 

penciling (-ing), n. the art of writ- 
ing, sketching, or painting with a 
pencil. 

pendant ('d§,nt), n. anything hang- 
ing for ornamentation; an ear-ring 
or locket; a pennant. 

pendency ('den-si), n, suspense; in- 
decision. Also pendence. 

pendent ('dent), adj. hanging; pro- 
jecting; swinging. 

pending ('ding), adj, undecided; 
hanging in suspense. 

pendulous ('dti-lus), adj\ hanging; 
oscillating. 

pendulum ('du-lum), n. a heavy 
body suspended so that it may vi- 
brate backwards and forwards about 
a fixed point by the force of gravity, 
as in a clock. 

penetrability (-e-tr§.-bil'i-ti), n. the 
susceptibihty of being entered or 
passed through by another body. 

penetrable ('e-tra-bl), adj. that may 
be penetrated; susceptive of im- 
pression. 

penetralia (-tra'li-a), n.pl. the in- 
ner part of a temple, house, &c.; 
mysteries. 

penetrant ('e-trS,nt), adj, penetrat- 
ing; subtile; acute. 

penetrate ('e-trat), v.t. to pierce in- 
to; enter; bore or perforate; reach 
the mind; affect deeply; reach the 
interior. 

penetrating (-ing), p.adj. piercing; 
sharp; discerning. Also penetra- 
tive. 

penetration (-tra'shun), n. the act 
of penetrating; mental acuteness. 

penetrativeness (-tiv-nes), n. the 
quahtj^ of being penetrative. 

pen-fish ('fish), n. a kind of eel pout. 

penguin ('gwin), n. a large sea-fowl 
with rudimentary wings. 

peninsula (pe-nin'su-la), n. a por- 



tion of Jetting land nearly sur- 
rounded by water, and connected 
with the mainland by an isthmus. 

peninsular ('su-li,r), adj. pertaining 
to, or shaped hke, a peninsula. 

penitence (pen 'i- tens), n. sorrow for 
sin; state of being penitent. 

penitent ('i-tent), adj. repentant: n. 
one who is penitent; one under ec- 
clesiastical censure, but admitted to 
penance; one who is under the di- 
rection of a confessor. 

penitential (-ten'shal), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or expressing, penitence; 
of the nature of penance: n. in the 
Roman CathoHc Church a book 
treating of the rules and degrees of 
penance. 

penitentiary (-ten'sh§,-ri), adj. per- 
taining to penance: n. a penitent; a 
house of correction: a state prison; 
a home for fallen women; an office 
at the Pp,pal court, that grants dis- 
pensations, absolutions, &c.; the of- 
ficial who presides over such a court. 

penknife ('nif), n, a small pocket- 
knife. 

penman ^ ('m^n), n. an author; one 
who writes a good hand. 

penmanship (-ship), n. the art, or 
style, of writing. 

pennant ('§,nt), n. a long narrow 
strip of bunting at the mast-heads 
of men-of-war. 

pennate. Same as pinnate. 

penniless (pen'i-les), adj. without 
money; destitute. 

pennon ('on), n. a small swallow- 
tailed flag or streamer. 

penny (-i), n. [pi. pennies ('iz) (de- 
noting number), pence (pens), (de- 
noting amount or value)], a bronze 
coin = 1-12 of a shilling, or 2 cents 
(English). 

pennyroyal (-rol'al), n. an aromatic 
herb of the mint family. 

pennyweight (-wat), n. a weight = 
24 grains troy. 

penological (p e-no-lo] 'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to penology. 

penologist (-nol'o-iist), n. a student 
of penology. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PENOLOGY 



651 



PER 



penology (-nol'o-ji), n. the scientific 
study of punishments, prison man- 
agement, &c. 

pensile Csll), adj. hanging. 

pension ('shun), n. a stated allow- 
ance paid for past services, as to the 
state, &c.; money paid instead of 
tithes; a continental boarding house 
or school (pang-si-ang) : v.t. to 
grant a pension to. 

pensionary ('shun-^-ri), adj. consis- 
ting of, or maintained by, a pension : 
n. a person in receipt of a pension. 

pensioner ('shun-er), n. one who re- 
ceives a pension, especially a dis- 
charged soldier: 

pensive ('siv), adj. thoughtful; sad. 

pensively (-li), adv. in a pensive 
manner. 

pensiveness (-nes), n. thought ful- 
ness; melancholy. 

pent, p.t. &p.p. of pen (to shut up). 

penta, a prefix meaning j^z'e, as penta- 
chord, an instrument with 5 strings; 
musical scale of 5 sounds. Also 
pente. 

pentad (pen'tad), n. an element 
which combines with or replaces a 
monad. 

pentagon (pen'tA-gon), n. a figure 
of 5 sides and 5 angles. 

pentahedral (-he'dr&), adj. having 
5 sides. 

pentahedron ('dron), n. a sohd fig- 
ure having 5 sides; 

pentahexahedral (-heks-^-he'dril) , 
adj, exhibiting 5 ranges of faces, one 
above another, each range contain- 
ing 6 frees. 

pentamerous (-tam'e-rus) , adj. con- 
sisting of 5 parts. 

pentameter ('e-ter), n. a verse con- 
sisting of 5 feet. 

pentastyle ('t^-stil), n. a building 
with 5 columns in front. 

Pentateuch ('t^uk), n. the first 5 
books of the Old Testament. 

Pentecost ('te-kost), 72. a Jewish fes- 
tival kept the 50th day after the sec- 
ond day of the Passover; Whitsun- 
tide, commemorative of the descent 
of the Holy Ghost. 



Pentecostal (-§,1), adj. pertaining to 
Pentecost. 

penthouse ('hous), n. sl shed with a 
slanting roof projecting from a main 
wall or building. . 

penult (pe-nulf), n. the last syllable 
of a word but one. Also penultima. 

penultimate ('i-mat), adj. last but 
one. 

penumbra (-num'br^.), n. a partial 
shadow on the exterior of the perfect 
shadow of an eclipse; the boundary 
of light and shade in a picture. 

penurious (-nu'ri-us), adj. miserly; 
sordid. 

penury (pen'u-ri), n. want of the ne- 
cessities of life; poverty. 

peon (pe'on), n. a Mexican laborer; 
an Indian native soldier or consta- 
ble; a pawn at chess. 

peony Co-ni), n. sl perennial plant 
with handsome flowers of the genus 
Paeonia. Also pa^ony. 

people Cpl), 71. [pi. people, peoples 
(-plz)], persons generally; commu- 
nity; inhabitants; race, kindred, or 
family; the commonalty: v.t. to 
stock with people or inhabitants. 

pepper (pep'er), n. a hot pungeot 
spice made of the ground seeds of 
Piper nigrum. 

peppercorn (-korn), n. the smdW 
berry of the pepper-plant: hence 
anything insignificant. 

peppermint (-mint), n. an aromatic 
herb; the cordial prepared from it. 

pepper wort (-wert), ?i. a cress. 

peppery (-i), adj. like pepper; fiery; 
pungent. 

pepsin ('sin), n. Sb nitrogenous fer- 
ment contained in gastric juice; a 
preparation from the stomach of a 
pig used in medicine to aid digestion. 
Also pepsine. 

peptic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, or 
promoting, digestion: n. a medicine 
to aid digestion: pi. the science of 
digestion. 

peptones ('tonz), n.pl. the products 
of the action of pepsin. 

per, a prefix meaning through ^ over 
the whole extent, hy, very, as per- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



PERADVENTURE 



652 



PERFECT 



ambulate, to walk over; per diem, 
by the day, &c. 

peradventure (per-ad-ven'ttir), adv, 
by chance. 

perambulation (-am-bu-la'shun), a(iy. 
the act of passing through; a survey 
made by traveling; the annual sur- 
vey of a parish boundary. 

perambulator ('bu-la-ter), n, one 
who perambulates; a baby carriage; 
an instrument for measuring road 
distances. 

percale (-kal'), n, cotton fabrics with 
a linen finish. 

perceivable (-seV§.-bl), adj, discern- 
ible by the mind. 

perceivably (-bh), adv, perceptibly. 

perceive (-sev'), v.t. to obtain knowl- 
edge by the senses; understand; 
discern. 

per cent, (-sent'), by the hundred. 

percentage (-sent'aj), n. proportion- 
al allowance per cent. 

percept (per'sept), n. a knowledge of 
things derived through the senses. 

perceptibility (-sep-ti-biri-ti), n. the 
quahty of being perceptible. 

perceptible ('ti-bl), adj, that may be 
perceived. 

perceptibly (-bH), adv. so as to be 
perceived. 

perception (-sep'shun), n, the act, 
state, or faculty of receiving knowl- 
edge of external things by the me- 
dium of the senses; idea, notion, or 
conception. 

perceptive ('tiv),^ adj, having the 
faculty of perceiving. 

perceptivity ('i-ti), n, the power of 
perception or thinking. 

perch (perch), n. a fresh-water fish; 
a measure of length = 53^^ yards, 
l-40th of a rood; anything on which 
birds sit or roost: v.i. to sit or roost: 
v.t. to place on a perch. 

perchance (per-chans'), adv, per- 
haps. 

perchlorate (-klo'rat), n, a com- 
pound of perchloric acid and a base. 

perchloric ('rik), adj. noting an acid 
having 7 equivalents of oxygen to 2 
of chlorine. 



perchloride ('rid), n. a compound of 
an excess of chlorine with a base. 

percipience^ (-sip'i-ens) , n, the act 
of perceiving. 

percipient (1-ent), adj, perceiving: 
n. one who perceives. 

percolate ('ko-lat), v,i. to pass 
through small spaces. 

percolation (-la'shun), n. filtration. 

percolator ('ko-la-ter), n, a filtering 
machine or vessel; a coffee-pot fitted 
with a filter. 

percussion (-kush'un), n. violent col- 
lision; shock produced by the colli- 
sion of bodies; impression of^ sound 
on the ear; the medical examination 
of a part of the body by tapping it 
gently so as to determine its condi- 
tion by the sound produced. 

percussion-cap (kap), n. a^ small 
copper cap containing fulminating 
powder, which, placed on the nipple 
of a gun, explodes the powder when 
struck by the lock. 

percussive (-kus'iv), adj, striking 
against. 

perdition (-dish'un), n. total de- 
struction; ruin; utter loss of the 
soul or of happiness in a future 
state. 

perdu C-du'),^ adj. forlorn; hidden: 
n. one lying in ambush: adv, in am- 
bush or a post of danger. 

peregrination (-e-grin-a'shun;, n, 
the act of traveling about. 

peregrinator ('e-grin-a-ter), n, a 
traveler. 

peremptorily ('emp-tor-i-li), adv, in 
a peremptory manner. 

peremptoriness (-nes), n, the state 
or quahty of being peremptory. 

peremptory ('emp-tor-i) , adj. posis 
tive; final; decisive; precluding dis- 
cussion or hesitation. 

perennial (-en'i-§,l), adj. lasting 
through the year; perpetual; noting 
plants that continue more than 2 
years. 

perennially (-H), adv, SO as to be 
perennial; perpetually. 

perfect ('fekt), adj. complete; with- 
out defect or blemish; blameless; 



Ste, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



PERFECTIBILITY 



653 



PERIOSTEUM 



pure; possessing every moral excel- 
lence; fully skilled or accomplished; 
in grammar, the tense that expresses 
completed action: v.t. to make per- 
fect; complete or finish. 

perfectibility (-fek-ti-biri-ti), n. the 
capacity for becoming perfect. 

perfectible (-fek'ti-bl), adj. capable 
of being made perfect. 

perfection ('shun), n. the state of 
being perfect; supreme excellence. 

perfidious (-fid'i-us), adj. false to 
trust; treacherous; faithless. 

perfidy ('fi-di), n. violation of a trust 
reposed; breach of faith. 

perforate ('fo-rat), v.t. to pierce or 
bore through; make a hole through. 

perforation (-ra'shun), n. the act of 
piercing or boring through; a hole 
bored through. 

perforator ('fo-ra-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, perforates. 

perforce (-fors'), adv. by force; vio- 
lently. 

perform (-form'), v.t. to do or carry 
out; execute; achieve; fulfil: v.i. to 
act a part. 

performance ('§,ns;, n. the act of 
performing; execution; completion; 
deed or feat; an entertainment. 

perfume (-fum'), v.t. to impregnate 
with a pleasant odor; scent: n. a 
sweet-smeUing scent. 

perfumery Cer-i), n. perfumes in 
general. • 

perfunctorily (-fungk'to-ri-1 ), adv, 
carelessly. 

perfunctoriness (-nes), n. careless- 
ness, 

perfunctory ('to-ri), adj, done care- 
lessly or negligently. 

pergola (per-go'la), n. an arbor pas- 
sageway. 

perhaps (-haps'), adv. possibly. 

peri (pe'ri), n. in Persian mythology 
a descendant of a fallen spirit ex, 
eluded from paradise; a fairy: 
(per'i), a prefix, meaning around, 
as periholoSf a wall or court sur- 
rounding a temple. 

perianth (per'i-anth), n. a floral en- 
velope. 



pericardiac (-kar'di-ak), adj, per^ 
taining to the pericardium. Also 
pericardial. 

pericarditis (-di'tis), n. inflamma- 
tion of the pericardium. 

pericardium (-kar'di-um), n. the 
membrane that surrounds the heart. 

pericarp ('i-karp), n. the seed-vessel 
of a plant. 

pericarpiai (-kar'pi-M)^ adj. per- 
taining to a pericarp. 

periclase ('i-klaz), n. a magnesian 
mineral. 

periclinal (-kli'n§.l), adj. dipping on 
all sides from a central axis. 

pericranium (-kra'ni-um), n. the 
m-embrane that surrounds the cra- 
nium. 

perigee (-j€), n. that point in the 
orbit of the moon, or of a planet, 
nearest the earth. 

perihelion (-he'U-on), n. [pi. peri- 
helia (-k) ], that point in the orbit of 
a planet, or a comet, nearest the sim. 

peril ('il), n. exposure to injury; 
danger; jeopardy; risk: v.t, to ex- 
pose to danger or risk. 

perilous (-us), adj. full of peril; 
hazardous; dangerous. 

perimeter (pe-rim'e-ter), n. the outer 
boundary of a plane surface. 

period (pe'ri-od), n. a circuit or 
cycle; interv^al of time; the time 
taken by a planet to revolve round 
the sun; length of duration; conclu- 
sion; a dot [.] to mark the end of a 
sentence; in rhetoric, a complete 
sentence. 

periodical ('i-k^l), adj. pertaining 
to a period, or to periodicals; occur- 
ring at regular intervals. Also peri- 
odic: n. a pubHcation issued at 
stated intervals, as a magazine. 

periodically (-h), adv. at stated in- 
tervals. 

periodicity (-o-dis'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being periodical. 

periosteal (per-i-Gs'te-&l), adj, per- 
taining to the periosteum. 

periosteum ('te-um), n. the vascular 
nervous membrane which covers the 
bones. 



ate, &rm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PERIOSTITIS 



654 



PERMITTER 



periostitis (-ti'tis), /i. inflammation 
of the periosteum. 

Peripatetic (-p^-tet'ik), adj. per- 
taining to the philosophy of Aristotle 
who instructed his disciples while he 
walked about the Lyceum; n, a 
disciple of Aristotle. 

peripatetic (-p^-tet'ik), adj, walking 
about: n. one who is accustomed or 
compelled to walk. 

peripheral (pe-rif er-M), adj, per- 
taining to a periphery. 

periphery (^er-i), n, [pL peripheries 
(-iz) ], the circumference of a circle, 
ellipse, or similar figure. 

periphrasis (-rif'r^-sis), n. circum- 
locution. 

periphrastic (per-i-fras'tik), adj, 
circumlocutory. Also periphrastical. 

periphrasticaily (-M-li), adv, by 
periphrasis. 

perique (pa-rek'), n, a strong, black 
tobacco, of peculiar flavor, grown in 
SU James Parish, Louisiana. 

periscope (|)er'i-sk6p), n. an instru- 
ment for seeing over intervening ob- 
jects; used in guiding submarine 
boats. 

periscopic (per-i-skop'ik), adj, view- 
ing all round, and so constructed as 
to increase the distinctness of ob- 
jects when viewed at an oblique an- 
gle. Also periscopical. 

perish ('ish), v.i. to lose life or vi- 
tality; decay or die; be destroyed or 
come to nothing. ^ 

perishability (-§,-bil'i-ti) , n. the state 
of being perishable. Also perisn- 
ableness. 

perishable (per'ish-§;-bl), adj. liable 
to perish; mortal. 

perisperin ('i-sperm), n. albumen of 
a seed. 

peristaltic (-stal'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to che peculiar worm-like move- 
ment of the intestines by which their 
contents are forced onward. 

peristyle ('i-stll), n. an open court 
in the interior of a house surrounded 
by a row of columns. 

perisystole (-sis'to-le), n. the inter- 
val that ensues on the contraction of 



the heart before the dilation (dias- 
tole) which follows. 

peritoneal (-to-ne'M), adj, pertain- 
ing to the peritoneum. 

peritoneuiiri ('um), n. a tnin serous 
membrane which covers the abdom- 
inal viscera. 

peritonitis (-nitis), n. inflammation 
of the peritoneum. 

periwig (per'i-wig), n, a small wig. 

periwinkle (-wing'kl), n, a peren- 
nial creeping plant; a small uni- 
valve mollusk. 

perjure (per'jtir), v.i, to swear false- 
ly. 

perjury (-i), n, the act of swearing 
falsely when on oath. 

perk (perk), v.t, to make trim or 
smart: v,i, to Hold up the head in a 
smart or saucy manner; peer. 

perky ('i), adj. jaunty; smart. 

permanence ('m^-nens), n. the state 
or quality of being permanent; dura- 
tion. Also permanency. 

permanent (-nent), adj. lasting; 
durable; continuing in the same 
state. 

permeability (-me-§,-bil'i-ti), n, the 
state or quality of being permeable. 

permeable ('me-l^-bl), adj, that may 
be passed through. 

permeate ('me-at), v,t, to penetrate 
and pass through the pores or in- 
terstices of. 

permeation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
permeating. 

permissible (-mis'i-bl), adj, that may 
be permitted. 

permission (-mish'un), n, the act of 
permitting; leave; license. 

permissive (-mis'iv), adj, granting 
permission or license; not forbid- 
ding. 

permissively (-li), adv. by permis- 
sion. 

permit (-mif), v.t, [p.t. & p.p, per- 
mitted, p.pr, permitting], to alow 
without command consent to; toler- 
ate*, n, (per'mit) a written license 
from an office of customs to remove 
dutiable good^ permission. 

permitter ('er), n. one who permits. 



ate, arm, i-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PERMUTABLE 



655 



PERSONAL EQUATION 



permutable (-mut'a-bl) , adj. inter- 
changeable. 

permutation (-mti-ta'shun), n. the 
exchange of one thing for another; 
the arrangement of any determinate 
number of things or letters, in ail 
possible orders, one after the other. 

pernicious (-nish'us), adj. highly in- 
jurious or hurtful; destructive. 

pernickety fnik'i-ti), adj. trim; at- 
tentive to trifles; overnice; fussily 
particular. 

peroration (-o-ra'shun), n. the con- 
cluding part of an oration. 

peroxide (-oks'id), n. the oxide of a 
base which contains the largest 
proportion of oxygen. 

peroxidize ('i-diz), v.t. to oxidize to 
the greatest degree. 

perpendicular (-dik'ti-lar) , adj. 
standing at right angles to a given 
line or surface; perfectly upright: n. 
a perpendicular line. 

perpetrate f'pe-trat), v.t. to commit; 
perform (in a bad sense). 

perpetration f-tra'shun), n. the act 
of perpetrating. 

perpetrator (pe-tra-ter) , n. one who 
perpetrates. 

perpetual (-pet'u-al), adj. never 
ceasing; not temporary. 

perpetually Mi), adv. continually. 

perpetuate ('u-at), v.t. to make per- 
petual; preserve from extinction or 
oblivion. 

perpetuation f-a'shun), n. the act 
of perpetuating. 

perpetuity (-pe-tu'i-ti), n. the state 
of being perpetual; endless duration. 

perplex (-pleks'), v.t. to make diffi- 
cult to be understood; make anx- 
ious; puzzle; embarass or confuse. 

perplexity ('i-ti), n. embarrassment; 
doubt; intricacy. 

perquisite ('kwi-zit), n. a gift or al- 
lowance in addition to regular wages 
or salary; that which is gained, as 
distinct from that which is inherited. 

perron ('on), n. a staircase outside a 
building leading to the first floor. 

perry ('i), n. the fermented juice of 
pears. 



persecute ('se-kut), v.t. to harass or 
ill-treat, especially for religious 
opinions, annoy with importunity. 

persecution (-ku'shun), n. the act of 
persecuting; the state of being per- 
secuted. 

persecutor (-ter), n. one who perse- 
cutes. 

perseverance (-ve'rans), n. the act 
or state of persevering; continuance 
in grace. 

persevere f-se-verO, v.i. to persist 
in any enterprise or business under- 
taken; continue steadfastly. 

Persian f'shan), adj. pertaining to 
Persia, its inhabitants, or to its 
language: n.pl. sculptured draped 
male figures used as columns. 

persimmon (-sim'un), n. an Ameri- 
can plum-like fruit; the tree yield- 
ing it. 

persist (-sisf), v.i. to continue stead- 
ily in any course commenced; 
persevere. 

persistence (-sis'tens), n. the state 
or quality of being persistent; ob- 
stinacy. Also persistency. 

persistent ('tent), adj. continuing; 
constant; persevering; not falling 
off. 

person ^'sn), n. a human being or 
individual; consisting of body and 
soul; one's self; one of the three 
states of a subject or object of a 
verb, as speaking j spoken to, or 
spoken of. 

personage (-slJ), n. a man or woman, 
especially one of distinction. 

personal (-al;, adj. pertaining to men 
or women ; relating, or peculiar, to a 
person and his private affairs; per- 
taining to the external appearance; 
done in person; denoting the per- 
son; movable: opposed to real: n. 
movable property or goods: opposed 
to lands and tenements (real estate) . 

personal equation (per'son-al-e-kwa' 
shun), n. the reaction time of an in- 
dividual which causes him to record 
observation of a phenomenon, such 
as the transit of a star, a fraction of 
a second later than it really occurs. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PERSONALITY 



656 



PERVADE 



personality (-ari-ti), n. that which 
constitutes distinction of person; 
appHcation of remarks (usually of- 
fensive) to some individual. 

personally (-li), adv. in person; par- 
ticularly; individually. 

personalty (-al-ti), n. personal es- 
tate, or all kinds of movable prop- 
erty. 

personate (-at), v.t. to represent by 
an assumed character; counterfeit; 
assume the character of for fraudu- 
lent purposes, as in voting. 

personation (-a 'shun), n, the coun- 
terfeiting of the person and charac- 
ter of another. 

personator (-ter), n, one who as- 
sumes the character of another. 

personification (-son-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of personifying. 

personify (l-fi), v.L [p.t, & p.p. 
personified, p.pr. personifying], to 
represent as endowed with personal 
qualities. 

personnel (per-son-eF), n, the per- 
sons employed in any pubhc service, 
especially the army and navy, as dis- 
tinguished from the materiel, arms, 
stores, &c. 

perspective (per-spek'tiv), adj, per- 
taining to, or in accordance with, 
the art of perspective: n. a vista or 
view; the art of representing objects 
on a plane surface as they appear to 
the eye. 

perspectively (-li), adv. according 
to the rules of perspective. 

perspectograph ('to-gri,f), n. an op- 
tical instrument for "drawing me- 
chanically the points and outlines of 
objects. 

perspicacious (-spi-ka'shus), adj, 
mentally acute; quick-sighted. 

perspicacity (-kas'i-ti), n. the qual- 
ity of being perspicacious; acute- 
ness of sight or discernment. 

perspicuity (-ku'i-ti), n. freedom 
from obscurity; mental clearness; 
lucidity. 

perspicuous (-spik'u-us), adj. men- 
tally clear; easily understood; evi- 
dent; clearo 



perspirable (-spir-§,-bl), adj^ that 
may be perspired. 

perspiration (-spi-ra'shun), n. excre- 
tion by the pores of the skin; sweat. 

perspire (-spir'), v.i. to excrete by 
the pores of the skin; sweat. 

persuade (-swad'), v.t. to influence 
by argument, advice, entreaty, &c.; 
draw or incline the will of; exhort, 
induce; prevail upon. 

persuasibility (swa-si-bil'i-ti), n. 
the capabihty of being persuaded. 
Also persuasibleness. 

persuasion ('zhun), n. the act or art 
of persuading; the state of being 
persuadedo 

persuasive ('siv), adj. having the 
power to persuade; influencing the 
will or passions: n. an incitement. 

persuasively (-li), adv, so as to per- 
suade. 

persuasiveness (-nes), n. the qual- 
ity of being persuasive. 

pert (pert), adj. saucy; forward. 

pertain (per-tan'), v.i. to belong, or 
have relation. 

pertinacious (-ti-na'shus) , adj. un- 
yielding; obstinate; resolute; tena- 
cious. 

pertinacity (-nas'i-ti), n. the quality 
of being pertinacious. 

pertinence ('ti-nens), n. suitable- 
ness; fitness. Also pertinency. 

pertinent ('ti-nent), adj. fitting or 
appropriate; relevant. 

perturb (-terb'), v.t, to agitate; dis- 
turb; disquiet. 

perturbation (-ter-ba'shun), n. men- 
tal agitation or disquietude; an ir- 
regularity or deviation in the move- 
ment of a heavenly body in its orbit. 

peruke (per-ook'), n. a wig. 

perusal (pe-roo'zi,l), n. the act of 
perusing; study or examination. 

peruse (-rooz'), v.t. to read with care 
and attention; examine. 

Peruvian (-roov'i-§,n), adj. pertain- 
ing to Peru. 

Peruvian bark (bark), n. cinchona. 

pervade (per-vad'), v.t. to penetrate; 
extend or be diffused all over; per- 
meate. 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PERVASION 



657 



PETRIFY 



pervasion (-va'zhun), n. the act of 
pervading. 

perverse (-vers'), adj. obstinate; un- 
tractable; petulant. 

perversely (li), odv in a perverse 
manner. 

perverseness ('nes), n. the quality or 
state of being perverse; disposition 
to thwart or annoy. Also perversity. 

perversion (-ver'shun), n. the act of 
perverting; the state of being per- 
verted; a turning from truth or pro- 
priety; misapphcation. 

perversity. Same as perverseness. 

perversive (-ver'siv), adj. tending to 
pervert. 

pervert (-vert'), v.t. to turn from the 
true end or proper purpose; misap- 
ply: n. (per'vert) one who has been 
perverted, especially from truth to 
error. 

pervious ('vi-us), adj. admitting pas- 
sage; permeable. 

pesade (pe-sad'), n. the motion of a 
horse when he raises or lifts up his 
fore quarters without advancing. 

pesky (pes'ki), adj. troublesome; an- 
noymg_. 

peso (pa'so), n. a dollar [Spanish]. 

pessimism (pes'i-mizm), n. the doc- 
trine that the present state of exist- 
ence is essentially evil ; the tendency 
to exaggerate in thought the evils of 
life: opposed to optimism. 

pessimist (-mist), n. one who holds 
the doctrine of pessimism; one who 
looks on the worst side of every- 
thing. 

pessimistic (-mis'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by, pessi- 
mism; gloomy. 

pest (pest), n. a fatal epidemic dis- 
ease; plague; anything very mis- 
chievous, annoying, or injurious. 

pester (pes'ter), v.t. to annoy. 

pestiferous (-tif'er-us), adj. convey- 
ing pestilence; physically or morally 
noxious. 

pestilence ('ti-lens), n. an infectious 
or contagious disease. 

pestilent ('ti-lent), adj. noxious to 
health, morals, or society. 



pestilential (-len'shal), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or producing, a pestilence; 
pernicious; destructive. 

pestle (pes'l), n. an instrument for 
pounding substances in a mortar. 

pet (pet), n. any person or animal 
that is fondled; a sudden fit of pee- 
vishness or slight passion: adj. fa- 
vorite: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. petted, p.pr. 
pettiag], to fondle or indulge. 

petal C^l), n. one of the separate 
parts of the corolla of a flower; a 
flower-leaf. 

petaled CMd), adj. having petals. 
Also petalous. 

petard (pe-tard'), n. a bell-shaped 
explosive machine used for bursting 
open gates, <^c. 

petersham ('ter-shto), n. a thick 
shaggy cloth : used for overcoats, &c. 

petiole (pet'i-ol), n. the footstalk of 
a leaf connecting the blade with the 
stem. 

petit ('i), adj. small; inconsiderable 
[French], Feminine petite (pe-tef). 

petition (pe-tish'un), n. an earnest 
supplication or prayer; a formal 
supphcation from an inferior to a 
superior; a paper or document con- 
taining a written request; v.t. to 
solicit earnestly; present a petition 
to. 

petitionary (-i-ri), adj. containing 
a petition. 

petit jury (pet'i jo5-ri), n. a trial 
jury as distinguished from a grand 
jury. Also petty jury. 

petit-maitre (pet'i-ma'tr), n. a fop 
who affects women's society. 

petrel ('rel), n. a web-footed, strong- 
winged, oceanic bird, that appears in 
its fight to walk upon the water. 

petrescence (-tres'ens), n. the act of 
becoming converted into stone. 

petrifaction (-ri-fak'shun), n. the 
process of changing animal or vege- 
table substance into stone ;_ a fossil. 

petrif active ('tiv), adj. having pow- 
er to petrify. 

petrify Cri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pet- 
rified, p.yr. petrifying], to change 
into stone; fix in silent amazement 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thou. 



PETROGRAD 



658 



PHENIX 



or fear; render callous, obdurate, or 
hard. 

Petrograd (pe'tro-grad), n, new name 
of St. Petersburg, Eussia (1914). 

petroleum (-tro'le-um), n. an inflam- 
mable dark^ yellowish-brown bitu- 
minous liquid issuing from certain 
rocks; mineral oil. 

petrology (pe-troro-ji), n, the sci- 
entific study of rocks. 

petromortis (pe'tro-mor'tis), n. death 
poisoning by gasoline fumes. 

petticoat ('i-kot), n, a woman^s loose 
underskirt. 

pettifogger^ ('i-fog-er), n, a lawyer 
who practices in petty cases. 

pettily ('i-li), adv, in a petty manner. 

pettiness ('i-nes), n, smallness; un- 
importance. 

pettish ('ish), adj. fretful; petulant. 

petty ('i), adj, trifling; small; in con 
siderable; unimportant; contempti- 
ble. ^ 

petty jury. Same as petit jury. 

petulance ('u-lans), n. peevishness; 
caprice. Also petulancy. 

petulant ('ti-lant), adj. peevish; ca- 
pricious. 

Petunia (pe-tu'ni-l;), n. a South 
American genus of ornamental plants 
with handsome flowers. 

petunia, n. a plant of the genus Pe- 
tunia, or its flower. 

p^w (pu), n. an inclosed seat in a 
church: v.t to furnish with pews. 

pewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. Also 
peewit. 

pewter (pti'ter), n. an alloy of tin, lead, 
antimony, &c. ; adj. made of pewter 

pfennig (fen'ig), n. a small copper 
coin of Germany =34 cent. 

phaeton (fa'e-ton), n. an open four- 
wheeled carriage. 

phagocyte (fag'o-sit), n. a leucocyte 
which devours hurtful bacteria in 
the human body. 

phalanges, pi. of phalanx. 

phalanx (fa'langks), n. [pi. pha- 
langes (-lan'jez) ], among the an- 
cient Greeks, a square battalion of 
heavy-armed infantry drawn up in 
close rank: hence any close compact 



body: pi. the small bones of the fin 
gers and toes. 

phantasm (fan'tazm), n. a vision or 
specter. 

phantasmagoria (-taz-m§,-go'ri-§.) , 
n. a magic lantern. 

phantasy (fan'ta-si), n. insane fancy. 

phantom ('tom), n. an apparition; 
spirit; fancied vision. 

Pharisaic (far-i-sa'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characteristic of, the 
Pharisees; formally religious; hypo- 
critical. Also Pharisaical. 

Pharisaism ('i-sa-izm), n. the doc- 
trines and practices of the Pharisees. 

Pharisee ('i-se), n. one of a religious 
sect among the Jews characterized 
by their strict observance of the let- 
ter of the law, and rites and cere- 
monies; one who observes the letter 
rather than the spirit of the law. 

pharmaceutic (far-ma-su'tik), adj. 
pertaining to pharmaceutics. Also 
pharmaceutical: n.pl. pharmacy. 

pharmaceutist ('tist), n. one who pre- 
pares medicines. Also pharmacist. 

pharmacopoeia (-ko-pe'}^^,), n. an 
official publication containing the 
list of drugs of the Materia Medica, 
and directions for the preparation of 
medicines, &c. 

pharmacy ('m§,-si), n. the art of pre- 
paring and compounding medicines; 
a drug-store. 

pharos (fa'ros), n. a lighthouse. 

pharyngeal (f^-rin'je-^1), adj. per- 
taining to the pharynx. 

pharynx (far'ingks), n. the muscu- 
lar or membranous sac at the upper 
part of the esophagus. 

phase (faz), n. [pi. phases (fa'sez) ], 
the illuminated surface shown by a 
planet, or the moon; aspect; ap- 
pearance; transparent green quartz. 
Also phasis. 

pheasant (fez'^nt), n. a gallinaceous 
bird with brilliant plumage, and pre- 
served for sport. 

pheasantry (-ri), n. a place where 
pheasants are bred and preserved. 

phenix (fe'niks), n. a fabulous bird. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PHENOL 



659 



PHLOX 



said to live 500 years in the Arabian 
desert, and to rise rejuvenescent 
from its ashes after immolating itself 
on a funeral pyre: hence the emblem 
of immortahty. Also phcenix. 

phenol (fe'nol), n. carboHc acido 

phenomenal (-nom'en-al), adj per- 
taining to, or consisting of, phenom- 
ena. 

phenomenalism (-izm), n. the meta- 
physical doctrine that visible things 
are really phenomena. 

phenomenist ('e-nist), n, a behever 
in phenomenalism. 

phenomenon ('e-non), n. [pi. phe- 
nomena ('e-ni) ], an appearance, es- 
pecially one of unusual occurrence; 
something as it is perceived by ex- 
periment or observation. 

phenyl (fe'nil), n. the hydro-carbon 
radical of phenol. 

phial (fi'^1), n. a small glass bottle 
or vessel: v.t. to put or keep in a 
phial. Also vial. 

philander (fii-an'der), v.i. to make 
silly love; to be foolishly sentimen- 
tal. 

philanthropic (fil-in-throp'ik), adj, 
loving mankind; benevolent. Also 
philanthropical. . 

philanthropically (-§I-li), adv, be- 
nevolently. 

philanthropist ('an-thro-pist), n. 
one who loves and seeks to benefit 
mankind. 

philanthropy (-pi), n. love of man- 
kind; benevolence. 

philatelist (fi-lat'e-list), n. sl collec- 
tor of postage stamps: adj. pertain- 
ing to philately. 

philately ('e-h), n. the systematic 
collection of postage- stamps. 

philharmonic (-har-mon'ik), adj. 
loving harmony; noting a musical 
society. 

philippic (fi-lip'ik), n. a speech of 
vehement invective, from one of the 
three orations of Demosthenes 
against Philip of iMacedon. 

Philistine (fil'is-tln or -is'tin), n. an 
ancient inhabitant of the southwest- 

, ern coast of Palestine; in Germany, 



a non-academical person; an uncul- 
tured person or one of narrow views: 
adj. pertaining to, or characteristic 
of , the Phihstines ; uncultured; nar- 
row-minded ; prosaic = 

Philistinism (-izm), n. the manners 
or modes of thought of a modern 
PhiUstine. 

philological (-o-loj'i-k&l), adj. per- 
taining to philology. 

philologist (-oro-jist), n. one skilled 
in philology. Also philologer. 

philology (-oro-ji), n. the scientific 
study of languages and their struc- 
ture and mutual relation. 

philomel ('o-mel), n. the nightingale. 

philoprogenitiveness (-o-pr5-jenl- 
tiv-nes), n. the instiactive love of 
offspring. 

.philosopher (-os'o-fer), n. a student 
of philosophy; one noted for calm 
judgment and practical wisdom. 

philosophic ^ (-o-sof'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or in accordance with, phi- 
losophy: rational; wise; calm. Also 
philosophical. 

philosophically (-M-h), adv. in a 
philosophic manner. 

philosophize (-os'o-f!z), v.i. to rea- 
son like a philosopher. 

philosophy Co-fi), n. the knowledge 
of the causes of all phenomena both 
of ndnd and matter; a particular 
philosophic system; calmness of 
temper. 

philter, philtre ('ter), n. a love 
charm or potion. 

phiz, abbre\dation of physiognomy. 

phlebotomy (fle-bot'o-mi), n. the 
act or practice of opening a vein to 
let blood. 

phlegm (flem), n. mucus secreted in 
the air passages of the throat; cold- 
ness; sluggishness. 

phlegmatic (fleg-mat'ik), adj 
abounding in phlegm; sluggish; dull. 
Phlegmatic al. 

phlegmatically (-al-li), adv. in a 
phlegmatic* manner. 

Phlox (floks), n. a genus of ^North 
American bright-colored flowering 
plants. 



Ste, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note^ north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PHLOX 



660 



PHOTOGRAPHY 



phlox n. any plant of the genus 
Phlox. 

Phoebus (fe'bus), n, Apollo; the sun. 

Phoenician (fe-nish'an), adj. per- 
taining to ancient Phoenicia, or to 
its inhabitants. 

phoenix. Same as phenix. 

phonendoscope (fo-nen'do-skop), n, 
an improved stethescope in which 
the sounds are intensified by disks of 
vulcanite or other vibrating material. 

phonetic (fo-net'ik), adj, pertaining 
to the voice or sounds; representing 
the simple elementary sounds. Also 
phonetical: n.ph the science of 
sounds, especially of the human 
voice. 

phonetically (-i/l-li), adv. by sounds. 

phonics (fon'iks), n.'pL the science of 
sounds; acoustics. 

phonogram (fo 'no-gram), n, articu- 
late sound as recorded by the phono- 
graph; a written character repre- 
senting a particular sound. 

phonograph ('no-gr§,f), n. a letter 
or character indicating a distinct 
spoken sound; an instrument to re- 
cord or reproduce articulate speech 
or sounds. 

phonographic ('ik), ^ adj, pertain- 
ing to, or representing, articulate 
sounds, or to phonography. 

phonography (-nog'ra-fi) , n. a de- 
scription of sounds uttered by the 
human voice; a system of shorthand, 
by which every sound is represented 
by a separate character or mark. 

phonology (-noro-ji), n. the science 
of articulate sounds. 

phonoscope ('no-skop), n, an instru- 
ment which by means of electricity 
translates vibrations of sounds into 
visible figures. 

phonotype (^no-tip), n. a phonetic 
type. 

phonotjrpy ('no-ti-pi), n. a method 
of printing each vocal sound by a 
distinct type. 

phormium (for'mi-um), n. New Zea- 
land flax. 

phosphate (fos'fat), n. a salt of 
phosphoric acid. 



phosphide. Same as phosphuret. 

phosphite ('fit), n. a salt of phos- 
phorous acid. 

phosphorate ('fo-rat), vd. to com- 
bine with phosphorous. 

phosphoresce (-fo-res'), v,i, to emit 
light hke phosphorus. 

phosphorescence ('ens), n. emission 
of light under certain conditions by 
substances at common temperatures; 
faint hght. 

phosphorescent Cent), adj. luminous. 

phosphoric (-for'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, hke, or obtained from, phos- 
phorus. Phosphorous. 

phosphorous acid ('for-us as'id), n. 
an acid formed by the union of 1 
atom of phosphorus and 3 atoms of 
oxygen. 

phosphorus ('for-us), n. a yellowish, 
wax-like, inflammable, non-metaUic 
element, luminous in the dark. ^ 

phosphuret ('fu-ret), n. a combina- 
tion of phosphorus with a metalUc 
base. 

phosphuretted ('ed), adj. combined 
with phosphorus. 

photo, a prejix meaning light, 

photo (fo'to), n. a photograph. 

photochromy (fo'to-kro-mi), 7i. the 
art or process of photographing in 
colors. 

photoengraving (fo'to-en-grav'ing), 
n. a process for producing printing 
blocks or plates by photography. 

photogen ('to-jen), n. an inflamma- 
ble hydro-carbon; paraffin. 

photoglyphy (-tog'li-fi), n. a process 
of engraving by which photographs 
are etched into metal plates by the 
action of light and chemicals. 

photograph ('to-grM), n, a photo- 
graphic picture: vi. to take a pic- 
ture of by means of photography. 

photographic (-grM'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, or produced by, photogra- 
phy. 

photography (-tog'r^-fi), n. the art 
or process of producing pictm-es by 
the action of light on certain sub- 
stances sensitized by various chem- 
ical processes. 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, but; think, th&n. 



PHOTOGRAVURE 



661 



PHYSIOGNOMY 



photogravure (-to-gri,-vur'), n, the 
process of producing by photography 
on a sensitized surface an incised 
engraved metal plate from which im- 
pressions may be printed: v.t. to 
produce by such a process. 

photoheliograph (-he'li-o-grM), n. 
a photographic telescope or camera 
moved by clock w^ork, for depicting 
solar spots, transits, &c. 

photophone ('to-fon), n. an instru- 
ment for communicating sounds by 
the agency of light. 

photoplay (fo'to-pla), n, a moving- 
picture play. 

photopsia (top'si-^), n. a morbid af- 
fection of the eyes in which corrus- 
cations of light appear to play be- 
fore them. Also photops3\ 

photosphere ('to-sfer), n. the lumi- 
nous envelope of the sun. 

phototherapy (fo-to-ther'a-pi), n. a 
method of curing disease by means 
of light-rays, electric or solar, fo- 
cussed on the affected parts. 

phototype Cto-tip), n. a block pro- 
duced by photography from which 
engravings, &c., can be printed; the 
process itself. 

photozincography (-zing-kog'r^-fi) , 
n. a process by which zinc blocks are 
prepared for printing from. 

phrase (fraz), n. a part of a sen- 
tence; brief pithy expression; idiom; 
style or manner: v.t, to style; ex- 
press in peculiar words. 

phraseology (-e-oro-ji), n, style, 
manner, or peculiarity of expres- 
sion; a collection of phrases. 

phrenic (fren'ik), adj, pertaining to 
the diaphragm. 

phrenitis (fre-ni'tis), n. inflamma- 
tion of the brain. 

phrenological (fren-o-loj'i-kal), adj, 
pertaining to phrenology. 

phrenologically (-h), adv, accord- 
ing to phrenology. 

phrenologist (fre-nol'o-jist), n. one 
who believes in, or is skilled in^ phre- 
nology. 

phrenology ('o-ji), n. the science ot 
the human mind or brain, as con- 



nected with the moral, intellectual, 
and sensual dispositions of the indi- 
vidual, which are supposed to be in- 
dicated by the undulations, or 
^ 'bumps," on the cranium. 

phthisic (tiz'ik), n, asthma; phthisis. 

phthisical (-al), adj, pertaining to, 
or caused by, phthisic or phthisis. 

phthisis (thi'sis), n, pulmonary con- 
sumption. 

phycology (fi-koro-ji), n, the study 
of the algse or seaweeds. 

phylactery (fi-lak'ter-i), n, [pi, phy- 
lacteries (-iz) ], a small square box 
containing a thin strip of parchment 
upon which certain texts from the 
law are inscribed, worn by pious 
Jews upon the forehead and left 
wrist. 

phylloxera (-loks-e'r§.), n, an insect 
(Phylloxera vasiairix) which punc- 
tures the roots and leaves of vines 
and causes their destruction. 

physeter (fi-se'ter), n, the sperm 
whale. 

physic (fiz'ik), n, the science of med- 
icine, or the art of heahng; medi- 
cine; a cathartic: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
physicked, p.pr, physicking], to ad- 
minister medicine to; cure. ^ 

physical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to 
nature, or to material things; per- 
ceptible to the senses; pertaining to 
physics; medicinal. 

physician (fi-zish'^n), n. one legally 
qualified to prescribe remedies for 
diseases. 

physicism (fiz'i-sizm), n. material- 
ism. 

physicist ('i-sist), n. a student of 
natural science. 

physico a prefix, meaning of, or per- 
taining to, nature, as p/i?/6'i co-theol- 
ogy, theology illustrated by natural 
philosophy. 

physics ('iks), n.pl. physical science 
or natural philosophy. 

physiognomist (-i-og'no-mist), n, 
one who is skilled in phj^siognomy. 

physiognomy (-mi), n. the science 
of discerning the character of the 
mind from the features of the conn- 



ate, arm, i,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL 



662 



PICROMEL 



tenance; the face; outward appear- 
ance. 

physiological (-i-o-ioj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to physiology. 

physiologist (-i-oFo-jist), n. one 
who is skilled in physiology. 

physiology (-oFo-ji), n, the science 
that treats of the vital functions 
performed by the organs of animals 
and plants. 

physique (fi-zek'), n, physical organ- 
ization. 

pi, pie (pi), n, disarranged or jum- 
bled type: v.L to jumble or throw 
into disorder, as printing type. 

piacular (pl-ak'u-iar), adj, expia- 
tory; requiring sacrifice; atrocious. 

pia mater (pi 'a master), n, a deli- 
cate vascular membrane which in- 
vests the brain and spinal cord. 

pianist (pi-an'ist), n, a performer on 
the piano. 

piano (pi-an'o), n. a pianoforte. 

pianoforte^ (-for-te), n, a stringed 
musical instrument, the notes of 
which are produced by hammers 
acted upon by keys. 

piano-play eir (-pla'er), n, an at- 
tachment to a piano causing it to 
play automatically, 

piazza (-az'a), n. an open square sur- 
rounded by buildings or colonnades; 
a walk under a roof supported by 
pillars. 

pibcorn (pib'korn), n. a Welsh mu- 
sical pipe. 

pibroch (pe'brokh), n. the wild mar- 
tial music of the Scottish bagpipe; 
a bagpipe. 

pica (pi'ka), n. Sb size of type, used 
as a standard of measurement in 
printing (see type); a vitiated ap- 
petite for unnatural kinds of sub- 
stances, as coal, sand, chalk, &c. 

picador (pik-a-dor'), n. the horse- 
man who incites the bull in a Span- 
ish bull fight by attacking it with a 
lance. 

picaroon (-roon'), n, a robber, pi- 
rate, or marauder. 

picayune (-yoon'), n. a small silver 
coin = 634 cents. 



piccalilli ('§,-lil-i), n. a kind of 
pickle. 

piccaninny ('H-nin-i), n, [pL picca- 
ninnies (-iz) ], a negro baby or child. 

piccolo ('o-lo), n, a small flute hav- 
ing its notes an octave higher than 
the ordinary flute. 

pick (pik), n. a sharp pointed iron 
tool; choice or selection: v.L to 
strike with a sharp instrument, or 
with the beak; pierce; open by an 
instrument; pluck or gather; sep- 
arate with the fingers; choose or 
select; clean; rob: v.i, to eat, or do 
anything, leisurely and fastidiously; 
pilfer. 

pick-a-back ('a-bak), adv. on the 
shoulders like a pack. 

pickax, pickaxe ('aks), n. an ex- 
cavating tool, pointed at one end 
and broad at the other. 

pickerel ('er-el), n. a small pike. 

picket ('et), n. a pointed stake used 
in fortification; pale of a fence; a 
stake to which a horse is fastened; 
a military guard to give notice of the 
approach of an enemy, or to bring 
in deserters; one or more appointed 
by a trades-union to watch a fac- 
tory, &c., where non-unionist men 
are employed during a strike: v.L 
to place as a picket; fasten to a 
picket. 

pickle ('1), n. a mixture of brine 
and water, &c., for preserving food; 
vegetables, &c., preserved in pickle; 
embarrassment or difficulty; a mis- 
chievous or troublesome child: v,t 
to preserve in, or as in, pickle. 

picklock ('lok), n. an instrument for 
picking locks; a thief. 

picnic ('nik), n, a short exclusion 
into the country, &c., by a pleasure 
party carrying their own provisions; 
a kind of biscuit. 

picric acid ('rik as'id), n. an in- 
tensely bitter acid formed by the 
action of nitric acid on indigo; car- 
bazotic acid. 

picromel ('ro-mel), n, a greenish- 
yellow sweet-bitter substance foimd 
in bile. 



&te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PICROTOXIN 



663 



PILE 



picrotoxin (-toks'in), n. the poison- 
ous bitter principle found in the 
berries of Cocculus indicus. 

pictorial (pik-to'ri-i,l), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or illustrated by, pictures. 

picture Ctur), n. a painting or draw- 
ing representing a person or thing; 
vivid representation or description. 

picturesque (-esk'), o,dj, gi\ing vivid 
impression ^ of nature or reaUty; 
graphic; wild and beautiful; roman- 
tic: n, that which is picturesque. 

pie (pi), n. the magpie; printer's type 
confusedly mixed ; meat or fruit cov- 
ered with crust and baked. 

piebald ('bawld), adj. having patches 
of different colors. 

piece (pes), n. Sb part of anything; 
certain quantity; literary or artistic 
composition; separate performance; 
coin; gun; person (used contemptu- 
ously): vd. to enlarge by adding a 
piece; patch: v.i, to join; unite by 
coalescence of parts. 

piecemeal ('mel), adj. made of pieces 
or parts; single: adv, in pieces or 
parts. 

pied (pid), adj. variegated or spotted. 

pier (per), n. a mass of masonry 
supporting an arch, bridge, &c. ; tim- 
bers of a bridge or other building; 
mole or jetty; wharf; a landing 
place projecting into the sea. 

pierce (pers), v.t. to penetrate, espe- 
cially with a pointed instrument; 
affect deeply; explore; dive into: 
v.i, to nter. 

pierceable C^-bl), adj. that may be 
pierced, 

piercing ('ing), adj. penetrating; 
keen. 

pier glass (per gl^s), n. an orna- 
mental mirror, especially one be- 
tween windows. 

piety (pi-e-ti), n. the quahty of be- 
ing pious; reverence for, and duty 
toward God; reverence to parents. 

pig (pig), n. the young of swine; a 
swine* pork; an oblong mass of un- 
forged metal: v.i, [p.t. & p.p. pigged, 
p.pr. pigging], to bring forth pigs; 
be huddled together. 



pigeon (pij'un), n. a bird of the ge- 
nus Columba; a simpleton; one who 
is easily imposed upon or swindled. 

pigeon-breasted (-bres'ted), adj. 
having a narrow breast like a pig- 
eon. 

pigeon English (ing'ghsh), n. a jar- 
gon of English used in commercial 
dealings with the Chinese. Also 
pidgin Enghsh. 

pigeon-hole (-hoi), n. a compart- 
ment for papers, &c. 

pigeon-toed (-tod), adj. having the 
toes turned inwards. 

piggery (pig'er-i), n. a place for 
pigs. 

piggin ('in), n, a small drinking ves- 
sel. 

pigheaded Ched-ed), adj. stupidly 
obstinate. 

pigmean (-me'^n), adj. dwarfish. 

pigment ('ment), n. paint; coloring 
matter. 

pigmy. Same as pygmy. 

pignons (pin'yunz), 7i.pl. the edible 
seeds of various pine cones. 

pig-nut (pig'nut), n. the sweetish- 
bitter nut of a species of hickory; 
the ground chestnut. 

pigsty Csti), n. a pen for pigs. 

pigtail ('tal), n. the tail of a pig; 
hair twisted into the form of a long 
queue and hanging down the oack 
of the head; tolDacco in long twists. 

pigwidgeon (-wij'un), n. a fairy; 
anything very diminutive. 

pike (pik), n. a weapon with a shaft 
and spearhead; a voracious fresh- 
water fish with a narrow, elongated, 
pointed head. 

pike (pik), n. a road; a turnpike. 

piker (pi'ker), n. a person whose 
ventures are made on a small scale 
and in a timid way. 

pilaster (pi-las'ter), n. a square col- 
umn or pillar, inserted partly in a 
wall. 

pilchard (pil'chS-rd), n. a marine 
edible fish, resembling the herring, 
found chiefly on the coasDS of Devon 
and Cornwall. 

pile (pll), n. a large beam driven 



ate, arm, §^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PILFER 



664 



PINE 



into the ground to make a firm 
foundation; mass or heap; accumu- 
lation; large building; a series of 
plates arranged to produce an elec- 
tric current; nap of cloth; a for- 
tune: pi. hemorrhoids: v.t, to heap 
up; collect in a mass; accumulate; 
lay on; drive piles into. 

pilfer (pirfer), v.t, to steal in small 
quantities. 

pilgarlick (-gar'lik), n. one who has 
lost his hair by disease; a wretched 
sneaking fellow. 

pilgrim ('grim), n, a traveler; one 
who travels from a distance to visit 
some sacred place or shrine. 

pilgrimage (-aj), n, a journey, espe- 
cially to some sacred place. 

pill (pil), n, a small ball of some 
medicinal substance to be swallowed 
entire; something disagreeable that 
must be accepted: v.U to reject by 
black balls in a club ballot. 

pillage Caj), n. the act of plunder- 
ing; spoil: v.L to plunder or spoil; 
lay waste. 

pillar Car), n. a column to support a 
structure; monument; something 
resembling a pillar, or affording sup- 
port. 

pillion Cjoin), n. a cushion for a 
woman to ride on horseback behind 
a horseman; a soft low saddle. 

pillory ('or-il, a. [pi. pillories (-iz) ], 
a wooden frame supoorted by an up- 
right post, having holes through 
which the head and hands of a per- 
son exposed to disgrace were passed 
and secured: v,t. to place in a pil- 
lory; expose to public disgrace or 
abuse. 

pillow ('o), 71. a case filled with 
feathers, &c., to support the head of 
a person reposing; the block on 
which the inner end of a bowsprit 
is supported: adj. noting a kind of 
lace: v.t, to place on a pillow. 

pilose (pilos), adj, hairy. Also pi« 
lous. 

pilot (lot), n, one who conducts a 
vessel in or out of a harbor or where 
navigation is difl&cult or dangerous; 



a guide: v.t, to guide or direct as a 
pilot. 

pilotage (-aj), n. the act of piloting; 
skill of a pilot; pilot's dues. 

pilot-cloth (-kloth), n, a stout thick 
cloth. 

pilot-engine (-en'jin), n. a locomo- 
tive sent on in front to clear the 
hne. 

pimento ^ (pi-men'to), n. allspice. 

pimp (pimp), n, a procurer: v.i, to 
procure immoral women for others. 

pimpernel (pim'per-nel), n. a name 
for various plants of the genus Ana- 
galhs. 

pimple Cpl), n, a small pustule. 

pimpled ('pld), adj, having, or full 
of, pimples. Also pimply. 

pin (pin), n, a short piece of wire 
sharpened at one end and having a 
head at the other, used for fasten- 
ing articles together; anything 
driven to hold parts together; bolt 
or peg; linchpin; cylindrical wood- 
en roller; anything of small value: 
v.t, [p.t, & p.p. pinned, p.pr. pin- 
ning], to fasten with, or as with, a 
pin; inclose. 

pinachromy (pin-ak'ro-mi), n, a 
method of photographing in colors. 

pina-cloth (pe'ny^-kloth), n. a fine 
cloth made in Manila from the fibers 
of the pineapple leaf. 

pinafore (pin'a-for), n. a loose apron 
or covering to protect children's 
dresses. 

pinaster (pi-nas'ter) , n, the clu 
pine of Southern Europe. 

pincers. Same as pinchers. 

pinch (pinch), v.t. to squeeze or nip; 
oppress or distress: v.i, to bear 
hard; be straitened; be mean or 
niggardly: n. a squeeze or nip, as 
with the fingers and thumb; dis- 
tress, or difficulty. 

pinchbeck ('bek), n, a yellow alloy 
of 5 parts of copper and 1 of zinc: 
adj. noting jewelry of inferior make, 

pinchers (pinch' erz), n. an instru- 
ment for drawing out nails, &c.; 
nippers. Also pincers. 

pine* (pTn), n. a cone-bearing tree of 



ate, arm, &sk, at* awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north- not: boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinl^ the^ 



PINEAL 



665 



PIRACY 



the genus Pinus; timber of the 
pine: v.i, to waste away from dis- 
tress, anxiety, &c. 

pineal (pin'e-al), adj. shaped hke a 
pine-cone. 

pineal body (pin'e-al), n. a small 
gland in the brain, believed to be the 
vestige of an ancestral eye, and pro- 
ducing a secretion that appears to 
have great importance in stimulat- 
ing mental development. 

pineapple (pin'ap-l), n. a tropical 
plant and its cone-shaped fruit. 

pin-footed (pin'foot-ed), adj. hav- 
ing the toes or feet bordered by a 
membrane. 

pinion Cyun), n. the last joint of a 
bird's wing; a wing; the smaller of 
two geared wheels: v.t. to bind or 
secure, as by binding the arms; 
confine or fetter. 

pink (pingk), n. a shade of light-red 
color; a flower with sharp-pointed 
leaves of the genus Dianthus; a 
narrow-sterned vessel; anything of 
supreme excellence: adj. of the color 
of a pink: v.t. to stab; pierce or 
punch with small round holes or 
small scallops; work in eyelet holes^ 

pinking ('ing), n. a method of orna- 
menting dress materials or leather 
by scalloping the edges. 

pin-money (pin-mun'i), n. money 
allowed to a wife by her husband 
for her private expenses: originally 
for buying pins. 

pinnace (pin'as), n. a small light 
schooner-rigged vessel with oars; an 
eight-oared man-of-war's boat. 

pinnacle Ca-kl), n. a small polyg- 
onal turret or elevation above the 
rest of the building; a high point like 
a spire: v.t. furnish with pinnacles. 

pinnate ('at), adj. shaped like a 
feather; divided into leaflets. Also 
pinnated. 

pinochle (pe'nuk-1), n. sl German 
game at cards, somewhat like the 
French game of bezique. 

pint (pint), n. l-8th of a gallon. 

pintail (pin'tal), 7i. a duck with a 
pointed tail. 



pintle ('tl), n. a bolt; the hook which 
attaches the rudder to the stern of 
a vessel. 

pioneer (pi-5-nerO, n. a soldier or 
person whose business it is to clear 
and repair roads, &c., before an 
army, sink mines, and throw up for- 
tifications; one who goes before to 
prepare the way for another: v.i. 
act as a pioneer. 

pious Cus), adj. dutiful to God, or to 
parents; rehgious; devout; proceed- 
ing from, or actuated by, religious 
feeling. 

pip (pip), n. the seed of certain truit; 
a disease in fowls; a spot on a play- 
ing card: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pipped, 
p.pr. pipping], to cry hke a chicken 
or small bird. 

pipe (pip), n. any long hollow tube; 
a tube of clay, wood, &c., with a 
bowl at one end for smoking tobac- 
co; a wine measure = 2 hogsheads, 
or 105 imperial gallons, or 126 wine- 
gallons: v.t. to play on, or call by, 
a pipe: v.i. to whistle; emit a shnll 
sound. 

pipe-dream (pip'-drem), n. a fooUsh 
vision; an improbable fancy. 

piper ine (pi'per-in), n. the active 
principle of black pepper. 

piping Cing), adj. feeble; weak; 
shrill; playing upon a pipe; hot like 
boihng water: n. corded trimming 
for dresses. 

pipkin (piplcin), n. an earthen pot 
glazed on the inside. 

pippin Cin), n. a variety of apple. 

piquancy (pe'kan-si), n. the state or 
quahty of being piquant. 

piquant ('k§.nt), adj. pungent; se- 
vere. 

pique (pek), n. slight anger or re- 
sentment; wounded pride; punc- 
tiho: v.t. to wound the pride of; 
irritate; displease; pride or value 
(one's self). 

pique (pe-ka'), n. a French cotton 
material, usually with some geomet- 
rical pattern. 

piquet (pe-ketO, n. a card game. 

piracy (pi'ra-si), n. the act or crime 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PIRATE 



666 



PITEOUS 



of a pirate; infringement of copy- 
right. 

pirate ('rat), n, a robber on the high 
seas; one who infringes the law of 
hterary or artistic copyright: vd, 
to take without permission or com- 
pensation: v.i, to practice piracy. 

pirogue (pi-rog'), n, a canoe consist- 
ing of the hollowed trunk of a single 
tree; a North American narrow 
ferry-boat. 

pirouette (pir-oo-ef), n. a whirling 
or turning about on one toe; turn- 
ing of a horse on the same ground: 
v.i. to execute a pirouette. 

piscary (pis'k^-ri), n, right or liber- 
ty of fishing. 

piscatorial (-to'ri-S,!), adj. pertain- 
ing to fishing. ^ Also piscatory, 

piscicultural (-i-kul'tu-ral), adj. per- 
taining to pisciculture. 

pisciculture ('i-kul-ttir), n. the arti- 
ficial breeding and rearing of fishes. 

pish (pish), inter j. a contemptuous ex- 
clamation: v,i. to express contempt. 

pistachio-nut (pista'shi-o), n. a nut 
flavored like an almond. 

pismire (pis'mir), n. an ant. 

pistil ^ ('til), n. the seed-bearing or- 
gan in the center of a flower. 

pistillate (-at), adj. having a pistil. 

pistol ('tol), n. a small hand-gun: 
vd. to shoot with a pistol. 

pistole C-tol'), n. a Spanish gold coin 
of varying value: usually about 
$3.60. 

piston ('tun), n. a small solid cylin- 
der of metal or wood, fitting exactly 
and moving up and down the barrel 
of a pump, or the cylinder of a 
steam-engine. 

piston-rod (-rod), n. the rod moving 
the piston and connecting H with 
the external machinery. 

pit (pit), n. a deep hole in the earth; 
an abyss; shaft of a mine; a hole 
used for trapping wild animals; 
area for cock-fighting; ground floor 
of a theater; a hollow part of the 
body, as the stomach; indentation 
left by small-pox; Hades (with 
the)\ v.t. [p,t. & p.p. pitted, p.pr. 



pitting], to mark with small hollows 
oi^ depressions; set in competition; 
place in a pit. 

pita (pe'ta), n. a fibre of the agave 
plant from which rope and paper 
are made. 

pitacal Ca-kM), n. a substance ob- 
tained from wood-tar. 

pit-a-pat (-a-patO, adv. with quick 
beating: n. a palpitation; a light 
quick step. 

pitch (pich), n. the solid black res- 
inous substance obtained from boiled 
tar; a casting forward or down; 
degree or rate; slope; the degree of 
acuteness or graveness of a musical 
note; distance between the center of 
two gearing teeth; at cricket, the 
distance between the wickets: e;.^. 
to smear with pitch* throw; cast 
headlong; set to a key-note; order 
regularly; fix in, or on, the ground: 
v.i. to settle; fall headlong; en- 
camp; rise and fall; fix the choice 
(with upon). 

pitchblende ('blend), n. a black ox- 
ide of uranium: used in coloring 
glass a pale sea-green; it is the chief 
source of radium. 

pitched battle ('t batl), n. a bat- 
tle in which the opposing forces 
have taken up a regular position. 

pitcher ('er), n. one who pitches; 
an earthen vessel for holding water; 
an instrument for piercing the 
ground. 

pitcher-plant (-plant), n. an East- 
ern plant, the vase-like leaves of 
which, furnished with fids, hold 
water. 

pitchfork ('f6rk), n. a pronged fork 
for pitching hay, straw, &c.: v.t. to 
lift or throw with, or as with, a 
pitchfork. 

pitchiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being pitchy. 

pitch-wheel (-hwel), n. a toothed 
wheel that works in another. 

pitchy ('i), adj. hke, or smear^ with, 
pitch. 

piteous (pit'e-us), adj. exciting pity; 
sorrowful; sad. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PITFALL 



667 



PLAIN 



pitfall ('fawl), n. a pit lightly cov- 
ered so that wild beasts may fall 
into it; a trap, 

pith (pith), n. the soft spongy sub- 
stance in the center of plants; mar- 
row: quintessence; energy or force. 

pithily I: (pith'i-li), adv, in a pithy 
manner. 

pithiness ('i-nes), n. concentrated 
force. 

pithy ('i), adj. of the nature of, or 
full of, pith; forcible. 

pitiable (pit'i-^-bl), adj. deser\'ing 
pity. 

pitiably ('i-i,-bh), adv. in a pitiable 
manner. 

pitiful ('i-fool), adj. moving com- 
passion; insignificant. 

pitifully (-li), adv. in a pitiful man- 
ner. 

pitiless ('i-les), adj. without pity or 
compassion; merciless. 

pitsaw ('saw), n. a two-handled saw. 

pittance ('^ns), n. a small allow- 
ance, especially of money. 

pitted ('ed), p. adj. marked with in- 
dentations or small hollows. 

pituitary body (pi-tu'i-ta-ri bod'i), n . 
a small gland situated at the base of 
the brain and producing a very im- 
portant internal secretion. 

pity ('i), n. sympathy with distress; 
compassion; a subject of pity or 
griei: v.U [p.t. & p.p. pitied, p.pr. 
pitying], to sjrmpathize with: v.i. 
to be compassionate, or affected 
with pity. 

pivot (piv'ot), n. the short ^aft on 
which anything turns; the soldier 
who is stationary at the flank while 
the company driUing wheels round: 
v.L to place on a pivot. 

pix. Another form of pyx. 

pixy (piks'i), n, [pi. pixies ('iz) ], 
a fairy. Also pixie. 

placability (pla-k§,-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quahty of being placable. Also 
placableness. 

placable ('k^-bl), adj. that may be 
appeased or pacified; forgiving. 

placard (plak'ard), n. a bill placed 
on a wall, &c., as an advertisement: 



v.t, (pla-kardOi to advertise by a 
placard. 

place (plas), n. a special spot or 
locality; broadway or square; sit- 
uation; sitey residence; office; city 
or town; roona; existence; duty; 
passage in writing or a book; for- 
tified post; precedence: v.t. to put 
in any place, office, &c.; ascribe; 
settle; estabhsh; invest; put out at 
interest. 

placeman ('m§,n), ri, a government 
official. 

placenta (pla-sen't&), n. the vascu- 
lar organ that connects the fetus 
in the womb with the mother, the 
after-birth; that part of the carpel 
of a plant to which the ovules or 
seeds are attached. 

placental ('til), adj. pertaining to, 
or having, a placenta: n. a mam- 
mal with a placenta. 

placer (plas'er), n. a mineral deposit 
which is not a vein. 

placid (plas'id), adj. calm; peaceful; 
mild. 

placidity ('i-ti), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being placid. 

placket (plak'et), n. a petticoat; a 
sht in a skirt or petticoat; a wom- 
an's pocket. 

plagiarism (pla'ji-&-rism), n. the 
act of plagiarizing. 

plagiarist (-rist), n. one who steals 
from the ^^Titings of another and 
passes them off as his own produc- 
tion; literary theft. Also plagiary. 

plagiarize (-iz), v.t. to steal from 
the writings of another. 

plague (plag), n. a malignant epi- 
demic; anything very troublesome or 
annoying: v.t, to infest with dis- 
ease; trouble or annoy greatly. 

plaguily ('i-ii), adv. so as to plague. 

plaguy Ci), adj. vexatious. 

plaice (plas), n. an edible flat-fish. 

plaid (plad), n. Sb checkered woolen 
cloth, originally worn as a garment 
by the Highlanders of Scotland. 

plain (plan), adj. level; flat; even; 
smooth; clear; evident; easily un^ 
derstood; not luxurious; devoid of 



&te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PLAINT 



668 



PLASTER 



beauty, or ornament; homely: n. 
level ground; any flat expanse. 

plaint (plant), n. lamentation; a 
mournful song; the exhibiting of an 
action in writing by a plaintiff. 

plaintiff (plan'tif), n. one who com- 
mences a suit in a court of law. 

plaintive Ctiv), adj, expressing 
grief or sorrow; sad. 

plaintively (-li), adv, in a plaintive 
manner. 

plaintiveness (-nes), n, the state or 
quality of Deing plaintive. 

plait (plat), n. a flat fold; braid: v.t. 
to fold or braid; interweave. Also 
pleat. 

plan (plan), n, a drawing on a flat 
surface, as of a building, &c.; 
scheme or project: v.t. [p.t, & p.p. 
planned, p.pr. planning], to make a 
plan or sketch of, on a flat surface; 
form in design; outline. 

planarian (pla-na'ri-an) n. a flat 
aquatic worm having extraordinary 
power to reproduce lost parts, in- 
cluding the head. 

planchet Cchet), n. a flat piece of 
metal prepared for coining. 

planchette (plang-shef), n. a heart- 
shaped board fitted with wheels and 
a pencil which traces marks as it 
moves the hand by some supposed 
mysterious agency. 

plane (plan), adj, flat; level; even; 
without elevations or depressions: 
n. a flat or even surface; in geom- 
etry, an even superficies; a level sur- 
face parallel to the horizon; a car- 
penter's tool for smoothing wood: 
v.L to make level; make smooth 
with a plane. 
^ plane-tree ('tre), n, a large tree 
with broad-spreading leaves. 

planet (plan'et), n. a heavenly body 
revolving round the sun. 

planetarium (-a'ri-um), n. a ma- 
chine to exhibit the planets, their 
motions round the sun, and their 
relative distances and magnitudes. 

planetary ('et-a-ri), adj. pertaining 
to, consisting of, or produced by, 
planets; erratic. 



planetoid ('et-oid), n. any one of thoj 
small planets revolving in the space ' 
between Mars and Venus; minor 
planet. 

planish (plan'ish), v.t. to polish or 
smooth by hammering. 

planisphere ('is-fer), n. a sphere or 
globe projected on a plane surface, 

plank (plangk), n. a long broad 
piece of sawn timber thicker than a 
board; an item in a political pro- 
gramme or policy: v.t. to cover with 
planks; pay (with down), 

planner (plan'er), n. one who plans; 
a projector. 

piano, a prefix meaning flat, as piano- 
concave: adj. flat or plane on one 
side, concave on the other. 

plant (plant), n, any vegetable 
organism; sprout or sapling; the 
tools, machinery, or fixtures of any 
trade or business; a swindle: v.t, 
to put into the ground for growth, 
as seed; fix in the mind; establish. 

plantain ('tan), n. a tropical broad- 
leaved tree yielding an edible fruit 
similar to the banana, 

plantation (-ta'shun), n. a place 
planted with trees; a large culti- 
vated estate for cotton, sugar, &c.; 
a new settlement or colony. 

planter ('er), n, one who plants; the 
owner of a plantation. 

plantigrade ('i-grad), n. walking on 
the sole of the foot; a carnivorous 
animal, as the bear, of the section 
plantigrada. 

plantu^e ('ul), n. an embryo of a 
plant. 

plaque (plak), n. a metal or terra- 
cotta plate upon which flowers, fig- 
ures, &c., are enameled or painted. 

plash (plash), n. a puddle; pond: 
v.t. to splash or dash with water; 
interweave the branches or twigs 
of: as, to plash a hedge. 

plasm (plazm), n. a mold or matrix. 

plasma (plaz'mS,), n. the colorless 
fluid of the blood in which the red 
corpuscles float; protoplasm; a 
grass-green variety of chalcedony. 

plaster (ter), n, calcined gypsum 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



PLASTIC 



669 



PLEAD 



used for castings, &c. (plaster of 
pans); a composition of Ume, sand, 
and water, for coating walls; a me- 
dicinal application for external use: 
adj, made of plaster: v.L to over- 
lay or cover with, or as with, 
plaster. 

plastic ('tik), adj. capable of being 
formed or molded; giving form. 

plasticity (-tis'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being plastic. 

plat. Same as plait. 

plate (plat), n, a thin piece of metal; 

. a small shallow vessel used at table 
for eating from; an engraved piece 
of metal; household articles of gold 
or silver; a prize given at a race: 
v.t, to coat with a more valuable 
metal; to beat into laminae or thin 
plates. 

plateau (pl§.-toO, n, j)l, plateaux 
(-toz') ], elevated broad flat land; 
table-land; a large ornamental cen- 
ter-dish. 

plate-glass (plat'gl§,s), n. a fine 
kind of glass cast in thick plates: 
used for mirrors, &c. 

plate-mark. Same as hall-mark. 

platen (plat'en), n. the flat part of a 
printing-press by which the impres- 
sion is made. 

platform ('form), n. a flat floor of 
wood, stone, &c., raised above the 
level of the ground; the place where 
guns are mounted on a fortress or 
battery; political program or policy, 
of which each item is called a 
plank. 

platina. Another form of platinum. 

plating (planting), 7i. the art of over- 
laying or covering anything with a 
metalhc plate. 

platinize ('i-niz), v.t. to coat with 
platinum. 

platinoids ('in-oidz), n.pl. metals 
found associated with platinum. 

platinous (-us), adj. containing plat- 
inum. 

platinum (-in-um), n. a greyish- 
white metal very hard and ductile, 
the heaviest of the known metals. 
Also platina. 



platitude ('i-ttid), n. insipidity; 
dullness; a weak, empty, trite re- 
mark. 

Platonic (pl§,-ton'ik), adj. pertaining 
to Plato, the ancient Greek philoso- 
pher, or to his philosophy, &c., or 
school; pure and imtainted with car- 
nal desires. 

platoon (-toon'), n. two files of sol- 
diers forming a subdivision. 

platter (plat'er), n. a large flat dish. 

platy, a prefix meaning broad or flat, 
as platypuSj the ornithorhyncus, 
from its flat, duck-like bill. 

platyrhine ('i-rin), adj. broad-nosed; 
noting American monkeys, thus 
characterized. 

plaudit (plaw'dit), n. applause. 

plauditory ('di-to-ri), adj. applaud- 
ing. 

plausibility (-zi-bil'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being plausible; spe- 
ciousness. Also plausibleness. 

plausible ('zi-bl), adj. specious; su- 
perficially pleasing. 

plausibly (-bh), adv. in a plausible 
manner. 

play (pla), n. any exercise or occupa- 
tion for amusement; exertion of 
powers; diversion; pastime; drama, 
tragedy, or comedy; gaming; scope; 
practice; manner of dealing; style: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. played, p.pr. play- 
ing], to engage in some exercise for 
amusement; sport or frolic; per- 
form upon, as a musical instrument; 
personate a character; gamble. 

playful (pla'fool) , adj. sportive ; lively. 

playfully (-li), adv. in a playful man- 
ner. 

playfulness (-nes), n. playful state 
or disposition. 

plaza (pla'za), n, an open square or 
market place. 

plea (pie), n. an excuse or apology; 
the defendant's answer to the plain- 
tiff's declaration in a lawsuit; m*- 
gent entreaty. 

plead (pled), v.i. to argue or rea- 
son in support of a cause against 
another; argue before a court of 
law; supplicate earnestly: v.t. dis- 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PLEADINGS 



670 



PLIABLE 



«uss or defend by arguments; offer 
as an excuse. 

pleadings ('ingz), n.yl, the written 
statements of the two parties in a 
lawsuit. 

pleasant (plez'ant), n. grateful to 
the mind or senses; dehghtful; agree- 
able; cheerful; facetious. 

pleasantry (-ri), n. merriment; lively 
talk; gaiety; a laughable trick or 
joke. 

please (plez), v.t» to gratify; give 
pleasure to; gain approbation from: 
v.i, to afford pleasure or gratifica- 
tion ; like or choose. 

pleased ('d), y.adj. gratified. 

pleasing ('ing), jp,adj, affording pleas- 
ure; agreeable. 

pleasurable (plezh'u-ri.-bl), adj. grat- 
ifying; delightful 

pleasurably (-bU), adv, in a pleas- 
urable manner. 

pleasure ('ur), n. gratification; agree- 
able emotions, mental or physical; 
transient enjoyment; sensual grati- 
fication. 

pleat. Another form of plait. 

plebeian (ple-be'an), adj. pertaining 
to the Plebs or Roman commonalty; 
pertaining to the common people; 
hence common or vulgar: w. one of 
the common people. 

plebeianism (-izm), n. vulgarity. 

plebiscite (pleb'i-sit), n. a vote taken 
of the entire male community by 
universal suffrage on some special 
matter submitted; the decree found- 
ed on such a vote. 

pledge (plej), n. anything placed as 
a security or guarantee; pawn; hos- 
tage; a health in drinking: v.i. to 
give as security or guarantee; de- 
posit in pawn; drink to the health of. 

pledget ('et), n, a flat piece of lint 
placed over a wound. 

Pleiades (pli'§,-dez), n.'pl. the cluster 
of 7 stars in the constellation Tau- 
rus; from the 7 daughters of Atlas 
and Pleione, changed after death 
into stars. 

plenary (ple'n§,-ri), udj, full; com- 
plete. 



plenipotentiary (plen-i-p6-ten'shi-a- 
ri), adj, having full power: n, an am- 
bassador to a foreign court invested 
with full powers. 

plenist (ple'nist), n. one who holds 
the theory that all space is filled 
with matter. 

plenitude (plen'i-tud), n, fulness. 

plenteous ('te-us), adj, abundant; 
amply sufficient. 

plentiful ('ti-fool), adj. yielding 
abundance; copious. 

plentifully (-H), adv. abundantly. 

plenty ('ti), n. abundance. 

pleonasm (ple'o-nazm), n. use of 
more words than necessary in speak- 
ing or writing. 

pleonastic (-nas'tik), adj. redun- 
dant. 

pleonastically (-§.l-li), adv. redun- 
dantly. 

plet (plet), 71. a kind of birch-rod, 
used in Russian prisons. 

plethora (pleth'o-r^), n. excessive 
fulness of blood; overabundance. 

plethoric (ple-thor'ik), adj. having 
excess of blood. 

pleura (ploo'ra), n. {pi. pleurae ('re) ], 
a dehcate serous membrane cover- 
ing the interior of the thorax and 
each lung. 

pleural ('rM), adj. pertaining to the 
pleura. 

pleurisy ('ri-si), n, inflammation of 
the pleura. 

pleuritic (-rit'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or affected with, pleurisy. Also 
pleuritical. 

pleuro, a prejix meaning rih or side, 
as pZet^rodynia, rheumatism of the 
chest walls. 

pleuro-pneumonia (pl66-ro-nu-mo'- 
m-k), n. inflammation of the pleura 
and lungs. 

plevin (plev'in), n. a warrant. 

plexus (plek'sus), n. a network of 
veins, nerves, &c. 

pliability (pli-^-bil'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being phable. Also 
pliableness. 

pliable C^-bl), adj. easily bent; flex- 
ible; easy to be persuaded. 



ate, arm, .4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PLIABLY 



671 



PLUNGE 



pliably C^-bK), adv. in a pliable 
manner. 

pliancy ('l,n-si), n. pliant quality. 

pliant C^nt), adj. flexible; easily 
bent; yielding to moral suasion. 

plicate Ckat), adj. plaited; folded 
in the form of a fan. Also plicated. 

pliers Cerz), n. a kind of small 
pinchers for seizing and bending, 
especially small articles. 

plight (plit), n. a dangerous or dis- 
tressed condition; predicament; 
pledge; promise: v.t, to pledge, as 
one's faith. 

plinth (plinth), n. the lowest square- 
shaped part of the base of a colunm, 
pedestal, &c. ; the projecting face at 
the bottom of a wall. 

plod (plod), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. plodded, 
p.pr. plodding], to travel laborious- 
ly; drudge or toil; study closely. 

plot (plot), n, a complicated scheme, 
conspiracy, or plan; intrigue; chain 
of incidents in a play, novel, &c., 
gradually developed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
plotted, p.yr. plotting], to devise; 
make a plan of: v.i. to conspire; 
form a plan against another. 

plover (pluv'er), n. a wading bird of 
various species. 

plow, plough (plou), n. an agricul- 
tural implement for turning up the 
soil; a grooving-plane: v.t. to turn 
up with a plow; furrow. 

plowshare, ploughshare ('shar), 
n. the iron part of a plow that cuts 
the soil. 

pluck (pluk), v.t. to pull off, out, or 
up; snatch; pick or gather; reject 
as a candidate in an examinatiou: 
n. a pull; the heart, liver and lungs 
of an animal; courage. 

pluckily Cj-h), adv. courageously. 

plucky ('i), adj. [comp. pluckier, 
superl, pluckiest], having courage 
or pluck. 

plug (plug), n. a piece of wood, &c., 
used for stopping a hole: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. plugged, p.pr. plugging], to 
stop with a plug. 

plum (plum), n. a tree, Prunus do^ 
mesticay or its well-known fruit; a 



raisin; /100,000: hence a large for- 
tune. 

plumage (plum'aj), n. a bird's feath- 
ers. 

plumb (plum), n. a heavy body, usu- 
ally of lead, suspended at the ex- 
tremity of a line to indicate the per- 
pendicularity of work done, as a 
wall, (fee: adj. perpendicular: adv. 
perpendicularly: v.t. to adjust by a 
plumb-line; make perpendicular; 
sound (the depth of water) by a 
plummet. 

plumbago (-ba'go), n. a mineral of 
carbon and iron, used for lead pen- 
cils; a form of carbon. 

plumber (er), n. one who is engaged 
in the business of plumbing. 

plumbing ('ing), n. the art or occu- 
pation of putting into buildings the 
pipes, traps, &c., for the conveyance 
of water, gas, and sewage. 

plumb-line ('lin), n. a line attached 
to a mass of lead to indicate the per- 
pendicular; perpendicular hue. 

pi u moot (plum'kot), n. a new species 
of fruit produced by Luther Bur- 
bank by crossing the plum and the 
apricot. 

plume (ploom), n. a feather; a feath- 
er worn as an ornament; crest: v.t. 
to pick and adjust the feathers of; 
adorn with plumes; boast; pride 
(used reflexively). 

plummet (plum'et), n. a leaden 
weight attached to a string used for 
sounding depths, &c. 

plump (plump), adj. round and sleek 
with fulness of flesh; in good condi- 
tion; downright; unqualified: adv. 
with a sudden or heavy fall: v.i. to 
grow plump; fall or sink down; to 
vote for a single candidate when one 
has the right to vote for two or 
more: v.t. to make plump; fatten. 

plumy (ploo'mi), adj. feathered. 

plunder (plim'der), n. booty; pil- 
lage: v.t. to take by open force; 
spoil; rob. 

plunderage (-aj), n. the embezzle- 
ment of goods on board ship. 

plunge (plunj), v.t. to put suddenly 



fite, arm^ §isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut; think, then. 



PLUNGER 



672 



PODIUM 



into water or any other liquid; im- 
merse; baptize by immersion: v.i. to 
sink, fall, or rush, as into water; 
dive; throw the body forward and 
the legs up, as a horse; bet heavily 
and thoughtlessly: n. the act of 
plunging; sudden fall. 

plunger Cer), n, one who plunges; a 
diver; the long solid cylinder or pis- 
ton of a pump ; one who bets heavily 
and thoughtlessly. 

pluperfect (ploo'per-fekt), adj, not- 
ing an event or action occurring 
prior to some other event or action. 

plural CrM), adj. consisting of more 
than one: n. that form of a word 
that expresses more than one. 

plurality (ploo-rari-ti), n. the ma- 
jority; the greatest of three or more 
numbers; the excess of votes cast 
for any one candidate over the can- 
didate who receives the next largest 
number of votes at an election where 
there are three or more candidates 
for the same office. 

pluralize (-iz), v.t. to make plural. 

plurism (plu'rizm), n. a recent move- 
ment among certain Paris artists 
to combine in one work an expres- 
sion of all arts instead of one. 

plus (plus), n. the sign ( + ) used to 
denote addition: adj. more (by a 
certain amount); increased (by a 
specified addition); above zero. 

plush (plush), n, a kind of shaggy 
cloth with a pile; woolen velvet. 

plutocracy (ploo-tok'ra-si), n. rule 
or government by the rich. 

plutocrat (ploo'to-krat), n. one who 
exercises political power or influence 
by virtue of his wealth. 

Plutonian (-to'ni-an), adj, pertain- 
ing to Pluto, the god of the lower 
world, or to the lower regions of 
fire; igneous. Also Plutonic. 

Plutonic rocks (roks), n.pL igneous 
rocks. 

Pluviose (ploo'vi-6s), n. fifth month 
in the calendar of the French 
Revolution. 

pluvial (Vi-al), adj. rainy. 

ply (pll), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plied, p.pr. 



plying], to work on closely; practice 
diligently or earnestly; urge or 
solicit: v.i. to run regularly between 
two ports; work against the wind. 

pneumatic (nti-mat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, consisting of, containing, hke, 
or moved by, air. Also pneumatical. 

pneumatically (-al-h), adv. by air. 

pneumatics Ciks), n.pl. the science 
that treats of the mechanical proper- 
ties of air and similar elastic fluidSi 

pneumatic tire (nu-mat'ik tir'), n. a 
tire made of rubber and inflated 
with air, used for automobile and 
bicycle wheels. 

pneumatology (-mS^-toFo-ji), n. pneu- 
matics; the science of mind or 
spiritual existencies or essences and 
their operation. 

pneumoy a prefix meaning lung. 

pneumonia (-mo'ni-a), n. acute in- 
flammation of the lungs. 

pneumonic (-mon'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to the lungs. 

pneumothorax (nu'mo-tho'raks), n. 
recently developed method of treat- 
ing tuberculosis, by injecting nitro- 
gen gas into the pleural cavity. 

poach (poch), v.i. to trespass upon 
preserves to shoot or steal game: 
v.t. to steal game from; plunder by 
stealth; cook (eggs) by breaking 
them into boiling water. 

poachy ('i), adj. swampy; marshy. 

pochard C^rd), n. the sea-duck. 

pock (pok), n. Sb pustule on the skin 
containing eruptive matter. 

pocket ('et), n. a small bag inserted 
in a garment for carrying small ar- 
ticles; a small netted bag in a bil- 
liard table for the reception of the 
balls; a small quantity. 

pod (pod), n. the pericarp or the cov- 
ering of the seed of certain plants, 
as the pea, &c.: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
podded, p.pr. podding], to swell or 
fill, as a pod; produce pods. 

podge (poj), n. a puddle. 

podgy ('i), adj. short and fat. 

podium (po'di-um), n. a low wall, 
usually with a plinth and cornice, in 
the front of an edifice to support 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PODOCARP 



673 



POLARITY 



pillars; that part of an amphithea- 
ter which projects over the arena; a 
balcony. 

podocarp (pod'o-karp), n. the stem 
which supports the fruit of a plant. 

podophyllin (-o-fil'in), n, a purga- 
tive resin obtained from the root of 
the May-apple. 

poe (po'e), n. a food made from the 
roots of the taro plant by the natives 
of Hawaii. 

poe bird (herd), n. the parson bird 
of New Zealand, with a plumage of 
a dark metallic hue. 

poem ('em), n. a metrical or poetical 
composition; a poetic conception. 

poesy Ce-si), n, the art of composing 
poems. 

poet ('et), n, the author of a poem; 
one gifted in writing poetry; one 
who is strongly imaginative. Fem- 
inine poetress. 

poet laureate (law're-at), n. a court 
poet. 

poetic (-et'ik), adj, pertaining to, 
suitable to, or expressed in, poetry; 
sublime. Also poetical. 

poetically (-^1-li), adv, in a poetic 
manner. 

poetry ('et-ri), n. a metrical compo- 
sition produced or embellished by 
creative imagination. ^ 

pogroin (po'grom), n. in Russia an 
outburst of violence, largely re- 
tahatory. 

poi. Same as poe. 

poignant ('n^nt), adj. stimulating to 

'' the palate; irritating; very painful. 

poilu (poi'l5o), n. a French veteran. 

poilu, modern meaning — a good sol- 
dier. 

poinsettia (-set'i-§,;, n. a Mexican 
plant with handsome flowers. 

point (point), n. the sharp end of 
any instrument; mark or dot; indi- 
visible part; mark in punctuation; 
that which has position but no mag- 
nitude; a spot; exact place; critical 
moment; expression or force; sting 
of an epigram; aim; act of aiming; 
small cape or promontory; lace 
wrought with the needle; railway 



switch; unit of measurement for 
type-bodies = .0138 inch, or one 
twelfth of a pica: v.t, to sharpen; 
give a point to; direct or aim; mark 
with points; fill the joints of (ma- 
sonry), with mortar and smooth 
them with a trowel: v.i, to indicate; 
show clearly. 

point-blank Cblangk), adj. horizon- 
tal; straight forward to the mark; 
direct. 

pointed ('ed), p. adj. sharpened; hav- 
ing a sharp point; direct; telling; 
personal; epigrammatic; Gothic. 

pointer ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, points; a variety of dog 
trained to point game. 

pointing (Ing), n. punctuation; the 
act or operation of filhng in the 
crevices of masonry with mortar. 

poise ^ ^ (poiz), n. weight; balance; 
equilibrium: v.t. to balance; weigh; 
ascertain or examine: v.i. to be in a 
state of equilibrium. 

poison (poi'zn), n. anything noxious 
or destructive to life, health, or mo- 
rality; venom: v.t. to infect with 
or kill by, poison; administer poison 
to; corrupt. 

poisonous (-us), adj. having the qual- 
ities of poison; deadly; injurious 
to health. 

poke (pok), n. a thrust or push; a 
bag or sack: v.t. to thrust or push 
against, especially with something 
pointed; thrust at wuth the horns: 
v.i. to grope or feel about in the 
dark; search. 

poker Cer), n. a metal bar for stir- 
ring fires; a card game. 

poking Cing), adj. servile; drudging. 

poky (po'ld), adj. lacking spirit or 
interest; slow; stupid. 

polar ('l§^r), adj. pertaining to, or sit- 
uated near, either of the poles, espe- 
cially the North Pole; pertaining to 
the magnetic poles. 

polariscope (-lar'i-skop), n. an in- 
strument for exhibiting polarized 
light. 

polarity ('i-ti), n. the property pos- 
sessed by certain bodies, as in elec- 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tken. 



POLARIZATION 



674 



POLL 



trified or magnetized bodies, by 
which they arrange themselves in 
certain directions or tend to given 
poles. 

polarization (-i-za'shun), n. the act 
of polarizing; the state of being po- 
larized. 

polarize (-iz), v.L to commmiicate 
polarity to. 

pole (pol), n. a long staff; a measure 
= 5J^ yards; a square measure = 
30 J4 yards; a measuring instru- 
ment; one of the extremities of the 
imaginary axis of the earth; one of 
the two points in a magnet in which 
the attractive or repellent^ force is 
concentrated; that on which any- 
thing revolves; the extreme opposite. 

polecat ('kat), n. a small carnivo- 
rous animal which emits a strong of- 
fensive odor. 

polemic (po-lem'ik), n. a controver- 
siahst: pL the art of controversy; 
controversial writings, especially 
those on religious subjects. 

polemical ('i-Ml), adj. controversial. 

polemically (-li), adv. controversially. 

pole-star (pol'star), n,^ the north 
star (Polaris) situated in Ursa Mi- 
nor, within 13^ degrees of the true 
pole; a guide. 

police (po-lesO, ^. in a city, town, or 
district, an organized force of civil 
officers for preserving order. 

policeman ('m^^n), n, a member of a 
police force. 

policy (pol'l-si), n. Ipt. policies (-siz) ], 
the art or method of government; 
management of public affairs; sys- 
tem of regulative measures; sagacity 
in management; course of conduct; 
prudence; cunning; a document 
given to insurers containing a 
contract of insurance; a warrant for 
money in the public funds; a gam- 
bling game. 

poliomyelitis (pol-i-o-mi-e-lit'is;, n. 
the niedical name of infantile spinal 
paralysis. 

polish ('ish), v.t. to make smooth or 
glossy by friction; make polite or 
refined: v.i, to become polished: n. a 



smooth, glossy surface; a prepara- 
tion for imparting a pohsh; refine- 
ment or elegance of manners. 

Polish (po'lish), adj. pertaining to 
Poland, its language, or to its in- 
habitants. 

polite (-lit'), ddj. well-bred; refined 
in manner; courteous or obliging. 

politeness ('nes), n. good-breeding; 
courtesy. 

politely ('li), adv. in a polite manner. 

politesse (pol-i-tes'), n. over-acted 
politeness. 

politic ('i-tik), adj. shrewd; specious; 
sagacious: especially in policy; 
adapted to promote the welfare of 
the state: n.pl. the art of government 
or the administration of public 
affairs; poUtical opinions; party 
management or control. 

political (po-lit'i-kM), adj, pertain- 
ing to politics, or to a nation or 
state; derived from government. 

politically (-li), adv, in a political 
manner. 

political economy (e-kon'o-mi), n. 
the science that treats of wealth, its 
nature, production, distribution, and 
consumption, and the laws which 
regulate and govern these. 

poHtician ('i-tish-un), n. one who is 
skilled in politics; a statesman. 

politics. See under poUtic. 

polity Ci-ti), n. the form or constitu- 
tion of the civil government of a 
state; constitution. 

polka (pol'kS,), n. a dance of Bohe- 
mian origin, performed by two per- 
sons; music suitable for such a 
dance. 

poll (pol), n. the head, especially the 
back part of it; a register of per- 
sons, especially those entitled to vote 
at elections; an election; number of 
votes recorded at an election; place 
where votes are cast: v.t. to lop; 
clip or shear; enroll in a register; 
bring to the poll, as a voter; to cast 
or deposit in a ballet box; to poll a 
jury is to examine each member in- 
dividually as to his concurrence in 
the verdict. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; aote, norths not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; thinks then. 



POLLACK 



675 



POMMEL 



pollack (porak), n. a species of cod- 
fish. 

pollard Card), n. a tree lopped or 
polled; a stag that has cast its 
horns; a mixture of bran and meal; 
the chub-fish. 

pollen ('en), n. the fertilizing pow- 
der in the cells of the anthers of 
flowers. 

pollination (-i-na'shun), n. the con- 
veyance of pollen from the anther 
to the stigma of a flower. 

pollock. Same as pollack. 

poll-tax (pol'taks), n. sl capitation 
tax. 

pollute (pol-luf), v.t. to defile; ren- 
der unclean; taint with guilt; cor- 
rupt; violate. 

pollution (-lu'shun), n. the act of 
polluting; the state of being pol- 
luted; defilement; legal or ceremo- 
nial uncleanness. 

polo (po'lo), n. a game similar to 
hockey; played on horseback. 

polonaise (po-lo-naz'), ^. a dress, 
body and skirt made in one; a 
Polish air or dance. 

polonium (po-lo'ni-um), a radio- 
active element. 

poltroon (pol-troonO, n. a coward. 

poly, a prefix meaning many, much. 

polyandry (pol-i-an'dri), n. the prac- 
tice of a woman having more than 
one husband at the same time: 
opposed to polygamy. 

polyanthus (-an'thus), n. a hand- 
some flower; a cultivated variety of 
the oxlip primrose. 

polychromatic (-kro-mat'ik), adj. 
exhibiting a play of colors. 

polychrome ('i-krom), adj. having 
many colors: n. a work executed in 
many colors. 

polygamist (po-lig'a-mist) , n. one 
who practices or upholds polyg- 
amy. 

polygamous ('a-mus), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or practicing, polygamy. 

polygamy ('a-mi), n. the practice of 
having more than one wife at the 
same time. 

polyglot (pol'i-glot), adj. containing 



many languages: n. a book, espe- 
cially an edition of the Bible, in 
several languages. 

polygon ('i-gon), n. sl figure having 
many angles. 

polygraph ('i-graf), 71. a manifold 
writer. 

polyhedral (-he'dral), adj. ha^dng 
many sides or faces. Also polyhe- 
drous, polyhedric. 

polyhedron ('dron), n. a solid having 
many sides or faces; a polyscope. 

polyp Cip), n. an extensive group of 
radiated animals including the hy- 
dra, sea-anemone, &c. Also polype, 
polypus. 

polypus Cpus), n. [pL polypi (-pi) ], 
a fleshy tumor in the nose or uterus; 
a polype. 

polyscope('skop),?2.amultiplyinglens. 

polystyle fstil), n. a building with 
many columns. 

polysyllabic (-sil-ab'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, or consisting of, three or 
more syllables. Also polysyllabical. 

polysyllable Ca-bl), n. a word con- 
sisting of tliree or more syllables. 

polytechnic (-tek'nik), adj. noting, 
including, or giving instruction in, 
the arts and sciences: n. a school 
for imparting instruction in the 
arts and sciences. 

polytheism ('i-the-izm), n. the doc- 
trine of a plurality of gods, each 
taking a part in the government of 
the world. 

polytheist ('ist), n. a believer in 
polytheism. 

poly type (-tip), n. a facsimile in 
metal of an engraving on wood. 

polyvalent (-va'lan),n.anti-toxin dis- 
covered by French bacteriologist and 
applied with successto prevent infec- 
tion of wounds in the European war. 

pomade fpo-mad'), n. sl perfumed 
ointment for dressing the hair. 

pomegranate (pom'gran-at), n. a 
tree (PunicaGranatiim) yielding an 
orange-like, edible fruit with a thick 
rind and numerous seeds. 

pommel fpum'el), n. the knob on a 
sword-hilt; the high part of a saddle- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



POMMELING 



676 



POP-CORN 



bow: v.t to beat with anything thick 
or bulky; bruise. 

pommeling (-ing), n. a beating. 

pomology (po-mol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
ence of cultivating fruit and fruit- 
trees, especially apples; a treatise on 
fruits. 

Pomona (po-mo'na), n. the Roman 
goddess presiding over the orchard 
and vineyard. 

pomp (pomp), n. ostentatious dis- 
play; grandeur; parade. 

pompom (pom'pom), n, a rapid fire 
gun invented by Sir niram Maxim. 

pompon (pom'pon), n, a tufted orna- 
ment; a variety of chrysanthemum, 

pomposity (-pos'i-l;i), n. the state of 
being pompous. Also pompousness. 

pompous (pom'pus), adj, stately; 
grand; self-important; ostentatious. 

poncho (pon'cho), n. a sort of cloak 
or loose woolen garment worn in 
Spanish America. 

pond (pond), n. a pool of standing 
water. 

ponder (pon-der), v,t, to weigh men- 
tally: v.i, to deliberate. 

ponderability (-a-bii'i-ti), w. the 
state of being ponderable. Also 
ponderableness. 

ponderable ('der-§;-bl), adj. capable 
of being weighed. 

ponderosity (-os'i-ti), n. weight. 

ponderous ('der-us), adj. very heavy; 
weighty; important; dull. 

pone (pon), n, bread made of maize- 
meal, milk, &c. 

pongee (pon-je'), n, an inferior kind 
of silk. 

poniard (pon'y^rd), n. a siiiall dag-# 
ger: v,t, to stab with a poniard. 

Pontiff ('tif), n. a high priest; the 
Pope. 

pontifical ('i-kM), adj. pertaining to 
a pontiff, high priest, or pope; pa- 
pal: n. a book containing ecclesiasti- 
cal rites and ceremonies: pi. the full 
dress worn by an officiating priest or 
bishop. 

pontifically (-li), adv. in a pontifical 
manner. 

pontificate ('i-kat), n. the office or 



dignity of a high priest or pope; the |{ 
reign of a pope. * 

pontoon (pon-toon'), n. a buoyant, 
fiat-bottomed structure supporting a 
floating military bridge; a bridge of 
boats; a lighter. 

pony (po^ni), n. [pi. ponies ('niz) ], 
a small horse; a very small glass of 
beer or liquor; student^s key to 
translation of Latin or Greek les- 
sons; often used adjectively to de- 
note something small of its kind, as 
a pony engine. 

pool (pool), n. a small body of water; 
a variety of play at billiards; the 
stakes in certain games or the re- 
ceptacle for them: v.t. to unite or 
aggregate together, as in mercantile 
risks, railway traffic, &c. 

poop (poop), n. the stern of a ship; 
the raised deck in the stern of a ves- 
sel: v.t. to strike the stern of; break 
heavily over the stern of: said of 
waves. 

pooped (poopt), p. adj. having a poop; 
struck on the poop by a heavy sea. 

pooping (poop'ing), n. a breaking of 
a heavy sea over the taffrail of the 
poop; the action of a vessel running 
her stem against the stern of an- 
other. 

poor (poor), adj. necessitous; having 
little or no means; destitute of rich- 
es; without strength, beauty, or dig- 
nity; dejected; spiritless; insignifi- 
cant; humble; lean; without fer- 
tilty; an expression of tenderness 
compassion, or disdain. 

poorly ('li), adv. without adequate 
means; with scant success: adj, 
somewhat ill; delicate in health. 

pop (pop), n. a short, smart, quick 
sound: v.t [p.t. & p.p. popped, p.pr. 
popping], to thrust suddenly; pawn: 
v.i. to make a short, smart, quick 
sound; move quickly; dart; come 
suddenly into view: adv. suddenly. 

pop-corn ('korn), n. any variety of 
Indian corn or maize having small 
ears and small, hard grains. The 
grains "pop" and expand when ex- 
posed to heat of a fire. 



ate, arm, &sk, atj awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, /Aen. 



POPE 



677 



PORTABLE 



Pope (pop), n. the bishop of Rome 
and head of the Roman CathoHc 
Church; a title of priests of the 
Greek Church; a variety of perch. 

popedom ('dum), n, the office, dig- 
nity, or jurisdiction of the Pope. 

popinjay ('in-ja), n. a parrot; fop. 

poplar (popular), n. a tree of rapid 
growth, with a white soft wood. 

poplin ('hn), n. a fabric of silk and 
worsted. 

poppet ('et), n. one of the timbers 
that support a ship in launching; a 
term of endearment. 

poppy ('i), n. any plant of the genus 
Papaver, with bright showy flowers; 
from one species (Papaver somnif- 
erum) opium is obtained. 

populace ('u-las), n, the common 
people. 

popular ('u-l^r), adj. pertaining to, 
suitable for, or pleasing to, the com- 
mon people; easily understood; ple- 
beian. 

popularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being popular; general 
esteem. 

popularize (-iz), v.t. to render pop- 
ular. 

populate ('u-lat), v.t. to furnish with 
inhabitants. 

population Oa'shun), ?2. the inhab- 
itants of a country, place, town, &c., 
collectively. 

Populist (-list), n. a member of a 
political party in the United States 
known as the Populist or People's 
party. 

populous ('u-lus), adj. thickl}^' peo- 
pled. 

porcelain (porslan or porslan), n. 
a fine, white, thin, semi-transparent 
kind of earthenware: adj. pertaining 
to, or made of, porcelain. 

porch (porch), n. a vestibule sup- 
ported by pillars; portico. 

porcine (por'sin), adj. pertaining to 
swine. 

porcupine Cku-pin), n. a rodent cov- 
ered with spines, of the genus Hys- 
trix. 

pore (por), n. a minute hole in the 



skin through which perspiration 
passes to the surface; an opening 
between the molecules of a body: v.i. 
to look with close and steady atten- 
tion, as on a book. 

porgee (por'je), n. a coarse kind of 
silk. 

porgy Cji), n. a marine fish much 
esteemed for food. 

pork (pork), n. the flesh of swine 
either fresh or salted. 

pork-barrel (pork 'barrel), n. term 
applied in the United States to 
Congressional appropriation bills 
for rivers, harbors, and pubhc 
buildings. 

porker ('er), n. sl pig. 

porkling ('ling), n. a young pig. 

porosity (por-os'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being porous. Also por- 
ousness. 

porous Cus), adj. having pores. 

porphyritic (p6r-fi-rit'ik), adj. hav- 
ing the appearance, or texture of, 
porphyry. , 

porphyry i,'fi-ri), n. originally a red- 
dish igneous rock found in Egypt, 
with enclosed crystals of feldspar; 
now applied to any rock having a 
feldspathic base with feldspar crys- 
tals. 

porphyry-shell (-shel), n. a uni- 
valve shell of the genus Murex, 
jaelding a purple dj^e. 

porpoise (por'pus), n. a cetaceous 
mammal of the genus Phocaena; the 
sea-hog. 

porridge (por'ij), n. oatmeal boiled 
slowly in water until it thickens. 

porringer ('in-jer), n, a small dish 
for porridge, &c. 

port (port), n. a harbor; harem; de- 
portment or carriage; the left side 
of a ship; porthole; gate; a dark 
colored Portuguese wine: v.t. to turn 
to the port or left side of a ship: as, 
to port the helm. 

portability (-^-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of 
being portable. Also portableness. 

portable Ca-bl), adj. that may be 
easily carried by hand or about the 
person. 



5te, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PORTAGE 



678 



POSITIVISM 



portage ('aj), n. carriage; cost of 
carriage; a break in a chain of water 
communication over which goods, 
boats, &c. have to be carried. 

portal Cal), n. a gate or entrance; 
an arch over a gateway or door. 

portcullis (-karis), n. a strong nar- 
row-shaped grating hung over the 
doorway of a fortified place and 
capable of being let down to defend 
the gate. 

Porte (port), n, the Turkish govern- 
ment and court: so called from the 
gate of the Sultan's palace where 
justice was administered. 

portemonnaie ('mon-a), n. a purse 
[French]. 

portend (por-tend'), v,L to indicate 
in advance; presage; forebode. 

portent ('tent), n, an omen, especial- 
ly of ill. 

portentous ('us), adj, ominous; fore- 
shadowing evil; wondrous. 

porter (por'ter), n. a door- or gate- 

" keeper; a dark-colored malt beer; 
one who carries parcels, &c., for 
hire. Feminine porteress. 

porterage (-aj), n, money charged 
for carriage by a porter. 

portfire (port'fir), n, a paper tube 
. filled with powder, &c., formerly 
used for firing guns. 

portfolio (-fo'li-o), n, a portable case 

- for loose papers, drawings, &c.; 
the office and functions of a minister 
of state. 

porthole ('hoi), 7i. a window-shaped 
hole in the side of a ship, especially 

"' of a man-of war. 

portico (por'ti-ko), n, {pi, porticos 
(-koz) ], a walk covered by a roof 
supported on columns; a columned 
porch. 

portiere (-tiar'), n. a door-curtain 
[French]. 

portion ('shun), n, a piece or part; 
allotment; dividend; final state- 
dowry; part of an estate descending 
to an heir: v.t. to divide; allot; 
endow with a fortune. 

portliness ('li-nes), n, the state of 
being portly. 



portly Cli), adj, stately of mien; 
corpulfent. 

portmanteau (-man'to), n. [pi, port- 
manteaux Ctoz) ], a bag or trunk 
for carrying clothes or traveling 
necessities. 

portoise (por'tiz), n. a ship's gun- 
wale. 

portrait ('trat), n, a picture or rep- 
resentation of an individual or face 
drawn from life; a vivid graphic 
description in words. 

portraiture ('tra-tur), n, the art or 
practice of drawing or painting por- 
traits; vivid delineation in words. 

portray (-tra'), v,L [p,t, & p,p, por- 
trayed, p.pr, portraying], to paint 
or draw the likeness of; describe in 
words. 

portrayal ('al), n, description. 

Portuguese (por-tti-gez'), adj, per- 
taining to Portugal, its inhabitants, 
or language. 

pose (poz), n, attitude or position: 
v,i, to assume an attitude: v,t, to 
puzzle or perplex; cause to be at a 
loss. 

poser (poz'er), n. a puzzling ques- 
tion; one who, or that which, poses 
or puzzles. 

position (po-zish'un), n, the state of 
being set or placed; situation; 
attitude; principle laid down; office; 
social status. 

positive (poz'i-tiv), adj, clearly ex- 
pressed; actual; direct; explicit; 
overconfident; dogmatical; settled 
by arbitrary appointment; having 
power to act directly; noting the 
simple form of an adjective (posi- 
tive degree) ; affected by the sign — 
(positive quantity): n. that which 
may be affirmed; reality; a word i 
which affirms or asserts existence; a 
photograph with the natural lights j 
:.: shades restored. 

positively (-li), adv, absolutely; ex- 
pressly. 

positiveness (-nes), n. the state or - 
quality of being positive. 

positivism ('i-tiv-izm) , n, a French 
philosophical and religious system 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^^en. 



POSITIVIST 



679 



POSY 



originated by Auguste Comte (1798- 
1857), called also Comtism, and the 
Religion of Humanity. 

positivist (-ist), n. an adherent of 
positivism. 

posse (pos'e), n. an improvised force 
of men. 

posse comitatus Qcom-i-ta'tus), the 
force of citizens which the sheriff of 
a county is empowered to raise to 
quell a riot, &c. 

possess (po-zes'), v.t, to have as an 
owner; be master of; occupy; seize. 

possessed (-zest'), p. adj. owned; mad. 

possession (-zesh'un), n. the having, 
holding, or detention of property; 
the thing possessed; property or es- 
tate. 

possessive (-zes'iv), odj, noting pos- 
session. 

possessor ('er), n, owner; one who 
possesses. 

possessory ('o-ri), adj, pertaining to 
possession. 

posset (pos'et), n. milk curdled with 
wine, &c. 

possibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state 
of being possible; contingency. 

possible ('i-bl), adj. that may hap- 
pen or exist. 

possibly ('i-bli), adv, by possibility; 
perhaps. 

possum. Same as opossum. 

post (post), n, a piece of timber, &c., 
set erect, usually to support some- 
thing else; a messenger or postman; 
established system of conveying and 
delivering letters; the mail; a post- 
office; a relay of horses; situation 
or office; a size of paper double that 
of common note-paper; military sta- 
tion. 

post, a 'prejix meaning after, as post- 
date. 

postage Caj), the fee for the convey- 
ance of letters by post. 

postal ( !), adj, pertaining to the 
postoffice or mail service. 

postal-zone (post'al-zon'), n, one of 
a series of concentric zones to facili- 
tate the operation of the parcels- 
post. 



postdiluvial (-di-lu'vi-§,l), adj, taking 
place after the deluge. 

poster Cer), n. a large advertising bill. 

posterior (pos-te'ri-er), adj, subse- 
quent in time or place; hinder: n.'pl. 
the hinder parts of an animal. 

posterity (-ter'i-ti), n. [pi. posteri- 
ties (-tiz)], succeeding generations; 
descendants. 

postern (pos'tern), n. a small gate 
or door; private entrance; vaulted 
passage beneath the parapet ^ and 
through the rampart of a fortifica- 
tion: adj. behind; private. 

post facto (post fak'to), done after 
the act; retrospective. 

I>ostfix Cfiks), v.t. to affix. 

posthumous (post'u-mus), odj, bom 
after the death of the father, pu'c- 
lished after the deatn of ar. author. 

postilion (pos-til'yun)> ^- t'^e rider 
on the near leader in a carriage. 

postmaster (post'mis-ter), n. the su- 
perintendent of a postoffice; one who 
supplies pQst-horseSo 

postmaster-generai (jen'er-§,l), n, 
the chief officer of the postoffice de- 
partment. 

post-merJdian (-me-rid'i-ILn), adj, 
after noon. 

post office, the governmental de- 
partment for forwarding mail. An 
office where mail is received and 
distributed. 

postpone (pon'), v.t. to delay; defer. 

postponement ('ment), n. the act of 
deferring to a future time; tempo- 
rary delay. 

postscript ('skript), n, a paragraph 
added to a letter after the writer's 
signature; appendix to a book. 

postulate (pos'tu-lat) , v.t, to assume 
without proof; solicit: n, a self-evi- 
dent problem; a position assumed as 
self-evident. 

posture ('tur), n, attitude; placing 
or position of parts of the body; 
state: v.i. to place the body in par- 
ticular postures. 

posy (po'zi), n^. a bunch of flowers, 
originally a motto or verse sent with 
a bouquet. 



5te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 

Die. 44 



POT 



680 



POUT 



pot (pot), n. a metal vessel for holding 
or boiling liquids, &c.; a mug for 
liquor; a quart; a vessel of earthen- 
ware, &c., for holding plants; a size 
of paper 12J^ X 15 inches; a large 
amount: y.^. [p.t. & p.p. potted, p.pr, 
potting], to preserve, put into, or 
plant in pots; shoot. 

potable (po'ta-bl), adj. drinkable. 

potance (po'tans), n, the stud in 
which the lower pivot of the verge of 
a watch is placed. 

potash (pot'ash), n. a powerful alka- 
li obtained from the ashes of certain 
plants. Also potass, potassa. 

potassium (po-tas'i-um), n. a monad 
element, the metallic base of potash. 

potation (po-ta'shun), n. drinking 
bout; a draught or drink. 

potato (-ta'to), n. [pL potatoes 
(-toz)], the edible tuber of a South 
American plant, widely cultivated; 
the plant itself. 

potency ('ten-si), n. power, physical 
or mental. 

potent ('tent), adj. powerful; having 
great authority or influence. 

potentate ('ten-tat), n. one who pos- 
sesses great power; sovereign or 
monarch. 

potential (-ten'sh§,l), adj. existing in 
possibility, not in reality; latent; in 
grammar, expressing power, possi- 
bility, liberty, or obligation. 

potentiality (-shi-al'i-ti), n. possi- 
bility without reality. 

potentially ('shal-li), adv, in a po- 
tential manner. 

pother (po^/i'er), n. confusion; bus- 
tle: v.i. to make a stir: v.t. to con- 
fuse; tease. 

pothouse (pot'hous), n. a low public- 
house. 

potion (po'shun), n. a draft; dose. 

pQt-pourri (po-poo-re'), n. a medley, 
especially of musical airs; a dish 
composed of various kinds of meats 
and vegetables. 

potsherd (pot'sherd), n, a fragment 
of a broken pot. 

pottage ('aj), n. a kind of soup. 

potter ('er), n. a maker of pottery. 



pottery ('er-i), n. [pi. potteries (-iz)], 
earthenware of all kinds; the place 
where it is manufactured. 

pottle (pot'i), n. a liquid measure = 
4 pints; a small conical basket for 
holding fruit. 

pottoroo (-o-roo'), n. the kangaroo 
rat of Australia. Also potoroo. 

pouch (pouch), n. sl small bag; 
pocket; bag or sack of an animal; 
cartridge-box; protuberant stomach. 

poulp (poolp), n. the octopus. Also 
poulpe. 

poult (polt), n. a pullet; a young 
chicken, turkey, partridge, &c. 

poulterer (pol-ter-er), n. a dealer in 
poultry. 

poultice ('tis), n. a soft preparation 
of bread, meal, &c., applied to a sore 
or inflamed part of the body; a cata- 
plasm: v.t. to apply a poultice to. 

poultry ('tri), n. domestic fowls. 

pounce (pouns), n. a fine powder for- 
merly used for drying ink on paper, 
now chiefly used for sprinkling into 
holes in paper in pattern-making; 
the talon or claw of a bird of prey; 
v.t. to sprinkle with pounce: v.i. to 
fall upon and seize with, or as with, 
the claws. 

pound (pound), n. a standard weight 
= 16 ounces avoirdupois, or l!2 
ounces troy; a monetary unit = 20 
shillings or about $4.86; an inclos- 
ure for confining stray cattle: v.t. to 
shut in or confine in a pound; beat; 
pulverize as in a mortar: v.i. to plod. 

poundage ('aj), n. an allowance of 
so much in the pound. 

pour (por), v.t. to empty, as a liquid, 
out of a vessel; discharge in a con- 
tinuous stream; send forth; give 
vent to; utter: vd, to stream; rush 
tumultuously. 

pourparler (poor-par'la), n. [pi. pour- 
parlers ('laz) ], a diplomatic con- 
sultation preiiminar}^ to a treaty. 

pout (pout), n. 8b poult; a thrusting 
out of the lips; fit of sullenness; a 
kind of codfish: v.i. to thrust out the 
lips in sullenness, contempt, or dis- 
pleasure; look sulky. 



5te, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



POUTER 



681 



PRANCE 



pouter . Cer), n. one who pouts; a 
pigeon. 

poverty (pov'er-ti), n. the state of 
being poor; indigence; necessity; 
penury; deficiency or defect, as of 
words, &c. 

powan (pou'S^n), n. a fish similar to 
the herring, found in Loch Lomond. 

powder ('der), n, any dry substance 
in fine particles; gunpowder; face- 
powder; a medicinal preparation: 
v.t. to reduce to, or sprinkle with, 
powder; salt. 

power (pou'er), n. the faculty of do- 
ing or performing something; abil- 
ity; energy; force; strength; rule or 
authority; dominion; government; 
influence; mental capacity; legal 
authority; ruler or sovereign; state 
or nation; supernatural being or 
agent; force tending to produce mo- 
tion; magnifying power of a leDs; 
the product arising from the multi- 
pHcation of a number or quantity 
into itself. 

powerful (-fool), adj. having great 
power; mighty; forcible; strong; 
efficacious. 

powerfully (-li), adv. in a powerful 
manner. 

pow-wow (pou'wou), n. a North 
American Indian priest or conjurer; 
an incantation accompanied with 
noise and dancing for the cure of 
disease; a noisy political meeting: 
v,i. to conjure; frolic noisily. 

pox (poks), n, an eruptive disease 
characterized by pustules; syphilis. 

pozzuolana (potz-oo-o-la'n§.), n. vol- 
canic ashes used in hydraulic or Ro- 
man cement. 

praam (pram), n. a flat-bottomed 
boat or lighter used in Holland and 
the Baltic. 

practicability (prak-ti-k§,-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state of being practicable. 

practicable ('ti-kS-bl), adj, that may 
be done, used, or passed over ; 
feasible; possible. 

practicably (ti'-k§,-bli), adv. so as 
to be practicable. 

practical ('ti-k§,l), adj. pertaining to 



action or use; useful; capable of ap- 
plying knowledge or theory to prac- 
tice; derived from, or reduced to, 
practice. 

practically (-li), adv. in a practical 
manner. 

practice (prak'tis), n. frequent or 
customary action; dexterity acquired 
by habit; use; exercise of any pro- 
fession; systematic exercise; a rule 
in arithmetic: v.t. to do habitually 
or repeatedly; perform; exercise, as 
a profession: v.i. to form a habit; 
exercise a profession. 

practitioner (-tish'un-er), n. one 
who is engaged in the exercise of 
any profession, especially medicine 
or law. 

prae, see pre. 

praecipe (pres'i-pe), n. a writ requir- 
ing something to be done, or the rea- 
son why it is not performed. 

praenomen (pre-no'men), n. a name 
prefixed to the family name. 

praetor ('ter), n. a Roman magistrate 
ranking next to consul. 

pragmatic (prag-mat'ik), adj. med- 
dling; officious; assuming business 
airs. Also pragmatical. 

pragmatism (prag'ma-tizm), n. a 
modem school of philosophy, which 
offers new theories of meaning, 
truth, and knowledge, and seeks to 
work out a new theory of reality; 
technically ''a new name for some 
old wa^^s of thinking/' 

prairie (pra'ri), n. an extensive treeless 
tract of level or shghtly undulating 
land covered with tall coarse grass. 

prairie-dog (-dog), n. a small bur- 
rowing rodent that fives in commu- 
nities on the prairies. 

praise (praz), n. approbation; com- 
mendation; tribute of gratitude for 
benefits; renowm; applause; object 
or reason of praise: v.t. to bestow 
commendation upon; honor; wor- 
ship; glorify. 

prance (prans), n. a spring or bound: 
v.i. to spring or bound; ride osten- 
tatiously; strut about in a showy 
or beUicose manner. 



Ste, firm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PRANK 



682 



PRECIPICE 



prank (prangk), n. a freak or frolic; 
mischievous trick: v,t. to dress up in 
a showy style; decorate. 

prate (prat), v.i. to prattle; talk 
idly; be loquacious: v.t. to utter 
without sense or meaning: n. tri- 
fling talk. Also prating. 

pratique (pra-tek'), n, a license to a 
ship to trade after quarantine, or 
after a certificate has been given 
that the vessel has not come from 
an infected port. 

prattle (prat'l), n, childish or empty 
talk: v.i, to talk much and lightly; 
chatter. ^ 

prawn (prawn), n, a small marine 
crustacean, allied to the shrimp. 

praxis (prak'sis), n, an example or 
series of examples for exercise. 

pray (pra), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
prayed, p.pr. praying], to ask earn- 
estly; address or petition; ask with 
humility and reverence; supplicate. 

prayer (prar). n. a solemn address 
to the Supreme Being; entreaty; a 
formula of worship; that part of a 
petition which specifies the request 
or desire. 

prayerful ('fool), adj. using prayer; 
devotional. 

prayerfully (-li), adv. in a prayerful 
manner; devoutly. 

prayer-book (-book), n. a manual of 
public or private devotion, con- 
taining forms of prayer. 

pre, a prefix, meaning before, prior 
in time, space, or degree. 

preach (prech), v.i. to pronounce a 
public discourse on a sacred subject, 
especially from a text of Scripture; 
give advice in an offensive or obtru- 
sive manner on religious or moral 
grounds: v.t. to teach publicly. 

preamble (pre'am-bl), n. an intro- 
duction or preface; the opening 
clauses of a statute setting forth the 
reasons and object of the act: com- 
mencing with the word whereas. 

preaudience (-aw'di-ens), n. the 
right of previous audience; preced- 
ence at the bar. 

prebend (preb'end), n. the stipend 



granted to a canon out of the estate 
of a cathedral orcollegiate church. 

precarious (pre-ka'ri-us) , adj. de- 
pending upon the will or pleasure of 
another; uncertain; held by a 
doubtful tenure. 

precaution (pre-kaw'shun), n. cau- 
tion taken beforehand; preventive 
measure. 

precautionary (-a-ri), adj. contain- 
ing, or proceeding from, precaution. 

precede (pre-sed'), v.t. to go before 
in time, place, rank, or importance. 

precedence (-se'dens), n. the act of 
going before in time, rank, &c. ; pri- 
ority; relative rank in social eti- 
quette. Also precedency. 

precedent ('dent), adj. going before; 
anterior: n, (pres'e-dent) something 
previously said or done, serving as 
an example to be followed; a pa al- 
lel case in the past. 

preceding (pre-sed'ing), p. adj. going 
before; antecedent; former. 

precentor (-sen'ter), n. the leader of 
a cathedral choir, &c. ; the leader of 
the psalmody in a Presbyterian 
church. 

precept (pre'sept),n. an authoritative 
command; rule of action or moral 
conduct; maxim; written mandate. 

preceptor ('ter), n. an instructor or 
teacher. Fern, preceptress. 

preceptory (-sep'to-ri) , adj. giving 
or containing, precepts: n. a college 
or religious house of the Knights 
Templars. 

precession (-sesh'un), n. a going for- 
ward, especially the slow but con- 
tinual shifting of the equinoctial 
points along the ecliptic from east 
to west {precession of the equi- 
noxes) . 

precinct (pre'singkt), n. an outward 
limit or boundary; minor territorial 
district. 

precious (presh'us), adj. of great 
price or value; costly; highly es- 
teemed; worthless {in irony). 

precipice (pres'i-pis), n. a steep 
descent, especially one nearly or 
quite perpendicular. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thou. 



PRECIPITANCE 



683 



PREDIGESTION 



precipitance (pre-sip'i-t§.ns), n. 
haste in resolving or carrying out a 
purpose. Also precipitancy. 

precipitant Ci-t§,nt), adj. falling head- 
long; hasty: n. any chemical sub- 
stance that causes something held 
in solution by a liquid to tall down 
in a solid state. 

precipitate (-sip'i-tat), v.t to throw 
headlong; urge on violently; hurry 
on rashly, thoughtlessly, or unex- 
pectedly; throw to the bottom of a 
vessel: v.i. to fall to the bottom of 
a vessel: adj. headlong: over hasty; 
rash; falling, flowing, or rushing 
headlong: n. a substance precipi- 
tated. 

precipitately (-li), adv. in a precipi- 
tate manner. 

precipitation (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of precipitating; rash haste; that 
which is precipitated. 

precipitous ('i-tus), adj. very steep; 
headlong; rash; hasty. 

precise (pre-sis'), ddj. exact; strict; 
accurate; definite; adhering rigidly 
to rule; punctilious. 

precisely ('h), adv. in a precise man- 
ner. 

preciseness ('nes), n. the quality of 
being precise. 

precisian (-sizh'S^n), n. a punctilious 
or over-precise person. 

preclude (-klood'), v.t. to shut out; 
hinder from access;' obviate; pre- 
vent. 

preclusion (-kloo'zhim), n. the act 
of precluding; the state of being 
precluded. 

preclusive ('siv), adj. precluding or 
tending to preclude. 

preclusively (-li), adv. in a preclu- 
sive manner. 

precocious (-ko'shus), adj. prema- 
turely ripe or developed; pertly for- 
ward. 

precocity (-kos'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being precocious; prema- 
ture development. Also precocious- 
ness. 

precognition (-kog-nish'un), n. pre- 
vious knowledge or thought. 



precursor (-ker'ser), n. one who, or 
that which, precedes; forerunner; 
omen. 

precursory ('so-ri), adj. indicating 
something that is to happen or fol- 
low. 

predacious (da'shus), adj. living by 
prey. 

predatory (pred'^-to-ri), adj. rapa- 
cious; plundering; pillaging. 

predecessor (pre-de-ses'er), n. one 
who has preceded another in the 
same office, business, position, &c.; 
an ancestor. 

predestinarian (-des-ti-na'ri-§,n), adj. 
pertaining to predestination: n. 
one who beheves in the doctrine of 
predestination. 

predestinate ('ti-nat), v.t. to ordain 
beforehand by an unchangeable 
purpose. 

predestination (-na'shun), n. the 
act of foreordaining; the doctrine 
that God has from all eternity de- 
creed whatever comes to pass, espe- 
cially, by an unchangeable purpose, 
the eternal life or death of man. 

predicability (pred-i-k§,-biri-ti), n. 
the state or quahty of being predica- 
ble. 

predicable ('i-k^-bl), adj. capable of 
being predicated: n. in logic, a term 
that can be predicated of others, 
and noting genus, species, difference, 
property, or accident. 

predicament (pre-dik'§.-ment), n. in 
logic, a category; a peculiar situa- 
tion; critical condition or state. 

predicate ('i-kat), v.t. to affirm one 
thing of another; found: n. in logic, 
that which is affirmed or denied of 
the subject. 

predication (-ka'shun), n. affirma- 
tion. 

predicative (-tiv), adj. affirmative. 

prediction (prendik'shun), n. the 
declaration of a future event; 
prophecy. 

predictor ('ter), n. one who predicts 
or foretells. 

predigestion (pre-di-jes'chun), n. the 
peptonizing of food by artfficial 



ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
• book; hue. hut; thinks thej^ 



PREDILECTION 



684 



PREMATURE 



means before eating, thereby avoid- 
ing irritation of the stomach. 

predilection (pre-di-lek'shun), n. pre- 
ference beforehand; prepossession; 
partiahty. 

predispose (-dis-poz'), v.L to incline 
beforehand; adapt previously. 

predisposition (-po-zish'un), n. pre- 
vious inchnation or propensity; 
prejudice. 

predominancy (-dom'i-nan-si), n. 
prevalence over others; superiority 
in strength, power, authority, &c. 
Also predominance. 

predominant ('i-nant), adj. having 
superior influence, &c.; superior; 
controlling. 

predominate ('i-nat), v.L to be su- 
perior in strength, power, authority, 
&c.; prevail; be ascendant. 

predomination (-na'shun), n. the 
act or state of predominating. 

preempt (pre-empt'), v-t, to secin^e 
or occupy by preemption; establish 
a right or claim to before others. 

preemption (-emp'shun), n, the act 
or right of purchasing before others. 

preen (pren), n. a forked instrument 
used in cloth dressing: v.t, to 
cleanse, trim, and compose with the 
beak, as birds. 

preface (pref'as), n, the introduction 
to a book, &c.;^ preamble: v.t. to in- 
troduce by preliminary remarks: v.i. 
to say or do something introductory. 

prefatory ('&-to-ri), adj, pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, a preface; 
introductory. 

prefect (pre'fekt), n. a civil magis- 
trate or governor; commander; 
monitor; the civil governor of a de- 
partment in France. 

prefecture (-tur), n. the office, jurisdic- 
tion, or official residence of a prefect. 

prefer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.-p, pre- 
ferred, p.pr. preferring], to regard 
or esteem more than something else; 
present; place in advance. 

preference ^ (pref'er-ens), n. the act 
of preferring; the thing preferred; 
choice of one thing more than anoth- 
er; predilection. 



preferential (-en'sh§,l), ad], having 
a preference. 

preferment (pre-fer'ment), n. pro- 
motion, especially in the church. 

preferrer ('er), n. one who prefers. 

prefe (pre'fiks), n. a letter, word, or 
syllable placed at the beginning of a 
word: v.t. (pre-fiks') to place before 
or at the beginning of. 

pregnancy (preg'nan-si), n. the state 
of being pregnant; inventive power. 

pregnant ('nant), adj, ^ being witii 
young; fruitful; teeming; fertile, 
full of importance or significance. 

prehensible (pre-hen'si-bl), adj, that 
may be seized. 

prehensile Csil), adj. adapted for 
holding or seizing. 

prehension ('shun), n. a taking hold. 

prejudice (prej'u-dis), n. previous 
and unfavorable bias; prejudgment 
without ^ due examination; detri- 
ment; injury: v.t.^ to prepossess 
against; bias the mind of;^ create a 
prejudice against; hurt, impair or 
damage in any way. 

prejudicial (-dish'll), adj. disadvan- 
tageous; injurious. 

prejudicially (-li), adv. injuriously. 

prelacy (prel'a-si), n. the office or 
status of a prelate; episcopacy: 
bishops collectively. 

prelate ('at), n. an ecclesiastical dig- 
nitary having episcopal authority. 

prelatic (pre-lat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, prelates or 
prelacy. Also prelatical. 

prelection (-lek'shun), n. a lecture, 
&c., read before students or others. 

prelector ('ter), n. a lecturer. 

preliminary (-lim'i-na-ri), adj. pre- 
ceding the main discourse or busi- 
ness; introductory: n. an introduc- 
tion; something preceding. 

prelude (prel'ud, or pre'lud), n. a 
short piece of music played as an 
introduction to a larger piece; pref- 
ace: v.t. to serve as a prelude to; 
precede. 

prelusory (pre-lu'so-ri), adj. mtro- 
ductory. 

premature (pre-m^-tur'), adj. ripe 



&te, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



PREMEDITATE 



685 



PRESBYTERIANISM 



before the proper time; arriving, 
occurring, or done, before the 
proper time. 

premeditate (-med'i-tat), v.t. to 
design, conceive, or deliberate, 
beforehand. 

premeditation (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of premeditating. 

premier (prem'i-er), or pre'mi-er), 
adj.^Tst; chief :n.the prime minister. 

premiership (-ship), n. the office or 
dignity of prime ninister. 

premise (pre-miz'), v.L to explain 
previously; lay down as proposi- 
tions to reason from: v.i. to state 
antecedent propositions: n. fprem'- 
is) a proposition antecedently as- 
sumed and laid down: pi. the two 
propositions of a syllogism in logic, 
the major and minor, from which 
the conclusion is drawn. (Also 
premises); a building and its ad- 
juncts; foregoing statements of 
facts of a deed of conveyance. 

premium (pre'mi-um), n. a recom- 
pense or reward; prize or bounty; 
bonus; payment for insurance value 
above the original price or par of 
stock, &c. 

premonitory (-mon'i-to-ri), adj, giv- 
ing warning beforehand. 

preoccupy (pre-ok'u-pi), v.t, to take 
prior possession of; to occupy to the 
exclusion of another; to occupy 
beforehand. 

preparation (prep-a-ra'shun), n. the 
act of preparing or fitting for a par- 
ticular purpose; state of being pre- 
pared; readiness; a part of an ani- 
mal body prepared for anatomical 
use; that which is prepared or made 
ready, as a medicine, &c. 

preparative (pre-par'a-tiv) ,acy .tend- 
ing to prepare or make ready. Also 
preparatory :n.that which prepares. 

preparatively (-li), adv, by prepa- 
ration. 

preparatory (-par'a-to-ri) , adj. pre- 
viously necessary; introductory. 

prepare (pre-parO, v.t. to make ready 
for; to make adaptable; to arrange: 
v.i. to get things ready. 



prepared (pre'pard), p.adj, in readi- 
ness. 

prepense (-pens'), adj. premeditated. 

preponderance (-pon'der-ans), n. 
superiority of weight, power, force, 
or influence. 

preponderant (-ant), adj. outweigh- 
ing. 

preponderate f''der-at), v.t. to out- 
weigh; exceed in powder or influence: 
v.i. to incline to one side. 

preposition (prep-o-zizh'un), n. a 
word placed before a noun or pro- 
noun to indicate its relation to some 
other word in the sentence. 

prepositional (-al), adj, pertaining 
to a preposition. 

prepositionally (-li), adv, like a 
preposition. 

prepositive ('pre-pos'i-tiv), a(f/.placed 
before: n. a word or particle placed 
before another word. 

prepossess (-poz-es'), v.t, to occupy 
beforehand; bias. 

prei>ossessing ('ing), p.adj. tending 
to win or secure favor, attractive. 

prepossession (-zesh'un), n. prior 
possession; preconceived opinion or 
judgment. 

preposterous t-pos'ter-us), adj. con- 
trary to nature or reason; ridicu- 
lous; absurd. 

prerogative (-rog'a-tiv), n. an ex- 
clusive or peculiar privilege, espe- 
cially of a sovereign. 

presage (pres'aj), n. a foreboding or 
presentiment: v.t, (pre-saj'), to 
forebode; predict. 

presbyopia (-bi-o'pi-a), n. long-sight- 
edness while near objects are indi& 
tinctly seen, caused by a change in 
the refractive power of the eye, due 
to the flattening of the lens. 

presbyter (pres'bi-ter), n. an elder, 
minister, or priest; an elder with 
authority to rule in the early Chris- 
tian church. 

Presbyterian (-bi-te'ri-an), n. one of 
a religious body governed by pres- 
byters: adj. pertaining to a presby- 
ter, or to the Presbyterian Church. 

Presbyterianism (-izm), n. the sys- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PRESBYTERY 



686 



PRESS 



tern of church government by pres- 
byters, all of whom are regarded as 
having equal rank and function. 

presbytery ('bi-ter-i), n. in the early 
Christian church, a body of elders; 
in the Presbyterian Church, a court 
composed of the pastors and ruling 
elders of the churches in a given 
district ; such district so represented. 

prescience (pre'shiens), n. fore- 
knowledge. 

prescient ('shient), adj, foreknowing. 

prescribe (-skrib'), v.t. to set down 
authoritatively; direct medically; 
appoint: v.i. to write medical direc- 
tions; give law; claim by prescrip- 
tion. 

prescript ('skript), adj, prescribed; 
directed: n, a direction; prescrip- 
tion. 

prescription (-skrip'shun), n, the 
act of prescribing; the thing pre- 
scribed; a written direction for the 
preparation of a medicine; recipe; 
custom or title continued until it 
has acquired the force of law. 

presence (prez'ens), n. the state or 
quahty of being present; quickness 
at expedients;^ approach face to 
face; society; mien. 

present ('ent), adj. being in a cer- 
tain place; at hand or in sight; at 
this time; not past or future; in- 
stant or immediate: n. the present 
time; a gift or donation: pL what 
is written in a document or con- 
veyance now present or referred to: 
vX. (pre-zentO, to introduce to a 
superior; exhibit ^ to view; offer; 
give formally; point or aim, as a 
gun; appoint to an ecclesiastical 
benefice; lay before for considera- 
tion. 

presentation (prez-en-ta'shun), n. 
the act of presenting; representa- 
tion; the right or act of present- 
ing to an ecclesiastical benefice; po- 
sition of a child at parturition. 

presentative ('t§.-tiv), adj, having 
the right of presentation; directly 
apprehending or apprehended by 
the mind. 



presentee (-en-te'), n, one who is 
presented to an ecclesiastical bene- 
fice. 

presentient (-sen'shient), adj, hav- 
ing previous perception. 

presentiment ^ ('ti-ment), n, previ- 
ous apprehension of something about 
to come or happen (usually of im- 
pending evil). 

presently (prez'ent-li), adv, ere long. 

presentment (pre-zent'ment), n. the 
act of presenting;^ the thing pre- 
sented; representation; notice taken 
of an offense by a grand jury from 
their personal knowledge; formal 
information to the lord of a manor 
by his tenants. 

preservable (-zer'v§;-bl), adj. that 
may be preserved. 

preservation (prez-er-va'shun), n. 
the act of preserving; the state of 
being preserved from injury or de- 
cay. 

preservative (pre-z er 'v§.-tiv) , adj, 
having the power of preserving: n, 
that which preserves. Also preser- 
vatory. 

preserve (-zerv'), v.t, to keep from 
injury; defend; uphold; save; keep 
in a sound state; season with sugar 
for preservation: n, fruit, &c., sea- 
soned and kept in sugar; a place set 
apart for preserving game. 

preside (pre-zid'), v.L to direct or 
control, especially at a pubhc meet- 
ing; superintend. 

presidency^ (prez'i-den-si), n. the of- 
fice, dignity, term, jurisdiction, or 
residence of a president; one of the 
three principal divisions of British 
India. 

president ('i-dent), n. one who pre- 
sides over a corporation or assem- 
bly; the highest officer of a repub- 
lic; the chief officer of a college, 
university, or society. 

presidential (-den'shil), adj, per- 
taining to a president. 

press (pres), v.t. to urge; squeeze or 
crush strongly; hug or embrace; 
compel; crowd upon; distress; hur- 
ry; make smooth, as cloth, &c.; 



Ste, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PRESS-GANG 



687 



PREVALENT 



formerly, to force for service into 
the navy: v.i, to exert pressure; 
move forward forcibly; crowd: n, 
an instrument or machine for com- 
pressing anything; a printing ma- 
chine; newspaper and periodical 
literature; hterature generally; a 
crowd; act of urging forward; pres- 
sure; urgency; a closet with shelves; 
wine vat. 

press-gang ('gang), n. a detachment 
from a ship's crew to force men into 
the navy. 

pressing ('ing), p.adj\ urgent; im- 
portunate. 

pressman ('m§,n), n. a printer who 
works at the press and impresses 
the sheets; a journalist. 

prestidigitation (-ti-dij'i-ta'shun), n. 
sleight of hand; legerdemain. Also 
prestigiation. 

prestige ('tij, or -tezh'), n. moral 
influence due to past reputation, 
achievements &c. 

presume (pre-zum'), v.t. to take for 
granted on probable grounds; sup- 
pose: v.i. to venture without actual 
leave; form confident or arrogant 
opinions; behave^ with overconfi- 
dence or presimaption. 

piesumption (-zump'shim), n. the 
act of presuming; the thing pre- 
sumed; strong probability; arro- 
gance or overconfidence; the as- 
sumption of the credibiHty of cer- 
tain facts from circumstantial evi- 
dence. 

presumptive ('tiv), adj. taken by 
previous supposition; pro\4ng cir- 
cumstantially ; arrogant . 

presumptively (-li), adv. in a pre- 
sumptive manner. 

presumptuous ('tu-us), adj. bold 
and confident to excess; arrogant; 
wiKul; rash. 

presuppose (pre-sup-oz'), v.t. to take 
for granted; imply as antecedent. 

presupp>osition (-o-zish'un), n. a 
supposition previously formed. Also 
presupposal. 

pretend (-tend'), v.t. to allege or 
put forward falsely; make a show 



of; simulate; counterfeit; assert: 
v.i. to put forward a claim, true or 
false. 

pretended (-ten'ded), p. adj. ostensi- 
ble; feigned. 

pretender ('er), n. one who lays 
claim to an>i:liing under the guise 
of a right; one who makes a show 
of anything not real. 

pretense (-tens'), n. false or hypo- 
critical profession; imfounded claim; 
pretext. 

pretension (-ten'shun), n. a claim, 
true or false; assumed right. 

pretentious ('shus), adj. assuming 
an air of superiority. 

preter, a prejix meaning heyond, 
morej besides, as preternatural, <fcc. 

preterit (pret'er-it), adj. past; not- 
ing the tense which expresses past 
or completed time or action. Also 
preterite: n. the past tense. 

pretext (pre'tekst), n. a pretense or 
excuse; ostensible motive put for- 
ward to conceal the real one. 

pretor. Same as praetor. 

prettily (prit'i-h), adv. in a pretty 
manner; pleasingly and elegantly. 

prettiness (-nes), n. the quality of 
being pretty; attractiveness without 
dignity; neatness with taste; agree- 
able manner. 

pretty ('i),^ adj, [comp. prettier, su- 
perl. prettiest], pleasing without be- 
ing absolutely beautiful; pleasing; 
neatly arranged or ornamented; 
trimj moderately large or excellent; 
fine: adv. fairl}-; moderately; tol- 
erably. 

pretzel (pret'zel), n. a hard wheaten 
biscuit, made in the form of a knot 
and salted on the surface. 

prevail (pre-val'), v.i. to overcome; 
gain the advantage; operate effec- 
tually; obtain influence or superiori- 
ty; persuade (with on). 

prevalence (prev-i^'lens), adj. supe- 
rior strength, influence, or eflScacy; 
preponderance; general diffusion. 
Also prevalency. 

prevalent ('lent), adj. powerful; pre- 
dominant; victorious; most general. 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PREVARICATE 



688 



PRIME 



prevaricate (pre-var'i-kat), v.i. to 
evade the truth; quibble. 

prevarication (-ka'shun) n. a quib- 
bling to evade the truth; deviation 
from truth or fair dealing. 

prevaricator^ (-var'i-ka-ter), n. one 
who prevaricates. 

prevent (-vent') v,t, to hinder, ob- 
struct, or impede; obviate; precede 
(as in prayer-book, ^^ prevent us O 
Lord"). 

prevention (-ven'shun), n, the act 
of preventing; hindrance or obstruc- 
tion. 

preventive Ctiv), adj. tending to 
prevent:;^, that which prevents. 

preventorium (-to'ri-um), n, an in- 
stitution for treatment to ward off 
the development of various diseases 
in persons who have tendencies to 
those diseases. 

previous (Vi-us), adj. going before; 
anterior. 

prevision (-vizh'un), n. foreknowledge. 

prey^ (pra), n. plunder; booty; that 
which may be, or is, seized by a 
wild beast for food: v.i, [p.L & p.p. 
preyed, p.pr, preying], to take 
booty or plunder; seize and devour 
an^ animal as prey; weigh heavily 
(with on or upon), 

price (pris), n. the current value of 
Sb commodity; cost; value; recom- 
pense. 

priceless (les), adj. invaluable. 

prick (prik), n. a puncture; dot or 
point; slender pointed instrument; 
a. sharp stinging pain; thorn; goad; 
Temorse; mall roll; footprint of a 
liare or deer: v.t. to pierce with, or 
as with, a prick; puncture. 

pricking Cing), n. the act of piercing 
with a sharp point; sensation of a 
sharp, tingling pain. 

prickle (1), n, a sharp point grow- 
ing from the bark of a plant. 

prickliness ('h-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being prickly. 

prickly (li), adv. full of prickles. 

prier (pri'er), n. one who pries. 

priest (prest), n. an ecclesiastic in 
full orders, below a bishop and 



above a deacon; one who officiates 
in sacred offices, especially by of- 
fering sacrifice. Fem. priestess. 

priestcraft ('kraft), n. the policy 
pursued by priests for the aggran- 
dizement of their order and material 
interests. 

priesthood (-hood), n. the priestly 
order; office or character of a priest, 

priestly ('li), adj. pertaining to, or 
befitting, a priest; sacerdotal. 

priestliness ('li-nes), n.^ the appear- 
ance or manner of a priest. 

prig (prig), ^. a conceited fellow who 
who gives himself airs of wisdom: v.t, 
[p.L Sc p.p. prigged, p.pr. prigging], 
to dress up; primp; prink. 

priggish ('ish), adj. conceited. 

priggism ('izm), n. the manners of 
a prig. 

prim (prim), adj. precise; affectedly 
nice; formally neat: v.t. to deck 
with affected nicety; make prim. 

prima (pre'm?.), adj. first {Fem.) 
[Italian]. 

primacy (pri'm^-si), n. the office or 
dignity of a primate. 

prima donna (pre'ml, don'§.), n. the 
principal female singer in an opera. 

primage (prim'aj), n a small allow- 
ance paid to the captain and crew 
of a vessel for loading or unloading 
a cargo, &c. 

primal ('M), adj. first. 

primarily (pri'm§,-ri-H), adv. in the 
first place; originally. ^ 

primary ('m§,-ri), adj. in the first or- 
der of time, place, or rank; chief: 
original; principal; preparatory: n. 
that which is first in rank, place, or 
importance: pi. large quill feathers 
on the last joint of a bird's wing. 

primary colors (kul'erz), n.pL red, 
yellow, blue. 

primary rocks (roks), n.pl. rocks 
in which no organic remains occur. 

primate ('mat), n. the highest dig- 
nitary in a national chinrch; arch- 
bishop. 

prime (prim), adj. first in order of 
rank, time, or importance; original; 
early; excellent: n. the spring of 



Ste, arm, &sk. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booiii 
book; hiie, hut; think, then. 



PRIMELY 



689 



PRIORATE 



life; first or best part; beginning 
or dawn; height of perfection; the 
first canonical hour: v.t. to prepare 
for firing, as a gun; lay the first 
coat of paint on: v.i to serve for the 
charge of a gun; convey water with 
the steam to the cylinder of an en- 
gine from the boiler. ^ 

primely ('li), adv, originally; excel- 
lently. 

primencss ('nes), n. supreme excel- 
lence. 

prime number (num'ber), n. a num- 
ber not divisible mthout remainder 
by any number except itseK and 
unity. 

primer (prim'er), n. a manual of 
elementary instruction; a small 
prayer book; one of two sizes of 
type, long primer and great '[ynmer 
(see type). 

primeval (pri-me-v§,l), adj. of the 
earhest age or time; original. 

prime vally (-li), adv. in primeval 
times. 

priming (prim'ing), n. the first coat 
of paint; powder in the nipple of 
a firearm. 

primitive (prim'i-tiv), cd^*. pertain- 
ing to the beginning; original; not 
derivative; old-fashioned: n. a word 
in its simplest form and not derived 
from another. 

primitively (-li), adv, originally. 

primitiveness (-nes), n. the state or 
quaUty of being primitive. 

primogeniture (pri-mo-jen'i-tur), n. 
seniority of birth; right of the eld- 
est son to succeed to real estate. 

primordial (-mor'di-M), adj, exist- 
ing from the beginning; first in or- 
der; original: n. first principle or 
element. 

primp, (primp), v.t. to deck (one's 
self j m a prim or affected manner; 
prink. 

primrose (prim'roz), n. an early 
spring flower of a pale yellow color, 
of several species: adj. pale yellow. 

prince (prins), n. a ruler or sover- 
eign; the son of a king or sovereign; 
the chief of a body of men. 



prince consort (kon'sort), n, the 
husband of a female sovereign. 

princely ('li), ac/j. resembling, or be- 
fitting, a prince; ro^^al; high-born; 
dignified; magnificent. 

princess (prin'ses), n. the daughter 
of a sovereign; the wife of a prince. 

princess royal (roi'M), n. the eldest 
daughter of a sovereign. 

principal (prin'si-pal), adj. occupy- 
ing the first place or rank; chief in 
character, degree, or importance; 
essential: n. a principal person or 
thing; one who takes the lead; the 
chief in authority; head of a firm; 
a capital sum lent at interest. 

principality (-si-paFi-ti), n. the ter- 
ritory of a prince; the country from 
Vrhich he derives his title; royal 
state; supreme power. 

principally ('si-p^l-li), adv. chiefly. 

principia (-sip'i-^), n.pZ. first prin- 
ciples [Latin]. 

principle ('si-pl), n. source of ori- 
gin; element; fundamental truth or 
doctrine; settled rule or law of ac- 
tion or conduct; reason; foundation 
of morality or religion; uprightness: 
v.t, to establish firmly in the mind. 

prink (pringk), v.t. to dress up, or 
deck out, in a showy or ostentatious 
fashion; arrange with nicety. 

print (print), n. a mark or character 
made by' impression; impression of 
type; anything that being impressed 
leaves its form on any substance; 
anything produced by printing, as a 
newspaper, engraving, &c.: pi. en- 
gravings; printed cotton cloth: v.t. 
to impress; fix or stamp deeply: v.u 
to practice the art of printing; pub- 
lish books. 

printing ('ing), n. the art or act of 
impressing figures or characters on 
paper, &c.; typography; the busi- 
ness of a printer. 

prior (pri'er), adj. coming before, in 
time; former: adv. previously: n. the 
head of a priory or monastery, next 
in rank below an abbot. Fern, prioress. 

priorate (-at), n. the office, dignity, 
or government of a prior. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PRIORITY 



690 



PROBLEM 



priority (-or'i-ti), n. the state of be- 
ing first in rank, time, or place; 
first claim. 

priory ('er-i), n. [pL priories (-iz)], 
a religious house, in dignity below 
an abbey. 

prism (prizm), n. a solid whose bases 
are similar, equal, and parallel, and 
whose sides are parallelograms; an 
instrument of solid glass with tri- 
angular ends. 

prismatic (priz-mat'ik), adj, per- 
taining to, like, formed by, or 
separated by, a prism. Also pris- 
matical. 

prismatic colors (kul'erz), n.pl. the 
seven ^ colors into which a ray of 
light is decomposed when refracted 
from a prism. 

prison (priz'n), n. a public building 
for the confinement of criminals, 
&c.; jail; any place of confinement 
or detention: v.t. to imprison. 

pristine (pris'tin), adj. pertaining to 
an early period; first; original; 
primitive. 

prithee (prii/i'e), corruption of **I 
pray thee.'^ 

prittle-prattle (prit'l-pratl), n, tri- 
fling talk; loquacity. 

privacy (priv'a-si, or priv'^-si), n, a 
state of retirement; place of seclu- 
sion; secrecy. 

private (pri'vat), adj. pecuHar to 
one's self; personal; alone; secret; 
not public; secluded; unofficial: n, 
a common soldier. 

privately (-H), adv, in a private 
manner. 

privateness (-nes), n. the state of 
being private; privacy; seclusion. 

privateer (-v§.-terO, n. a private ves- 
sel hcensed by the government to 
seize and plunder the ships of an 
enemy: vd. to cruise in a privateer. 

privation (-va'shun), n. the state of 
being deprived of something, espe- 
cially of the necessaries of life; des- 
titution; hardship; absence. 

privative (priv'a-tiv), adj, causing 
privation;^ taking away; negative: 
n, that which depends on the absence 



of something else; a prefix or suffix^ 
noting absence or negation. 

privatively (-li), adv. in a privative 
manner. 

privet (priv'et), n. an evergreen 
shrub. 

privilege ('i-lej), n. a law, or exemp- 
tion from the common provisions of 
a law, in favor of an individual or a 
body; pecuhar advantage, right, or 
immimity; prerogative: v.t. to in- 
vest with a privilege; exempt. 

privity (l-ti), n. joint knowledge; 
secrecy. 

privy (1), adj. private; secret: clan- 
destine; admitted to the knowledge 
of something secret (with to): n. a 
person having an interest in a legal 
action; a necessary house. 

prize (priz), n. a reward gained in a 
competition, lottery, &c. ; that which 
is taken from an enemy in war, es- 
pecially a captured vessel; a lever 
used for forcing or raising heavy 
bodies, &c.: v.t. to value; esteem; 
to force with a lever. 

prize-fight ('fit), n. a boxing match 
for stakes. 

pro, a prejix meaning before, in the 
place ofy forth, forward, as pro and 
con, for and against, or both sides of 
an argument, &c. 

probability (prob-§.-biri-ti), n. ap- 
pearance of truth; likelihood. 

probate (pro 'bat), n. the official 
proof of wills; the official copy of a 
will with the certfficate of its having 
been proved. 

probation (-ba'shun), n. the act of 
proving; evidence; proo^; moral 
trial; novitiate; trial of abilities 
prior to election, &c., to office or 
employment. 

probationary {-k-Ti), adj. serving 
for probation or trial. Also proba- 
tional. 

probe (prob), n. a surgical instru- 
ment for examining a wound: v.t. 
to examine with a probe ; scrutinize. 

probity (prob'i-ti), n. integrity; sin- 
cerity. 

problem (lem), n. a question for so^ 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PROBLEMATICAL 



691 



PRODIGAL 



lution; a proposition requiring some- 
thing to be demonstrated. 

problematical (-at'i-kal), adj. ques- 
tionable; doubtful. 

problematically (-K), adv, doubt- 
fully. 

proboscis (pro-bos'is), n. the trunk 
of an elephant; the elongated snout 
of certain animals and insects. 

procedure (-sed'ur), n. manner of 
proceeding; conduct; process. 

proceed (-sed'), v.i. to pass from one 
step or place to another; advance; 
issue; make progress; be produced; 
carry on a legal process: n.yl. money 
resulting from a commercial trans- 
action. 

proceeding ('ing), n. advancement; 
course of conduct; transaction; op- 
eration: pi. legal process; transac- 
tions of a learned or scientific society. 

process (pros'es), n, progressive 
course; series of measures or changes; 
operation; projection on a bone; pro- 
ceedings in a legal action. 

procession (pro-sesh'un), n. a train 
of persons in a formal march. 

processional ^ (-^1), adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting in, a procession: n. 
a book relating to the ritual t6 be 
observed in the processions of the 
Roman Catholic church. 

proclaim (-klam'), v.t. to announce 
officially; publish; outlaw by pubhc 
proclamation. 

proclamation (prok-l^-ma'shun), n. 
an official announcement to the pub- 
lic; edict. 

proclivity (pro-klivl-ti), n. an in- 
clination; tendency. 

proclivous (-kli'vus), adj. inclined; 
slanting forward and upward or 
downward: as, proclivous teeth. 

proconsul (-kon'sul), n. a Roman 
official who governed a province; a 
magistrate invested with consular 
authority without the office. 

proconsular (-ar), adj. pertaining 
to, or governed by, a proconsul. 

proconsulate (-at), n. the jurisdic- 
tion, office, or term of office, of a 
proconsul. 



procrastinate (-kras'ti-nat), v.t. to 
put off to a future time; defer: v.i. 
to be dilatory. 

procrastination (-na'shun), n. delay. 

procrastinator ('ti-na-ter), n. one 
who delaj^s. 

procreate (Icre-at), v.t. to generate 
and produce; beget. 

procreation (-a 'shun), n. the beget- 
ting and production of young. 

procreative ('kre-a-tiv), adj. genera- 
tive. 

procreativeness (-nes), n. the power 
of generating. 

procreator (-ter), n. one who begets. 

Procrustean (-krus'te-an), adj. per- 
taining to Procrustes, a fabled rob- 
ber of ancient Greece, who tortm-ed 
his victims by stretching them on 
an iron bed to which their hmbs 
were made to fit by mutilation: 
hence strict conformity to a meas- 
ure or standard by violent means. 

proctor (prok'ter), n. one employed 
to manage the affairs of another; 
an attorney in an ecclesiastical, ad- 
miralty, 'or probate court; a univer- 
sity official charged with the main- 
tenance of university regulations. ^ 

proctorial (-to-ri'M), adj. pertaining 
to a proctor. 

procumbent (-kumlDent), adj. lying 
down, prostrate; traihng. 

procurable (-ku'r4-bl) , adj. obtainable. 

procuration (prok-u-ra'shun), n. the 
act of obtaining young women for 
immoral purposes. 

procurator ('u-ra-ter), n. one who 
manages another's affairs, especially 
legal interests. 

procure (pro-kur'), v.t. to get or ob- 
tain; cause. 

procurer ('er), n. one who procures; 
one who engages in the business of 
procuration. Fern, procuress. 

prod (prod), n. a goad; prick: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. prodded, p.pr. prodding], 
to goad. 

prodigal ('i-gal), adj. extravagant in 
expenditure; lavish; wasteful: n. a 
spendthrift; one who is lavish or 
wasteful. 



ate, arm, iisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinks ^/len. 



PRODIGALITY 



692 



PROFLIGACY 



prodigality ('i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being prodigal; extrava- 
gance; iavishness. 

prodigious (-dij'us), adj. enormous; 
adapted to excite wonder. 

prodigy (prod'i-ji), n. anything won- 
derful or extraordinary; a miracle; 
portent. 

produce (pro-dus'), v.t, to exhibit or 
bring to view; yield or bring forth; 
manufacture; extend: n. (prod'us) 
that which is yielded or brought 
forth; result. 

producible (pro-dus'i-bl), adj, capa- 
ble of being produced. 

product (prod'ukt), n. that which is 
produced by nature, or made by art; 
work; result; the result of multiply- 
ing two or more numbers together. 

production (pro-duk'shun), n. that 
which is produced; act of produc- 
ting; fruit; result. 

productive ('tiv), adj. having the 
power of producing; generative; fer- 
tile. 

productively (-li), adv, in a produc- 
tive manner. 

productiveness (-nes), n. quahty of 
being productive. 

proem Cem), n. a preface or intro- 
duction. 

profanation (prof-&-na'shun) , n. the 
act of treating sacred things with 
disrespect or irreverence; desecra- 
tion. 

profane (pro-fan'), adj. secular; ir- 
reverent; irreligious; blasphemous: 
v.t. to treat v/ith irreverence; dese- 
crate; violate (holy things); put to 
an improper use. 

profanely ('li), adv. in a profane 
manner. 

profaneness (-nes), n. irreverence 
toward holy things; blasphemy. 
Also profanity. 

profess (-fesO, v.t. to make open 
declaration of; acknowledge or 
avow; declare publicly." 

professed (-fesf), p. adj. openly de- 
clared. 

profession (-fesh'un), n. the act of 
professing; open declaration or 



avowal; calling or vocation, espe- 
cially one that requires a learned 
education; collective body of per- 
sons in a profession; the formal en- 
trance of a novice into a religious 
order under a sacred vow. 

professional (-al), adj. pertaining 
to a profession: n. one who makes 
his living by his art, as distinguished 
from an amateur. 

professionalism (-izm), n. the cul- 
tivation of athletic sports for pe- 
cuniary considerations. 

professionally (-li), adv. in a pro- 
fessional manner. 

professor ('er), n. one who makes 
an outward profession of religion; 
one who pubhcly teaches any branch 
of knowledge. 

professorate (pro-fes'er-at), n. pro- 
fessional staff. 

professorial (-so'ri-M), adj. pertain- 
ing to orofessors. 

professorship (pro-fes'er-ship), n. 
the office or position of a professor. 

proffer (prof-er), v.t. to offer for ac- 
ceptance; tender: n. an offer made. 

proficiency (pro-fish'en-si), n. de- 
gree of advancement in any branch 
of knowledge, science, or art. 

proficient Cent), adj. thoroughly 
qualified, or skilled: n. an expert, 
or adept. 

profile Cfil), n. a head or portrait 
in a side view, outline or contour, 
especially of a building in vertical 
section: v,t. draw in profile. 

profilist ('fil-ist), n. an artist who 
draws profiles. 

profit (profit), n. pecuniary gain; 
benefit or advantage; emolument: 
v.t. to benefit; improve: vA. to be of 
advantage; make improvement. 

profitable (-^-bl), adj. yielding or 
bringing profit; lucrative. 

profitableness (-nes), n. the quality 
of being profitable. 

profitably (-bli), adv. with profit. 

profiteer, n. a mercenary speculator, 
especially in public necessities. 

profligacy Cli-gi,-si), n. a profligate 
course of life. Also profligateness. 



5te, arm, ILsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue^ hut; think, then. 



PROFLIGATE 



693 



PROLIX 



profligate ('li-gat), adj. abandoned 
to vice; dissolute; openly vicious. 

profligately (-li), adv. in a profligate 
manner. 

profound (pr5-foundO, adj. deep in 
skill or knowledge; abstruse; deep; 
intense. 

profundity (fun'di-ti), n. depth of 
place, knowledge, skill, &c. 

profuse (-fusO, adj, liberal to ex- 
cess; exuberant. 

profusely ('li), adv, in a profuse 
manner. 

profusion (-fu'zhun), n, lavishness; 
excess; abundance. Also profuse- 
ness. 

progenitor (-gen'i-ter), n, an an- 
cestor; forefather. 

progeniture ('i-tur), n. a birth or 
begetting. 

progeny (proj'en-i), n. offspring; 
descendants; lineage. 

prognathous (-na'thus), adj. having 
projectmg jaws, as certain races. 
Also prognathic. 

prognosis (-no'sis), n. knowledge of 
the probable result of a disease from 
its symptoms; opinion so formed. 

prognostic (-nos'tik), adj. foreshad- 
owing;^ foretelling: n. an omen or 
prediction. 

prognosticate ('ti-kat), v.t. to fore- 
tell: v.i. indicate the future by pres- 
ent signs. 

prognostication (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of prognosticating; a foretoken. 

prognosticator ('ti-ka-ter), n. one 
who foretells. 

program, programme ('gram), n. 
an outline of a public entertain- 
ment, ceremony, &c.; a course of ac- 
tion prepared or announced before- 
hand. 

progress (prog'res), n. a moving or 
going forward; advancement; pro- 
ficiency; journey of state: v.i. (pro- 
gress, to move forward; advance; 
increase in proficiency. 

progression (pro-gresh'un), n. mo- 
tion onwards; intellectual advance; 
regular and gradual advance; prog- 
ress; a series of numbers increasing 



or decreasing by proportional dif- 
ferences. 

progressive ('iv), adj. moving for- 
ward; making progress; improving. 

progressively (-h), adv, in sl pro- 
gressive manner. 

progressiveness (-nes), n. the state 
or quaUty of being progressive. 

prohibit (-hib'it), v.t. to forbid; in- 
terdict by authority; hinder. 

prohibition (-hi-bish'un), n, the act 
of prohibiting; interdict. 

prohibitionist (-ist), n. one who de- 
sires to prohibit the sale of intoxi- 
cating Hquors. 

prohibitive (-hib'i-tiv), adj. tending 
to prohibit. 

project (proj'ekt), n. a design or 
scheme: v.t. (pro-jekt'), to throw or 
cast forward; plan or scheme: v.i. 
to jut out. 

projectile (pro-jek'til), n. a body 
thrown forward, especially through 
the air; a bullet, shot, <S:c.; adj. im- 
pelled or impelling forward. 

projecting (-jekt'ing), p.adj. jutting 
out. 

projection (-jek'shun), n. the act or 
state of projecting; that which juts 
out; a plan or delineation repre- 
sented on a plane. 

projector Cter), n. one who projects. 

projecture Ctur), n. sl jutting out. 

prolapse Gaps'), n. a falhng down 
or out of some part of the body: v.i. 
to fall down or out; project too 
much. Also prolapsus, 

prolate ('lat), adj. elongated at the 
poles. 

proletarian (-le-ta'ri-^n), a^ij. per- 
taining to the common people; low; 
vulgar ; ?i. one of the lowest class of 
society; a workman; in ancient 
Rome, tne lowest class of citizens. 

proletariat ('ri-at), n. proletarians 
collectively. 

proliferous (-lif 'e-rus) , adj. produc- 
ing another by budding. 

prolific (-lif 'ik) , adj. productive ; fertile. 

prolifically (-^1-H), ad?j. abundantly. 

prolix (pro'liks' or proliks), adj. 
tedious and verbose; not concise. 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PROLIXITY 



694 



PRONOUNCED 



prolixity ('i-ti), n. verbosity; minute 
detail. 

prolocutor (-lok'u-ter), n. the speak- 
er or chairman of a convocation. 

prologue Clog), n. an introduction 
or preface, especially verses spoken 
before a dramatic performance by 
way of introduction: v,t, to introduce 
by a preface. 

prolong (longO, v.t. to lengthen; ex- 
tend. 

prolongation^ (long-ga'shim), n. ex- 
tension in time or space; delay or 
postponement. 

promenade (prom-e-nad'), n, a walk 
for pleasure, show or exercise; a 
public place for walking: v.i, walk 
for pleasure, &c. 

Promethean (pro-me'the-an), adj. 
pertaining to Prometheus of classic 
mythology, who was fabled to have 
stolen fire from heaven and bestowed 
it upon men: hence life-giving or 
instinct with quickening fire. 

prominence (prom'i-nens), n. the 
state or quality of being prominent; 
a projection. Also prominency. 

prominent ('i-nent), adj. projecting; 
conspicuous; chief; protuberant. 

promiscuous (pro-mis'ku-us), adj, 
confused; mingled; indiscriminate; 
not restricted to any particular per- 
son. 

promise (prom'is), n. an engagement 
to do or not to-do something; basis 
for expectation; the thing promised: 
v.i, to assure one by a promise: v.t, 
to make a promise of; afford reason 
to expect. 

promiser (-er), n. one who promises. 

promisor (-er), n, one who makes a 
legal promise or covenant. 

promissory ('is-o-ri), adj, contain- 
ing a promise or covenant to do, or 
not to do, something. 

promissory-note (-not), n. a writ- 
ten promise to pay a certain sum at 
a pecified date in consideration of 
value received. 

promontory ('on-to-ri), n. a hir^h 
cape a point of land jutting into 
the sea. 



promote (pro-mot'), v.t. to advance, 
forward, or elevate; excite or stilt j 
up; raise toi higher rank. 1 1 

promoter ('er), n. one who promotes, ' 
especially one who makes' it his 
business to float new companies, &c. , . 

promotion (-mo'shun), n. the act of | 
promoting; state of being promoted; '' 
advancement; preferment. 

promotive ('tiv), adj, tending to 
promote. 

prornpt (prompt), adj. ready and 
ctuick to act as occasion demands; 
immediate; done without delay : v.t. 
incite to action; assist (a speaker) 
when at a loss for words. 

promptitude (promp'ti-tud), n, 
quickness of decision and action; 
readiness; alacrity. 

promulgate (pro-mul'gat), v.t. to 
publish. 

promulgation (-ga'shun), n. publi- 
cation. 

promulgator ('mul-ga-ter), n, one 
who promulgates. 

prone (pron), adj. lying with the face 
downwards; not erect; inchned; 
disposed. 

proneness ('nes), n, the state of be- 
ing prone; propensity. 

prong (prong), n. a sharp-pointed in- 
strument; the spike of a fork. 

pronominal (-nom'i-n^l), adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, a 
pronoun. 

pronominally (-li), adv. as a pro- 
noun. 

prononce (-nang-sa'), adj. pro- 
nounced; strongly marked; em- 
phatic. 

pronoun ('noun), n. a word which 
refers to, or is used in the place of, 
a noun. 

pronounce (-nouns'), v.t. to speak 
or utter distinctly ; articulate ; utter 
formally, authoritively, or rhetoric- 
ally; affirm: v.i. to speak with con- 
fidence or authority. 

pronounceable ('^-bl), adj, that 
may be pronounced. 

pronounced (-nounsf), p. adj. strong- 
ly marked or decided. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



PRONOUNCEMENT 



695 



PROPITIOUS 



pronouncement (-noims'ment), n, 
an emphatic declaraiiion. 

pronunciamento (-nun-si-^r-men'to), 
n. a proclamation. 

pronunciation (-si-a'shmi), n, the 
act or manner of articulating words 
or syllables; graceful and proper 
public speaking. 

pronunciative ('si-a-tiv), adj^ per- 
taining to pronunciation. 

proof ^ (proof), n. testimony or con- 
vincing evidence; test or experi- 
ment; reason; argument; demon- 
stration; impenetrability; capabil- 
ity of resistance; a standard 
strength of spirit; an impression 
taken from type for correction; an 
early impression of an engraving: 
adj. strong to resist impression or 
penetration; capable of moral or 
physical resistance. 

prop (prop), n, a support or stay: 
v.t, [p.L & p.p. propped, p.pr. prop- 
ping], to support by something under 
or against; sustain. 

propag'. -4e (prop'^-g^rbl), adj, that 
ma/ be propagated. 

Propaganda (-gan'd^), n.pl. a socie- 
ty at Lome charged with the man- 
agement of the missions of the 
Roman Catholic Church. 

propaganda (-gan'dS,), n.pl. any 
methods for the propagation of doc- 
trines, principles, &c., rehgious or 
secular. 

propagandism ('dizm), n. the act or 
practice of zealously propagating 
doctrines, &c. 

propagandist ('dist), n. one who 
devotes himseK to the propagation 
of any system of principles, &c. 

propagate ('i,-gat), v.t. to continue 
or spread by generation or succes- 
sive production; extend; impel for- 
ward in space: v.i. to be produced 
by generation, or by new shoots 
or plants. 

propagation (-ga'shun), n. the act 
of propagating; spreading or ex- 
tension. 

propagator ('§,-ga-ter), n, one who 
propagates. 



propel (pro-peF), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
propelled, p.pr. propelling], to drive 
forward; urge onward by force. 

propellent Cent), adj. that propels. 

propeller ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, propels; a screw-propeller; 
vessel so propelled. 

propensity (-pen'si-ti), n. natural 
tendency. 

proper (prop'er), adj. noting a par- 
ticular person or thing; peculiar; 
fit or suitable; correct; appropriate. 

property ('er-ti), n. [pL properties 
(-tiz) ], a peculiar attribute, quaUty, 
or disposition; exclusive right of 
possession; the thing owned; estate; 
goods; attribute common to a class: 
pi. articles, including dresses, re- 
quired by actors on the stage. 

prophecy (prof'e-si), n, a prediction 
of something to take place in the 
future, especially a prediction by 
Divine inspiration. 

prophesier ('e-si-er), n. one who 
prophesies. 

prophesy ('e-si), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. 
prophesied, p.pr. prophesying], to 
foretell future events, especially by 
Divine inspiration: v.i. to utter 
prophecies; preach. 

prophet Cet), n. one who foretells 
future events, especially one inspired 
by God. Feminine prophetess. 

prophetic (pr5-fet'ik), adj. pertaining 
to prophecy ; predictive. Prophetical . 

prophetically (-M-li), adv. in a 
prophetic manner. 

prophylactic (prof-i-lak'tik), adj. 
guarding, or preserving, against dis- 
ease: n. a preventive of disease. 

propinquity (pro-ping'kwi-ti) , n. near- 
ness of place, time, or relationship. 

propitiate (-pish'i-at), v.t. to concil- 
iate; make propitious: v.i. to atone. 

propitiation^ (-a'shun), n. the act 
of propitiating; atonement. 

propitiator ('i-a-ter), n. one who 
propitiates. 

propitiatory (-to-ri), adj. capable of 
propitiating. 

propitious (-pish'us), adj. favorable; 
disposed to be merciful. 



ite, Itrn, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i^eru 

Die. 45 



PROPORTION 



696 



PROSINESS 



proportion (pro-por'shun), n, com- 
parative relation of one thing to an- 
other; ratio; rate; symmetrical rela- 
tion; rule of three ; equal or just share : 
v,t. to form symmetrically; apportion. 

proportional (-al), adj, having due 
proportion; having the same ratio: 
n. a quantity or number in propor- 
tion. 

proportionality (-al'i-ti), n. the qual- 
ity of being proportional. Pro- 
portionateness. 

proportionally ('li), adv, in pro- 
portion. 

proportionate ('shun-at), adj, ad- 
' justed to something else according 
to a certain rate: v.t. to adjust 
according to a settled rate.^ 

proportionately (-li), adv, in a pro- 
portionate degree. 

proposal (-poz'al), n, that which is 
offered for consideration or ac- 
ceptance; offer of marriage; terms 
or conditions proposed. 

propose (-pozO, v.t, to bring forward 
or offer for consideration; nominate 
for election: vd. to make an offer 
of marriage^ 

proposition (prop-o-zish'un), n, an 
offer of terms; proposal; a complete 
sentence, or one that affirms or de- 
nies something; a theorem or prob- 
lem for solution. 

propositional (-M), adj, pertaining 
to, or considered as, a proposition. 

propound (-pound'), v.t. to offer for 
consideration; put or set as a ques- 
tion. 

proprietary (-pri'e-t§,-ri), adj. be- 
longing to a proprietor or proprie- 
tary: n. a possessor in his own right; 
proprietors collectively. 

proprietor ('e-ter), n. one who has 
a legal right to anything; owner. 
Fern, proprietress; proprietrix. 

propriety ('e-ti), n. conformity to 
established rules or custom; deco- 
rum; fitness. 

propulsion (-pul'shun), n. the act 
of propelling. 

propulsive ('siv), udj. having power 
to propel. Also propulsory. 



prorogation (-ro-ga'shun), n. the 
act of proroguing. 

prorogue (-rog'), v.t. to terminate 
a session of ; to postpone. 

prosaic (-za'ik), adj. like prose; com- 
monplace; uninteresting. Also 
prosaical. 

prosaically (-M-li), adv. in a prosaic 
manner. 

prosaism ('z§,-izm), n. prosaic style. 

proscenium (-se'ni-um), n. that part ^ 
of the stage from the curtain to the 
orchestra. 

proscribe (-skrib), v.L to punish . 
with civil death; outlaw, interdict. 

proscription (-skrip'shun), n. the ^ 
act of proscribing; outlawry; inter- 
diction. 

prescriptive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, proscription. , 

prose (proz), n, ordinary spoken or 
written language; unmetrical com- 
position: v.i & v.t. to write or 
speak tediously: adj* dull; tedious; 
commonplace. 

prosecute (pros'e-k"-t% !?c to fol- 
low or pursue with the view tc reach 
or accomplish; accuse of a crime be- 
fore a legal tribunal: v.^c to carry 
on a legal prosecution. 

prosecution (-ku'shun), n. the act of 
prosecuting; pursuit; the institu- 
tion and carrying on of a legal suit; 
prosecutor or prosecutors collective- 
ly. 

prosecutor ('e-ku-ter), n. one who 
carries on a legal suit with another; 
one who pursues any purpose, &c. 
Fern, prosecutrix. 

proselyte ('e-lit), n. a convert to 
some rehgion or behef, or party; a 
Gentile convert to the Jewish law 
and behef: v.t. to proselytize. 

proselytism ('e-H-tizm), n. the act 
of proselytizing; conversion to a 
creed or system. 

proselytise (-tiz), vd. to make a con- 
vert of. 

prosily (proz'i-li), adv. in a prosy 
manner. 

prosiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being prosy. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tlmn. 



PROSING 



697 PROTEOMORPHIC THEORY 



rosing Cing), n, tedious minuteness; 
dull talk. 

prosody (pros'o-di), n. that part of 
grammar that treats of quantity, ac- 
cent, and the laws of versification. 

prospect Cpekt), n, a view of some- 
thing distant; scene; object of view; 
expectation: v.t. (pro-spekf) to 
search or explore, especially for 
gold or valuable minerals. 

prospective (-spek'tiv), ad.j, looking 
forward; acting with, or character- 
ized by, foresight; in prospect. 

prospectively (-li), adv. with regard 
to the futiu^. 

prospect iveness (-nes), n. regard 
for the future. 

prospector (pror'pek-ter), n. one 
who searches for valuable minerals. 

prospectus (pro-spek'tus), n. an out- 
hne of a proposed undertaking; 
sketch, or plan. 

prosj>er (pros 'per), v.t. to render 
successful; favor: v.i, to thrive; 
succeed. 

prosperity ('i-ti), n, succes^^nl prog- 
ress in any business or enterprise; 
good fortune. 

prosperous ('us), adj. successful; 
thriving. 

prostitute ('ti-tut), v.t. to offer or 
expose to hire for lewd use; devote 
to infamous or improper purposes: 
adj. prostituted: n. a woman who 
indulges in lewdness, especially for 
hire; a base mercenary or hirehng. 

prostitution (-tu'shun), n. the act 
or practice of prostitutuig the per- 
son to lewd purposes for hire; the 
being devoted to infamous or base 
purposes. 

prostitutor ('ti-tu-ter), n, one who 
prostitutes himself for an}^ base ends. 

prostrate ('trat), adj. lyiug at full 
length; extended on the ground: ly- 
ing at mercy as a suppHant: v.t. to 
lay fiat; throw down; bow m hum- 
ble reverence. 

prostration^ (-tra'shun), n. the act 
of prostrating; great depression ; ex- 
haustion of the vital powers under 
disease. 



prostyle (pro'stil), n. a portico or 
range of columns in front of a build- 
ing; a temple with a portico in front. 

prosy (proz'i), adv. tedious; duU. 

protean (pro't e-an), .ac(/. readily as- 
suming different shapes: from" Pro- 
teus, the sea deity of classic mythoI= 
ogy. 

protect (-tektO, v.t. to cover over; 
defend; shield; shelter; support. 

protection ('shun), n. the act of 
protecting; the state of being pro- 
tected; defense; shelter; security; 
passport; encouragement of home 
industry by duties on imports, boun- 
ties, <tc. 

protectionism (-izm), n. the doc- 
trine that certain home industries 
and produce should be encouraged 
by the imposition of duties on for- 
eign imports. 

protectionist (-ist), n. one who ad- 
vocates or supports protectionism; 
one who opposes free trade unless it 
be reciprocal. ^ 

protective, ('tiv), adj. serving to 
protect; defensive. 

protector ('ter), n. one who pro- 
tects, especially from injury or op- 
pression; guardian. Fern, protec- 
tress. 

protectorate (-at), n. government or 
defense by a protector. 

protege (-ta-zha'), n. one who is 
under the protection, guardianship, 
or care of another. Fern, protegee 
[French]. 

proteids ('te-idz), n.pl. a class of 
nitrogenous compounds, as albumen, 
fibrin, casein, <fcc., which form ani- 
mal tissue. 

protein ('te-in), n. the gelatinous, 
semi-transparent substance obtained 
from albumen, fibrin or casein, the 
essential principle of food. 

proteom Orphic (pro'te-o-mor'fic), 
adj. having to do with the chemical 
changes in proteins in the process 
of digestion and assimilation. 

proteomorphic theory (pro'te-o- 
mor'fic the'o-ri), n. a very recent 
theory which ascribes immunity to 



ate, arm, lisk^ at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PROTEST 



698 



PROVENSAL 



bacterial diseases to the activities 
of the white and red blood corpuscles 
in connection with the breaking 
down of proteins. 

protest ^ (-test'), vd. to affirm with 
solemnity; make a solemn declara- 
tion against some public act or meas- 
ure; remonstrate: v.t to make a 
solemn declaration or affirmation of ; 
to declare formally to be insufficient- 
ly provided for by deposit or pay- 
ment: said of a note or bill of 
exchange: n. (pro'test) a solemn 
declaration of opinion against some- 
thing; a document containing rea- 
sons for dissent; a formal declara- 
tion by the holder of a bill of 
exchange of its non-payment or 
non-acceptance by the drawer. 

Protestant (prot'es-t§,nt), n. a mem* 
ber of any of those bodies of Chris- 
tians that protest against the spirit- 
ual supremacy of the Church of 
Rome, originally one of the party 
who adhered to Luther after the sec- 
ond diet of Spires, 1529: adj. per- 
taining to Protestants or Protestant- 
ism. 

Protestantism (-izm), n, the doc- 
trines or religion of Protestants. 

protestation (-ta'shun), n. a formal 
declaration of dissent; solemn affir- 
mation. 

prothonotary (-thon'o-ta-ri), n. a 
chief clerk or notary; the principal 
clerk or registrar in certain courts; 
one of the chief secretaries of the 
Papal Chancery. 

pro to, a prefix meaning first, as proio- 
martyr, <fec. 

protocol ('to-kol), n. the rough draft 
of a treaty, diplomatic despatch, &c. 

protoplasm ('to-plazm), n. a semi- 
fluid albuminous substance, regarded 
as the ultimate basis of physical life, 
from which all living organisms are 
formed and developed. ^ 

protoplasmic (-plaz'mik), adj. per- 
taining to, or formed of, protoplasm. 

protoplast ('to-plast), n. the original. 

protoplastic (-plas'tik), adj. first 
formed. 



prototype ('to-tip), n. the original 
from which others are copied. ^ 

protoxide (-toks'Id), n. a compound 
of one equivalent of oxygen with , 
one of another element. 

Protozoa (-zo'a), n.pL the first or i 
lowest division of the animal king- 
dom containing animals of the sim- 
plest type of organization. 

protract (-traktO, v.t. to draw out f 
or lengthen in time; prolong; defer. 

protracter ('ter), n. one who pro- • 
tracts. 

pii-otraction ('shun), n. the act of 
protractmg; delay; the act of lay- 
ing down on paper the dimensions of 
a plot of land, &c. 

protractor ('ter), n. a mathematical 
instrument for laying down angles 
on paper: used in surveying, &c.; 
a surgical instrument for drawing 
out extraneous bodies; a muscle that 
draws forward any part. 

protrude (-trud'), v.t. to thrust out 
or push forward: v.i, to shoot for- 
Vv^ard; project. 

protrusion (-tru'zhun), n. the act 
of protruding; the state of being 
protruded. 

protrusive ('siv), adj. thrusting or 
impelling forward. 

protrusively (-li), adv. in a protru- 
sive manner. 

protuberance (-tu'ber-§,ns), n, a 
swelling; a prominence; tumor. ^ 

protuberant (-ant), adj, swelling; 
prominent. 

proud (proud), adj, having exces- 
sive self-esteem; arrogant; ostenta- 
tious; haughty; spirited; of lofty 
mien; pleased; grand; gratified. 

provable (proov'i.-bl), adj. capable 
of being proved. 

prove (proov), v.t. to ascertain or try 
by an experiment or test; estab- 
lish or ascertain by argument or 
other evidence; ascertain the genu- 
ineness of: experience; endure; try 
by suffering; show or demonstrate 
the accuracy of (a calculation). 

proven Cen), adj. proved. 

Provensal (pro-vang'sal), adj, per* 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PROVENDER 



699 



PRUDERY 



taming to, or from, Provence, 
France, its language or its inhabit- 
ants. 

provender (prov'en-der), n. dry food 
for beasts, as hay, &c. 

proverb ('erb), n. a short famihar 
pithy saying, expressing some well- 
known truth or common fact of ex- 
perience; adage. 

proverbial (pro-ver^bi-al), adj. per- 
taining to proverbs; mentioned in, 
or like, a proverb; widely spoken 
•of or well known. 

provide (pro-vid'), v.L to make ready 
beforehand; furnish; stipulate as a 
preliminary condition: vd. to pro- 
cure supplies; make preparations 
(with for or against), 

provided ('ed), conj. on condition. 

providence (prov'i-dens), n. timely 
care or preparation; economy; pru- 
dence; foresight and care of God for 
his creatures; an event directly 
caused by the power of God. 

Providence (prov'i-dens), n. God as 
exercising his providence. 

provident ('i-dent), adj. careful for 
the future; prudent; economical. 

providential (-den'sh^l), adj. ef- 
fected by, or proceeding from, Divine 
providence. 

providentially (-li), adv. in a prov- 
idential manner. 

province ('ins), n, a division of an 
empire or state; dependent coun- 
try; region; jurisdiction of an arch- 
bishop; proper office or business; 
department of knowledge: pL the 
country districts.^ 

provincial (pro-vin'shM), adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, a 
province; rustic: n^ one who be- 
longs to a province; countr^^man. 

provincialism (-izm), n. an idiom 
or dialect peculiar to a province. 

provision (-vizh'un), n. the act of 
providing; the things provided; 
measures taken beforehand; accu- 
mulation of stores: pi. food: v.t. to 
supply with food. 

provisional (-al), adj. provided for 
present use; temporary. 



provisionally (-H), adv. in a pro- 
visional manner. 

proviso (-vi'zo), n. a conditional 
clause or stipulation in a deed. 

provisory ('z6-ri),^ adj. conditional. 

provocation (pro v'o-ka 'shun), n. that 
which excites to anger or resent- 
ment; act of provoking. 

provocative (pro-vok'a-tiv), adj. 
tending to provoke; inciting: n. 
an>i:hing that tends to provoke; in- 
citement. 

provoke (-vok'), v.t. to excite or stir 
to action; enrage or irritate; ex- 
asperate. 

provost (prov'ust, or pro-vo'), n. 
the head of a college; superintendent 
or president; ciiief dignitary of a 
cathedral; chief magistrate of a 
city or town [Scotch]. 

prow (prou), n. the bow of a ship. 

prowess ('es), n. bravery; valor 

prowl (proul), v.i. to wander stealth- 
ily as for prey or plunder : n. a roving 
for prey or plunder. 

proximate (proks'i-mat), adj. im- 
mediate. 

proximately (-li), adv. immediately. 

proximity^ (-im'i-ti), ?i. immediate 
nearness in place, blood, or aUiance. 

proximo ('i-mo), adv. in or of the 
next or coming month. 

proxy (1), n. [pi. proxies (Iz)], the 
agency of a substitute; the docu- 
ment by which one person is author- 
ized to act or vote for another. 

prude (pro5d), n. a woman who af- 
fects great reserve, coyness, and ex- 
cessive virtue. 

prudence (proo'dens), n. the quality 
of being prudent; wisdom apphed 
to practice. 

prudent ('dent), adj. practically 
wise; careful of the consequences 
of measures or actions; judicious; 
cautious; circumspect. 

prudential (-den'shal), adj. proceed- 
ing from, or influenced by, prudence. 

prudery (proo'der-i), n. aifected nice- 
ness or scrupulousness in conduct; 
manners of a prude. Also prud- 
ishness. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booiif 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PRUD'HOMME 



700 



PUBERAL 



prud'homntie (proo-domO, n. in 
France, one of a board of concilia- 
tion of masters and workmen to 
settle trade disputes. 

prudish (proo'dish), adj. like a prude; 
affectedly precise, nice, or scrupulous. 

prune (proon), n. a dried plum: v.t, 
to cut superfluous twigs or branches 
from (a vine, bush or tree) ; trim. 

prunella (proo-ner§,), n. a smooth 
woolen stuff used for shoes and 
gaiters; a kind of dried plum. Also 
prunello. 

prurience ('ri-ens), n. the state or 
quality of being prurient. Also 
pruriency. 

prurient ('i-ent), adj. having an 
eager desire for, or characterized 
by, lewdness; itching. 

Prussian-blue (prush'an-bloo) , n. a 
rich blue color obtained from fer- 
rocyanide of iron. 

prussiate (prus'i-at), n, a salt of 
prussic acid. 

prussic acid ('ik as'id), n. hydro- 
cyanic acid, a deadly poison. 

pry (pri), v,i.[p.t. & p.p. pried, p.pr, 
prying], to inspect closely or with 
keen scrutiny: n. close inspection; 
impertinent peeping. 

psalm (salm), n» Sb sacred song. 

psalmist ('ist), n, a composer of 
psalms, especially of any of the 
Scriptural psalms. 

psalmodist ('o-dist), n, one who 
composes or sings psalms. 

psalmody Co-di), n. the art or prac- 
tice of singing psalms. 

psalter (sawl'ter), n. the Book of 
Psalms; the Prayer Book version 
of the Psalms. 

psaltery (-i), n. a stringed musical 
instrument, used by the ancient 
Hebrews. 

pseudoy a prefix meaning false, spu- 
riouSy as psei^doblepsis, false or de- 
ceptive vision, 

pseudonym (su'do-nim), n. a ficti- 
tious name. 

pseudoscope ('do-skop), n. an opti- 
cal instrument which exhibits bodies 
in reversed relief. 



pshaw (shaw), inter j. an expression 

of contempt, &c. 

psoriasis (so-ri'a-sis), n, itch. 

psychiatry (si-ki'a-tri), ». curing of 
diseases of the mind. 

psychical (si'ki-k^l), adj, pertaining 
to, or connected with, the human 
soul, spirit, or mind; spirituahstic; 
psychological. Also psychic. 

psycho-analysis, n. study of the sub- 
conscious, especially through dreams. 

psychogenesis (-ko-jen'e-sis), n. the 
development of mind as given in 
consciousness; biogenesis regarded 
as resulting from the operation of 
higher agency than natural selection. 

psychology (-kol'o-ji), n, the science 
that treats of mental phenomena, 
and their classification and analysis; 
mental philosophy; metaphysics. 

psychological (-loj'i-k§,l), adj, per- 
taining to psychology. 

psychologist ('o-jist), n, one skilled 
in psychology. 

psychometry (si-kom'e-tri), n. the 
science of divining mental processes. 

psychophysics (-fiz'iks), n, the sci- 
ence which treats of the correlation 
of mind and matter. 

psychotherapy (si-ko-ther-a-pi), n. 
a system for treating functional ner- 
vous disorders by mental suggestion. 

pteropod (ter'o-pod), n, an individual 
of the Pteropoda, a class of marine 
cephalopods having the foot extended 
into a pair of wing-like lobes adapted 
for swimming or sailing. 

Ptolemaic (tol-e-ma'ik), adj. per- 
taining to Ptolemy, the Greek 
geographer and astronomer, or to 
his system of astronomy which sup- 
posed the earth to be the center or 
fixed point of the universe, and that 
the heavenly bodies moved around it. 

ptomaines (to'mi,-inz), n.pL a class 
of alkaloids of a highly poisonous 
nature, originating in decaying or 
dead matter, 

puberal (pQ'ber-M), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, puberty. 



ate, arm, ^.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PUBERTY 



701 



PUGILISM 



puberty Cber-ti), n. the age at which 
the generative powers begin to be 
developed. 

pubescence (-bes'ens), n. the state 
or age of puberty; soft, short, downy 
hair. 

pubescent Cent), adj. arriving at 
the age of puberty; covered with 
soft, downy hairs. 

public (pub'Iik), adj. pertaining to a 
nation, state, or community; belong- 
ing to the people; circulating among 
all classes; open; generally known; 
common to all; open to general use: 
n. the people in general. 

publican ('li-kan), n. one who keeps 
a public-house; among the ancient 
Romans, a farmer of the pubhc 
revenues; a collector of tolls, trib- 
ute, or customs. 

publication (-li-ka'shun), n. the act 
of publishing or making public; the 
act of publishing a book, &c. 

public-house (lik-hous), n. an inn; 
tavern; hotel. 

publicist Cli-sist), n. a -^Titer on in- 
ternational law, or on current events 
of political or social interest. 

publicity ('lis-i-ti), n. the state of 
being public; notoriety. 

publicly ('lik-h), adv. in a pubhc 
manner. 

publish ('lish), v.t. to make kno\vn; 
announce or proclaim; divulge; print 
and offer for sale; put into circu- 
lation. 

puce (pus), adj. dark-brownish purple. 

Puck, n. a mischievous sprite or elf. 

pucker ('er), v.t. & v.i. to gather into 
small folds; wrinkle: 7i. a small fold 
or wrinkle. 

pudding (pood'ing), n. a soft kind of 
food made of flour and various in- 
gredients; an intestine stuffed with 
meat, &c.; quantity of yarns, mat- 
ting, or oakum. 

puddle (pud'l), n. a small pool of 
dirty water; clay worked together 
with sand: v.t. to make muddy; ren- 
der watertight with puddle; convert 
(pig-iron) into WTought-iron. 

pueblo (pweb'lo), n. [pi. pueblos 



(loz) ], a building constructed of 
adobe or sun-dried brick by the 
Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. 

puerile (pu'er-il), adj. pertaining to 
children; juvenile; boyish; trifling. 

puerility (-iri-ti), n. the quality of 
being puerile; childishness. 

puerperal ('per-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or following, childbirth. 

puff (puf), n. a short quick blast; 
sudden forcible breath; a fungous 
ball filled with dust; anything fight 
and porous or swollen; a light kind 
of tart, exaggerated praise or adver- 
tisement: v.i. to expel air from the 
mouth with a sudden forcible blast; 
breathe quick and hard; swell with 
air; blow in contempt; move T\dth 
hurr^^: v.t. to drive with a puff; 
swell, as with wind; praise in exag- 
gerated terms. 

puffer Cer), n. one who puffs; one 
who praises in exaggerated terms; 
one who is hired to force up bids at 
sales. 

puffin ('in), n. a diving bird with a 
short tliick projecting beak, alhed to 
the auk.^ 

puffing Cing), n. exaggerated praise, 
especially with the view to advertise- 
ment; quick and hard breatliing: 
p.adj, praising in exaggerated terms. 

puffiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being puffy. 

puffy ('i), adj. distended with air or 
other light matter; windy; bombas- 
tic; tumid. 

pug (pug), n. a monkey; a small dcg 
wdth the face and nose like a bull- 
dog; imp or elf; plastic clay: v.t. 
[pt.& p.p. pugged, p.pr, pugging], 
to line or fill up with, plastic clay or 
any other material. 

pugging Cing), n. the act or opera- 
tion of worldng up clay for bricks; 
any substance to deaden sound be- 
tween spaces. 

pugh (poo), inter j. an exclamation of 
contempt or disdain. 

pugilism (pu'jil-izm), n. the art or ! 
practice of boxing or fighting with 
the fists; prize-fighting. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PUGILIST 



702 



PUNCTUATE 



pugilist (-ist), n. a prize-fighter; 
boxer. 

pugilistic ('ik), adj, pertaining to 
pugilism. 

pugnacious (pug-na'shus), adj\ dis- 
posed to fight; quarrelsome. 

pugnacity (-nas'i-ti), n. inclination 
to fight; quarrelsomeness. 

puisne (pti'ne), adj. younger or in- 
ferior in rank: said of judges. 

puissance (Is-^ns), n, power; 
strength. 

puissant (-ant), adj. powerful; strong. 

puke (puk), v.i. & v.t. to vomit. 

pule (pul), v.t. to whine. 

puling (puling), adj. whining. 

pull (pool), v.t. to<draw toward one. 

pullet ('et), n. a young hen. 

pulley ('H), n, ^ small wheel turning 
about an axis, and having a groove 
in which a rope works. 

pulmonary (pul'mon-er-i), adj. per- 
taining to, or affecting, the lungs. 

pulp (pulp), n. the soft fleshy part of 
bodies, as of fruit; any soft uniform 
mass. 

pulmotor (pul-mo ter), n. an auto- 
matic resuscitation apparatus for use 
in cases of poisoning by gases, fumes, 
lysol, etc., drowning, electric shock, 
attempted suicide, collapse in nar- 
cosis, suspended animation, etc.; 
case and mechanism weighs 464b.; 
operation consists in forcing oxygen 
from an accompanying cyhnder into 
the lungs. 

pulpit (pool 'pit), n. an elevated or 
inclosed desk in a church from which 
the sermon is dehvered; preachers 
or preaching. 

pulpy (pul'pi), ad^. consisting of, or 
like pulp; soft; succulent. 

pulque (pool'ka), n. a favorite Mexi- 
can beverage made from the juice of 
the agave. 

pulsate (pul'sat), v.i, to throb or 
beat. 

pulsation (-sa'shun), n. a throb or 
beat, especially of the heart. 

pulsative ('s^-tiv), adj. beating or 
throbbing. Also pulsatory. 

pulse (puis), n. the rhythmic beating 



of the heart or arteries; vibration; 
leguminous plants or their seeds, as 
peas, beans, &c.: v.i, to beat or 
throb, as the pulse. 

pulsi meter (pul-sim'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument to ascertain the force or 
movement of the pulse; a sphyg- 
mometer. 

pulsometer (-som'e-ter), n, a kind of 
steam-condensing vacuum pump. 

pulu (pu'loo), n. a kind of vegetable 
silk obtained from the fibers of a 
fern-tree of Hawaii. n 

pulverization (pul-ver-i-za'shun), n.i 
the act of pulverizing. 

pulverize (Ver-iz), v.t. to reduce to 
powder. | 

puma^ (pu'm^), n. a large cat-like" 
carnivorous animal of America; 
mountain lion. 

pumice (pumls), n. a hard, light, 
spongy, volcanic lava or rock. Also 
pumice-stone. 

pump (pump), n. a machine for rais- 
ing water or other liquid; a light 
low shoe or slipper: v.t, to raise 
(water or a liquid) by means of a 
pump; free from water by a pump; 
extract (information) by artful ques- 
tions. 

pumpkin ('kin), n. a plant of the 
gourd family and its fruit. 

pun (pun), n. a play upon words: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. punned, p.pr. punning], 
to play upon words similar in sound 
but having a different meaning. 

punch (punch), n. a tool for stamp- 
ing or perforating; a beverage of 
rum, whisky, &c., water, lemon-jmce, 
and sugar; a blow or thrust; the 
harlequin or^ buffoon of a puppet- 
show; Punchinello; a short fat per- 
son; thick-set cart-horse: v.t. to 
perforate with a punch; to strike 
with the fist. 

puncheon (pun'chun), n. a liquid 
measure of 84 wine-gallons. 

Punchinello (punch-i-neFo), n. the 
thick-set, hump-backed figure in a 
puppet-show. 

punctate (pungk'tat), adj. dotted 
with small spots; pointed. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; thinks then. 



PUNCTIFORM 



703 



PURGATORY 



fninctiform ('ti-fonn), adj, point- 
shaped. 

punctilio (-til'i-o), n. a nice point 
in conduct or ceremony; formal 

exactness. 

punctilious ('i-us), adj, very nice or 
precise in conduct or ceremony; 
exact to excess. 

punctual {'iVi-kV), adj, observing, or 
done at, the exact time. 

punctuality (-aFi-ti), n, the quality 
of being punctual; the characteristic 
of keeping the exact time -of an ap- 
pointment or engagement. 

punctually ('tu-al-i), adv. in a 
punctual manner. 

punctuate ('tu-at), yd, to mark 
with points; divide into sentences 
by points. 

punctuation (-a'shun), n. the act or 
art of dividing sentences by points 
or stops. 

puncture ('tur), n. a small hole or 
wound made by a pointed instru- 
ment: v.L to make a hole in, or 
pierce, with a pointed instrument. 

pundit (pun'dit), n, a learned Brah- 
man; one versed in the Sanskrit lan- 
guage, laws, and Hindu religion, 
&c.; a solemn pretender to learning. 
Also pandit. 

pung (pung), n, a rough sleigh. 

pungent (pun'jent), adj, stinging or 
pricking; piercing; keen; biting; 
sarcastic; caustic. - 

Punic (pu'nik), adj, pertaining to the 
Carthaginians, or to their language; 
treacherous; perfidious. 

punish (pun'ish), v.t, to cause loss 
or pain to as a penalty for a crime 
or fault; chastise; correct. 

punishment ^ (-ment), n, pain, loss, 
or penalty, inflicted for a crime or 
fault. 

punitive^ (pun'i-tiv), adj. pertaining 
to, or inflicting, punishment. 

punk (pungk), n. decayed and rotten 
wood; a fooUsh argument; a stick 
covered with a certain paste, which 
burns very slowly when ignited. 

punster (pun'ster), n, one addicted 
to^ or skilled in, punning. 



punt (punt), n, a flat-bottomed boat 
for fishing: v.i. to play basset, om- 
ber, or faro against the banker or 
dealer. 

puny (pu'ni), adj, [comp. punier, su- 
perl,^ puniest], inferior in strength 
or size; weak; feeble; petty. 

pupa (pu'p§<), n, [pL pupae ('pe) ], a 
chrysaKs. 

pupil Cpil), n, a young person who 
is under the care of a tutor; scholar; 
ward; in law, a boy or girl under 
the age of puberty (14 and 12 years 
respectively) I the opening in the 
iris through which rays of hght pass 
to the retina. 

puppet (puo'et), n, a small doll or 
image, especially one moved by wires 
in a mock drama; one who is under 
the influence and ccntrol of another. 

puppy ('i),n. a whelp; young dog; a 
conceited young man. 

purblind (per'blind), adj, seeing ob- 
scurely. 

purchase (per'chas), v.t, to obtain 
by paying an equivalent; acquire; 
buy; expiate or recompense by a fine 
or forfeit; obtain at the expense of 
some sacrifice, labor, &c.; move or 
raise by the applicaion of some me- 
chanical power: n, the act of pur- 
chasing; thing purchased or bought; 
mechanical advantage. 

pure (pur), adj. [comp. purer, superl. 
purest], ree from moral or physical 
defilement; chaste; unpolluted; un- 
adulterated; clean; holy; real; 
mere; absolute. ^ 

purely ('li), adv. in a pure manner; 
absolutely. 

pureness ('nes), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being pure. 

purgation (-ga'shun), n. the act of 
purging; the act of clearing from 
imputed guilt. 

purgative ('g^-tiv), adj. serving to 
purge. 

purgatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to purgatory. 

purgatory (per'ga-to-ri), n, in the 
Roman Catholic Church, the state 
after death in which the souls of the 



Ste, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PURGE 



704 



PURSUANT 



faithful departed are purified from 
venial sins by suffering: adj. cleans- 
ing; expiatory. 

purge (perj), v.L to cleanse or free 
from impurities or guilt; make clear 
or pure; clear from accusation; de- 
fecate: v.i, to have frequent evacua- 
tions: n. a cathartic medicine. 

purging ('ing), n. diarrhea or dysen- 
tery; looseness of the bowels. 

purification (pti-ri-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
act of purifying; state of being puri- 
fied; ceremonial cleansing from guilt 
or uncleanness. 

purificative ^ (pu-ri-fi-ka-tiv) , adj. 
able or tending to purify. Also puri- 
ficatory. 

purifier ('ri-fi-er), n. one who, or 
that which, purifies. 

puriform ('ri-form), adj, like pus. 

purify ('ri-fi), t;i. {p>t, & p.p. puri- 
fied, p.pr. purifying], to render pure; 
free from guilt or ceremonial un- 
cleanness; free from impurities, cor- 
ruptions, or barbarisms. 

Purim ('rim), n. a Jewish feast 
(Feast of Lots) observed annually 
to commemorate the deliverance of 
the Jews (Esther ix.). 

purin (pti'rin), n, a substance found 
in certain proteid foods from which 
uric-acid is derived in the body. 

purism ('rizm), n, affectation in the 
precise use of words in literary style. 

purist (pur'ist), n. one who is scru- 
pulously precise in matters of Ht- 
erary style or the choice of correct 
words. 

puristic (-is'tik), adj, pertaining to 
purism. 

Puritan ('i-tin), n. one who pro- 
fesses great purity in religious doc- 
trine and practice, especially one of 
a body of Nonconformists in the 
16th and 17th centuries who insisted 
on rigid adherence to the letter of 
Scripture in points of doctrine and 
practice: adj. pertaining to the Puri- 
tans or their doctrine^ or practice. 
Also puritanic, puritanical. 

puritanically (-tan'i-kal-i), adv. af- 
ter the manner of the Puritans. 



Puritanism ('i-t^n-izm), n. the doo 
trines and practices of the Puritans. 

purity ^ ('i-ti), n, the state or quahty 
of being pure; chastity; cleanness; 
freedom from adulteration; freedom 
from sinister motives, foreign idioms^ 
or barbarisms. 

purl (perl), n. a warm spiced ale, or 
gin; an embroidered . or puckered 
border; a stitch in knitting; the con- 
tinued murmuring sound of a shal- 
low stream: v.t, to fringe or embroi- 
der with a waved edging; invert 
(stitches) in knitting: v.i, to ripple 
or flow with a gentle murmur. 

purlieus (per'luz), n.pZ. adjacent dis- 
tricts. 

purlin (lin), n. a piece of timber ly- 
ing horizontally to support rafters. 
Also purline. 

purloin (-loin'), v.L to steal. 

purple Cpl), adj. of the color of 
blended blue and red; regal; livid; 
dyed with blood: n. purple color; 
purple robe, originally worn only by 
royalty; imperial government; car- 
dinalate: v.L to render, or dye, pur- 
ple. 

purport ('port), n. meaning; design; 
signification: v.L to mean or signify. 

purpose Cpus), n. design; end or 
aim desired: v.L to intend or re- 
solve; design: v.i. to have an inten- 
tion. 

purposeful (-fool), adj. expressly in- 
tended. 

purposely (-li), adv. intentionally. 

purr (per), n. the low murmuring of 
a cat when pleased: v.L to signify 
by purring: v.i. utter a low murmur- 
ing sound. 

purse (pers), n. a small bag or recep- 
tacle for money; sum of rnoney; 
treasury: v.L to pucker or wrinkle. 

purser ('er), n. a commis^^ioned offi- 
cer having charge of the provisions, 
clothing, and money of a ship; pay- 
master. 

purslane (Ian), n. an annual with 
succulent fleshy leaves. 

pursuant (per-su'^nt), adj. done in 
consequence or in prosecution of 



ate, arm, ^sk; at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; jiote, north, not; boon, 
booki hue, hut; think, the^n. 



PURSUE 



705 



PYGMY 



anything; agreeable: adv, in conse- 
quence of. 

pursue (-sti'), v.L to follow for some 
end; take and proceed in; prose- 
cute; chase; seek; v.i. to go on or 
continue. 

pursuer ('er), n. one who pursues. 

pursuit (-suf), n. the act of pursu- 
ing; prosecution; chase; occupa- 
tion; attainment. 

pursuivant ('swi-v^nt), n. an at- 
tendant or follower; state messen- 
ger. 

pursy ('si), adj. fat, thick, and short- 
winded; asthmatical. 

purulence (pu'roo-lens), n. genera- 
tion of pus. 

purulent (-lent), adj\ consisting of, 
or containing pus. 

purvey (per-va'), v.t, to provide; 
procure: v.i. to purchase provisions. 

purveyance ('^ns), n. the procuring 
of provisions; provisions provided; 
the right formerly accorded to roy- 
alty of buying up provisions without 
the owner's consent. 

purveyor ('er), n, one who provides 
provisions. 

purview ('vu), n. extent; proviso; 
body of a statute. 

pus (pus), n. the white or yellowish- 
white matter secreted in sores, &c. 

push (poosh), v.L to press against 
with force; urge forward; drive by 
pressure: v.i. to make a thrust or 
effort; press hard: n. sl thrust; force 
applied: effort; assault; exigence; 
Extremity; persistent endeavor; 

• pustule or pimple. 

pushing ('ing), adj. enterprising; en- 
ergetic. 

pusillanimity (pu-sil-H-nim'i-ti) , n. 
cowardice. 

pusillanimous (-an'i-mus), adj. cow- 
ardly; mean-spirited; faint-hearted. 

puss (poos), n. a cat: hare. Diminu- 
tive pussy. 

pussy-foot (pus'i), v.i. to sneak; to 
creep about noiselessly; to move 
about furtively: n. a sneak; an 
underhand worker; a mean fellow. 

pustular (pus'tu-l^r), adj. covered 



with glandular pustule-like excres- 
cence. Pustulate. 

pustule Ctul), n, a small elevation of 
the skin, or pimple containing pus. 

put (poot), v.L to place in, or bring 
into, any state or condition; cause; 
' drive into action; incite; propose; 
apply; lay or deposit; throw in; 
state in language; shoot out or send 
forth; in golf, to drive into a hole 
with a short, careful stroke (put). 

putative (pti'ta-tiv), adj. reputed. 

putlog (poot 'log), n. a short piece of 
timber used for a bricklayer's plat- 
form or in scaffolding. 

putrefaction (pu-tre-f ak'shun) , n. 
the act or process of putrefying; 
decomposition; rottenness. 

putrefactive ('tiv), adj. pertaining 
to, or tending to, putrefaction. 

putrefy ('tre-fi), v.L [p.L & p.p. 
putrefied, p.pr. putrefying], to cause 
to rot or decay by the decomposition 
of organic bodies; rot; corrupt: v.i. 
to become putrid. 

putrescence (-tres'ens), n. a putrid 
state. 

putrescent ('ent), adj. pertaining to 
putrefaction; becoming rotten. 

putrescible ('i-bl), adj. liable, or 
tending to become putrid. 

putridity (-trid'i-ti), n. putrid state. 
Also putridness. 

puttee (put-eO, n. a strip of cloth 
wound spirally around the leg from 
ankle to knee for protection and sup- 
port; also leather leggings. 

putter (put'er), n. in golf, a club used 
for playing a short, careful stroke. 

puttock Cok), a hawk or kite. 

putty ('i), n. an oxide of tin, or of 
lead and tin, used for polishing; a 
compound of whiting and linseed- 
oil used in glazing. 

puzzle (puz'l), n. something that tries 
the ingenuity, perplexes, or causes 
embarrassment: v.i. to be puzzled. 

pyemia, pyaemia (pi-e'mi-^), n. 
blood-poisoning. 

pygmean (pig-me'S.n), adj. dwarfish. 

Pygmy ('mi), n. one of the fabled 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



PYJAMAS 



706 



PYX 



dwarfish races; one of a small race 
mentioned by Herodotus. Also 
Pigmy. 

pyjamas. Same as pajamas. 

pylon (pe-16ng), n. one of a series of 
towers erected' on the field of an 
aerodrome to mark the course and 
guide the aviators; buildings at the 
entrance of Egyptian temples. 

pyloric (pl-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the pylorus. 

pylorus (-lo'rus), n. the lower and 
right opening of the stomach leading 
to the small intestines. 

pyorrhea (pi-o-re'a), n. a disease of 
the gums causing the teeth to loosen 
and fall out, known in dentistry as 
Rigg's Disease. 

pyr, a prefix y meaning fire. Also 
pyro, as p?/racanth, a plant with 
flame-colored flowers; p^/^oscope, an 
instrument for measuring the inten- 
sity of radiating heat. 

pyramid (pir'^-mid), n, a solid body 
standing on a triangular, square, or 
polygonal base, having its triangu- 
lar sides terminating in a point at 
the apex: pi, sepulchral monuments 
of such shape, as in Egypt. 

pyramidal (-am'i-d§.l)j ^Aj, shaped 
like a pj^amid. Also pyramidic, 
pyramidical. 

pyre (pir), n. a funeral pile. 

pyrites (pi-ri'tez), n. a native compound 
of sulphur with iron, copper, (fee. 

pyro. See pjT. 

pyrocollodion (pi-ro-kol-lo'di-unj, n. 
a smokeless powder, used by Russia. 

pyro-electric (-ro-e-lek'trik), adj. 
becoming electric by the action of 
heat. 

pyro-electroly te (pi-ro-e-lek'tro-lit) , 
n, a substance that conducts elec- 
tricity badly at low temperatures, 
but much better when heated. 

pyromania (pi-ro-ma'ni-^) , n. an in- 
sane impulse to destroy by fire. 

pyrometer (pi-rom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the temper- 
ature or expansion of bodies under 
the influence of heat. 

pyro-ray (pi'ro-ra), n. a ray given off 
by incandescent metal and said to 



resemble the radiations ctf radioac- 
tive substances. 

pyroscope* See under pyr. 

pyrotechnic (pi-ro-tek'nik), adj, per- 
tainiiig to fireworks or the art of 
making them. 

pyrotechnics ('niks), n. fireworks 
or the art of maldng them. Also 
pyrotechny. 

pyrotechnist ('nist), n, one skilled 
in the manufacture of fireworks. 

pyroxyline (-roks'i-lin), n, any ex- 
plosive substance made by steeping 
a vegetable fiber in nitric or nitro- 
sulphuric acid and drying it after 
washing it with water. Pyroxyle. 

pyr r hie (pir'ik), n. a metrical foot of 
two syllables; an ancient Greek mil- 
itary dance: adj, pertaining to such 
a dance. 

Pythian (pith'i-§,n), adj. pertaining 
to Delphi, or to Apollo, or to the 
priestess (pythoness) at Delphi. 

Pythian games (gamz), n.pl, one of 
the four great national games of an- 
cient Greece, celebrated every 5th 
year near Delphi, in honor of Apollo. 

pythogenic (pl-tho-jen'ik), adj, pro- 
duced by filth or putrid matter, as 
typhoid fever, &c. 

Python ('thon), n. a genus of large 
serpents; the serpent or dragon slaia 
by Apollo. 

python ('thon), n. a large non-ven- 
omous serpent nearly allied to the boa. 

pythoness ('thon-es), n. the priestess 
of Apollo, who gave oracular answers 
at the temple of Delphi; a witch. 

pythonic (-thon'ik), adj. pertaining 
to prophecy; oracular. 

pythonism (pith'o-nizm), n. the art 
of predicting future events by divina- 
tion, after the manner of the ancient 
oracle at Delphi. 

pyuria (pH^u'ri-a), n. a, discharging 
of pus with the urine. 

pyx (piks), n, in the Roman Catholic 
Church, the box or receptacle in 
which the consecrated wafer or host is 
placed ; the box in which selected coins 
are placed at the mint to be tested 
prior to their issue as currency. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



Q 



Q (ku), the seventeenth letter of the 
English alphabet. 

quack (kwak), n, the cry of the 
duck; a pretender to medical skill; 
charlatan: v.i. to cry hke a duck; to 
act or practice hke a quack: adj, 
pertaining to quacks or quackery. 

quackery ('er-i), n. boastful pretension 
to skill in medicine; false pretensions 
to any art; imposture; empiricism. 

quackish ('ish), aclj. hke a quack. 

quad (kwod), n. the court of a col- 
lege, prison, &c.; a quadrat. 

quadra ('ra), n. a square border or 
fillet of an Ionian column. Prefix 
meaning four^ Also quadr, quadri, 
quadru. 

Quadragesima (-r&-jes'i-mi), n. 
Lent. 

Quadragesima Sunday (sun 'da), n, 
the first Sunday in Lent. 

quadragesimal ('i-mM), adj. per- 
taining to, or used in, Lent. 

quadrangle ('rang-^1), n. an open 
square surrounded by buildings; a 
plane figure with 4 angles and 4 
sides. 

quadrangular ('gu-1^), adj. having 
the form of a quadrangle. 

quadrant ('ri,nt), n, the 4th part of 
a circle, an arc of 90°; an instru- 
ment for taking elevations; an in- 
strument for elevating cannon. 

quadrat - ('rat), n. a piece of type 
metal lower than the type, used to 
fill void spaces in a hne, pages, &c. 

quadrate ('rat), adj. having 4 equal 
sides and 4 right angles; raised to 
the second power; noting an aspect 
of the heavenly bodies in which they 
are distant 90° from each other: v.t. 
& v.i. to square; fit or correspond. 



quadratic (-rat^), adj. pertaining 
to, or involving, a square. 

quadrature ('rlr-tur), n. the act of 
squaring; the reduction of a figure 
to a square, exactly or approximate- 
ly; the position of a heavenly body 
when distant 90° from another: said 
especially of the position of the 
moon from the sun. 

quadrennial (-ren'i-M), adj. com- 
prising, or occurring, every 4 years. 

quadrennially (-li), adv. once in four 
years. 

quadrilateral (-ri-lat'er-&l), n. a plane 
figure with 4 sides and 4 angles; the 
area inclosed and defended by four 
fortresses. 

quadrille (ka- or kw§.-dril'), n. a dance 
by four sets of couples; a game at 
cards played by four persons. 

quadrillion (kwod-ril'yun), n. in the 
French system of numeration, fol- 
lowed in the United States, a thou- 
sand trilUons; in the English sys- 
tem, the fourth power of a milhon, 
or 1 followed by 24 ciphers. 

quadroon (roon'), n. the offspring of 
a mulatto and a white. 

Quadrumana (-roo'm^-n&), n.pl. an 
order of mammaha, including the 
monkey, &c. 

quadrumanous ('mi^nus), adj. hav- 
ing 4 hands. 

quadruped ('roo-ped), n. a four- 
footed animal: adj. four-footed. 

quadruple (r5o-pl), adj. four-fold: 
n. a sum or quantity four times as 
great as that taken as the standard : 
v.t. to multiply by fom:: v.i. to in- 
crease four-fold. 

quaestor (kwes'ter), n. in ancient 
Rome, the public treasurer; in cer- 



ate, arm, &.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(707) 



QUAFF 



708 



QUARRYMAN 



tain legislative assemblies, an officer 
in charge. Also questor. 

quaff (kwM), v.t. to drink or swal- 
low in large quantities: v.i, to drink 
luxuriously. 

quagga (kwag'S,), n. a South Afri- 
can quadruped alUed to the ass and 
zebra. 

quagmire (kwag'mir), n. wet, boggy- 
ground yielding under the feet. 

quahog (kwa-hog' or -h^gO, n, a 
species of clam much prized by 
epicures: vd. to go in search of this 
species of clam. 

quail (kwal), v.i. to sink in spirit or 
by dejection; lose heart; cower: n. a 
gallinaceous bird, allied to the par- 
tridge. 

quaint (kwant), adj, singular and 
antique; not expressed or shown in 
the usual way; odd; neat. 

quake (kwak), v.i. to tremble or shake; 
be agitated: n. a tremble or shudder. 

Quaker ('er), n. one of a religious 
sect, the Society of Friends, founded 
by Geo. Fox. Feminine Quakeress. 

Quaker-gun (-gun), n, sl wooden 
gun mounted to deceive an enemy. 

quaking ('mg)y adj. trembling; shak- 
ing: n. a shaking or tremor. 

quakiness ('i-nes), n. shakiness. 

quaky ('i), adj. shaky. 

qualifiable (l^wari-fi-§,-bl), adj. that 
may be qualified. 

qualification (-fi-ka'shun), n. any 
quality, endowment, or acquirement 
which fits a person for any office or 
occupation; legal power or ability; 
limitation; restriction. 

qualificative ('i-fi-ka-tiv), adj. serv- 
ing to qualify. 

qualifier ('i-fi-er), n, one who, or 
that which, qualifies. 

qualify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. qual- 
ified, p.pr. qualifying], to render fit 
or capable for any office, occupation, 
&c.; render legally capable; make 
fit; moderate; limit: v.i» to become 
quaUfied. 

qualitative ('i-ta-tiv), adj. pertain- 
ing to quality; determining the na- 
ture of component parts. 



quality ('i-ti), n. [pi. qualities (-tiz) ], fi 
peculiar power or property ; attribute ; ' 
disposition; rank; superior birth. 

qualm (kwam), n. a sudden fit of 
sickness; nausea; scruple. 

quamash (kw^-mash'), n. an escu- 
lent bulb eaten by the North Amer- 
ican Indians. Also camass. 

quandary (kwon'd§<-ri), n. a state of 
difficulty or perplexity; fix. 

quantitative ('ti-ta-tiv), adj. per- 
taining to quantity. Also quantitive. 

quantify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
quantified, p.pr. quantifying], to in- 
dicate the quantity or extent of. 

quantity ('ti-ti), n. that property of 
anything that may be increased or 
diminished; any indeterminate bulk, 
weight, or number; large portion, 
sum, or mass; the measure of time 
in pronouncing a syllable; anything 
that can be increased, divided, or 
measured; in logic, a general con- 
ception. 

quantivalence (-tiv'd-lens), n. the 
combining power of an atom as com- 
pared with hydrogen. 

quantum ('tum), n. amount (Latin). 

quarantine (kwor'^n-ten), n. the 
time (usually 40 days) during which 
a vessel from foriegn parts suspected 
of infectious disease is prohibited 
from intercourse with the shore: v.t, 
to place under quarantine. 

quarrel ('el), n. an angry dispute; 
petty fight; altercation; ground of 
dispute; a square-headed arrow: v.i. 
to dispute violently; be at variance; 
disagree. 

quarrelsome (-sum), adj. inclined 
to quarrel; contentious; easily pro- 
voked; irascible. 

quarried ('id), p. adj. dug from the 
quarry. 

quarrier ('i-er), n. one who works 
in a quarry. 

quarry ('i), n. a place where stone is 
dug out for building purposes, &c.; 
game pursued by hawks or hounds: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quarried, p.pr. quar- 
rying], to dig or take from a quarry. 

quarryman. Same as quarrier. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merga, mst; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book ; hue, hut; think, then. 



QUART 



709 



QUEEN-POST 



quart (kwort), n, 2 pints, or l-4th 
of a gallon; a sequence of 4 cards 
in the game of piquet. 

quartan (kwor'tan), adj, occurring 
every fourth day, as ague, &c. ^ 

quarte (kart), n. a guard in fencing. 

quarter (kwor'ter), n, the 4th part; 
28 lbs. avoirdupois; 8 bushels; the 
4th part of the moon's monthly 
revolution; part of the globe; par- 
ticular county, region, or district; 
life granted to a captive or enemy; 
mercy; after-part of a ship's side; 
one of the 4 points of the compass; 
in heraldry, one of the divisions of 
a shield when divided crosswise: pi. 
lodgings, especially for soldiers: v.t. 
to divide into four equal parts; fur- 
nish with lodgings, as soldiers; sta- 
tion; bear as an appendage to he- 
reditary arms. 

quarter day (da), n. the day begin- 
ning or ending each quarter of the 
year, viz.: March 25, June 24, Sept. 
29, Dec. 25, when payments of rent, 
&c., are made. 

quarter-deck (-dek), n. that part of 
a ship which is abaft the mainmast. 

quartered ('terd), p.adj. divided into 
quarters; the division of a shield 
containing many coats. ^ 

quarterly ('li), adj, consisting of, or 
containing, a quarter: adv. once 
each quarter of the year: n. a pub- 
lication issued every quarter. 

quartermaster ('ter-m^s-ter), n, an 
ofl&cer whose duty it is to assign 
quarters and provide food, clothing, 
forage, ammunition, &c., for a regi- 
ment; in the navy, a petty officer 
who attends to the steerage, signals, 
stowage, <fec., of ships. 

quartern ('tern), n. l-4th of a pint, 
or of a bushel; gill. 

quarter-staff (-stM), n. a staff 6J^ 
feet long and shod with iron, for- 
merly used as a weapon of defense. 

quartet (-tef), n. anything in fours; 
musical composition in 4 parts for 4 
voices or instruments. Also quartette. 

quarto ('to), n. [pi. quartos ('toz) ], 
a book having the sheet folded into 



4 leaves. A hhreviaied 4to : adj. having 
4 leaves in a sheet. 

quartz (kworts), n. a mineral com- 
pound of pure siHca. 

quartzite ('it), n. quartz rock. 

quash (kwosh), v.t. to crush; subdue 
suddenly or completely; annul. 

quashy (kwosh 'i), n. a West Indian 
name for the negro. 

quasi, a prefix meaning as it were, 
apparently y nearly. 

quassia (kwosh'i-§,), n. a South 
American tree^ yielding bark and 
wood of excessive bitterness. 

quatern (kwa'tem), adj. fourfold; 
growing in fours. ^ 

quaternion (-ter'ni-on), n. the num- 
ber 4; set of 4; a file of 4 soldiers: 
pi. a calculus or method of mathe- 
matical investigation. 

quatrefoil (ka'tr-foil), n. in herald- 
ry, four-leaved grass; an ornamental 
figure in architectural tracery di- 
vided by cusps into 4 leaves. 

quaver (kwa'ver), v.t. to shake or 
tremble; vibrate; sing or play with 
tremulous modulations: n. a vibra- 
tion of the voice; a musical note, 
one-half a crotchet. 

quay (ke), n. a wharf for loading or 
unloading vessels. 

quean (kwen), n. a worthless woman. 

queasy (kwe'zi), adj. affected with, 
or causing, nausea. 

queen (kwen), n. a female sovereign; 
consort of a king; sovereign of a 
swarm of bees (queen-bee); a court 
card with the figure of a queen; a 
piece in chess; the best or chief of 
her kind: v.i. to play the queen: v.t, 
in chess, to make a queen of. 

queen consort (kon'sort), n. the 
wife of a reigning king. 

queen dowager (dou'^-jer), n. the 
widow of a king. 

queenliness ('li-nes), n. queenly 
character or attributes. 

queenly (li), adj. like, or befitting, 
a queen. 

queen-post^ ('post), n. one of two 
vertical timbers in a roof rising 
from the tie-beam. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book • hue, hut; think, tMn. 



QUEEN REGNANT 



710 



QUILL 



queen regnant (reg'nant), n. a queen 
in her own right. 

queen's counsel (-z-koun'sel), n. a 
barrister holding a patent of preced- 
ence from the queen. 

queen's metal (-met'al), n. an alloy 
of tin, antimony, lead, and bismuth. 

queen's ware ('war), n. cream-col- 
ored earthenware.^ 

queer (kwer), adj. odd; singular; 
droll; strange; out of health. 

quell (kwel), v,t, to crush or subdue; 
put an end to; calm; allay. 

quench (kwench), v,L to put out or 
extinguish; check; allay. 

querimonious (kwer-i-mo'ni-us), acf/. 
complaining; querulous. 

querist (kwe'rist), n. one who asks 
questions. 

querl (kwerl), v,L to coil. 

querulous (kwer'oo-lus) , adj, com- 
plaining; discontented. 

query (kwe'ri), n, a question; an 
inquiry to be resolved; a mark of 
interrogation: v,L [p.t, & p,p. 
queried, p.pr. querying], to examine 
by questions; doubt; mark with a 
query: vd. to ask questions. 

quest (kwest),n. search; inquiry; jury 
of inquest: v.L to search or seek for. 

question (kwes'chun), n. an inquiry; 
act of asking; interrogation; doubt; 
subject of discussion; examination 
by torture: v,t, to ask or interro- 
gate; treat as doubtful. 

questionability (-a-biri-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being questionable. 

questionable (-a-bl), adj, that may 
be questioned; doubtful; suspicious. 

questionably (-a-bli), adv. in a ques- 
tionable manner. 

questionnaire (-ar'), n. series of 
questions for information on a 
given subject. 

questor. Same as quaestor. 

quetzal (kwet'zal), n. an American 
bird of paradise. 

queue (ka), n. the tail of a wig. 

quibble (kwib'l), n, a petty evasion 
or cavil; play on words: vA. to 
evade the truth by artifice or eva- 
sion; play on words. 



quibbling ('ling), n. evasion. 

quick (kwik), adj. rapid; hasty; 
active; nimble; ready; sharp in 
discernment; sprightly; precipitate; 
li\dng; pregnant: adv. quickly: n. 
the living flesh; sensitive parts; a 
hedge of growing shrubs. 

quicken ('en), v.i. to impart life; 
vivify; show signs of life in the 
womb: v.t. increase the speed of; 
to resuscitate; stimulate; cheer. 

quickening ('ning), adj. vivifying. 

quicklime ('llm), n. lime burnt and 
unslaked. 

quickly ('li), adv. soon; swiftly. 

quickness ('nes), n. speed; activity; 
activeness of perception. 

quicksand ('sand), n. sand easily 
moved or readily yielding to pres- 
sure; anything unreliable or treach- 
erous. 

quickset ('set), n. a living shrub, 
especially the hawthorn, set to 
grow, as for a hedge. 

quicksilver ('sil-ver), n. fluid mer- 
cury: v.t. to overlay with an amal- 
gam of mercury and tin-foil. 

quid (kwid), n. a plug of tobacco 
for chewing; a sovereign. 

quiddity ('i-ti), n. [pi. quiddities 
(-tiz) ], the essence of anything; a 
trifling nicety; captious question. 

quidnunc ('nungk), 71. one who is 
curious to know everything that 
passes; one who pretends to a 
knowledge of current events. 

quiesce (kwi-es'), v.i. to be silent. 

quiescence ('ens), n. repose or rest; 
mental quietude. Also quiescency. 

quiescent Cent), adj. reposing or 
resting; calm; silent. 

quiet (kwl'et), adj. free from mo- 
tion, disturbance, or alarm; still; 
calm; peaceable; gentle; secluded; 
subdued and modest; not showy: 
v.t. to calm or pacify; reduce to a 
state of rest: v.i. to become quiet. 

quietude ('et-ud), n. repose; tran- 
quillity. 

quietus (-e'tus), n. rest; death; final 
settlement or discharge; heavy blow. 

quill (kwil), n. the large strong 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



QUILT 



711 



QUOIT 



teatbet of a bird^s wing; such feather 
used as a pen; a porcupine's spine; 
a weaver's spindle: v.t. to plait or 
form with small quill-like ridges. 

quilt (kwilt), n. a kind of coverlet 
or counterpane: t>.U to stitch to- 
gether, aa two pieces of cloth, &c., 
with a soft material between. 

quilting C'ing;, n. the act or process 
ol making a quilt; material for 
quilting; quilted work. 

quinary G^wi'n§.-ri), adj, consisting 
of or arranged in, fives. 

quinine (kwin'en or kwl'nin), n. an 
alkaline substance obtained from the 
bark of the Chinchona tree: used as 
a febrifuge and tonic. 

quinquagesima (-kw^-jes'i-m^), adj, 
fiftieth. 

Quinquagesima Sunday (sun'da), 
n. the Sunday next before Lent. 

quinque, a prefix meaning five, as 
QuinqueTeme, sl galley with five 
banli of oars. 

quinquennial (-kwen'i-il) , adj. re- 
curring once in, or lasting, five 
years. 

quinsy ('zi), n, inflammation of the 
tonsils of the throat. 

quint (kwint), n. a set or sequence 
of five. 

quintal ('t§I), n. a weight of 100 or 
112 lbs. 

quintan ('t§<n), adj. recurring every 
fifth day: n, an intermittent fever 
which recurs thus. 

quintessence (kwin-tes'ens), n. the 
pure concentrated essence of any- 
thing; vital or essential part. 

quintet ^ (-tef), n. a musical compo- 
sition in five obligato parts. Also 
quintette, quintetto. 

quintillion (-til'yun), n. in the 
French system, of enumeration, fol- 
lowed in the United States, a thou- 
sand quadrillions; in the English 
system, a miUion raised to the fifth 

Eower, expressed by a unit followed 
y thirty ciphers. 
quintuple ('tu-pl), v.t, to make five- 
fold: adj, fivefold. 
quip (kwip), n, a short sarcastic turn 



or retort; jeer: v.i. [p.t & p.p. 
quipped, p.pr, quipping], to scoff; 
jeer. 

quire (kwTr), n. 24 sheets; an obso- 
lete form of choir. 

Quirinal (kwi-ri'nM), n. at Rome, 
the royal palace. 

Quirites (-ri'tez), n.pl. the ancient 
Romans in their civil capacity. ^ 

quirk (kwerk), n. an artful evasion; 
subterfuge; quibble; smart retort; 
a fight irregular air or melody.^ 

quit^ (kwit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quit or 
quitted, p.pr. quitting], to depart 
from: discharge (an obligation); 
give up; forsake: adj. set free. 

quitch (kwich), n, couch-grass. 

quittance (k\\dt'^ns), n discharge 
from a debt, service, or obhgation. 

quite (kwit), adj. wholly; completely. 

quiver (kwiv'er), n. a case for ar- 
rows; a trembling or shivering: v.i. 
to tremble, shake, or shiver. 

quixotic (k^s-iks-ofik), a/ij. chival- 
rous or romantic to extravagance, 
from Don Quixote, the hero of Cer- 
vantes' romance.^ 

quixotically (-M-li), adv. in a quix- 
otic manner. 

quiz (kwiz), n. an enigma or obscure 
question designed to puzzle anyone; 
one who quizzes others: v.t. p.t, & 
p.p. quizzed, p.pr. quizzing], to puz- 
zle; make fun of; banter; hoax; 
examine narrowly with an air of 
mockery; peer at. 

quizzical ('i-k§;l), adj. given to, or 
of the nature of, quizzing; comical. 

quod (kwod), n. a quadrangle; prison. 

quodlibet ('H-bet), n. sl nice point 
or subtlety. 

quoif. Same as coif. 

quoiff ure. ^ Same as coiffure. 

quoin (koin), n. a wedge used to sup- 
port and steady a stone; external 
angle of a building; a wedge of wood 
or metal to elevate a gun; wedge- 
shaped wooden block to tighten the 
pages of type within the chase. 

quoit (kwoit), n, a circular ring of 
iron to be pitched at a fixed object: 
pi. the game thus played. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 

Die 46 



QUONDAM 



712 



QURAN 



quondam (kwon'd§,m), adj, former 
[Latin], 

quorum (kwo'rum), n, the number 
of members of a body or corporation 
competent to transact business by 
law or constitution. 

quota (kwo'tS.), n. the part or share 
assigned to each. 

quotation (-ta'shun), n. the act of 
quoting; that which is quoted; cur- 
rent price. 

quotative Qiwo't§,-tiv), a, of the 
nature of or pertaining to quotation. 



quote (kwot), v.L to adduce (a pas- 
sage) from some author or speaker, 
for authority or illustration; give 
the current price of. 

quoth (kwoth), v.t. said. 

quotha ('^), inter j, indeed! 

quotidian (kwo-tid'i-§,n), adj, recur- 
ring daily. 

quotient ('shent), n. the number re- 
sulting from the division of one 
number by another. 

quotum ('turn), n. share; proportion. 

Quran. Another form of Koran. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,! 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. \ 



R 



R, the eighteenth letter of the English 
alphabet. 

raad (rad), n, a legislative assembly 
[South Africa]. 

rabbet (rab'et), n, a groove cut longi- 
tudinally in the edge of a plank, 
^c, so that another may fit into 
it: v.t, to groove and imite by a 
rabbet.^ 

rabbi ('i or 'i), n. {pi. rabbis ('iz) ], 
a Jewish doctor or interpreter of the 
law. Also rabbin. 

rabbinic (-in'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the rabbis, their doctrines, learning, 
and language. Also rabbinical, n. 
later Hebrew. 

rabbinism ('in-izm), n. rabbinic 
phraseology. 

rabbinist ('in-ist), n. one who ad- 
heres to the Talmud and the rab- 
binic traditions. Also rabbinite. 

rabbit ('it), n. a burrowing rodent 
animal, esteemed for food and its 
fur. 

rabbit-warren (-wor'en), n. a place 
where rabbits burrow and breed. 

rabble ('1), n. a noisy crowd or mob, 
especially of the lower orders. 

rabid ('id), adj, mad; enthusiastic to 
excess. 

rabboni (r§,-bo'ni), n. my master: 
the highest title of distinction among 
the ancient Jews. 

rabies (ra'bi-ez), n. canine madness; 
madness caused by the bite of a 
dog; hydrophobia. 

raca (ra'k§;), adj. worthless: a term 
of great contempt among the ancient 
Jews. 

raccoon (rak-oon'), n. a badger-Uke 
animal of North America with a 
valuable fur. Also racoon. 



race (ras), n. a rapid course, as of an 
animal or river; contest of speed; 
career; descent or hneage; breed or 
variety; pecuhar strength or flavor; 
root: pi. horseraces: v.i. to run 
swiftly; contend in running: v.U to 
cause to contend in a race. 

raceme (r^-sem'), n. a flower cluster. 

racemose (ras'e-mos), adj. growing 
in racemes. 

racial (ra'siil), adj. pertaining to 
race or lineage. 

racily ('si-li), adv. in a racy manner. 

raciness (-nes), n. the state or quahty 
of being racy. 

rack (rak), n, an instrument for 
stretching or straining; an engine 
for stretching the hmbs to extort a 
confession; a frame in which arti- 
cles are arranged; a grating above a 
manger for holding hay; a straight 
toothed bar working in the pinions 
of a wheel* an incUned plane on 
which ore is washed and separated; 
thin, broken, vapory clouds; entire 
ruin : v.t. to stretch or strain forcibly 
on, or as on, the rack; torture; 
wrest; perplex; exhaust; decant or 
stsain off. 

rackarock (rS,k'a-rok), n. an explo- 
sive powder of high power. 

racket Cet), n. a clattering noise; 
a network bat used in tennis; a 
snow-shoe: pi. tennis: v.i. to make a 
clattering noise; frolic; play tennis: 
v.t. to strike, as with a racket. 

racketing (-ing), n. noisy, confused 
mirth. 

racking-bit (rak'ing-bit) , n. a bit 
having an extra pair of very long 
cheek-pieces- 

racking-pace ('ing-pas), n. the pace 



ate^ arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 

C713) 



RACK-RENT 



714 



RADIUM 



of a horse somewhat quicker and 
shorter than an amble. 

rack-rent ('rent), n. rent raised to 
its utmost value. 

raconteur (ra-kon-ter'), n, an expert 
teller of anecdotes. 

racoon. Same as raccoon. 

racquet, another form of racket. 

racy (ra'si), adj, having a strong 
flavor; mentally exciting; piquant. 

raddle (rad'l), n. a hedge of branches 
interwoven: v.t, to interweave. 

raddock ('ok), n. the robin red-breast. 

radial (ra'di-i,l), adj. pertaining to, 
or like, or using as, a ray; pertain- 
ing to the radius of the forearm. 

radiance ('di-§,ns), n. brightness 
shooting in rays; brilliant bright- 
ness; splendor. Also radiancy. 

radiant ('di-^nt), adj, emitting rays 
of light or heat; shining; brilliant: 
n. the point from which a shower 
of meteors proceeds; a straight line 
proceeding from a given point about 
which it revolves; the luminous 
point from which hght emanates. 

radiate ('di-at), y.U to send out as 
rays: v.i, to emit, or issue forth in, 
rays: adj, having rays. 

radiation^ (-a'shun), n. the emission 
or diffusion of rays of light or heat 
from one luminous or heated body 
to another.^ 

radiator ('di-a-ter), n. the body from 
which rays radiate; a chamber, coil, 
drum, &c., in an apartment, heated 
by steam, hot air, or hot water, &c., 
for radiating warmth into the apart- 
ment; a water-cooling device used 
with gasoline motors. 

radical (rad'i-kM), adj, pertaining to 
the root or origin; fundamental; 
original; underived; extreme: n. a 
simple, underived word; letter be- 
longing to the root; one of the ultra- 
liberal party; the base of a chemical 
compound (also radicle). 

radically ('i-k§;l-i), adv. essentially; 
entirely. 

radicate ('i-kat), v.t, to plant deeply 
and firmly: v.i. to take root: adj, 
deeply planted or rooted. 



radicel ('i-sel), n, a rootlet. 

radicle (^i-kl), n. that part in the 
embryo in the seed of a plant which 
becomes the root; in chemistry, the 
same as radical. 

radio-active (ra'di-o-ak'tiv) , adj. 
emitting Becquerel rays; exhibiting 
the properties possessed by radium. 

radiobe (ra'di-ob), n. a minute struc- 
ture produced in gelatine by the 
action of radium and thought by 
Burke to represent a link between 
the inorganic and the organic worlds. 

radiochemistry (ra'di-6-kem'is-tri) , 
n. the study of the pecuhar group 
of chemicals that manifest the 
phenomena of radioactivity. 

radiochroism (ra'di-ok'ro-izm), n. 
varying opacity to different types 
of X-rays. 

radioconductor (ra'di-o-kon-duk'- 
tor, n. an instrument to detect 
electric waves in the atmosphere, 
including the receivers in wireless- 
telegraphy. 

radiodermatitis (ra'di-o-der'ma-ti'- 
tis), n, an obstinate inflammation of 
the skin caused by prolonged ex- 
posure to X-rays or allied radiations. 

radiofy (-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. radiofied, 
p.pr. radiofying], to cause to become 
radio-active by exposing to the 
influence of radium. 

radiograph (-grM), n, a picture ob- 
tained by means of radiography: 
v.t, to produce a likeness of by 
means of radiography. 

radiography (ra-di-og'rl,-fi) , n. the 
art or process of producing pictures 
by the action of Roentgen rays upon 
certain sensitive salts. 

radiometer (ra-di-om'e-ter), n, an 
instrument revolving in a vacuum, 
which under the influence of light 
exhibits the energy of the solar rays. 

radiotherapy (ra'di-o-ther'a-pi) , n. 
treatment of disease with the X-ray 
or with one of the radioactive ele- 
ments, as radium or thorium.^ 

radish (rad'ish), n, a plant with an 
edible root, used as a salad. ^ 

radium (ra'di-um), n. a radio-active 



Ste, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RADIUS 



715 



RAISE 



element recently discovered in pitch- 
blende, possessing the property of 
giving off luminous and actinic rays, 
accompanied by heat, without ap- 
parent loss of energy or diminution 
in bulk or weight. 

radius (ra'di-us), n. [pi. radii (-i) ], 
a straight line from the center to 
the circumference of a circle; ex- 
terior bone of the forearm; ray of a 
flower; anj^thing resembling a radius, 
as the spoke of a wheel. 

radix ('diks), n. a root; a primitive 
word; base of a system of loga- 
rithms. 

raff (raf), n. a jumble; refuse; the 
rabble. 

rafHe ('1), n. a kind of lottery in 
which each participant deposits a 
part of the value of a thing in con- 
sideration of the chance of gaining 
it: v.t. to dispose of by raflBle: v.i, to 
take part in a raffle. 

raft (rMt), n, pieces of timber fas- 
tened together for transport by 
floating; a floating wooden frame- 
work: v.t. to carry on a raft. 

rafter ('er), n, an inclined beam 
supporting the roof of a house: v.t. 
to form into, or furnish with, raf- 
ters. 

rafting ('ing), n. the business of 
floating rafts. 

raftsman ('mS,n), n. a man who 
manages a raft upon a river. 

rag (rag), n. a fragment of cloth; a 
low-class newspaper: pi. worn-out 
or tattered garments; mean dress. 

ragamuffin ('^-muf-in), n. a low, 
disreputable fellow. 

rage (raj), n. excessive and uncon- 
trolled anger; vehemence; extreme 
violence; enthusiasm; extreme de- 
sire or eagerness: v.i. to be furious 
with anger; prevail fatally, as a dis- 
ease; be violently agitated, as the 
eea; ravage. 

rageful ('fool), adj. full of rage. 

ragg. Same as ragstone. 

ragged (rag'ed), adj. rent or worn 
into rags; clothed in tattered gar- 
ments; destitute; rough; jagged. 



raging (raj'ing), p. adj. acting with 
fury; violent; vehement; frantic: n. 
fury; violence. 

ragout (ra-gooO, n. a dish of stewed 
and highly seasoned meat. 

ragstone (rag'ston), n. any hard, 
coarse-textured rock. 

rag-time ('tim), n. syncopated time, 
characteristic of negro melodies. 

ragwort (rag'wert), n. a common 
plant with jagged leaves. 

raid (rad), n. a hostile or predatory 
incursion: v.t. to make a raid upon. 

rail (ral), n. 9 bar of timber or metal 
extending from one support to 
another; wooden or iron fence; a 
railway; a wading bird with a harsh 
cry: v.i. to brawl; use opprobrious 
language; scoff: v.t. to inclose with 
rails; despatch by rail. 

railing Cing), n. material for rails; 
fence made of posts and rails: adj. 
insulting or reproaching. 

raillery ('er-i), n. good-humored 
irony or satire; banter. 

railleur (-ver'), n. a banterer [French]. 

railway (^va), n. a way or road laic* 
with two parallel iron or steel rails 
along which cars are drawn by 
steam power, electricity, &c. Also 
railroad. 

raiment (ra'ment), n. clothing. 

rain (ran), n. water in drops dis- 
charged from the clouds: v.i. to fall 
in drops from the clouds; drop hke 
rain: v.t. to pour down like rain. 

rainbow Cbo), n. the bright-colored 
arc formed in the heavens by the 
refraction or reflection of the sun's 
rays falling upon watery particles 
in that part of the heavens opposite 
to the sun. 

rainfall ('fawl), n. the amount of 
rain that falls on any given area. 

raininess (':-nes), n. the state of 
being rainy. 

rainy ('i), adj. abounding with rain. 

raise (raz), v.t. to cause to rise; lift 
up; elevate; originate or produce; 
promote; rouse; increase; construct; 
levy; collect; cause to appear; 
cause to swell. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, </ien. 



RAISIN 



716 



RANDOM 



raisin (ra'zn), n. a dried grape. 

rajah (ra'ja), n, a Hindu king, prince, 
or chief. 

rajput (raj-poof), n, a Hindu of 
royal descent or of the higher mili- 
tary caste. Also rajpoot.^ 

rake (rak), n. a toothed implement 
for smoothing the soil; a rascal; in- 
clination or slope; that part of the 
bow or stern of a ship that projects 
beyond the keel: v.L to gather or 
smooth with a rake; collect to- 
gether; scour; fire upon, so as to 
sweep the deck of a vessel in a 
longitudinal direction: v,i, to slope 
from the perpendicular.^ 

rakish (rak'ish), adj, dissolute; de- 
bauched. 

rally ('i), v.t, [p,L & p.p. rallied, 
p.pr, rallying], to collect and ar- 
range, as troops in confusion; re- 
unite; attack with raillery; banter 
or satirize humorously: v.i. to return 
to order; recover strength; exercise 
raillery: n, the act of recovering 
order, or of regaining strength; 
good-humored satire; horseplay, as 
in a pantomime. 

ram (ram), n. the male of a sheep; 
one of the signs (Aries) of the 
zodiac; a military engine for batter- 
ing; a hydraulic engine; an iron- 
clad with a steel beak: v.t. [p.t, & 
p.p, rammed, p.pr, ramming], to 
push or press with force. 

ramble ('bl), v.i. to wander or rove 
about; visit many places; be desul- 
tory: n, a roving or wandering from 
place to place. 

ramee (ra-me'). Same as ramie. 

ramenta (-men't^), n.pL the thin 
brown scales which cover the stems 
of ferns. 

ramie (ram'e), n. grass-cloth plant, 
or its fiber. 

ramification (ram-i-fi-ka'shun), n. a 
division or separation into branches; 
sub-division; manner of producing 
branches. 

ramify ('i-fl), v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. rami- 
fied, p.pr. ramifying], to divide into 
branches or divisions: v.i. to shoot 



into branches; become divided or , 
sub-divided. 

rammer ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, rams; an instrument for for- 
cibly driving anything; a rod for 
forcing down the charge of a gun. 

ramose ^ (ra'mos), adj. branched; 
producing branches. Also ramous. 

ramp (ramp), v.i, to cHmb hke a 
plant; spring; leap violently: w. a 
leap or bound. I; 

rampage ^ (ram'paj), v.i, to prancei 
about with unrestrained spirits; be 
furious: n, a state of excitement. 

rampant ('pint), adj. overleaping re- 
straint or natural bounds; in herald- 
ry, standing upright on the hindlegs. 

rampart ('part), n, a mound or wall 
surrounding a fortified place; pro- 
tection from assault or danger: v.L 
to fortify with a rampart. 

ramrod^ ('rod), n. a rod used for 
ramming down the charge of a gun. 

ramshackle ^ ('shak-1), adj, loose; 
out of repair. 

ramus (ra'mus), n, a branch. 

ran, p.t. of run. 

ranch (ranch), n. a cattle-farm. 
Also ranche, rancho [Mexican]. 

ranchero (ran-cha'ro), n, a herds- 
man [Mexican], 

rancho (ran'cho), n, a cabin or group 
of cabins where ranchmen or trav- 
elers are sheltered. 

rancid (ran'sid), adj. having a rank, 
unpleasant smell; sour or musty. 

rancidity ('i-ti),^ n, rancid condi- 
tion. Also rancidness. 

rancor (rang'ker), n. implacable en- 
mity: deep spite or malice. 

rancorous (-us), adj. malignant; 
spiteful. 

rand (rand), n. an edge, margin, or 
border. 

randan (ran'din), n. a boat pro- 
pelled by three rowers, one in the 
center using two oars and the oth- 
ers one oar each. 

random ('dum), n. want of direction 
or method chance: adj. done hap- 
hazard; left to chance, or without 
method. 



Ete, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; booHt 
book: hue. hut: think, then. 



RANEE 



71T 



RAREFY 



ranee (ran'e), n. a Hindu queen or 
princess; rajah's wife. Also rani, 
rannee. 

rang p.t. of ring. 

range (ranj), v.t, to set or arrange 
in a row; place in proper order; 
rove over; sail along in a parallel 
direction: n. a rank or row; order 
or class; space or room for excur- 
sion; extent of discourse or roam- 
ing; power; an extended kitchen 
grate; distance to which a shot, &c., 
can be projected. 

range-finder (ranj'fin-der), n. a con- 
trivance to enable the marksman in 
a fort or ship to ascertain the exact 
range of the target. 

ranger ('er), n. a rover; the chief 
official or keeper of a park or for- 
est; a variety of dog. 

rank (rangk), n. a row or line, espe- 
cially of soldiers placed abreast ; sta- 
tion or position; grade; dignity; 
eminence: v.t, to draw up in line; 
include in a particular class, or 
order, or division: v,i. to hold a 
certain position: adj. luxuriant in 
growth; excessive; coarse; rancid. 

rankle ('1), v.i. to grow more rank 
or strong; fester; become mentally 
disquieted or irritated. 

ransack (ran'sak), v.t. to search mi- 
nutely; rummage; plunder. 

ransom ('sum), v.t.. to free from 
captivity, slavery, or punishment, by 
a payment; atone for; redeem from 
the bondage of sin: n, price paid for 
release from captivity, &c., or for 
goods captured by an enemy; price 
paid for procuring the pardon of 
sin and the redemption of the sin- 
ner. 

rant (rant), v.i, to bluster or be 
noisily wordy; rave in extravagant 
or violent language: n. noisy; empty 
declamation. 

ranter Cer), n. one who rants; a 
boisterous preacher. 

rap (rap), v.i. to strike a quick, sharp 
blow; knock: v.t. to strike sharply 
n, a quick, sharp blow; something 
of no value. 



rapacious (r§,-pa'shus), adj . given to 
plunder; seizing forcibly; subsisting 
on prey; greedy; avaricious. 

rapacity (-pas'i-ti), n. the quaHty of 
being rapacious. Also rapacious- 
ness. 

rape (rap), n. a seizing and carrying 
away by force; the seizure and car- 
nal knowledge of a woman against 
her will; a plant of the cabbage 
family, from the seeds of which an 
oil (colza oil) is expressed. 

rapid (rap 'id), adj. very quick or 
swift; expeditious: n.-pl. a swift cur- 
rent in a river where the channel is 
descending. 

rapier (ra'pi-er), n. a long thin 
sword used for thrusting. 

rapine (rap'in, or 'in), n. the act of 
plundering or seizing forcibly; pil- 
lage; violence. 

rapport (-por'), n. harmonious rela- 
tion; affinity. 

rapprochement (r§,-prosh'mang), n. 
the act of coming together; an 
understanding. 

rapscallion (rap-scal'yun), n. a ras- 
cal. 

rapt (rapt), p.adj. transported; rav- 
ished. 

Raptores (rap-to 'rez), n.'pl. an order 
of birds characterized by the 
strength of their claws and bills, in- 
cluding the eagles, owls, &c. ^ 

raptorial ('ri-SI), adj. pertaining to 
the Raptores. Also raptorious. 

rapture ('tur), n. extreme pleasure 
or delight; ecstasy; enthusiasm. 

raptured. Same as rapt. 

rare (rar), adj. [comp. rarer, superl. 
rarest], scarce; uncommon; unusu- 
al; thinly scattered; not dense; ex- 
cellent; incomparable; of loose tex- 
ture; almost raw. 

rare-bit ('bit), n. a dainty morsel. 

rarefaction (rar-e-fak'shun),^ n. the 
act of rarefying or rendering less 
dense. 

rarefy (rar'e-fi), v.t. ^ [p.t. & p.p. 
rarefied, p.pr. rarefying], to make 
rare, thin, or less dense; expand: 
v.i. to become less dense. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boou^ 
book: hue. hut: think, then. 



RARELY 



718 



RATIONALISTIC 



rarely (Ti), adv. seldom. 

rareness ('nes), n, the state or qual- 
ity of being rare. 

rare-ripe (rar'rip), adj. ripe before 
the usual season: w. an early fruit. 

rarity ('i-ti), n. a rare article; ex- 
ceptional excellence; rareness. 

rascal ('kM), n. a mean fellow; a 
scoundrel; one who is guilty of 
mean offenses. 

rascaldom (-dum), n. rascals col- 
lectively. 

rascality ('i-ti), n. the state of be- 
ing a rascal; petty villainy or dis- 
honesty. 

rash (rash), adj. hasty; incautious; 
precipitate; acting without caution 
or reflection: n. a sHght cutaneous 
eruption. 

rasher ('er), n. a thin slice of bacon. 

Rasores (ra-so'rez), n.pl. an order 
of birds, including the barn fowls, 
pheasants, partridges, &c., who 
scratch the ground in search of food. 

rasorial Cri-M), adj. pertaining to 
the Rasores. 

rasp (rl,sp), v.t.^ to rub with, or as 
with, a rough instrument; file with 
a rasp: n. sl kind of rough file. 

raspberry ^ (raz'ber-i), n. [pi. rasp- 
berries (-iz) ], a shrub and its well- 
known fruit. 

rasure (ra'zur), n. erasure. 

rat (rat), n. an animal of the mouse 
family but larger and more vora- 
cious; one who deserts his party; a 
workman who works during a strike, 
or for less than the usual wages: v.i. 
[p.t, & p.p. ratted, p.pr. ratting], to 
desert one's party; to act the rat, 
said of a workman; to catch rats. 

ratable (rat'^-bl), adj. assessed at a 
certain value; liable to be assessed. 

ratably ('§,-bli), adv. proportionally. 

ratan. Same as rattan. 

ratch (rach), n. a toothed bar into 
which a chck drops; the wheel of a 
clock which causes it to strike. 

ratchet Cet), n. the detent which 
stops a ratchet-wheel. 

ratchet-wheel (hwel), n. sl circular 
ratch. 



rate (rat), n. ratio or proportion; 
price fixed or stated; comparative j 
value; degree; a tax or assessment; 
speed at which anything is done or 
performed; class of warship: v.t. to 
estimate; settle or fix the value, 
rank, or degree of; scold vehemently 
and hastily: v.i. to make an esti- 
mate; be placed in a certain class or 
rank. 

rather (rSi/i'er), adv. sooner; more 
willingly; on the contrary; prefer- 
ably to the other. 

rathskeller (raths'kel-er), n. an un- 
derground place of refreshment. 

ratification (rat-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
act of ratifying; confirmation. 

ratifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who ratifies. 

ratify ('i-fi), vJ>. [p.t. & p.p. ratified, 
p.pr. ratifying], to approve and sanc- 
tion; settle or confirm; establish. 

ratio (ra'shi-o), n. [pi. ratios (-oz) ], 
the relation or proportion of one 
thing or quantity to another. 

ratiocinate (rash-i-os'i-nat), v.i. to 
reason deductively; argue. 

ratiocination (-i-na'shun), n. the 
act or process of reasoning; deduc- 
ing conclusions from premises. 

ratiocinative ('i-na-tiv), adj. argu- 
mentative. 

ration (ra'shun), n. an allowance: 
pi. allowance of provisions given per 
man for daily subsistence: v.L to 
furnish with rations. 

rational (rash'un-M), adj. agreeable 
to, or consistent with, reason; nei- 
ther extravagant or foohsh; wise; 
judicious. 

rationale (rash-o-na'le), n. a series 
of reasons assigned for any opinion, 
action, &c. 

rationalism ('un-il-izm), n. a sys- 
tem or doctrine which, rejecting rev- 
elation, makes reason the sole guide 
in the interpretation of Scripture 
and dogma. 

rationalist (-ist), n. one who up- 
holds or supports rationahsm. 

rationalistic (-is'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, characteristic of, or like, ra- 
tionalism. 



&te, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon' 
book; hue, hut; think, tb&n. 



RATIONALITY 



719 



RAYOMETER 



rationality (-al'i-ti), n, the quality 
of being rational; power of reason- 
ing; reasonableness; mental sanity. 

rationalize CM-iz), v.t to interpret 
as a rationalist; convert to ration- 
alism: VA. to rely solely on reason or 
as a rationalist. 

rationally^ C^-li), adv. in a rational 
manner; in accordance with reason. 

ratline (ratlinz), n.pl. small horizon- 
tal ropes, extending over the shrouds 
forming ladder-like steps. Also rat- 
lines. 

ratsbane (ratsT^an), n. poison for 
rats; arsenious acid. 

rattan (rat-an'), n, one of the long, 
smooth, reed-like stemis of several 
species of palms; a rattan walking 
stick. 

ratteen (-teen'), n. a thick woolen 
quilted or twilled stuff. ^ 

rattinet (-in-ef), n. an inferior kind 
of ratteen. 

ratting ('ing), n. the act of deserting 
one's party; the act of catching 
rats; working for less than current 
prices. 

rattle (rati), v.i. to produce rapidly 
sharp noises; speak rapidly or nois- 
ily; ride rapidly: v.t, to cause to 
make a rapid, sharp noise; stun 
with noise; drive rapidly; scold: 7i. 
a succession of rapid, sharp noises; 
noisy, rapid, empty talk; a child's 
toy for rattling. 

rattler (ratler), n. one who, or that 
which, rattles; a rattlesnake. 

rattlesnake (-snak), n. a venomous 
snake with hard bony rings on the 
tail producing a rattling sound when 
in motion. 

rattling Cling), adj. making a rapid 
succession of sharp, noisy sounds; 
quick: adv. very: n. noise produced 
by a rattle. 

raucous (rawHius), adj. hoarse. 

ravage (rav'aj), v.t. to lay waste; 
pillage; plunder or sack: n. destruc- 
tion by violence or decay; devasta- 
tion; ruin. 

rave (rav), v.i, to wander in the mind 
or be delirious; rage as a madman. 



ravel (rav'l), vM to unweave or un« 
twist; involve or entangle: v.i. to be 
unwoven or untwisted; busy one's 
self with perplexities. 

ravelin Clin), n. a detached work 
with two embankments making a 
saHent angle. 

ravelings ('el4ngz), n.pl. threads de- 
tached by untwisting. 

raven (ra'yn), n. a large bird of the 
crow family noted for its deep black 
color: a/Ij. raven-colored. 

raven (rav'n), v.t. to obtain, or seize, 
by violence; devour with greediness 
or voracity: n. violence; plunder; 
prey. 

ravening ('n-ing), n. eagerness for 
plunder. 

ravenous ('n-us), adj. devouring with 
rapacity; eagerly voracious; eager 
for gratification. 

ravine (r4-venO, w. a long, deep hol- 
low, worn by the action of a stream 
or torrent; mountain gorge. 

ravish (ravish), v.t. to seize and to 
carry aWay by force ; have sexual in- 
tercourse with (a w^oman) by force 
and without her consent; transport 
with delight or rapture. 

ravishment (ish-ment), n. forcible 
violation of chastity; rape; abduc- 
tion; transport; rapture. 

raw (raw), adj. uncooked; crude; 
without skin; sore; not spun or 
twisted; in the natural state; un- 
tanned; undiluted; unripe; inexperi- 
enced; cold and damp: n. a sore. 

rawboned ('bond), adj, with Httle 
flesh on the bones. 

rawhide ('hid), n. sl cowhide whip. 

rawish (ish), adj. somewhat raw. 

ray (ra), n. a hne or pencil of light 
proceeding from a radiant point; 
light; beam of intellectual Ught; 
perception or apprehension ; the out- 
er whorl of a floret; a radius; a 
cartilaginous fish of the genus Raia, 
as the skate, &c. : v.t. to shoot forth, 
as a ray: v.i, shine forth. 

rayah (ra'ya), n. in Turkey, a non- 
Mohammedan. 

rayometer (ra-om'e-ter), n. an ap- 



&te, &rm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut: think, then. 



RAZE 



720 



REAP 



paratus to test sensitiveness to the 
X-ray. 

raze (raz), v.t to level to the ground; 
blot out; efface; graze or shave. 

razee (ra-ze'), n. a large warship cut 
down to a smaller size and inferior 
class. 

razor <'zer), n. a sharp-edged cutting 
instrument used for shaving. 

razor-bill (-bil), n, the auk. 

razure. Same as rasure. 

razzle-dazzle (raz'l-daz'l), n. a state 
of confusion or dizziness, as from ef- 
fects of alcohol; a revolving platform 
having irregular motion, used for 
amusement: v.L to confuse, bewilder, 
or daze. 

re, prefix noting repetition or retro- 
grade action. 

reach (rech), v.t, to touch with the 
extended hand; stretch forth; arrive 
at; gain; penetrate to; include: v.i. 
to be extended so as to touch; en- 
deavor to obtain something; the 
power of reaching or attaining; dis- 
tance that can be reached; hmit of 
power or abihty; stretch of water 
or stream. 

reactance (re-ak'tans), 6. the seem- 
ing resistance of an alternating-cur- 
rent electric circuit due to self-in- 
duction. 

read (red), v.t, [p.t, & p.p. read 
(red), p.pr. reading], to observe and 
apprehend the meaning of (some- 
thing written, printed or inscribed) ; 
peruse; discover by observation; 
study: v.i. to perform the act of 
reading; peruse written or printed 
matter. 

read (red), adj. well-informed or ac- 
quainted with books. 

readable (red'l,-bl), adj. fit to be 
read; worth reading; legible. 

reader ('er), n. one who reads; one 
who reads prayers in church; a cor- 
rector of the press; a university lec- 
turer; a reading-book. 

readily (red'i-li), adv.^ in a ready 
manner; quickly; easily; willingly. 

readiness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- 
ing ready; promptness; cheerfulness. 



reading (red'ing), adj. addicted to 
reading: n. perusal of books; lec- 
ture; pubhc recital; variation; ver- 
sion or interpretation of a particu- 
lar passage in a book or MS.; ob- 
servation made by examining a 
scientific instrument; formal recital 
of a bill by the proper officer ef ore 
a legislative assembly. 

readjust (re-ad-jusf), v.t. to place 
in order again; to rearrange. 

ready (red'i), adj. [comp. readier, 
superl. readiest], prepared at the 
moment; quick; prompt; fit for a 
purpose; wiUing; near; about to do 
or be; dexterous. 

real (re'^1), adj. actually existing; 
not fictitious; genuine; true; per- 
taining to things fixed, as lands or 
tenements; not personal: n. (ra'§<l) 
a Spanish coin = 5 cents (about). 

real estate (es-taf), n. lands and all 
appertaining to them. 

realism ('i,l-izm), n. the representa- 
tion of nature or social life as it 
actually appears; the doctrine that 
the objects immediately known are 
real existences. 

realist (-ist), n. one who holds the 
doctrine of, or practices, reaUsm. 

realistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to 
realism and realists. 

reality ('i-ti), n. [pL reaUties (-tiz) ], 
actual existence; tact; truth. 

realization (-i-za'shun), n. the act 
of reahzing, or of making and be- 
lieving real; conversion of money 
into real property, or the contrary. 

realize ('M-iz), v.t. to bring into act 
or being; make real; convert into 
real property or money; bring home 
to one's self; achieve; complete. 

really ('S,l-li), adv. with actual exist- 
ence; in truth. 

realm (relm), n. royal jurisdiction or 
territory; kingdom; empire; state. 

realty C^l-ti), n. real estate. 

ream (r em) , n. 20 quires, or 480 sheets 
of paper; 516 sheets (printer's 
ream). 

reap (rep), v.t. to cut with a scythe, 
sickle, or corn-cutting machine; per- 



ate, arm, dsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5ii 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



REAR 



721 



RECEDE 



form the operation of reaping; 
gather in; receive as a reward. 

rear (rer), n. the part behind the 
rest; last in order; background; 
that part of a fleet or army behind 
the other: v.t, raise or hft up; ex- 
alt; build; educate; bring to matur- 
ity: v.i, to assume an erect posture: 
adj, pertaining to the rear. 

rear-admiral (-ad-mir-M), n. in the 
United States navy, an ofl&cer rank- 
ing next below the admiral; in other 
navies an officer ranking next below 
a vice-admiral. 

reason (re'zn), n. that mental faculty 
in man which enables him to deduce 
inferences from facts, and to distin- 
guish between right and wrong; 
right judgment; efficient or final 
cause; cause for opinion or act; 
premise of an argimient, especially 
the minor: v,i, to exercise the faculty 
of reason; argue; infer conclusions 
from premises: v.t. to persuade by 
reasoning; examine by the reason; 
plead for. 

reasonable (-§.-bl), adj. endowed 
with reason;^ rational; equitable; 
moderate; fair. 

reasonableness (-nes), n. the qual- 
ity or state of being reasonable; 
moderation. 

reasonably (-§,-bli), adv. in a rea- 
sonable manner. 

reasoning (-ing), n. the exercise of 
the faculty of reason; argumenta- 
tion; reasons adduced or employed. 

Reaumur (ra-o'mer), n. a thermo- 
metric scale devised by R<§aumur, a 
French scientist, in 1737. 

rebate (-bat'), v.t. to make blunt; 
make obtuse; abate or diminish. 

rebel (reb'el), n. one who revolts 
from his allegiance or defies consti- 
tuted authority: adj. rebellious: v.i. 
(re-ber) [p.t. & p.p. rebelled, p.pr. 
rebelling], to take up arms and re- 
sist lawful or constituted authority; 
revolt; rise against authority. 

rebeller ('er), n. one who rebels. 

rebellion ('yun), n. insurrection 
against, or open resistance to, law- 



ful or constituted authority; revolt. 

rebellious Cyus), adj. opposing law- 
ful or constituted authority. 

rebound (re-bound'), v.i. to start or 
leap back; re-echo; to reverberate: 
w. the act of rebounding; a leaping 
or flying back. 

rebuff (-buf), n. a beating back; 
sudden 3heck or resistance; defeat; 
refusal: v.t. to beat back; repel; 
check: refuse. 

rebuke (-buk'), n. reprimand or re- 
proof; chiding; chastisement v.t. to 
reprimand or chide; chastise. 

rebus (re'bus), n. [pi. rebuses (-ez) ], 
an enigmatical representation of a 
word or phrase by pictures or figures 
instead of words; in heraldry, a 
coat of arms bearing an allusion to 
the name of the wearer. 

rebut (re-butO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- 
butted, p.pr. rebutting], to beat 
back; oppose by argument or proof; 
repel: v.i. in law, to put in or re- 
turn an answer. 

rebuttal ('^1), n. the act of rebuts 
ting. 

rebutter ('er), n. one who rebuts; 
the answer of a plaintiff to the re- 
joinder of a defendant. 

recalcitrant (-kal'si-trant), adj. re- 
fractory. 

recall (-kawF), v.t. to call back; re- 
member; revoke; withdraw: n. revo- 
cation. 

recant (-kant'), v.t. to withdraw or 
retract; abjure. 

recantation (-kan-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of recanting; a declaration re- 
calhng and contradicting a former 
one. 

recapitulate (-ki,-pit'u-lat) , v.t. to go 
over, or summarize (the chief points 
of a discourse, argument, &c.). 

recapitulation (-la'shun), n. the act 
of recapitulating. 

recapitulatory ('u-l§,-t6-ri) , adj. re- 
peating again in brief. 

recaption (-kap'shim), ?i. reprisal. 

recede (-sed'), v.i. to fall back or re- 
trograde; retreat: v.t. to cede back 
to a former possessor. 



ate, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut; think, then. 



RECEIPT 



722 



RECITE 



receipt (-set'), n» the act of receiv- 
ing; reception; a recipe; written 
acknowledgment of anything re- 
ceived: vd, to give a receipt for; 
sign in acknowledgment of. 

receivable (-sev'i;-bl), adj. capable 
of being received. 

receive (-sev'), v.L to take or obtain 
from another in any manner; ac- 
cept; obtain; entertain; gain knowl- 
edge of; suffer; take in, as stolen 
goods. 

receiver ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, receives; one who buys 
stolen goods; a person appointed by 
a court to manage property in con- 
troversy. 

recency (re'sen-si), n, lateness of 
time; newness. Also recentness. 

recension (re-sen 'shun), n. review or 
revision, especially critical revision 
cd the text of an author; the text 
thus revised and established. 

recent ('sent), adj, of late origin or 
occurrence; new; modern; fresh; 
newly arrived; subsequent to man's 
existence. 

receptacle (-sep't§;-kl), n. a vessel or 
place into which anything is re- 
ceived; basis of a flower. 

receptibility (-ti-bil'i-ti), n, the 
quahty of being receivable. 

reception ('shun), n. the act of re- 
ceiving; the state of being received; 
welcome; entertainment;^ admis- 
sion; formal or official receiving of a 
person. 

receptive ('tiv), adj. having the 
quality of receiving or containing; 
capable of receiving mental impres- 
sions. 

receptor (re-sep'tor), n. a h5rpotech- 
nical constituent of a living cell 
which can combine with foreign cell 
products, toxic or otherwise. 

recess (-ses'), n. withdrawal; state 
of being in retirement; seclusion; 
remission of business; cavity in a 
room ol" alcove; niche. 

recession (-seSh'un), n. the act of 
receding or withdrawal; cession 
back. 



recessional (re-sesh'un-al), n« the 
hymn or chant sung in church at the 
end of the services as the clergy 
are departing. 

recessive character (re-ses'iv kar'ak- 
ter), ?i. a heritable character that is 
dominated by an opposite character 
and does not manifest itself in the 
first filial generation, but reappears 
in some of the offspring of the f ol^ 
lowing generation. See Mendelism. 

rechercKe (re-sher-sha'), adj. un- 
common; rare; exquisite; choice. 

recipe ^ (res'i-pe), n, a medical pre- 
scription; formula for compounding 
anything. 

recipient (re-sip 'i-ent), n. one who 
receives: adj. receiving. 

reciprocal ('ro-kal), adj, mutual; 
alternating; mutually interchange- 
able. ^ I 

reciprocally (-li), adv. mutually. 

reciprocate ('ro-kat), v,t. to give 
and receive mutually: v.i, to alter- 
nate; interchange. 

reciprocating ('ro-ka-ting), adj, 
moving backwards and forwards. 

reciprocation (-ka'shun), n, inter- 
change of acts; reciprocal motion. 

reciprocity (res-i-pros'i-ti), n, recip- 
rocal obligation or right; equal mu- 
tual rights or benefits to be yielded 
or enjoyed. 

recision (re-sizh'un), n. the act of 
cutting off. 

recital (-si't§,l), n. the act of recit- 
ing; rehearsal; narrative; a musical 
entertainment by one performer. 

recitation (res-i-ta'shun), n. a public 
reading; delivery of a composition 
committed to memory; the composi- 
tion so deUvered. 

recitative (-ta-tev'), adj, pertaining 
to recitation; words spoken in the 
sounds of the musical scale; chant. 
Also recitativo [Italian]: adj. ut- 
tered musically; chanted. 

recitatively ('h), adv. in a recita- 
tive manner. 

recite (re-sif), v,t. to repeat aloud i 
from memory; enumerate; rehearse;' 
recapitulate. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut; think, then. 



RECK 



723 



RECONNOITER 



leck (rek), vU. & v.u to <mre for; 
heed. 

reckless (les), adj\ heedless of con- 
sequences; careless; thoughtless. 

recklessness (-nes), n. carelessness; 
thoughtlessness; heedlessness. 

i«ckon Cn), v.t. to count or com- 
pute; number; estimate by rank: 
v.i. to calculate; charge to account; 
make up accounts; pay a penalty; 
reason with one's self and conclude 
from argument; think or suppose. 

reckoning (-ing), n. computation; 
calculation; statement of accounts 
between debtor and creditor; money 
charged by a host; estimated posi- 
tion of a ship by its progress and 
course* 

reclaim (re-klam'), v.t. to call bark; 
demand the return of; reform; bring 
under cultivation. 

reclinate (rek'U-nat), adj, reclined, 
as a leaf. 

recline tion (-na'shun), n. the act of 
reclining. 

recline (-klin'), v.t. to cause to lean 
or lie back; lean to one side: v.i. to 
rest or repose. 

recluse (re-kloos'), n. one who lives 
in retirement; hermit; anchorite: 
adj, retired from the world; soli- 
tary; secluded. 

recluseiy ('li), adv, in a recluse 
manner. 

recluseness ('nes), n. retirement 
from society. Also reclusion. 

reclusive ('siv), adj, affording re- 
tirement from the world or society. 

recognizable (rek'og-niz-^-bl)^ adj, 
capable of being recognized. 

recognizance (re-kon'i-zS-ns), n. 
avowal; acknowledgment; badge or 
token; a legal obligation entered 
into before a magistrate or court to 
do, or abstain from doing, some par- 
ticular act. 

recognize (rek'og-niz), v.t, to know 
again; acknowlSige; avow; admit 
with a formal acknowledgment: v.i, 
to enter into recognizance. 

recognizer (-er), n. ,cme who recog- 
nizes. 



recognizor (re-kon'i-zer), n. in law, 
one who enters into a recognizance. 

recognition (rek-og-nish'un), n. the 
act of recognizing; the state of be- 
ing recognized; remembrance; recol- 
lection; formal avowal. 

recollect (-ol-ekf), v.t. to call to 
memory; (re-kol-ekf), to gath^ to* 
gether again. 

recollection (rek-ol-ek'shim), n. 
memory ; that which is remembCTcd. 

recollective ('tiv), adj. having the 
faculty of recollecting or remember- 
ing. 

recommencl (-om-end'), v.t. to com- 
mend to another; introduce favor- 
ably; advise. 

recommendation (-en-da'shim), n. 
the act of recommending; favorable 
introduction. 

recommendatory ('di-to-ri), adj, 
that recommends. 

recommit (re-kom-if), v.t. [p.L & 
p.p, recommitted, p.pr. recommit- 
ting], to commit anew; refer back 
to a conmiittee. 

recommitment ('ment), n. the act 
of recommitting; state of being re- 
committed. Also recommittal. 

recompense ^ (rek'om-pens), n. an 
equivalent given in return; reward; 
compensation: v.t. to give back aa 
an equivalent; make amends for; 
repay or requite. 

reconcilable (-on-sil'i-bl), adj, ca- 
pable of being reconciled. 

reconcile ('on-sll), v.t. to restore to 
friendship or favor after estrange- 
ment; adjust; harmonize. 

reconciliation (-sil-i-a'shun), n. the 
act of reconciling ; the state of being 
reconciled; renewal of friendship; 
axpiation or atonement. Also recon- 
cilement. 

reconciliatory ('i-&-to-ri), adj. tend- 
ing to reconcile. 

recondite ('on-dit), adj. deep; ab- 
struse; hidden from view; secret. 

reconnaissance (re-kon'a-sSus), n. 
the act of reconnoitering. 

reconnoiter, reconnoitre (rek-o- 
noi'ter), v.t. to make a survey of, 



ate, arm, ksk^ at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; htie, hut; think, then. 



RECONSTRUCTION 



724 



RECTORATE 



especially for military purposes; ex- 
amine for scientific purposes. 

reconstruction (re-kon-struk'shun) , 
n. the period after the close of the 
Civil War in the United States 
during which the southern states 
w^e adjusting themselves to the 
new conditions. 

record (re-kord'), v.t, to remember, 
or cause to be remembered; register 
or enroll; celebrate: n, (rek'erd), an 
authentic memorial; register; for- 
mal writing oi copy of an official 
document; in sports, the best per- 
formance: pi, public documents. 

recorder (-kord'er), n. one who, or 
that which, records; one whose offi- 
cial duty is to register writings or 
transactions. 

recount (re-kounf), v,t. to go over 
or narrate in detail. 

recoup (re-koopO, vd. to indemnify 
or make good; diminish by keeping 
back a part. 

recourse (re-kors'), n, a going to for 
aid or protection; application of ef- 
fort for a particular purpose or end. 

recover (-kuv'er), v.t, to regain; re- 
trieve; cure; obtain as compensa- 
tion; obtain by judgment in a court 
of law; cover again: v.i, to regain 
health, strength, or any former 
state; be successful in a lawsuit. 

recovery ('er-i), w. the act of recov- 
ering; restoration to health; legal 
right to something after judgment 
of a court. 

recreant ^'rek're-&nt), adj. cowardly; 
mean-spirited; apostate; false: n, a 
mean-spirited creature; a coward; 
an apostate. 

recreate /re-at), v, t, to reanimate, 
especially after toil; gratify: v.i, to 
take recreation: v.i, (re-kre-af), to 
create anew. 

recreation (rek-re-a'shun), n, re- 
freshment after toil, &c.; amuse- 
ment: n, (re-kre-a'shun), the act of 
creating anew; a new creation. 

recreative (rek're-a-tiv), adj, rein- 
igorating. 

recriminate (re-krim'in-at), v.i, to 



return one accusation with another: 
v.t, to accuse in return. 

recrimination (-a'shun), n. the act 
of recriminating. 

recriminatory ('in-firto-ri), adj, re- 
torting an accusation or charge. 

recrudescence (-kroo-des'ens), n, the 
state of becoming sore again; a 
sharp relapse. 

recrudescent Cent), adj. becoming 
sore or raw again. 

recruit (-kroof), v.t, to supply with 
new soldiers; restore to health; re- 
pair by fresh supplies : v.i. to obtain 
fresh supplies; recover health: n, 
a, soldier newly enlisted; supply of 
any want. 

recruiting ('ing), n, the enlisting of 
recruits for the army. 

rectangle (rek'tang-gl), n, a 4-sided 
figure with 4 right angles, or angles 
of 90^. 

rectangled (-gld), adj, having one or 
more right angles. 

rectangular ('gu-lUr), adj, right- 
angled. 

rectifiable ('ti-fI-§,-bl), adj. capable 
of being rectified. 

rectification (-fi-ka'shun), n, the act 
of setting right; repeated distilla- 
tion of a spirit to concentrate it or 
render it purer; reduction of a curve 
to a right fine. 

rectify ('ti-fi), v.t, [p.t, & p.p, recti- 
fied, p.pr, rectifying], to set right; 
adjust; refine by distillation. 

rectilineal (-ti-lin'e-i,l), adj. bounded 
by straight lines; right- or straight- 
lined; straight. Also rectihnear. 

rectilineally (-i), adv, in a straight 
line, 

rectitude ('ti-tud), n, rightness of 
principles and practice; honesty; 
moral integrity. 

rector ('ter), n, a clergyman who has 
the great and small tithes of a liv- 
ing; the headmaster of a public 
school, or head of a university 
[Scotch]; the superior of a convent 
or reUgious house. 

rectorate ('ter-at), n, the office of a 
rector. Also rectorship. 



ate, arm, §Lsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQU. 



RECTORIAL 



725 



REDSHANK 



rectorial (-to'ri-§l), adj, pertaining 
to a rector. 

rectory ('ter-i), n. the house of a rec- 
tor; the benefice of a rector, with 
the rights appertaining to it. 

rectum ('turn), n. the lowest part of 
the great intestine. 

recumbency (re-kumlDen-si), n. the 
st^te of leaning or reclining. Also 
recumbence. 

recumbent Cbent), adj. reclining; 
idle. 

recuperate (-ku'per-at), v.L & v.i, to 
recover. 

recuperation (-a 'shun), n. recovery. 

recuperative ('per-a-tiv), adj. per- 
taining to, or tending to, recovery. 
Also recuperatory. 

recur (-ker'), v/i. [p.t. & p.p. re- 
curred, p.pr. recurring], return to 
the mind; return; happen at a 
stated interval; have recourse. 

recurrence (-kur'ens), n, return; re- 
sort. 

recurrent Cent), adj. returning re- 
peatedly. 

recurvate (Vat), adj. bent back. 

recusancy (rek'u-z^n-si), n. noncon- 
formity. 

recusant ('u-z&nt), adj. refusing to 
acknowledge the royal supremacy in 
religion; nonconforming: n. a non- 
conformist. 

red (red), n. one of the primary col- 
ors varying from scarlet to pink: 
adj. red-colored. 

redan (re-dan'), n, a V-shaped field- 
work or rampart with the apex to- 
ward the enemy; a projection in a 
wall. 

red-blind (red'blind), a. a form of 
color blindness in which there is 
incapacity to distinguish the color 
red. 

redbreast (red'brest), n. the robin. 

redcap Ckap), n. a kind ot goldfinch. 

redden ('n), v.t. to make red: v.i. to 
become red; blush. 

reddish CLsh), adj. somewhat red. 

redeem (re-dem'), v.t. to ransom 
from bondage; rescue; make atone- 
ment for; perform; recover; make 



good use of; ransom from sin and 
its consequences. 

redeemer ('er), n. one who redeems. 

Redeemer, n. Jesus Christ, the 
Saviour. 

redemption (-demp'shun), n, repur- 
chase; release; ransom; freeing of 
an estate from a mortgage; salva- 
tion of mankind by Jesus Christ. 

redemptioner (-er), n. an emigrant 
to the United States who sells his 
services for a certain term, as pay- 
ment for his passage out from 
Europe. 

redemptive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to 
redemption, or serving to redeem. 

redemptory ('to-ri), adj. paid for 
ransom. 

red gum (red 'gum), n. strophulus; a 
lofty Australian gum-tree, yielding 
a gum resin used in medicine. 

redingote (-ing-got'), n. a long 
double-breasted coat. 

redivivus (-i-vi'vus), adj. come to 
life again. 

red-letter ,day (1et-er da), n. a lucky 
day; from the Saints' days printed in 
red-letter in the church calendars. 

redolence ('o-lens), n. perfume; fra- 
grance. 

redolent ('o-lent), adj. emitting a 
sweet smell; fragrant. 

redoubt (re-douf), n. sl field-work 
for^ strengthening or fortifying a 
military position without flanks. 

redoubtable C^-bl), adj. formida- 
ble; vaUant; terrible to enemies. 

redound (-dound'), v.i. to tend or 
contribute; be in excess. 

redowa (red'o-w^), n. a Bohemian 
dance; music "or such a dance. 

redress (-dres'), v.t. to amend or set 
right; compensate; relieve from; to 
dress again: n, the reparation of 
wrong; reUef. 

redressible ('i-bl), adj. capable of 
Ifeing redressed. 

redsear (red'ser), v.t. to break or 
crack under the hammer, as iron 
when hot. 

redshank ('shangk), n. the red-legged 
sandpiper; a Highlander. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RED-SNOW 



726 



REFINE 



red-snow ('sno), n. an Arctic lichen 
or fungus. 

redstart ('start), n. a small red- 
tailed migratory song-bird. 

red-tape C^ap), n, red-colored tape 
used for tying official documents: 
hence excessive official formality. 

red-tapiszn ('izm), n, government 
by strict official routine. 

reduce (re-dus'), v,t, to bring into a 
lower state: degrade: diminish; con- 
quer; shorten; reclaim to order; 
bring or change (numbers or quan- 
tities) from one denomination into 
another, bring into classes. 

reducible ('si-bl), adj, capable of 
being reduced. 

reduction (-duk'shun), n, the act 
ot reducing; the state of being re- 
duced; diminution; conquest or sub- 
jugation; the changing of quantities 
from one denomination to another; 
the process of converting a metallic 
oxide into metal by the expulsion of 
the oxygen contained in it. 

redundance (-dun'd§,ns), n. super- 
fluity; excess. Also redundancy. 

redundant ('d&nt), adj. superfluous. 

reduplicate (-dup'li-kat), v.U to 
double again; repeat; multiply. 

reduplication ^ (-k§,-shun), n. the act 
of reduplicating. 

red-wing (red'wing), n. a kind of 
thrush. 

ree (tc), n. a Portuguese and Bra- 
zilian money of account, the 1,000th 
part of a milree. Also rea, rei. 

reed (red), n. a large, coarse^ grass, 
of the genus Arundo, with jointed 
h<^ow stems; a pastoral ^ pipe; 
mouth tube of a musical instru- 
ment; the comb-shaped part of a 
loom which beats the weft up to the 
web; an arrow. 

reef (ref), n. that part of a sail which 
can be reduced by being drawn in 
by small ropes running in eyelet 
holes; a chain of rock lying at or 
near the surface of the water: v.t, 
to reduce the size of (a sail) by 
means of reefs. 

reefer (^er), n. one who, for the pur- 



pose of plimder, entices vessels in 
distress by false signals to come 
among rocks; a midshipman; ji 
rough kind of jacket. 

reek ^ (rek), n. smoke; steam: v,i, to 
emit smoke or steam. 

reeky ('i), adj. smoky; made foul by 
smoke or steam. 

reel (rel), n. a thousand feet of picture 
film; bobbin; an angler's implement 
for winding his line upon; a stagger; 
a lively Scotch dance: v.t. to wind 
on a reel: v.i. to stagger; perform a 
reel, 

reeve (rev), n. a bailiff or steward; 
the female of the ruff: v.t. to pass 
the end of (a rope) through any 
holec 

refection (re-fek'shun), n. a light 
repast. 

refectory ('to-ri), n. an eating room 
or hall. 

refer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. referred, 
p.pr. referring], to submit to an- 
other person or authority for infor- 
mation, corroboration, or decision: 
v.i. to allude; have relation; appeal: 
hint. 

referable (ref'er-§,-bl), adj, that may 
be referred; ascribable. 

referee (ref-ei-e'), n. one to whom 
anything is referred for decision; 
an umpire. 

reference ('er-ens)^ n. the act of re- 
ferring; allusion; one who, or that 
which, is referred to; trial or deci- 
sion by referees. 

referendary (ref-e-ren'da-ri), adj. re- 
ferring to or having the character 
of a referendum. 

referendum (ref'er-en-dum), n. the 
referring of a bill or act of the legis- 
lature to the people for decision by 
vote. 

referential (-en'shM), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or referring lo, something 
else. 

referrible (re-fer'i-bl), same as re- 
ferable. 

refine (-fin'), v.t, to separate from 
impurities; clear from dross; pol- 
ish; educate or improve: v.i. to be- 



ftte, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&c^ 



REFINEMENT 



727 



REFRACTED 



come fine or pure; improve in 
accuracy or delicacy. 

refinement ('ment), n, the act of 
refining; state of being refined; ele- 
gance; polish; punty of taste, mind, 
morals, &c.; affectation of elegant 
or subtle improvements. 

refinery Cer-i), n. [pL refineries 
(-iz) ], a place where anything is 
refined or purified. 

refit {'^i'), y.L [p.t, & p.jp. refitted, 
j).pr. refitting], to make fit for use 
again; prepare or fit afresh: v.L 
to repair damages, especially dam- 
ages of ships: n, the renewal of that 
which is damaged or worn, especially 
of parts of a ship. 

reflect (-fiekf), v.L to throw back, 
especially rays of light or heat after 
striking on any substance: v.i, to 
be thrown back, as rays of light, 
&c.; consider in the mind; cast re- 
proach or censure (with upon). 

reflectible ('i-bl), adj, capable of 
being reflected. 

reflecting Cing), p. adj. making re- 
flection ; thoughtful; casting reproach 
or censure. 

reflection (-flek'shun), n. the act of 
reflecting; state of being reflected; 
that which is reflected ; the turning of 
thought back upon past experiences 
or ideas; attentive consideration; 
reproach or censure. Also reflexion. 

reflective ('tiv), adj, throwing back 
images or rays; cohsidering the 
operations of the mind or things of 
the past; reflexive. 

reflectively (-li), adv. in a reflective 
manner. 

reflectiveness (-nes), n. the power 
or habit of reflection. 

reflector ('ter), n. one who, or that 
which, reflects; a pohshed surface 
reflecting rays of fight or heat. 

reflex ('fleks), adj. bent or turned 
back; directed backwards; illumi- 
nated by light reflected from another 
part of the same picture; noting the 
action of the motor nerves acting 
independently of the will under 
stimulus from impressions made on 



the sensory nerves: n, reflected light, 
&c. 

reflexibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- 
ity of being reflexible. 

reflexible (l-bl), adj. capable of being 
reflected. 

reflexive ('iv), adj. reflective; having 
respect to something past; referring 
back to the grammatical subject. 

reflux ('fluks), n. a flo^vving back. 

reform (-form')? v.t. to make better; 
change or return to a former good 
state; introduce improvement in or 
change for the better; amend; cor- 
rect; form again or anew:^ v.i. to 
abandon evil for that which is good; 
become better, or amended: n. 
amendment; change for the better, 
especially political change; correc- 
tion. 

reformation (ref-6r-ma'shun), n. the 
act of reforming; state of being 
reformed; amendment; political re- 
dress; the act of forming again or 
anew. 

Reformation, n. the great religious 
movement (16th century) under 
Martin Luther (with the). 

reformative C^-tiv), adj, forming 
again. 

reformatory ('Mo-ri), adj. tending 
to reform: n. an institution for the 
detention and reformation of juve- 
nile offenders. 

reformed (-f6rmd'), p.a<ij. restored 
to a previous good state; amended, 
as noting the Protestant churches. 

Reformed Church (cherch), n. that 
section of the Protestant Chin-ch 
which on the Continent separated 
from Luther, and adopted the the- 
olog}^ and ecclesiastical polity of 
Calvin. 

reformer ('er), n. one who effects a 
reformation, religious, moral, or 
political. 

refract (-frakt'), v.i. to break the 
natural course of, or bend from a 
straight line. 

refracted ('ed), p. adj. bent back at 
an acute angle; bent from a direct 
course. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&n, 

• Die. 47 



REFRACTlNCi 



728 



REGELATION 



refracting ('ing), p.adj. having the 
power to turn rays from a direct 
course. 

refraction (-frak'shun), n, the change 
from a straight line which a ray of 
light or heat assumes when passing 
through a smooth surface into a 
medium of greater density at any 
angle other than 90°. 

refractive (^tiv), adj. pertaining to 
refraction. 

refractorily ('to-ri-li), adv, in a 
refractory manner. 

refractoriness (-nes), n. perverse 
obstinacy; difficulty of fusion or 
malleability. 

refractory ('to-ri), adj. sullenly or 
perversely obstinate; difficult of 
fusion, &c. 

refrain (-fran'), v.t, to restrain: 
v.i. to forbear; abstain from action: 
n. burden of a song repeated at the 
end of each stanza. 

refrangibility (-fran-ji-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being refrangible. 
Also refrangibleness. 

refrangible ('ji-bl), adj. capable of 
being refracted. 

refresh (-fresh'), v.i. to revive after 
fatigue or exhaustion; reinvigorate; 
restore. 

refreshing ('ing), adj, reanimating; 
reinvigoratiag; cooling. 

refreshment ('ment), n. the act of 
refreshing; state of being refreshed; 
that which refreshes, as food or rest. 

refrigerant (-frij'er-^nt), adj, cool- 
ing; refreshing: n. a substance that 
cools; a cooling medicine. Also re- 
frigerative. 

refrigerate ('er-at), v.t. to cool, or 
keep cool, as by a refrigerator. 

refrigeration (-a'shun), n, act of cool- 
ing. 

refrigerator ('er-a-ter), n, an ap- 
paratus or vessel for preserving or 
cooling things by means of ice, &c. 

refrigeratory ('er-a-to-ri), adj. cool- 
ing. 

refuge (ref'uj), n. protection from 
danger or distress; shelter or asylum; 
stronghold; expedient or resource. 



refugee (-e'), n. one who flees for 
protection, especially from political 
or religious persecution. 

refulgence (re-ful'jens), n, bright- 
ness; flood of light; splendor. Alsoj 
refulgency. 

refulgent Cjent), adj. casting ai 
bright light; brilliant; splendid. 

refund (-fund'), v.t. to pay back 
again. 

ref usable (-fuz'§;-bl), adj. capable off 
being refused. 

refusal^ (al), n. the act of refusing; 
rejection; right to take the prefer- 
ence; option. 

refuse (-fuz'), v.t. to deny or reject, f 
as a demand or request: v.i. to de- 
cline to accept; not to comply: n. 
(ref 'us), waste or worthless matter; 
rubbish: adj. rejected; worthless. 

refutable (re-fut'S,-bl), adj. capable i 
of being refuted. 

refutation (ref-ti-ta'shim), n. the act 
of refuting; that which is refuted. 

refute (re-fuf), v.t. to prove to be 
false or erroneous; repel; disprove. 

regain (-gan'), v.t. to recover pos- 
session of; get back; reach again. 

regal (re'gal), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, a king; kingly; 
royal. 

regale (-gal'), v.i. to entertain with 
something to delight the senses; 
feast sumptuously.: v.i. to feast. 

regalia (-ga'lii,), n.'pl. the ensigns 
of sovereignty, as the crown, &c.; 
royal rights or prerogatives; decora- 
tions of an order or office. . 

regard (re-gard'), v.t. to observe! 
particularly; heed; esteem; con-" 
sider; respect; value: n. attention; 
respect; consideration; reference: 
pi. good wishes. 

regardant ('§,nt), adj. in heraldry,, 
looking backwards or behind. ^ : 

regardful ('fool), adj. taking notice. v 

regarding ('ing), prep, concerning, j 

regatta (-gat 'a), n. a sailing or row-jf 
ing match for prizes. ^ 

regelation (-jel-a'shun), n. the act 
of freezing two pieces of ice with 
moist surfaces together at 32° F. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 



REGENCY 



729 



REGULATOR 



regency (re'jen-si), n. the office or 
jurisdiction of a regent; a body in- 
structed with the duties of a re- 
gent. 

regeneracy ^ (re-jen'er-^-si), n. the 
state of being regenerated. 

regenerate ('er-at), v.t. to renew 
the heart of and cause to turn to 
the love of God; produce anew: adj, 
renewed; reformed. 

regeneration^ (-a 'shun), n. the act 
of regenerating; the state of being 
regenerated; formation of new tis- 
sue to supply that which has been 
lost. 

regenerative ('er-a-tiv), adj. renew- 
ing. 

regeneratory ('er-a-to-ri), adj, hav- 
ing the power to regenerate. 

regent (re'jent), adj, exercising vi- 
carious authority: n. one who gov- 
erns in the interim during the mi- 
nority, absence, or disability of the 
sovereign; a university teacher; a 
member of a board of superintend- 
ence of colleges and schools in the 
state of New York. 

regent-bird (-berd), n. an Austral- 
ian honey-eater with handsome 
plumage. 

regicidal (rej'i-si-dM), ac?/. pertain- 
ing to a regicide or to regicide. 

regicide ('i-sid), n, the murder, or 
murderer, of a king. 

regime (ra-zhem'), n., mode; system 
or rule of government, social or 
political. 

regimen (rejl-men), n. systematic 
regulation of^ diet or habit; rule; 
the grammatical regulation of one 
word by another. 

regiment (rej'i-ment), n. a number 
of companies of soldiers united into 
one body under the command of a 
colonel. 

regimental ('§-1), adj, pertaining to 
a regiment: n.pL the uniforms worn 
by the troops of a regiment. 

regimentation ^ (-men-ta'shim), n. 
enforced socialism. ' 

region (re'jun), n, a tract of land; 
country. 



register (rej'is-ter), n. an official 
written record; the book containing 
such record; that which registers, 
records, or regulates; a hst of per- 
sons entitled to vote; an organ 
stop musical compass or range. 

registrar (-tr§,r), n. an official who 
keeps a register or record. 

registration (-tra'shun), n. the act 
of inserting in a register. 

registry ('is-tri), n. the place where 
a register is kept. 

reglet ^ (reg'let),^ n, sl flat, narrow 
molding; a sKp of wood used for 
separating lines or filling blank 
spaces in printing. 

regnal ('nM), adj. pertaining to a 
reign. 

regnant ('n^nt), adj. reigning; ex- 
ercising royal authority; prevalent. 

regression (re-gresh'un), n. retro- 
gression. 

regret (-gret'), n. mental sorrow or 
concern for anything, as for past 
conduct or neghgence; remorse: v.t. 
[p.t, & p.p. regretted, p.pr. regret- 
ting], to- remember with sorrow; 
bewail the loss or w^ant of. 

regretful ('fool), adj. full of regret. 

regretfully (-U), adv. with regret. 

regrettable ^ C^-bl), adj. admitting 
of, or causing, regret. 

regular (reg'u-lar), adj. according 
to rule, order, or established usage; 
consistent; governed by rule; uni- 
form; methodical; exact; fully 
quahfied; having sides or surfaces 
composed of equal figures or fines: 
n. a soldier belonging to a standing 
arm> ; one who is under monastic 
rule. 

regularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being regular; con- 
formity to rule; uniformity; method 
or certain order. 

regulate ('u-lat), v.t. to make regu- 
lar; put in good order; adjust by 
rule. 

regulation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
regulating; order; method; rule. 

regulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who, or 
that which, regulates; a lever for 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



REGULUS 



730 



RELATIVE 



regulating motion; lever of a watch; 
an accurate timepiece. 

regulus ('u-lus), n. a metal contain- 
ing more or less impurities of the 
ore. 

regurgitate (re-ger'ji-tat), v.i, to be 
thrown or poured back. 

rehabilitate (re-ha-biri-tat), v,t to 
restore to former condition or status. 

rehearsal (-her'sal), n. a recital in 
private prior to a public perform- 
ance. 

rehearse (-hers'), v,t, to repeat, as 
what has already been said or writ- 
ten; tell or narrate; recite before 
public performance. 

Reichsrath (rikhs'rat), n. the par- 
liament of the Austrian empire. 

Reichstag ('takh), n, the German 
parliament. 

reign (ran), v.i. to exercise sovereign 
authority; rule; be predominant : n. 
supreme power or influence; time 
during which a sovereign rules. 

reimburse (re-im-bers^), v.L to re- 
fund. 

reimbursement ('ment), 71. refund- 
ing. 

rein (ran), n. the strap of a bridle; 
an instrument for curbing, restrain- 
ing, or governing; power: pL the 
kidneys, or parts about them; loins; 
the heart [Old Testament]: v.t, to 
govern with a bridle; restrain; con- 
trol: vd. to check a horse with the 
reins. 

reincarnation (re-in-kar-na'shun), n, 
a return after death to life in this 
world in another body. 

reindeer ('der), n. a large Arctic 
deer. 

reinforce (re-in-forsO, v.t to sup- 
ply with new strength, support, or 
assistance. 

reinforcement ('ment), n. addi- 
tional support. 

reinstate (-in-statO, vd, to restore 
to a former state. 

reiteration (-it-er-a'shun), n. repe- 
tition. 

reiterative (-it'er-a-tiv), n. a word 
or part of a word reduplicated; a 



verb noting reproduction or inten- 
sive action. 

reject (re-jekf), v,t. to throw away 
as useless or vile; refuse; renounce; 
discard. 

rejective (-jek'tiv), adj, tending to 
reject. 

rejection ('shun), n. the act of re- 
jecting. 

rejoice (-jois'), v.i. to feel or express 
joy or gladness; exult: v.t. to make 
joyful. 

rejoicing ('ing), n. expression, sub- 
ject, or experience, of joy or glad- 
ness. 

rejoin (-join'), v.t, to unite again 
after separation: v.i. to answer a 
reply; answer as the defendant to 
the plaintiff's replication. 

rejoinder^ ('der), n. an answer to a 
reply; in law, the defendant's an- 
swer to the plaintiff's replication. 

rejuvenate (re-ju'ven-at), v.t. to make 
youthful again. 

relais (-la'), n. a narrow walk with- 
out the rampart of a fortification. 

relapse (-laps'), v.i. to fall back from 
a state of convalescence; return to 
a former bad state or habit: n. a 
falling into a former bad state; re- 
turn of a disease after convalescence 
or partial recovery. 

relapsing ('ing), p.adj, subject to 
relapse. 

relate (-lat'), v.L to tell; describe; 
recite; narrate: v.i. to refer. 

related (-la'ted), p. adj. told or de- 
scribed; allied by kindred or blood 
relationship. 

relation (-la'shun), n. the act of re- 
lating; the thing related; mutual 
connection between two or more 
things; proportion or ratio; connec- 
tion by birth or marriage; kinsman 
or kinswoman. 

relationship (-ship), n. the state of 
being related by kindred, affinity, or 
other alliance. 

relative (rel'^-tiv), adj. having, or 
expressing, relation; pertinent; be- 
longing to or connected with; re- 
lating to a word, sentence, or clause: 



&te, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, t/ien. 



RELATIVELY 



731 



RELISH 



n. that which has relation to some- 
thing else; a person connected by 
kinship or consanguinity; a word 
which relates to its antecedent. 

relatively (-H), adv. comparatively. 

relativeness (-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being relative. Also rela- 
tivity. 

relator (re-la'ter), n. one who re- 
lates; a prosecutor. 

relax (-laks'), v.t. to slacken; make 
less close; render less tense, rigor- 
ous, or severe; divert, as the mind; 
loosen, as the bowels ;^ make lan- 
guid: fi. to take relaxation; become 
less severe or close. 

relaxation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
relaxing; state of being relaxed; 
diminution of tension; diversion or 
recreation. 

relay (-la'), v.L [p.t, & p.p, relaid, 
p.pr, relaying], to lay a second 
time: n. fresh post-horses or hunting 
dogs to reheve others; new supply; 
a subsidiary electric circuit. 

release (-les'), v.L to set free; dis- 
charge; free from obHgation or pen- 
alty: n. liberation from restraint, 
penalty, pain, &c.; discharge from 
an obHgation. 

relegate (rere-gat), v.L to banish; 
consign. 

relegation (-ga'shun), n. the act of 
relegating. 

relent (-lenf), v.i. to grow less hard 
or severe; become more tender; 
yield. 

relenting (^ng), n. the act of becom- 
ing less hard or more tender or com- 
passionate. 

relessee (-les-e'), n. the person to 
whom a deed of release is granted. 
Also releasee. 

relessor ("er), n. the person who 
grants a deed of release. 

relevancy (reFe-v^n-si), n. appHca- 
bility; pertinence. Also relevance. 

relevant ('e-v^nt), adj, apphcable; 
related; pertinent. ' 

reliability (re-l!-^-biri-ti), n. the 
state of being reliable. Also relia- 
bleness. 



reliable ('i-bl), adj. trustworthy. 

reliably ('a-bli), adv, so as to be re- 
hed on. 

reliance ('i,ns), n. confidence; trust. 

reliant Cant), adj. having rehance. 

relic (rerik), n. that which is left 
after the loss or decay of the rest; 
memorial or souvenir; remains of a 
person deceased; body or other me- 
morial of a saint held in rehgious 
reverence. 

relict ('ikt), n. a widow. 

relief (re-lef), n. that which miti- 
gates pain, grief, &c.; release from 
some post or duty; assistance given 
to the poor; aid; redress; the pro- 
jection of a sculptured design from 
the plane surface. 

relier (-li'er), n. one who rehes. 

relievable (-lev'^-bl), adj. capable 
of being relieved. 

relieve (-lev'), v.t. to free from pain, 
suffering, grief, &c.; mitigate; alle- 
viate; help; release from a post of 
duty. 

religion (re-hj'un), n. any system of 
faith or worship; love and obedience 
toward God; piety; monastic vow 
or state. 

religious ('us), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or set apart for, 
rehgion; godly; pious; devotional; 
conscientiously exact or strict; 
bound by monastic vows: n. one 
who is bound by monastic vows. 

religious-house (-hous), ?i. a mon- 
astery or nunnery. 

relinquish (-Ung'kwish), v.t. to for- 
sake or abandon; quit; leave with 
reluctance; desist from; renounce a 
claim to. 

relinquishment (-ment), n. the act 
of relinquishing; abandonment. 

reliquary (reFi-kw^-ri) , 7i. [pL reh- 
quaries (-riz) ], a depository for 
rehcs; a casket or small chest for 
holding relics. 

reiique (-ek'), n. a relic [French]. 

relish (rerish), v.t. to hke the taste 
of; use with pleasure; enjo}": v.i. 
to have a pleasing taste: n. sensa- 
tion of flavor; taste; savor; zest; 



&te> arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booiii 
book hue, hut; think, then. 



RELOADER 



732 



REMONSTRANT 



enjojmaent given by anything; pleas- 
ure; inclination. 

reloader (re-lo'der), n, a self-loading 
apparatus for transporting coal in a 
storage yard and delivering it to cars 
or vessels. 

relocator (re-lo'ka-ter), n. a device 
by which the direction and distance 
of an object as determined by a range 
finder in some safe locaKty may be 
converted into corresponding data 
for the position of the gun that is 
to be aimed at the object. 

reluctance (re-luk't§,ns) , n. unwill- 
ingness. Also reluct ancy. 

reluctant ('t§,nt), adj, imwilHng; 
disinclined. 

rely (-li'), vd. [j).L & p.p, relied, p.pr, 
relying], to lean upon with confi- 
dence; trust or have confidence in. 

remain (-man'), v.i. to continue; 
stay; last; endure; be left in a par- 
ticular state or place; be left after 
or out of a greater number: n.pl. a 
dead body; the literary works of an 
author pubUshed after his death; 
ruins. 

remand (-m§,nd'), v.L to recommit 
or send back; remit in custody to a 
future time: n, the act of remand- 
ing; state of being remanded. 

remark (-mark'), v.t. to note or ob- 
serve; express; say: n. notice or ob- 
servation; comment. 

remarkable C^-bl), adj, worthy of 
notice or remark; extraordinary; 
strange; famous; uncommon. 

remarkably (-li), adv, in a remarka- 
ble manner^ 

remediable (re-me'di-^-bl), adj, ad- 
mitting remedy. 

remediably (-k-hU), adv. in a way 
that may be remedied. 

remedial ('di-M), adj. affording, or 
intended for, a remedy. 

remedially (-li), adv, by way of 
remedy. 

remedy ('e-di), n. [pL remedies 
(-diz) ], that which cures a disease, 
or counteracts an evil; a restora- 
tive; an efficacious medicine: v.t, 
[p.t. & p.p. remedied, p.pr. remedy- 



ing], to repair or remove something 
evil from. 

remember (re-mem Hber), v.t. to re- 
call to mind; attend to; keep in 
mind with gratitude, regard, or rev- 
erence. 

remembrance CbrAns), n. power of 
remembering; memory; length of 
time during which anything can be 
remembered; recollection. 

remembrancer (-er), n. one who, or 
that which, reminds; recorder. 

remind (-mind'), v.t. to bring to the 
remembrance of; put in mind. 

reminiscence ^ (rem-i-nis'ens), n. re- 
covery ^ of ideas; memory; that 
which is remembered. 

reminiscent ('ent), adj, having rec- 
ollection. 

remise (re-miz'), v.t. to resign or 
surrender by deed: n, the surrender 
of a claim by deed. 

remiss (-mis'), adj. careless in the 
performance of duty or business; 
heedless; dilatory. 

remission (-mish'un), n. the act of 
remitting; pardon; abatement; re- 
laxation. ^ 

remit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remit- 
ted, p.pr, remitting], to pardon; 
transmit, as money, bills, &c.; send 
back: v.i. moderate or abate in vio- 
lence or force. 

remittal ('^1), n. surrender; trans- 
mission. 

remittance ('ans), n. that which is 
remitted; the sending of money, 
bills, &c., in payment; the sum so 
transmitted. 

remittent ('ent), adj, increasing and 
abating alternately. 

remnant (rem'n^nt), n. that which 
is left after a part has been re- 
moved; remainder. 

remonetize (re-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to re- 
store to circulation in the shape of 
money. 

remonstrance (-mon'stri,ns), n. 
strong representation against some- 
thing complained of; expostulation. 

remonstrant ('str^nt), adj. expos- 
tulatory. 



* 



Ste, arm, Ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



REMONSTRATE 



733 



RENOUNCEMENT 



remonstrate ('strat), v.i, to urge or 
put forward strong reasons against 
some act or course complained of; 
expostulate. 
remorse (re-m6rs0, n, anguish of 
mind caused by the sense of guilt; 
sympathetic sorrow; compunction. 

remorseful ('fool), adj, full of re- 
morse. 

remorsefully (-li), adv. with remorse. 

remorseless (les), adj, cruel; mer- 
ciless. 

remote (-mot'), adj. distant in time 
or space; far; primary; aUen; for- 
eign; inconsiderable. 

remotely ('h), adv. at a distance. 

remoteness ('nes), n. distance. 

removability (-moov-^-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quahty of being removable. 

removable C^-bl), adj, capable of 
being removed. 

removal ('M), n. the act of removing 
or displacing; change of place; dis- 
missal; act of putting an end to. 

remove (-moov') v.t. to put from its 
place; withdraw; cut off, or kill: 
v.i. to change place; change resi- 
dence: n. change of place; removal; 
promotion; class. 

removed (-moovd'), p.adj, remote; 
displaced. 

remunerable (-mu'ner-&-bl), adj. 
that may be remunerated. 

remutierate (-mu'ner-at), v.t. to re- 
ward as an equivalent for service; 
recompense. 

remuneration (-a 'shun), n. payment 
for service; recompense; reward. 

remunerative ('ner-a-tiv), adj. yield- 
ing an equivalent return for outlay, 
lucrative; profitable. 

remuneratory ('ner-a-to-ri), acy. 
yielding remuneration; profitable. 

Renaissance (-na-sangs') n, revival 
of letters and arts in the 15th cen- 
tury; he style of architecture that 
succeeded the Gothic; the classic 
decorative style revived by the artist 
Raphael. Also Renascence. 

renal (re'nM), adj. pertaining to the 
kidneys. 

renard. Another form of reynard. 



renascent (re-nas'ent), adj. coming 
again into being. 

rencontre (rang-kong'tr), n. a casual 
meeting in opposition or contest; 
collision: v.i. to meet an enemy un- 
expectedly; to come in colMsion. 
Also recounter. 

rend (rend), v.L [p.t. & p.p. rent, 
p.pr. rending], to tear apart mth 
violence; split; lacerate: v.i. to be- 
come rent. 

render (ren'der), v.L to return; pay 
back; make up; deliver; afford; 
yield; furnish; reproduce; trans- 
late; cause to be boiled down; ex- 
hibit: n. payment of rent. 

rendering (-ing), n. a translation; 
version; execution; first coat of 
plaster. 

rendezvous (ran'da-voo or ren'de- 
voo), n. appointed place of meeting, 
especially for warships or troops: 
v.i. to assemble. 

rendition (ren-dish'un), n. surren- 
der; translation. 

renegade (ren'e-gad), n. one who re- 
nounces his faith; apostate; traitor; 
deserter. 

renege (re-neg'), v.i. to break one of 
the rules in games of cards by failing 
to follow suit when one has the cards 
to do so; to fail to comply with one's 
promise or obhgations. 

renew (re-nG'), v.t. to make new 
again; restore: renovate; reinvig- 
orate: v.i. to be made new; begin 
afresh; grow again. 

renewal ('M), n. the act of renew- 
ing; state of being renewed; reno- 
vation; revival. 

reniform (ren'i-form), adj. kidney- 
shaped. 

rennet (ren'et), n. the inner mem- 
brane of a calf's stomach: used for 
coagulating milk 

renounce (re-nouns'), v.t. to disown; 
reject publicly and finally; repudi- 
ate; reject: v.i. in card pla}ing, not 
to follow suit: n. failure to follow 
suit. 

renouncement. Same as renuncia- 
tion. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



RENOVATE 



734 



REPUCA 



renovate (ren'6-vat), v.L to make 
new again; restore to a previous 
condition, or to a good state; re- 
pair. 

renovation (-va'shun), n, renewal; 
istate of being renovated. 

renovator ('o-va-ter), n, one who, or 
that which, renovates; restorer. 

renown (-noun'), n. celebrity; fame; 
distinction: v,t, to make famous. 

renowned (-nound'), p.adj, cele- 
brated; famous; illustrious; dis- 
tinguished. 

rent (rent),n. a tear; fissure; schism; 
periodical payment for the use of 
property: p^L & p.p, of rend. 

rental ('^1}* n. amount of rent; 
schedule of rents of an estate; rent- 
roll. 

renter (rent'er), n. one who holds an 
estate or tenements by payment of 
rent. 

rent-roll (rent'rol), n. a schedule of 
income derived from rents. 

renunciation (re-nun-si-a'shun), n. 
disavowal; rejection. 

rep (rep), adj. having a fine corded 
surface: n. a dress fabric with a fine 
corded surface. 

repair (re-par'), v.i. to go to a (speci- 
fied) place; betake one^s self: v.t. 
to restore after injury; mend; reno- 
vate; make amends: n, restoration 
after injury; state of a building. 

reparable (rep'^-r^-bl), adj. capable 
of being repaired. 

reparation (-§,-ra'shun), n. restora- 
tion to a good condition; amends or 
compensation; restitution. 

reparative (re-par '§,-tiv), adj. amend- 
ing defects; repairing. 

repartee (rep-ar-te'), n. a ready, 
witty reply. 

repast (re-p§,stO, n. sl meal; victuals. 

repeal (-pel'), v.t. to revoke or abro- 
gate; annul: n. revocation; abro- 
gation. 

repeat (-pet'), v.L to do or speak a 
second time; iterate; recite; quote 
from memory: n. repetition; a sign 
in music directing a part to be 
repeated. 



repeater ('er), n. one who, or thalJ 
which, repeats; revolver; a watch 
that strikes the hours, &c., by press- 
ing a spring; a decimal in which the 
same figure or figures are repeated; 
one who illegally votes more than 
once at the same election. 

repel (-pel'), v.t. [p,t, & p.p. repelled, 
p.pr, repelling], to drive back; re- 
sist;^ check the advance of: v.i, to 
act in opposition to force impressed; 
check or drive inwards. ^ 

repellent ('ent), adj, driving back; 
tending or able to repel; repulsive. 

repent (-pent'), v.i, to feel pain or 
sorrow on account of something 
done or left undone, especially for 
sin committed leading to repent- 
ance; change from past evil: v.t. to 
regret [Old Testament]. 

repentance (-pen't^ns), n. amtri- 
tion. 

repentant ('t§,nt), adj. penitent. 

repertoire (rep-er-twar'), n. a reposi- 
tory; stock of dramas, songs, &c., 
ready for use. 

repertory (-to-ri), n. a storehouse; 
treasury. 

repetition (-e-tish'un), n, the act of 
repeating; recital from memory. 

repine (re-pin'), v.i. to fret one's 
self; murmur; complain; feel dis- 
content. 

replenish (-plen'ish), v.t. to fiL up 
again; fill or stock in abundance. 

replenishment (-ment), n. the act 
of replenishing; state of being re- 
plenished. 

replete (-plef), odj, completely filled; 
full, 

repletion (-ple'shun), n, the state of 
being too full; pletliora. 

replevin (-plev'in), n. an action to 
recover goods wrongfully seized, on 
security being given to try the case; 
writ for replevying. 

replevy ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. replevied, 
p.pr. replevying], to recover by writ 
goods wrongfully seized, on giving 
security to try the right to them at 
law. 

replica (rep1i-k§,), n, a copy of an 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, t/ien. 



REPLICATE 



735 



REPROOF 



original picture or statue executed 
by the same artist or sculptor. 

replicate ('li-kat), adj. folded back. 

replication (-ka'shun), n. a reply; 
echo; repetition; the plaintiff's an- 
swer to the plea of the defendant. 

replier (re-pli'er), n. one who replies. 

reply (-pli'), v.i, {p.t. & p.p. replied, 
p.yr, replying], to answer; respond: 
n, an answer; response; re joiner. 

report (-port'), v.L to give an account 
of; relate; tell from one to another; 
circulate publicly; take down (spok- 
en words): v.i, to make a statement: 
n, an official statement of facts; 
description, an account of a meeting, 
&c.; rumor; hearsay; noise. 

reportorial (-p6r-to'ri-&l), adj. per- 
taining to, or constituted by, re- 
porters. 

reposal (-p5z'§,l), n. state of repose. 

repose (-poz'), v.t. to lay to rest; re- 
fresh by rest; compose; lay, place, 
or rest, as confidence or trust (with 
in or on)\ v.i. to sleep; recHne: n. 
Bleep; quiet; mental rest; certain 
parts in a picture which tranquilize 
its aspect. 

repository (-poz'i-to-ri); n. [pi. re- 
positories (-riz) ], a warehouse for 
the storing and safe keeping of 
goods; shop or warehouse. 

repousse (re-poos'a), ii. ornamental 
metal work formed in relief and 
chased. 

reprehend (rep-re-Iiend'), v.t. to 
censure. 

reprehensible (-hen'si-bl), adj. de- 
serving censure; culpable. ^ 

reprehensibly (-bli), adv. in a rep- 
rehensible manner. 

reprehension ('shim), n. censure; 
reproof. 

reprehensive ('siv), adj. given to, 
or containing, reproof. Also repre- 
hensory. 

represent (rep-re-zenf), v.t. to ex- 
hibit the image of; show; describe; 
give an account of; personate or 
act the part of; reproduce; to pre- 
sent again (re-pre-zenf). 

representation (-zen-ta'shun) , n. the 



act of representing; that which 
represents; portrayal; description; 
likeness; image or picture; dramatic 
performance; body of representa- 
tives; statement of arguments or 
reasons. 

representative ('t^-tiv), adj. having 
the power or character of another; 
exhibiting a similitude; typical: n. 
one who is authorized to act for 
another or others; deputy or dele- 
gate, especially one chosen by a body 
of electors; a member of the popular 
branch of Congress or of a State 
Legislature; he who, or that which, 
represents or exhibits a likeness; 
an heir. 

repress (-pres'), v.t. to check or re- 
strain; crush; quell. 

repression (-presh'un), 7i. the act of 
repressing. 

repressive (-preslv), adj. serving to 
repress. 

repressively (-H), adv. so as to re- 
press. 

reprieve (-prev'), v.t. to grant a 
respite to; delay the execution of: 
n. temporary suspension of a crimi- 
nal sentence. 

reprimand (rep'ri-m&nd), v.t. to re- 
prove severely ; reprove publicly and 
officially: n. a severe reproof. 

reprisal (re-priz'41), n. something 
done or seized by way of retaliation 
for an injury or wrong suffered. 

reproach (-proch'), v.t. to censure 
severely; upbraid: n. severe blame 
mingled with contempt; object of 
scorn; shame or disgrace. 

reproachful ('fool), adj. containing, 
or expressing reproach. 

reproachfully (-h), adv. in a re- 
proachful manner. 

reprobate (rep'ro-bat), v.t. to con- 
demn strongly or with detestation; 
disow^n: adj. wholly given up to sin; 
abandoned; depraved: n. a profligate 
person. 

reprobation (-ba'shun), n. the act 
of reprobating; abandonmert to 
eternal destruction; condemnation, 

reproof (-proof), n. censure; rebuke. 



ate, arm, Sfik, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut; think, ^/len. 



REPROVE 



736 



RESCRIPT 



reprove (-proov'), v.L to censure or 
blame; reprimand; rebi:die. 

reptile (rep'til), n. an animal of the 
class Reptilia that creeps or crawls 
on the gromid; a mean, groveling 
person: adj, creeping; crawling; 
groveling. 

reptilian (til'i-to), adj. pertaining 
to, or like, a reptile. Also reptihous. 

republic (re-pub 'lik), n. a state or 
country in which the supreme power 
is vested in representatives elected 
by popular vote; commonwealth. 

republican ('Uk-in), adj, pertaining 
to, characteristic of, or consisting 
of, a republic: n. one who favors 
repubhcan government. 

Republican ('lik-§,n), n. a member 
of the Republican party, one of the 
two principal poMtical parties in the 
United States. 

republicanism (-izm), n, the prin- 
ciples of a repubhcan government; 
attachment to such principles. 

republicanize (-iz), v.t, to form 
into a republic; convert to republi- 
can ideas. 

republication (-li-ka'shun), n. the 
act of repubUshing; re-impression of 
a printed book; second publication. 

republish ('hsh), v.t. to publish anew; 
print a new edition of. 

repudiate ^ (-pu'di-at), v.t to disown 
or disclaim;^ refuse to pay or ack- 
nowledge; disavow. 

repudiation (-a 'shun), n. the act of 
repudiating; disavowal; rejection. 

repudiator ('di-a-ter), n, one who 
repudiates. 

repugnance (-pug'nS,ns), n. aver- 
sion; reluctance; dishke. Also re- 
pugnancy. 

repugnant ('n^nt), adj. highly dis- 
tasteful or offensive; contrary; hos- 
tile. 

repulse (puis'), v.t. to drive back; 
beat off; repel: n. the state of being 
driven back or repelled; refusal; 
denial. 

repulsion (-pul'shun), n. the act of 
driving back; state of being re- 
pelled; the power by which certain 



bodies or their molecules recede from 
each other; aversion. 

repulsive ('siv), adj. tending to re- 
pel; forbidding; disgusting. 

repulsively (-h), adv, in a repulsive 
manner. 

repulsiveness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being repulsive. ^ 

reputable (rep'u-t^-bl), adj. esteemed; ij 
honorable; respectable. ' 

reputably ('u-ti-bh), n. in a reputa- 
ble manner. 

reputation (-ta'shun), n. good name 
or character; honor; credit. 

repute (-put'), v.t. to estimate; 
deem: n. estimation; character; rep- 
utation. 

request (-kwesf), n. desire ex- 
pressed; petition; prayer; demand; 
entreaty: v.t. to ask for. 

requiem (re'kwi-em), n. a mass, or 
musical setting of a mass, for the 
repose of the soul of a person de- 
ceased. 

require (re-kwir'), v.t. to ask for or 
claim as by right or authority; de- 
mand; exact; need. 

requirement ('ment), n. the act of 
requiring; that which is required* 
demand; necessity. 

requisite (rek'wi-zit), adj. needful; 
indispensable : n, anything requisite. 

requisitely (-h), adv. in a requisite 
manner. 

requisiteness (-nes), n. necessity. 

requisition (-wi-zish'un), n. the act 
of requiring; that which is required; 
demand, especially a written one: 
v.t. to demand; make a requisition 
upon. 

requital (-kwTt'M), n. retahation. 

requite (-kwlf), v.t. to make return 
for treatment, good or evil; recom- 
pense; retaliate; revenge. 

reremouse (rer'mous), n. the bat. 

rescind (re-sind'), v.t. to annul; re- 
voke. 

rescission (-sizh'un), n. the act of 
annulling. 

rescript ('skript), n. an edict or de- 
cree, especially of an emperor ©r 
pope in answer to some question of 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RESCUE 



737 



RESOLUTE 



jurisprudence officially submitted to 
him, and having the force of a 
law. 

rescue (res'ku), v.t. to set free from 
danger, restraint, or violence; lib- 
erate; deliver: n. deliverance from 
danger, restraint, or violence; forci- 
ble retaking of persons or goods de- 
tained by legal authority, 

research (-serch'), w. laborious, care- 
ful inquiry or investigation: v.t. to 
search again; investigate carefully 
and diligently. 

resemblance (-zem^blins), n. likeness. 

resemble (-zem'bl), v.t. to have a 
likeness to; have similarity to. 

resent (-zenf), v.t. to consider as an 
injury or affront; take ill; be angry 
in consequence of. 

resentful Cfool), adj. easily pro- 
voked to anger; full of resentment. 

resentfully (-li), adv, with resent- 
ment. 

resentment ('ment), n, strong anger 
or displeasure; deep sense of injury. 

reservation (rez-er-va'shun), n. any- 
thing kept back or reserved; clause, 
proviso, or limitation, by which 
something is reserved; public land 
reserved for some particular use, as 
schools, &c. 

reserve (re-zerv'), v.t. to keep in 
store; hold back for future use; re- 
tain: n. that which is retained for 
future use; closeness or caution in 
speaking or acting; taciturnity; 
modesty: pi. troops kept for the 
support of- an army or to meet any 
contingency. 

reservoir (rez'er-vwar), n. a place 
where anything (usually fluids and 
Hquids) is collected and stored up 
for use. 

resetter (re-set'er), n, one who re- 
sets or places again. 

reside (re-zid'), v.i. to dwell or in- 
habit; live. 

residence (rez'i-dens), n. place of 
abode; domicile; act of residing. 

residency (-den-si), n. in India, the 
official residence of the British Min- 
ister. 



residential ('shM), n. pertaining to, 
containing, or suitable for, residents. 

residual (re-zid'u-^1), adj. remain- 
ing after a part has been taken 
away. 

residuary ('u-i,-ri), adj. pertaining 
to, or constituting, the residue; re- 
lating or entitled to the remainder 
of an estate, &c., after deducting 
legal expienses. 

residue (rez'i-du), n. remainder. 

residuum (re-zid'u-um), n. that 
which is left after a chemical proc- 
ess. 

resign (-zin'), v.t. to yield to another; 
surrender formally; withdraw from; 
submit calmly; sign again (re-siD'). 

resignation (rez-ig-na'shun), n. the 
act of resigning; state of being re- 
signed; calm submission or acqui- 
escence; patience. 

resilient (re-zil'i-ent), adj. springing 
back. 

resin (rez'in), n. a solid inflammable 
substance obtained from various 
trees which exude it in the form of 
gum. , 

resinous (-us), adj. containing, con- 
sisting of, or like, resin. 

resist (re-zist'), v.t. to oppose; with- 
stand; thwart; strive against: v.i. 
to make opposition or resistance. 

resistance (-zis'tS^ns), n, the act of 
resisting; opposition; power of a 
body that acts in opposition to an- 
other; in photography, contrast of 
light and shade. 

resistant ('tint), adj. offering re- 
sistance: n. one who, or that which, 
resists. 

resistibility (-zist-i-biFi-ti), n, the 
quality of being resistible. 

resistible ('i-bl), adj. capable of re- 
sisting. 

resistibly (-bU), adv. in a resistible 
manner. 

resistless (les), n. irresistible. 

resoluble (rez'o-lu-bl), adj. capable 
of being melted or resolved. 

resolute ('o-lut), adj. determined; 
having a fixed purpose; decided; 
firm; steady. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 47 



RESOLUTELY 



738 



RESPLENDENT 



resolutely ('li), adv, in a resolute 
manner. 

resoluteness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being resolute. 

resolution (-lu'shun), n. the act of 
resolving; state of being resolved; 
analysis; fixed determination; con- 
stancy of purpose; formal proposal 
in a legislative assembly or public 
meeting; solution. 

resolution of forces (for'sez), the 
dividing of a force into two or more, 
which would have the same effect as 
if it acted alone. ^ 

resolutive ('o-lu-tiv), adj. having the 
power to dissolve. 

resolvability (re-zol-vi^-biri-ti), n, 
the quality of being resolvable. Re- 
solvableness. 

resolvable ('vi,-bl), adj, capable of 
being resolved. 

resolve (-zolv'), v.t. to reduce to 
constituent parts; analyze; free 
from doubt or difficulty; clear or 
separate; solve; settle in an opin- 
ion; decide; determine by vote; dis- 
perse, as a tumor, <&;c.; carry a dis- 
cord into a concord [music]: v.i. to 
determine; pass a formal resolution. 

resolved (-zolvd'), p. adj. determined; 
firm. 

resolvent (-zolVent), adj. having the 
power of resolving; causing solu- 
tion: n. a medicine to disperse a 
tumor, &c. 

resonance (rez'o-nans) , n. the qual- 
ity of being resonant. Also resonancy. 

resonant C5-nant), adj. returning 
sound.. 

resort (-zort'), v.i. to betake one's 
self; go often; have recourse; ap- 
ply: n. place much frequented; con- 
course; resource. 

resound (-zoundO, v.i. & v.t. to re- 
verberate; be re-echoed; spread the 
fame or renown of; send back sound; 
echo; sound again (re-sound'). 

resource (-sors'), n. source of help 
or supply; an expedient to which 
one resorts: pi. money; means of 
any kind. 

resp (resp), n. a disease of sheep. 



respect (re-spekt'), n. regard; ex- 
pression of esteem; deference; man- 
ner of treating others; respectful 
demeanor; point, reference, or par- 
ticular: pi. expression of good-will 
or regard: v.t. to honor or esteem; 
have relation to. 

respectability (-§,-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being respectable. 

respectable CS-bl), adj. capable or 
worthy of respect; held in good re- 
pute; moderate in excellence or 
number. 

respectably (-bh), adv. in a respect- 
able manner. 

respectful ('fool), adv. characterized 
by respect. 

respectfully (-h), adv. with respect. 

respecting ('ing), pi^ep. concerning. 

respective Civ), adj. relating to a 
particular person or thing: not ab- 
solute; relative. 

respectively (-h), adv. as each be- 
longs to each; not absolutely. 

respirability (-spir-^-biri-ti), n, 
the quahty of being respirable. Re- 
spirableness. 

respirable C§--bl), adj. that may be, 
or is fit to be, breathed. 

respiration (res-pi-ra'shun), n. the 
act or process of breathing; reUef 
from toil. 

respirator ('pi-ra-ter), n. a network 
contrivance for covering the mouth 
and protecting the lungs from cold, 
fog, &c. 

respiratory ('pi-ra-to-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or serving for, respiration. 

respire (-spir'), v.t. to draw air into 
the lungs and expel it again; breathe; 
inhale: v.t. to breathe in and out, 
as air. 

respite (res'pit), n. pause or tempo- 
rary cessation of anything; delay; 
interval of rest; reprieve: v.t. to 
grant a respite to; suspend the exe- 
cution of. 

resplendence (re-splen'dens), n. bril- 
liant luster; intense fight. Also 
resplendency. 

resplendent ('dent), adj. shining with 
brilliant luster; intensely bright. 



ate, arm^ ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RESPOND 



739 



RESURRECTION 



respond (-spond'), v.i, to answer or 
reply; be liable for payraent: v.t. 
to pay: n. a short anthem sung be- 
tween the reading of the lessons. 

respondent ('ent), adj. giving re- 
sponse: n. one who answers or re- 
plies; one who maintains a thesis in 
reply; one whc answers to a suit at 
law. 

respondentia (-spon-den'shi-l,), n. 
a loan on the security of a ship's 
ca^go. 

response (-spons'), ^- the act of 
answering; reply; in a hturgical 
service, the answer of the congrega- 
tion to the priest. 

responsible ('i-bl), adj. involving 
responsibihty; answerable; Uable. 

responsibly Ci-bh), adv, in a re- 
sponsible manner. 

responsive Csiv), adj, answering; 
correspondent. 

responsively (-li), adv. in a respon- 
sive manner. 

responsiveness (-nes), w. the state 
or quahty of being responsive. ^ 

responsory Co-ri), adj. containing 
answer: n. the answer of the con- 
gregation to the priest in a hturgical 
service. 

rest (rest), n. cessation from motion 
or disturbance; quiet; peace; re- 
pose; sleep; death; place of quiet 
or repose; trust; interval of silence 
and its sign [music]; remainder: 
v.i. to cease from motion or action; 
repose; be quiet; sleep; die; stand; 
be satisfied; lean: v.t. to lay to 
rest; place. 

restaurant (res'to-rS-nt, or -to-rang), 
n. a house for refreshment; an eat- 
ing-house. 

restaurateur (-r^-ter), n. the keeper 
of a restaurant. 

restful ('fool), adj. full of rest; 
quiet. 

restfuUy (-K), adv. in a restful man- 
ner. 

restitution (-ti-tu'shun), n. the act 
of making good any loss, injury, or 
damage; compensation; amends. 

restive (res'tiv), adj. unwilling to 



go forward; stubborn; obstinate J 
uneasy. 

restively (-h), adv. in a restive man- 
ner. 

restiveness (-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being restive. 

restorable (re-stor'^-bl), adj. capa- 
ble of being restored. 

restoration (res-to-ra'shun) , n. the 
act of restoring; renewal; repair. 

restorative (re-stor'§,-tiv), ^ adj. ca- 
pable of restoring: n. a re-invigorat- 
ing medicine. 

restoratively (-h), adv. so as to re- 
store. 

restore (-stor'), v.t. to bring back to 
its former strength; repair; rebuild; 
heal or cure; re-invigorate; renew, 
amend; reclaim; store again. 

restrain (-stran'), v.t. to check; re- 
press. 

restraint (-strant'), n. the act of 
restraining; state of being restrained; 
limitation. 

restrict (-strikt'), v.t. to confine or 
hmit. 

restriction (-strik'shun), n. the act 
of restricting; limitation; confine- 
ment. 

restrictive ('tiv), adj. imposing re- 
straint. 

restrictively (-h), adv. with restric- 
tion. 

result (-zulf), v.i. to follow as a 
consequence; to come to a decision; 
ensue; decree: n. conclusion or con- 
sequence. 

resultant ('ant), adj. following as a 
result: n. a single force compounded 
of two or more forces and represent- 
ing their combined effects. 

resulting ('ing) p. adj. following as 
a result or consequence. 

resume (ra-zu-ma'), n. sl summary. 

resume (-zum'), v.t. to take up again 
after interruption; begin again; 
take back. 

resumption (re-zump'shun), n. the 
act of resuming. 

resurrection (rez-er-ek'shun), n. sl 
rising again from the dead; moral 
revival. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RESURRECTIONIST 



740 



RETOUCH 



resurrectionist (-ist), n. formerly 
a man who disinterred dead bodies 
for sale for anatomical purposes. 

resuscitate (re-sus'i-tat), v.t. to re- 
vive from apparent death; revivify. 

resuscitation ^ (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of resuscitating; state of being re- 
suscitated. 

resuscitative ('i-ta-tiv), adj. tend- 
ing to resuscitate; restorative. 

resuscitator ('i-ta-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, resuscitates. 

ret (ret), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. retted, p.pr, 
retting], to steep in water to sepa- 
rate the^ fibers of a substance, as 
flax, by incipient rotting. 

retail (re-tal'), v.t. to sell in small 
quantities; sell second-hand: n. (re'- 
tal) sale of goods in small quanti- 
ties: adj. dealing in small quantities 
or second-hand. 

retain (-tan'), v.t. to hold or keep 
in possession; detain; engage by a 
fee prepaid. 

retainer Cer), n. one who, or that 
which, retains; a dependent; at- 
tendant; preliminary retaining fee 
paid to counsel. 

retaliate (-tari-at), v.t. to return by 
giving like for like (usually in an 
ill sense). 

retaliation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
retaliating. 

retaliative ('i-a-tiv), adj, returning 
hke for like; vindictive. Also re- 
taliatory. 

retard (-t§.rdO, v.t, to hinder or ob- 
struct; delay; keep back. 

retardation (-tar-da 'shun), n. the 
act of retarding; hindrance; post- 
ponement. 

retardative ('da-tiv), adj* tending to 
retard. 

retch (rech), v.i. to try to vomit; 
strain in vomiting. 

retention (re-ten'shun), n. the act 
of holding back; power of retaining, 
especially ideas. 

retentive Ctiv), adj. having the 
power to retain. 

retentively (-li), adv. with reten- 
tiveness. 



retentiveness (^nes), n, the quality 
of being retentive. 

reticence (ret'i-sens), n. silence; re- 
serve. 

reticent ('i-sent) adj. silent; re- 
served. 

reticular (-tik'u-l§,r), adj. formed 
with interstices. 

reticulate ('u-lat), adj. formed of, 
or resembling, net-work. 

reticule (ret'i-kul), n. a lady's hand- 
bag or workbag; a telescopic eye- 
piece across which is stretched a 
network of very fine material for 
dividing the field of view into small 
equal squares. 

retiform (re'ti-form), adj. net-shaped. 

retina (ret'i-na), n. one of the coats 
of the eye, containing the ends of 
the sensory nerves which receive the 
impressions which give rise to vis- 
ion. 

retinitis (-i-ni'tis), n. inflammation 
of the retina. 

retinue ('i-nu), n. the suite or at- 
tendants of a prince or person of 
distinction; train. 

retiracy (re-tir'a-si), n. the state of 
having retired; competency. 

retire (-tir'), v.i. to go to a place of 
privacy; withdraw; retreat; recede; 
withdraw from business, official, or 
active life; to go to bed. 

retired (-tird'), adj. secluded from 
society; having given up business, 
&c.; private. 

retirement (-tir'ment), n. the act 
of retiring; state of being retired; 
privacy; sohtude. 

retiring ('ing), adj. reserved, not 
obtrusive; assigned, as a pension, to 
an official retiring from the pubhc 
service, &c. 

retort (-tort'), v.t. to return, as an 
argument, incivihty, censure, accu- 
sation, &c.: v.i. to make a retort: 
n. censure; incivility, &c., returned; 
sharp reply; a vessel used in distill- 
ing and decomposing substances. 

retouch (-tuch'), v.t. to touch again; 
improve by going over a work of art 
to restore faded parts, &c. 



ate, arm, §<sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RETRACT 



741 



REVEAL 



retract (-trakt')? v,t to draw, or 

take back; recall; rescind; recant: 
v,i. to withdraw something pre- 
viously said or written: n. the prick 
of a horseis foot in nailing a horse- 
shoe. 

retractible ('i-bl), adj, capable of 
being retracted. Also retractile, re- 
tractable. 

retractation (-trak-ta'shun), n, the 
act of retracting; recantation; dis- 
avowal. Also retraction. 

retractor Cter), n, one who re- 
tracts; a muscle or instrument for 
drawing back. 

retreat (-tret'), n. the act of with- 
drawing or retiring; retirement or 
seclusion; place of privacy; shelter; 
the retiring of an army or body of 
troops from the face of an enemy or 
an advanced position; signal for re- 
tiring from an engagement, or to 
quarters: v.i. to withdraw to seclu- 
sion or place of safety; retire before 
an enemy. 

retrench (-trench'), v.t. to furnish 
with a retrenchment: v.i, cut down 
expenses. 

retrenchment ('ment), n, cmi;ail- 
ment; reduction of expenses; a mil- 
itary work constructed inside an- 
other to resist an enemy who has 
forced the outer one. 

retribution (ret-ri-bu'shun), n, re- 
ward of punishment suitable to the 
action; distribution - of rewards or 

Eunishments in future life at the 
nal judgment. 

retributive (re-trib'u-tiv), adj. re- 
warding for good deeds and punish- 
ing for offenses. Also retributory. 

retrievable (-trev'Srbl), adj. capable 
of being retrieved. 

retrievableness (-nes), w. the state 
of being retrievable. 

retrievably ('a-bh), adv. in a re- 
trievable manner.' 

retrieve (-trevO, v.t. to recover; re- 
store; regain: v.i. to act as a re- 
triever. 

retriever ('er), n. a variety of dog 
trained to fetch game. 



retro, a prefix meaning hack, hack* 
wards, as retrospect, a review of the 
past. 

retrocede (re-tro-sed'), v.t. to cede or 
grant back. 

retrocession (-sesh'un), n. the act 
of going back. 

retrograde ('tro-grad), adj, going or 
moving backwards; apparently mov- 
ing from east to west as a planet; 
going from a better to a worse moral 
condition; becoming less highly or- 
ganized: v.i, to go backwards. 

retrogression (-gresh'un), n. the act 
of going backward. 

retrogressive. Same as retrograde. 

retrospect. See under retro. 

retrospection (-spek'shun), n. the 
act or faculty of looking back on 
the past. 

retrospective Ctiv), adj. looking back 
on things past; referring to past 
things. 

retrospectively (-li), adv. in a re- 
trospective manner. 

retroversion (-ver'shun), n. a turn- 
ing or falling backward. 

return (re-tern'), v.i. to come back 
again to the same place or state; 
revisit; retort: v.t. to repay; re- 
store; requite; elect; reply or report 
officially: n. the act of going back 
or returning; retrogression; repay- 
ment; requital; restitution; remit- 
tance; advantage; profit; official re- 
port. 

returning officer ('ing of'i-ser), n. 
an official whose duty it is to preside 
at an election, make returns to 
writs, juries, &c. 

retuse (-tus'), adj. very blunt; hav- 
ing the extremity broad and shght- 
iy depressed, 

reunion (re-ti'nyun), n. a festive 
gathering of famihar friends or as- 
sociates; act of reuniting. 

reunite ^ (-u-nif), v.t. to unite again; 
reconcile after variance: v.i. become 
imited again. 

reveal (re-vel'), v.t. to make known; 
disclose: n. the vertical side of a 
doorway, window, &c. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



REVEILLE 



742 



REVISE 



reveille (rev-el-e' or re-val'ye), n. 
the beat of a drum, or bugle call at 
daybreak to awaken soldiers. 

revel (rev'el), n. a noisy or riotous 
feast: v.i. to feast with joyous or 
clamorous merriment. 

revelation (-a 'shun), n. the act of 
reveahng or making known, espe- 
cially Divine truth; that which is 
revealed, especially by God to man. 

reveler ('el-er), n. one who revels. 

revelry (-ri), n, boisterous festivity. 

revenge (re-venj'), ^-t. to inflict pain 
or punishment because of; exact re- 
tribution for; avenge: n, the act of 
revenging; maUcious injuring in re- 
turn for an injury or offense re- 
ceived; retaliation; maHce.^ 

revengeful ('fool), adj, vindictive. 

revengefully (-li), ddv. vindictively. 

revenue (rev'e-nu), n, the general 
income of a state, derived from the 
annual taxes, excise, customs, &c.; 
annual profits from lands, &c. 

reverberate (re-ver'ber-at), v.L to 
send back, as sound; re-echo: v.i, 
to be driven back, or reflected, as 
sound or light. 

reverberation (-a'shun), n. the act 
of reverberating. 

reverberatory Cber-a-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or characterized by, or 
produced by, reverberation: n, a 
domed furnace which reflects^ the 
flame upon a vessel placed within 
it, without being in contact with 
the fuel. 

revere (-ver'), v.L to regard with 
fear mingled with respect and affec- 
tion; reverence. 

reverence (rev'er-ens), n. venera- 
tion; honor; respect; act of obei- 
sance; a title given to the clergy 
(with hiSf your): v.L to regard with 
reverence. 

reverend (-end), adj, worthy of rev- 
erence. 

Reverend (-end), n, a title given to 
the clergy. 

reverent (-ent), adj. showing, or ex- 
pressive of, reverence; humble; sub- 
missive. 



reverential (-en'shS,!), adj, proceed- 
ing from reverence; respectful. 

reverentially (-li) , adv. with reverence. 

reverie ('er-i), n. deep musing; wake- 
ful dreaminess ; irregular train of 
thoughts or fancies in meditation. 

reversal^ (re-ver'sal), n. the act of 
reversing; overthrow or annulling; 
repeal. 

reverse (-vers'), ddj. turned back- 
ward; having an opposite direction; 
made or declared void: v.t. to turn 
upside down; change entirely: n. the 
contrary or opposite; back of a coin 
or medal; change; vicissitude; de- 
feat. 

reversible ('i-bl), adj, capable of be- 
ing reversed. 

reversion ('shun), n. right to future 
possession or enjoyment; tendency 
of an animal or plant to revert to ite 
original form, &c. 

reversionary (-^--ri), adj, pertaining 
to, or involving, right of reversion. 

revert (-vert'), v.L to turn back; 
change; reverse: v.i. to return or 
fall back ; return to the original 
owner or his heirs. 

revertible ('i-bl), adj, capable of 
being reverted. 

revest (-vest'), v.i, to return to a 
former owner. 

revetment (-vet'ment), n, in fortifi- 
cation, a strong wail erected round 
the lower part of the rampart; a re- 
taining wall. 

review (-vu'), v.L to consider over 
again; re-examine; look back; re- 
vise; examine critically; inspect 
(troops, &c.); write a critical notice 
of: n. the act of reviewing; re-ex- 
amination; survey of the past; criti- 
cism, especially of a new^ pubhca- 
tion; a periodical with criticisms on 
new books, essays, &c.; inspection of 
troops, &c. 

revile (-vil'), v.t, to address with 
opprobrious or contumelious lan- 
guage; reproach. 

revise (-viz'), v.t, to review and 
amend; examine for correction: n\ 
a revision; second proof-sheet. 



5*e arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



REVISION 



743 



RHENISH 



revision (-vizh'un), n. the act of ex- 
amining for correction; that which 
is revised. 

revival (-viVal), n. the act of re- 
viving; recovery; renewal of Kfe; 
renewed performance of; reproduc- 
tion; spiritual awakening.^ 

srevivalistn (-izm), n. an interest in 
revivals of rehgion, or the methods 
of procedure to promote such. 

revivalist (-ist), n, one who pro- 
motes revivals. 

revive (-viv'), v.i. to recover life; 
return to vigor or activity, especially 
from a state of languor, neglect, &c. : 
v.t, to restore to life again; reno- 
vate; reproduce. 

revivify (-viv'i-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
revivified, p.pr, revivifying], to re- 
animate; quicken. 

revocable (rev'o-ki;-bl), adj, that 
may be revoked. 

revocation (-ka'shun), n. the act of 
revoking; recall; repeal; reversal. 

revoke (-vok'), v.t, to recall; re- 
peal; annul: v.i. to fail to follow 
suit at cards: n, the act of revoking 
at cards, 

revolt ^ (-volt'), n. rebellion against 
constituted authority; insurrection; 
change of sides; desertion: v.i. to 
turn away in disgust; to rebel: vd. 
overturn; shock. 

revolting Cing), 'p.adj, disgusting; 
repellent. 

revolute (rev'o-ltit), adj, rolled back- 
wards. 

revolution (-lu'shun), n. the act of 
revolving; rotation; change or al- 
teration of system; motion of* a 
point or line about a center; recur- 
rence or succession; fundamental 
and sudden change in the govern- 
ment of a country. 

revolutionary (-&-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to, tending to produce, or consti- 
tuting, a revolution: n, a revolution- 
ist. 

revolutionist ('shun-ist), n. one 
who organizes or takes part in a 
revolution. 

Revolutionize ('shun-Iz), v.t. to cause 



a revolution or entire change of 
government or any system. 

revolve (re- vol v'), v.i.XjO turn-round, 
as on an axis; roll in a circle; or 
tate: v.i. to cause to turn or roll 
round; meditate or reflect upon. 

revolver (-vol'ver), n. one who, or 
that which, revolves; a pistol with 
revolving barrels, fired successively 
without reloading. 

revolving ('ving), adj. turning 
round. 

revulsion (-vuFshun), n. sudden and 
violent change, especially of feeling; 
diversion of the cause of a disease 
from one part of the body to an- 
other. 

revulsive ('siv), adj. having the 
power of, or tending to, revulsion. 

reward (-wiird'), n. something given 
as a return for good or ill received; 
recompense;^ retribution; punisii- 
ment; gift in token of approved 
merit: v.t. to give in return for good 
or ill received; recompense; punish. 

reynard (ren'ard), n. the fox. 

Rhadaman thine (rad-^-man'thin), 
adj. sternly just and inflexible: from 
Rhadaman thus, one of the three 
judges in classic m}i;hology who de- 
cided the fate of the souls of the de- 
parted in the lower world. 

rhapsodic (rap-sod 'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or connected with, rhapsody; 
unconnected; confused. Also rhap- 
sodical. 

rhapsodist ('s5-dist), n, one who 
makes or recites verses, especially 
one whose profession was to recite 
the Homeric or other epics. 

rhapsodize ('so-diz), v.i. to write or 
utter rhapsodies. 

rhapsody ^ ('so-di), n. {pi. rhapso- 
dies (-diz) ], any unconnected or 
rambling composition, composed 
under the influence of excitement; 
part of an epic poem for recitation 
at one time. 

rhea (re'a), n. the South American 
ostrich. 

Rhenish (ren'ish), adj. pertaining to 
the river Rhine: n. a Rhine wine. 



ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RHEOCHORD 



744 



RHUMB-LINE 



rheochord (re'o-kord), n, a metallic 
wire used for measuring the resist- 
ance or variability of an electric 
current. 

rheometer (-om'e-ter), n. an instru- 
ment for measuring the intensity of 
an electric current. 

rheometry ('e-tri), n, the art of 
measuring the intensity and velocity 
of electric and other cm-rents. 

rheomotor ('o-mo-ter), n. an appa- 
ratus by which an electrical current 
is generated. 

rheophore ('o-for), n. the connecting 
wire of an electric or galvanic ap- 
paratus. 

rheoscope ('o-skop), n. an apparatus 
for detecting an electric current. 

rheostat ('o-stat), n. an apparatus 
for regulating an electric current. 

rheotome ('o-tom), n, an apparatus 
for interrupting an electric current 
at stated intervals. 

rheotrope ('o-trop), n. an apparatus 
for periodically reversing the direc- 
tion of an electric current. 

rhesus^ ('sus), n. a monkey, held sa- 
cred in certain parts of India. 

rhetoric (ret'o-rik), n. the art of 
speaking with elegance and force; 
declamation; showy oratory. 

rhetorical (re-tor 'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to rhetoric; figurative; de- 
clamatory, 

rhetorically (-li), adv. in a rhetor- 
ical manner. 

rhetorician (ret-o-rish'§,n) , n. a 
teacher of rhetoric, or one skilled in 
the art; orator. 

rheum (room), n. the increased ac- 
tion of the vessels of any organ, es- 
pecially the lungs or nostrils, pro- 
ducing an increased discharge of 
secretions. 

rheumatic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or affected by, rheumatism. Also 
rheumatical. 

rheumatism ('§,-tizm), n. a painful 
disease of the muscles and joints ac- 
companied by swelKng and stiffness. 

rhino (ri'no), n, money: a prefix 
meaning the nose. Also rhin. 



rhinoceros (-nos'er-os) , n. a large 
pachydermatous animal alHed to the 
elephant, with one or two horns on || 
the snout. l| 

rhinoplasty ('no-plas-ti), n. a surgi- 
cal operation by which a new nose 
is formed or partially restored by in- 
grafting new flesh. 

rhinoscope ('no-skop), n. an instru- 
ment furnished with a mirror for 
examining the passages of the 
nose. 

rhizome ('zom), n. a thick stem run- 
ning along or under the ground, pro- 
ducing roots below and shoots above. 
Also rhizoma. 

rhodium (ro'di-um), n. one of the 
metalhc elements, rare and of ex- 
treme hardness. 

rhodo, a prefix meaning a rose. 

Rhododendron (ro-do-den'dron) , n. 
a genus of ornamental evergreen 
shrubs with large handsome rose- 
like flowers. 

rhodopsin (ro-dop'sin), n. the visual 
purple of the retina. 

rhomb. Same as rhombus. 

rhombic (rom^bik), adj. rhombus- 
shaped. 

rhombohedral (-bo-he'dr&l) , adj. 
pertaining to, or formed like, a 
rhombohedron. 

rhombohedron ('dron), n. a solid 
figure bounded by 6 rhombic planes. 

rhomboid (^boid), n. a 4-sided figure 
having its opposite sides equal, and 
its angles not right angles : adj. loz- 
enge-shaped. Also rhomboidal. 

rhombus ('bus), n. a 4-sided figure 
whose sides are equal and the oppo- 
site sides parallel, but which has two 
of its angles obtuse and two acute; 
a genus of flat fishes, containing the 
turbot, &c. 

rhubarb (roo'barb), n. a plant whose 
leaf -stalks used foT culinary pur- 
poses, and its roots used in medicine 
as a purgative. 

rhumb (rum), n. a circle making any 
given angle with the meridian; a 
point of the compass. 

rhumb-line ('lin), n. the track of a 



gte, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, 
book; hue hut; think, then. 



RHYME 



745 



RIDGE 



ship which cuts all the meridians 
at the same angle. 

rhyme (rim), n. the correspondence 
of the sound of the last word or syl- 
lable of one verse or line to the sound 
of the last word or syllable of anoth- 
er; harmonical succession of sounds; 
poetry: v.i. to accord in sound; 
make verses or rhymes: v.t. put into 
rhyme. Rime (more correctly). 

rhyme (rim), n. the correspondence 
measure or time in poetry or prose; 
meter; verse. 

rhymic ('ik), odj, pertaining to 
rhyme. 

rhythmic (rith'mik), adj. pertaining 
to rhythm; harmonical; periodical. 
Also rhythmical. 

rhythmically (-al-H), adv, in a rhyth- 
mic manner. 

rib (rib), n. one of the curved bones 
attached to the vertebral column 
and supporting the lateral walls of 
the thorax; anything resembling a 
rib: a piece of timber to shape and 
strengthen the side of a ship; the 
main vein of a leaf: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
ribbed, p.pr. ribbing], to furnish, or 
inclose,with ribs; form with grooves. 

ribald ('aid), adj. low; obscure; 
filthy: n. a vulgar, foul-mouthed, 
licentious fellow. 

ribaldry (-ri), n. obscenity. 

ribbon ('on), n. a fillet or strip of 
silk, &c.; narrow strip. 

rice (ris), n. a valuable food grain 
produced extensively in hot coun- 
tries. 

rice-bird ('herd), n. the bobolink. 

rice-paper ('pa-per), n. a kind of 
paper prepared from pith: used in 
China, &c., for painting upon. 

rich (rich), adj. abounding in money 
or possessions? wealthy; opulent; 
sumptuous; valuable; splendid; fer- 
tile; fruitful; high-flavored; mel- 
low; full of beauty; vivid; sweet or 
harmonious in sound: n. rich people 
collectively (with the): pi. wealth; 
aflEiuence. 

rick (rik), n. a pile or heap, as of 
hay or corn, and usually thatched 



or sheltered: v.t, to pile or heap in 
a rick. 

rickets ('ets), n. a disease affecting 
children, characterized by softness 
and curvature of the bones, due to 
the absence of lime. 

rickety ('et-i), adj. affected with rick- 
ets; feeble in the joints; unsteady. 

ricochet (-o-sha' or -o-shet'), n. the 
rebounding of a shot or shell, &c., 
along the ground or from the sur- 
face of the water: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
ricochetted, p.pr. ricochetting], to 
bound by touching the earth or the 
surface of water and glancing off , as a 
cannon-ball: v,t. to cause to ricochet. 

rid (rid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rid, p.pr. 
ridding], to set free; deliver; clear or 
destroy by violence: adj. clear; free. 

riddance Cans), n. the act of ridding 
or clearing away; deliverance. 

ridden ('n), p.p. of ride. 

riddle ('1), n. an enigma; puzzling 
question; something ambiguous; a 
large sieve: v.t. to solve, as a riddle; 
to sift by a riddle; perforate with, 
or as with, shot: v.i. to speak ambig- 
uously 'or as in riddles. 

riddlings ('lingz), n.pl. broken ore 
of medium size obtained by sifting. 

ride (rid), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. rode, p.p. 
ridden, p.pr. riding], to be borne 
along, as on horseback or in a 
vehicle; practice horsemanship; 
manage a horse well; sit, float or 
rest on; to sit on so as to be carried; 
manage insolently at will: n. excur- 
sion on horseback or in a vehicle; 
drive; road; district under an officer 
of the excise. 

rideau (re-do'), n. a small mound to 
cover a camp from the approach of 
the enemy. 

rider (rid'er), n. one who rides on, 
breaks, or manages, a horse; an 
additional clause to a document; 
subsidiary problem. 

ridge (rij), n. anything formed like 
an animaPs back, as a continuous 
range of hills, &c.; crest of a roof; 
v.t. to form or furnish with a ridge; 
wrinkle. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RIDGY 



7^ 



RIGOROUS 



ridgy ('i), adj. rising in ridges. 

ridicule (rid'i-kul), n. words or ac- 
tion designed to bring the subject of 
it into contempt; banter; mockery; 
satire: v.U to treat or address with 
ridicule; expose to contemptuous 
merriment; laugh at. 

ridiculous (ri-dik'ti-lus), adj. de- 
serving or exciting ridicule; prepos- 
terous; absurd; ludicrous; droll. 

riding (ridding), p. adj. employed for 
traveling: n, a road cut through a 
wood or ground for riding upon. 

ridotto (ri-dot'o), n. a public assem- 
bly; a public entertainment of music 
and dancing. 

rifacimento (re-fa-chi-men'to), n. 
the recasting of a literary work to 
adapt it to changed circumstances. 

rife (rif), adj. prevalent, common. 

riff-raff (rif'raf), n. refuse; the rab- 
ble. 

rifle (ri'fl), n. a musket with the bar- 
rel spirally grooved: pi. troops 
armed with rifles: v.t. to groove spi- 
rally; pillage. 

rifle-bird (-berd), n. an Australian 
bird. 

rifle-corps (-kor), n, a body armed 
with rifles. 

rifler (/fler), n. a plunderer. 

rift (rift), n. an opening or split in 
anything; fissure; v.L to cleave or 
spht. 

rig (rig), n. a practical joke or frolic; 
dress; manner of fitting the masts 
and rigging to the hull of a vessel: 
v.U [pt. & p.p. rigged, p.pr. rig- 
ging], to furnish or fit with rigging; 
dress (with out). 

rigadoon (-i,-doonO, n. an old-fash- 
ioned hvely dance performed by one 
couple. 

rigger Cer), n, one whose occupation 
is to fit the rigging of a vessel; a 
band-wheel with a flat or slightly 
curved rim. 

rigging Cing), n. the cordage or 
ropes by which the masts of a ves- 
sel are supported, and the sails ex- 
tended or furled. 

right (rit), adj. according to truth. 



justice or law; correct; fit; true; 
exact; most direct; noting the side 
opposed to the left; most conven- 
ient; well performed; rising perpen- 
dicularly: adv. in a right line; just- 
ly: n. uprightness; truth; justice; 
rectitude; propriety; virtue; legal 
claim; the right side: v.t, to set up- 
right; make right or straight; cor- 
rect; do justice to: v.i. to recover 
the vertical position: inter j. well 
done! 

right-angle ('ang-gl), n. an angle of 
90°, formed by one straight line 
standing perpendicular to another. 

righteous Cyus), adj. just; equita- 
ble; honest; holy; deserved. 

righteousness (-nes), n. the quality 
of being righteous; holiness; jus- 
tice; moral integrity. 

rightful Cfool), adj. ha\dng a just 
claim; accordant with justice. 

rightfully (-h), adv. in a right man- 
ner. 

rightfulness (-nes), n. justice. 

rigid (rij'id), adj. not pliant; stiff; 
inflexible; strict; stern; severely 
just. 

rigidity (ri-jid'i-ti), n. want of plia- 
bihty; stiflness; resistance to change 
of form. 

riglet. Same as reglet. 

rigmarole (rig'ma-rol) , n. foolish, 
disconnected talk; long story. 

rigol (rig'oi), n. a circle; diadem . 

rigor Cer), n. stifl^ness or severity; 
exactitude; strictness; severity of 
climate. 

rigorism (rig'er-izm), n. austerity or 
severity in principle or practice; 
obedience to the law; the philosoph- 
ical doctrine that self-control and 
disregard of circumstances consti- 
tute human happiness. 

rigorist (-ist), adj.^ pertaining to rig- 
orism; one who is very austere or 
severe. 

rigor mortis (ri'gor mor'tis), n. 
stiffness of the body caused by death. 

rigorous (rig'er-us), adj. character- 
ized by, or exercising, vigor; stern; 
inflexible; scrupulously accurate. 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RIGSDAG 



747 



RISE 



Rigsdag (rigz'dag), n. the Danish 
parliament. 

rail (ril), n. a small stream or rivu- 
let: vA. to run in a small stream. 

rim^ (rim), n. 2l border or margin; 
raised border; brim: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. 
rimmed, p.pr. rimming], to furnish 
with a rim. 

rime (rim), n. hoar-frost; another 
form of rhyme: v.t. to congeal into 
hoar-frost. 

rimose (ri'mos), adj. full of, or cov- 
ered with, cracks. Also rimous. 

rimple (rim'pl), n. a wrinkle or fold: 
v.t. to become wrinkled. 

rimy (rim'i), adv. frosty. 

rind (rind), n. the outer covering of 
fruit, &c.; bark: v.t. to strip the 
rind from. 

rinderpest (rin'der-pest), n. a ma- 
lignant and contagious disease in 
cattle; cattle plague. 

ring (ring), n. a circle; anything cir 
cular in form; small hoop worn on 
the finger or used as a means of 
attachment; circular area or course; 
combination for private ends; pu- 
gilists or betting-men collectively 
(with the): v.i. [p.t. rang, p.p. 
rung, p.pr. ringing], to sound as a 
bell when struck; practice the art of 
ringing bells; tingle: v.t. to cause to 
sound, as metal when struck; sound 
aloud or abroad. 

ringdove ('duv), n. the wood-pigeon. 

ring-off (ring'of), n: the signal for the 
close of a telephonic communication. 

ringing ('ing), p.adj. sounding like a 
bell; resonant: n. the act of sound- 
ing as a bell; sound as of a bell 
ringing, 

ringleader ('le-der), n. the head of a 
riotous body or faction. 

ringlet (let), n. a little ring; curl. 

ring-ousel ('oo-zl), n. a kind of 
thrush. 

ringworm ('werm), n. a contagious 
cutaneous disease, usually on the 
scalp, characterized by distinct cir- 
cular patches. 

rink (ringk), n. a long clear space on 
the ice used for curling; a ground 



for skating upon: vd. to skate on a 
rink. 

rinse (rins), v.t. to cleanse lightly 
with clean water ;cleanse repeatedly; 
give a final cleansing to after wash- 
ing: 71. a cleansing with a second 
application of clean water. 

riot (n'ot), n. uproar; tumult; noisy 
revelry; luxurious excess; disturb- 
ance of the public peace by more 
than three persons: v.i. to raise an 
uproar; go to excess in sensual in- 
dulgence; be highly excited. 

rioting ('ot-ing), n. reveling; uproar. 

riotous (-us), adj. indulging in riot 
or excess; licentious; noisy; turbu- 
lent; seditious. 

rip (rip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ripped, p.pr. 
ripping], to divide by tearing or cut- 
ting; cut asunder; disclose; undo 
the seam of: v.i. to swear (with out) : 
n. a rent or tear; a rogue or cheat; 
a wicker basket for fish. 

riparian (ri-pa'ri-an), adj. pertain- 
ing to the banks of a river. 

ripe (rip), adj. brought to maturity 
or perfection; ready for harvest; fit 
for use; complete; resembling ripe 
fruit. 

ripely Cli), adv. in a ripe manner. 

ripen Cen), u.t. to make ripe; bring 
to perfection: v.i. to grow ripe. 

ripeness Cnes), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being ripe; maturity. 

ripper Cer), n. one who, or that 
which, rips; something or somebody 
super-excellent. 

ripple (rip'l), n. a small curling wave 
on the surface of water; the sound 
made by such waves; large comb 
for cleansing flax: v.t. to cover with 
small curling waves; cleanse with 
a ripple. 

rippling fling), n. the breaking of, 
or sound made by, ripples; the act 
of cleansing flax by a ripple. 

riprap ('rap), n. sl loose foundation 
of stones in deep water on a soft 
bottom. 

rise (rlz), v.i. [p.t. rose, p.p. risen, 
p.pr. rising], to ascend; get up from 
the ground or recumbent position; 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RISIBILITY 



748 



ROAN 



begin to stir; swell in quantity or 
extent; grow upward; spring; tower 
up; appear above the horizon; come 
in view or existence; be promoted; 
thrive; be hostile; close a session; 
ascend from the grave: n, the act of 
rising; ascent; elevated place; ap- 
pearance above; origin; source; in- 
crease of price, or value, social ad- 
vancement or distinction; anger (in 
"take the rise out of'). 

risibility (riz-i-bil'i-ti), n, inclina- 
tion to laughter. Also risibleness. 

risible ('i-bl), adj. having the faculty 
or power of laughing; inclined to 
laugh; causing laughter. 

risibly Ci-bli), adv. laughably. 

rising (riz'ing), n. the act of getting 
up or ascending; insurrection; an 
ascent; closing of a session: adj, in- 
creasing, as of wealth or influence; 
appearing above the horizon; reviv- 
ing from death. 

risk (risk), n, possibility of loss or 
injury; hazard; peril; danger: v.t. 
to hazard; venture upon. 

risky (1), adj. hazardous; danger- 
ous; approaching indelicacy. 

risorial (ri-so'ri-§,l), adj. pertaining 
to, or exciting, laughter. 

risotto (re-sot 'o), n. an Italian dish 
of rice with onions, &c., fried in but- 
ter. 

rissole (ris'ol), n. a savory mince in- 
closed in a thin batter paste and 
fried. 

rite (rit), n. a solemn religious act; 
external religious observance. 

fitornello (re-tor-nero), n. a short 
introduction or concluding sympho- 
ny; repetition or burden of a song. 
Also ritornelle. 

ritual (rit'u-i.1), adj, pertaining to, 
consisting of, or prescribing, rites: 
n. manner of performing divine ser- 
ice; a book of rites, or manner of 
service; body of rites used in the 
Church. 

ritualism (-izm), n, a system of rit- 
ual or prescribed forms of religion; 
excessive observance of forms in di- 
vine worship; Tractarianism; An- 



glo-Catholicism, especially as empha- 
sized by the use of Eucharistic vest- 
ments. 

ritualist (-ist), n. one who advo- 
cates, or is skilled in, ritual; an 
Anglo-Catholic. 

ritualistic (-al-ist'ik), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by, ritual- 
ism; pertaining to ritualists. 

ritually ('u-^l-i), adv, by rites. ^ 

rival (ri'val), n. one who strives to 
equal or excel another in the same 
object or pursuit; competitor; an- 
tagonist: adj, having the ^ same 
claims; emulous: v.L to strive to 
equal or excel; emulate. ^ 

rivalry (-ri), n, competition; emula- 
tion. 

rive (riv), v.t, {p.t, rived, p.p. riven, 
p.pr. riving], to be spht or torn 
asunder: n, a rent, tear, or spUt. 

river ('er), n. a large running stream 
of water flowing into the sea or an- 
other river; copious flow. 

river-horse (hors), n, the hippopota- 
mus. 

rivet ('et), n, a short metal bolt 
clinched by hammering: v.t, to se- 
cure with, or as with, a rivet; 
cUnch; make firm or secure. 

rivose (riVos), adj, marked with ir- 
regular grooves or furrows. 

rivulet (riv'u-let), n, a Uttle stream. 

rix-dollar (riks'doMr), n, a small 
silver continental coin of varying 
value. 

roach (roch), 7^• a fresh-water fish; a 
cockroach. 

road (rod), n. a public way for trav- 
eling upon; path; way: pi, a place 
where ships may ride safely at an- 
chor. Roadstead. 

road-machine (rod' ma-shen'), n, a 
mounted scraper for grading a road- 
bed. 

roadster ('ster), n, a horse suited for 
traveling; a bicycle for road-work; 
a vessel which works by tides. 

roam (rom), v.i, to wander abouL 
without any definite object; ramble; 
v.t, to wander over. 

roan (ron), adj, of a bay or dark 



5te, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booOt 
book; hue, hit; think, t/ien» 



ROAN-TREE 



749 



ROENTGEN RAYS 



color with a shade of red: n. a roan 
color; grained sheepskin leather. 

roan^tree* Same as rowan. 

roar (ror), n, the deep full cry of a 
large animal; a cry as in distress; 
any loud noise; loudly expressed 
mirth; sound of the wind or sea: v.i. 
to utter a roar: o.t to utter in a 
roar. 

roaring ('ing), n. the act or sound of 
roaring; a disease of horses: adj, 
noisy; brisk. 

roast (rost), v.L to cook before a 
fire; heat too violently or to excess; 
parch by exposure to heat; burn 
(broken ore to free it from extrane- 
ous matter); to banter or ridicule; 
criticise severely: v.i, to be roasted: 
adj. roasted: n. that which is roasted. 

rob (rob), v.t, [p.L & p.p. robbed, 
p.pr, robbing], to steal; plunder; 
strip of something by secret theft or 
violence; deprive. ^ 

robber ('er), n. a thief. 

robbery (-i), n, theft; the felonious 
and torcible taking away the money 
and goods of another. 

robe (rob), n. a loose outer garment; 
dressed skin of a buffalo: v.i. to put 
on robes: v.t. to invest with a robe; 
dress; array. 

robin (rob 'in), n. American thrush. 

roburite ('er-it), n. a flameless ex- 
plosive used extensively in mining 
operations. 

robust (ro-busf), adj, hardy; strong; 
vigorous, muscular. 

roc (rok), n. a fabulous bird of great 
size and strength. 

rochamboite (combination of Roch- 
ester and Perth Amboy), n. Ameri- 
can explosive for shells and hand 
grenades; union of salts of metals 
and non-metallic elements. 

rochet (roch'et), n. a linen vestment 
worn by a bishop resembling a sur- 
plice open at the sides. 

rock (rok), tt. a large mass of stone 
or stony matter; any mineral de- 
posit ; natural deposit of sand, earth, 
or clay; firm or immovable defense; 
a movement to and fro. 



rocket ('et), n. a firework made of a 
case filled with saltpeter, sulphm*, 
and charcoal, fastened to a stick, 
and which, on being ignited, is pro- 
jected through the air. 

rockiness Ci-nes)^ n. the state of be- 
ing rocky. 

rocking- valve (rok'ing-valv), n. a 
valve that operates by rocking back 
and forth in a cylinder. 

rock-oil Coil), n. petroleum. 

rock-ruby ('roo-bi), n. a fine bluish- 
red variety of garnet. 

rock- wood ('wood), n, hgniform as- 
bestos. 

rocky ('i), adj. full of, or resembling, 
rocks; stony; hard; inflexible. 

rococo (ro-ko'ko), adj. noting a florid, 
debased style in the ornamentation 
of buildings, furniture, &c., preva- 
lent during the reigns of Louis XIV. 
and XV. of France: hence noting 
bad taste in ornamentation. 

rod (rod), n. a long twig or shoot of 
any woody plant; a wand; instru- 
ment of punishment; cane; a fish- 
ing-rod; scepter; measure of length, 
5}^ yards. 

rode, p.L of ride. 

rodent (ro'dent), adj. gnawing: n. 
any animal of the Rodent ia, an or- 
der of Mammalia, containing the 
rats, mice, squirrels, &c. 

rodeo (ro-da'o), n. a gathering to- 
gether of cattle on a ranch. 

rodomontade (rod-o-mon-tad'), n. 
bluster; brag: from Rodomonte in 
Ariosto's Orlando Furioso: v.i. to 
bluster or brag. 

roe (ro), n. a species of deer, the roe- 
buck; the female of the hart; the 
spawn or sperm of fishes. 

Roentgen rays (rent'gen raz), n, a 
form of radiant energy emanating 
from the surface of an electrically 
excited vacuum tube opposite the 
cathode electrode, having power of 
penetrating objects impervous to 
light or heat rays, affecting sensi- 
tive photographic films, and excit- 
ing fluorescence in certain salts. 
Also called X-rays. 



fite, arm, &sk, at, awi; me, mgrge, met; rmte, mit; nOte, north, not; bo5n, 
book; hue, hut; think, tken 



ROGATION 



750 



RONDEAU 



rogation (-ga'shun), n, & litany; 
supplication. 

Rogation Days i^daz), n.pL the Mon- 
day, Tuesday, and Wednesday be- 
fore Ascension Day. 

rogue (rog), n. a dishonest person; 
knave; a shy, mischievous person; 
wag; term of endearment. 

roguery Cer-i), n, knavish or dis- 
honest practices; cheating; mis- 
chievous or waggish conduct. 

roguish ('ish), adj, fraudulent; dis- 
honest; somewhat mischievous or 
sly. 

roil (roil), v,L to render turbid; vex 
or irritate. 

role (rol), n. a part or character in a 
play, &c.; function or part. 

roll (rol), v.i, to turn lilce a wheel or 
on an axis; move in a circular direc- 
tion; be moved with violence; rock; 
wallow; make a long deep sound: 
v.L to revolve; inwrap; move on 
wheels; spread flat under a roller: n. 
the act of rolling; that which rolls; 
a writing or paper rolled upon it- 
self; an official document; list or 
register; kind of fancy bread; con- 
tinued deep sound, as of a drum 
beaten, thunder, &c.; twist of to- 
bacco. 

roller ('er), n . one who, or that which, 
rolls; a cylinder used for grind- 
ing, smoothing, flattening, &c.; 
long heavy wave; long broad band- 
age; a kind of crow. 

rollick (roFik), v.L to move or act 
with a careless, swaggering air. 

rollicking (-ing), adj. jovial; care- 
less; swaggering. 

rolling (r5ring), adj, moving on, or 
as on, wheels; undulating; used for 
rolhng: n. a circular motion; undu- 
lation; lateral oscillation of a ship. 

roly-poly (ro'h-po'h), n, sl game in 
which by rolling a ball into a certain 
hole it wins; a kind of jam pudding. 

Romaic (ro-ma'ik), adj, pertaining 
to the vernacular language of mod- 
ern Greece. 

Roman ('m^n) adj. pertaining to 
Rome, the Romans, or to the Church 



of Rome; noting the ordinary type 
used in printing: opposed to italic; 
written in letters, not in figures, as 

Roman candle (-ksm'dl), n. a kind 
of firework. 

Roman cement (se-menf), n. a 
strong cement used in building and 
hydrauhc engineering. 

Roman Catholic (kath'o-Hk), adj. 
pertaining to the Church of Rome, 
of which the Pope is the head : n. a 
member of the Church of Rome. 

Roman Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm), 
n. the doctrines and practices of the 
Roman Church. 

romance (-mS,ns'), n. a work of fic- 
tion or adventure; novel; fable: v.i, 
to invent and tell fictitious stories; 
exaggerate; lie. 

Romance (-m^ns'), adj. pertaining 
to the dialects of Latin and the lan- 
guages which grew out of classic 
Latin, spoken in the old Roman 
provinces. 

Romanesque (m§,n-esk'), n, that 
style of architecture and ornamen- 
tation in vogue during the period of 
the later Roman Empire: n. the dia- 
lect of Languedoc. 

Romanic (-man'ik), adj. pertaining to 
Rome, or the Romanesque dialects. 

romantic (-man'tik), adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, romance; 
extravagant; fanciful; ideal; full of 
wild and fantastic scenery. 

romanticism ('ti-sizm), n. the state 
or quality of being romantic; the 
reactionary movement in opposition 
to cold classical literary forms, be- 
gun in Germany in the 18th century. 

Romany (rom'i,-ni), n. a Gipsy; 
Gipsy language. 

romp (romp), n. an unrestrained, 
boisterous girl; rough play or frolic: 
v.i. to play in a boisterous, unre* 
strained manner. 

ronde (rond), n. a kind of type. 

rondeau (ron'do), n.; pL rondeaux, 
('doz), a little poem of 13 verses or 
fines; a fight air or jig [mus.]. 
Also rondo. 



ate, arm, S^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RONDEL 



751 



ROSILY 



rimdel Cdel), n. a poem of 14 lines; 
small round tower. 

Rontgen rays. See Roentgen rays. 

rood (rood), n. 40 square poles or 
perches; a cross or crucifix. 

rood-loft Cloft), n. the gallery in a 
church over the entrance to the choir 
where the rood was fixed. 

roof (roof), n. the top covering of a 
house or other building; covering or 
shelter; canopy; palate of the 
mouth: vX. to cover with, or as with 
a roof. 

roof-tree ('tre), n. a roof -beam; 
roof; home. 

rook (rook), n. a bird of the crow 
family with dark glossy plumage 
and having the base of the bill des- 
titute of feathers; a swindler or 
sharper; the castle in chess: v.t. & 
v.i, to swindle or cheat. 

rookery ('er-i), h. a group of nests 
on trees where rooks resort; colony 
of rooks; place of low resort; low 
slum. 

rookie, a new recruit. 

room (room), n. unoccupied place or 
space; apartment of a house; free- 
dom to act; opportunity; place of 
another; a deep blue dye: v.L to 
lodge. 

roominess ('i-nes), n. spaciousness. 

roomy (1), adj. spacious. 

roorback (roor'bak), n, a lie; ficti- 
tious report made for the purpose 
of influencing an election. 

roost (roost), n. the pole, perch, &c., 
upon which a bird rests at night; 
number of fowls resting together: 
v.i, to sit or sleep upon a perch, &c.; 
lodge. 

rooster ('er), n. the domestic cock. 

root (root), n. that part of a plant 
that descends and fixes itself in the 
earth by which the plant is nour- 
ished; edible root; anything resem- 
bling a root; foundation; basis, or 
origin; fundamental note of any 
chord [music] ;^ that quantity which 
multiplied by itself produces a given 
quantity; the part of a word which 
expresses its primary or essential 



meaning, as distinguished from a 
derivative: v.t. to fix by the root; 
plant in the earth; implant deeply; 
to dig or burrow with the snout; 
eradicate (with out) : vd, to take 
root. 

rootlet (let), n. a radicle. 

rope (rop), n. a thick cord, usually 
over one inch in circmnference, of 
several strands twisted together; 
small cable; halter; series of things 
connected: v.t.^ to fasten or draw 
with a rope; curb (a herse) so as to 
prevent him winning a race: v.i. to 
draw into viscous threads. 

ropiness ('i-nes), n. tendency to draw 
out into viscous filaments; partial 
viscosity. 

ropy ('i), odj. like a rope; viscous. 

Roquefort (rok'for), n. a French 
mold-streaked cheese made kom 
ewe's milk. 

rorqual (rorlcwal), n. a whale with 
dorsal fins. 

rosaceous (ro-za'shus), adi. composed 
of several petals arranged in a cir- 
cular form; consisting of roses. 

rosary ('z4-ri), n. [pi. rosaries (-riz) ], 
a garland or chaplet; a string of 
threaded beads by which prayers 
are counted ; the prayers repeated as 
thus counted. 

rose (rozj, n. a plant of the genus 
Rosa or its well-kno>vn flower; rose- 
color; knot of ribbons; rosette; a 
perforated nozzle: p.t. of rise. 

roseate (ro'ze-at), adj. rose-colored; 
rose-like; blooming. 

rose-dismiond ^ ('di-§.-mund), n. a 
diamond cut into 24 triangular fa- 
cets. 

rosemary (roz'mi,-ri), n, a sweet- 
smelling evergreen shrub from which 
an aromatic water is distilled. 

rosette (-etO, n, a cluster of ribbons 
arranged like a rose. 

rose-window ('win-do), n. a circu- 
lar window with compartments 
branching from the center. 

rosewood ('wood), n. a Brazilian 
wood used as a veneer. 

rosily ('i-li), adv. with a rosy glow. 



Ste, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5t3, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ROSIN 



752 



ROUND 



rosin (roz'in), n. another form of 
resin; specifically, inspissated tur- 
pentine: v.L to rub with rosin. 

ross (ros), n. the outer rough bark 
of trees; tan bark: v.t. to remove 
the outer bark or rough surface of. 

roster Cter), n. list or muster-roll 
showing how the duties of military 
officers, regiments, &c., are regu- 
lated. 

rostral (^tr§,l), adj. pertaining to, or 
like, a beak. 

rostrate ('trat), adj, furnished with 
a beak or beak-hke process* 

rostrum ('trum), n. [pL rostrums 
Ctrumz), or rostra ^ Ctrl,) ], the 
beak of a bird; in ancient Rome, a 
pulpit or elevated platform in the 
Forum, adorned with the beaks or 
prows of ships taken from the ene- 
my, and from which orators, &c., 
addressed the people: hence a pulpit 
or platform; prow of an ancient 
war vessel. 

rosy (roz'i), adj, Vke a rose; red; 
blooming; charming; very favorable. 

rot (rot), v.i. [p.t & p.p. rotted, p.pr, 
rotting], to putrefy or become de- 
composed; decay: v.t. to make pu- 
trid or corrupt: n, putrefaction; de- 
composition; nonsense. 

rotary (ro't§.-ri), adj. turning on an 
axis; pertaining to rotation. Also 
rotatory. 

rotate ('tat), v.t to revolve on, or as 
on, an axis; cause to turn: v.i, to 
turn round like a wheel: adj. wheel- 
shaped. 

rotation (-ta'shim), n, the act of 
turning round on an axis, like a 
wheel; regular succession. 

rotative ('ta-tiv), adj. revolving. 

rotator Cter), n. that which imparts 
a circular motion; a muscle having 
such power. 

rotatory (ro'ta-to-ri). Same as rotary. 

rote (rot), n. mechanical repetition, 
or learning without understanding. 

rotisserie (ro'ti-se-reO, n. place where 
fowl are roasted whole. 

rotor (ro'ter), n. the part of a dyna- 
mo which rotates. 



rotten (rot'n), adj, putrefied; decern* 
posed; unsound; untrustworthy. 

rottenstone (-ston), n, a soft stone 
used as a polishing powder. 

rotund (ro-timdO, adj, spherical. 

rotunda (-tun'd4), n. a circular 
domed building. Also rotundo. 

rotundity ('di-ti), n. roundness. 

rouble (roo'bl), adj. sl Russian silver 
coin of varying value, used as a 
monetary imit (about 77 cents). 

roue (-a'), n. a fashionable sensual- 
ist; confirmed rake; debauchee. 

rouge (roozh), n. a cosmetic of red 
color used for imparting a tint to 
the cheeks and Hps; a Mnd of lake 
color: v.i. to color or paint with 
rouge. 

rouge-et-noir (-S-nwar'), w. a gam- 
bhng game played with cards and 
a table marked with two black and 
two red diamond-shaped spots. 

rough (ruf), adj, having inequalities 
on the suface; rugged; not smooth 
or plane; uneven; uncut; unpol- 
ished; harsh to the ear; uncivil; 
austere; cruel; unfeeHng; violent; 
boisterous; hard-featured; shaggy; 
vague: adv, rougnly: v.t, to shape 
out roughly; furnish (a horse) with 
roughened shoes; break in (a horse). 

roughen ('en), v.t. to make rough: 
v.i. to become rough. 

roulade (roo-lad'), n, a flourish or 
rapid movement [music]. 

rouleau (-lo'), n, a little roll, espe* 
cially of coins made up in paper. 

roulette (-let'), ^. a game of chance 

Elayed with a ^revolving disc and 
all; a wheeled instrument for mak- 
ing dotted hnes, 

r ounce (rouns), n. the handle of a 
printing press. 

round (round), adj, circular; spheri- 
cal; globular; cylindrical; plump; 
corpulent; whole; considerable; large: 
adv, on all sides; circularly; from 
one side or party to another: n. a 
circle, sphere, or globe; circuit OP 
tour; routine; step of a ladder; con- 
stantly recurring series; cycle; round 
dance; accustomed walk; volley of 



5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met mite, mit; note, ii6rth, not; boOn, 
book; hue, hut; think, then;^ 



ROUNDABOUT 



753 



ROYALIST 



firearms; a song in which all the 
company take part: prep, about; 
on every side of; around: v.t.to make 
round; travel or pass round: v.i. to 
go the rounds, as a patrol, &c.; 
grow or become round. 

roundabout Ca-bout), adj, indirect; 
encompassing: n. a merry-go-round; 
a short coat or jacket. 

roundel (roun'del), n. a circle; roun- 
delay; a small circular Normaa 
shield; semi-circular bastion. 

roundelay ('de-la), n. an ancient 
song or dance in which the passages 
are repeated. 

roundhand (round'hand), n. pen- 
manship in well-rounded letters. 

Roundhead ('hed), n. a contemptu- 
ous epithet applied to the Puritans 
by the Cavaliers, from the close-cut 
hair of the former. 

roundhouse ('hous), n, formerly a 
watch-house; the cabin on the after 
part of a ship's deck; a building 
having stalls for the housing of loco- 
motives. 

roundly (li), adv. in a roimd form 
straightfor\\^ardly. 

round number (num^Der), n, a num- 
ber divisible by 10. 

round-robin ('rob-in), n. a petition 
having the signatures written in a 
circle so as not to show who signed 
it first. 

roundsman ('z-m§.n) n. sl police in- 
spector who visits the officers on 
their beats. 

round-tower ('tow-er), ,n. an ancient 
circular tapering, tower, as in Ire- 
land, with a conical top, usually 
near a church or monastery. 

rouse (rouz), v.t to awaken; stir to 
thought or action; drive (game) 
from a covert. 

rousing ('ing), p. adj. stirring; ex- 
citing; startling; exceeding. 

roust (roust), v.t. to disturb. 

roustabout ('a-bout), n. an idler or 
loafer, a laborer on a steam vessel. 

rout (rout), 7i. total defeat and flight 
of an army, resulting disorder from 
Guch defeat^ tumultous crowd; up- 



roar; a large evening party ; the at- 
tempt of three or more persons to 
avenge some common wTong by an 
illegal act: v.t. to defeat and put to 
disorderly flight. 

route (root), n. way or road trav- 
eled; course; journey; march. 

routine (roo-ten'), n. course of busi- 
ness or official duties regularly pur- 
sued; regular habit or practice. 

roux (roo), n. sl thickening for soups, 
&c., of melted butter and flour. 

rove (rov), v.i. to wander or ramble: 
v.t draw through an eye. 

rover ('er) n. a robber; wanderer; 
fickle person 

roving ('ing) p. adj. rambling. 

row (ro) n. fine; file, or rank; ex- 
cursion in a row-boat; noisy dis- 
turbance (rou): v.i. to labor with 
an oar; be impelled by oars: v.t. to 
impel by means of oars: as to row 
a boat. 

rowan (rou'in), n. the mountain-ash. 
Also roan. 

rowdy (rou'di), n. a rough, riotous 
fellow; ddj. rough and riotous. 

rowdyism (-izm), n. rude, riotous 
conduct; blackguardism. 

rowel ('el), ii. the small sharp-point- 
ed wheel of a spur; flat ring on a 
horse's bit. 

rowen ('en), n. aftermath. 

rowlock ^ (ro'lok), n. the crutch or 
hollow in the gunwale of a boat in 
which the oar rests in rowing. 

royal (roi'al), adj. pertaining ^ to a 
king or to the crown; befitting or 
like a king; majestic; kingly; no- 
ble; magnificent; specially patron- 
ized or founded by a king, or in 
his ser^dce: n. a size of paper, 25 
X 20 in. , one of the shoots of a stag's 
head;- the highest sail of a ship; 
a gold coin formerly current in 
England: j)l. the first regiment of 
foot in the British army (vdth the). 

royalism (-izm), ?i. adherence to the 
principles or cause of royalty or 
government by a king. 

royalist (-ist), n an adherent of a 
king* or government by a king 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; think, then. 
Die. 48 > y ) y 



ROYALLY 



754 



RUDIMENTARY 



royally (-li), adv, in a royal man- 
ner. 

royalty ('§.l-ti), n. [pL royalties 
(-tiz) ], the character, or status, of 
a king; person of a king or sover- 
eign; a certain sum paid to the 
erown or other proprietor on the 
produce of a mine, &c.; a percent- 
age for the use of a patent or copy- 
right; royal manor. 

Royston-=crow (rois'ton-kro), n. the 
hooded crow. 

rub (rub), v.i, [pi. & p.p. rubbed, 
%>.j)'^, rubbing], to apply pressure 
with motion to the surface of; clean 
or scour; wipe; polish: v.i. to make 
a friction; get through difficulties; 
fret: n. the act of rubbing; that 
which is rubbed; friction; obstruc- 
tion; pinch; jibe. 

rubber ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, rubs; india-rubber; coarse 
file or whetstone; in card-playing, 
two games out of three, or the win- 
ning game: v.i. to pry. 

rubbish ('ish), n. mixed or waste 
fragments; ruins of buildings; any 
mingled mass; anything of no 
value; nonsense. 

rubble CI), n. rough undressed stone; 
builders' rubbish. 

rubescent (roo-bes'ent), adj, becom- 
ing red. 

rubican ('bi-k&n), adj, noting a bay, 
or grey-black color, with v/hite or 
light-grey on the flanks: said of a 
horse. 

rubicon (roo'bi-kon), n, a small 
stream which served as the bound- 
ary between Italy and Gaul; when 
Caesar crossed it with his army and 
stood on Roman soil, civil war with 
Pompey became inevitable; hence, 
any step that once taken cannot be 
recalled. 

rubicund ('bi-kund), adj. inclined to 
red. 

rubidium (-bid'i-um), n, a metalUc 
element. 

rubied ('bid), adj. ruby-colored. 

rubigo ('bi-go), n. rust or mildew on 
plants. 



rubric Cbrik), n. the directions for 
Kturgical use in prayer-books, for- 
merly printed in red; title or direc- 
tion printed in red: v.t. to rubri- 
cate: adj. pertaining to, or marked 
in, rubrics: red. 

rubricate ('bri-kat), v.t. to mark, or 
distinguish, with red. 

ruby Cbi), n, [pi. rubies (-biz) ], a 
precious stone, varying in color from 
carmine-red to crimson; ^ size of 
type used in England, sm ler than ^ 
nonpareil and larger tha 1 pearl, i 

rouche (roosh) n. frilled^ plaited j 
lace, silk, &c., for edging dresses, I 
&c. Also ruching: v.t. to make, orl 
ornament with, a ruche. 

ruck (ruk), v.t. to wrinkle or crease: 
n. a wrinkle or crease; a heap; a 
fag-end; the crowd of horses that 
come in at the end of a race. 

ruction ('shun), n. a row; disturb- 
ance. 

rudd (rud), n. a red-eyed fresh-water 
fish. 

rudder ('er), n. the frame of wood or 
metal by which a vessel is steered; 
anything that directs or governs. 

ruddiness ('i-nes), n. redness of 
complexion denoting perfect health; 
redness. 

ruddle ('1), n. red ochre. 

ruddock ('ok), n. the robin red-breast. 

ruddy ('i),' adj. approaching to red- 
ness; florid; fresh-colored; flesh- 
colored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ruddied, 
p.pr. ruddying], to make ruddy. 

rude (rood), adj. [comp. ruder, superl. 
rudest], rough; barbarous; unculti- 
vated; harsh; ignorant; unpoHte; 
tempestuous; robust; strong; rug- 
ged; crude. 

rudely ('li), adv. in a rude manner. 

rudeness ('nes), n. the state of being 
rude; rude conduct; incivility; un- 
sldlfulness. ^ 

rudiment ('i-ment), n. first princi- 
ple; anything in its first or unde- 
veloped state: v.t. to instruct in first 
principles. 

rudimentary (-men't§,-ri), adj. per- 
taining to, or containing, first prin- 



5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thou. 



RUE 



755 



RUMOR 



ciples; in an undeveloped state, 
also rudiment al. 

rue (roo), v.L to lament or be sorry 
for; repent of: n. an herb of bitter 
taste and strong odor, used as a 
medicine. 

rueful ('fool), adj. mournful; sad. 

ruefully (-li), adv. mournfully; sadly. 

ruff (ruf), n. a large frilled collar; 
anything plaited; a small fresh- 
water fish (also ruffe); a kind of 
snipe (Fern, reeve) ; a kind of pigeon: 
v.t. to disorder or ruffle; trump at 
whist instead of following suit. 

ruffian ('i-an), n. a brutal, boisterous 
fellow; any base, low character, as a 
robber, &c.* 

ruffle (1), v.t. to wrinkle, pucker, or 
disarrange; furnish or adorn with 
ruffles; annoy or vex: v.i. to grow 
rough or turbulent; flutter; be in 
disorder: n. a plaited article of 
dress; agitation; discomposure; low 
roll of a drum. 

rufous (roo-fus), adj. yellowish-red. 

rug (rug), n. an adjustable floor cov- 
ering, usually of a textile heavier 
than carpeting; a coarse warm nap- 
py woolen cloth, used as a coverlet 
or wrap. 

rugae ('je), n.pl. wrinkles. 

rugate (roo'gat) ,acy .wrinkled ;ridged. 
Also rugose, rugous. 

rugged (rug'ed), adj. having an un- 
even surface; rough; shaggy; bru- 
tal; uncouth; crabbed. 

ruin (roo'in), n. overthrow; destruc- 
tion; downfall; loss of happiness; 
cause of destruction or decay; 
ruined building, &c.: v.t. to pull 
down, destroy, subvert, overthrow, 
or impoverish. 

ruined ('ind), adj. demolished; de- 
stroyed; decayed. 

ruinous ('us), adj. fallen into ruin; 
decayed; consisting of ruins; de- 
structive; hurtful. 

rule (rool), n. standard or guide; 
maxim or precept; government; law 
or regulation; canon; an instru- 
ment for drawing lines; method of 
performing an operation; order 



made between parties to a suit on 
motion, or to regulate the practice 
of a court: v.t. to govern or control, 
settle as by a rule; manage or 
restrain; establish by a decision; 
mark with lines: v.L to decide; 
excercise superior authority. 

rule-of-reason (rool-ov-re'zn), n, a 
decision by Chief Justice White 
that a court in determining an 
issue should apply a reasonable, 
rather than a literal, construction 
of laws bearing upon it. 

ruler ('er), n. one who rules or gov- 
erns; an instrument for ruling lines. 

ruling ('ing), p. adj. governing or 
having control; marking with lines; 
predominant: n. a rule laid down 
by a judge or court. 

rum (rum), n. spirit distilled from 
the fermented juice of the sugar- 
cane: adj. strange; odd. 

rumble ('bl), v.i. to make a low, 
heavy, continued sound: n. a rum- 
bling sound; seat for servants 
behind a carriage. 

rumbling '('bling), adj. making a 
rumble: n. same as rumble. 

rumen (roo'men), n. the first stom- 
ach of a ruminant animal. 

ruminant ('mi-nant), adj. chewilig 
the cud: n. an animal that chews 
the cud. 

ruminate ('mi-nat), v.i. to chew the 
cud; meditate or muse; ponder: v.t, 
to chew again. 

rumination (-na'shun), n. the act of 
chewing the cud; meditation. 

ruminator ('mi-na-ter), n. one who 
muses or meditates on any subject. 

rummage (rum'aj), v.t. to search 
carefully for; ransack: v.i. to make 
a careful search: n. careful search- 
ing. 

rummage sale (sal), n. a sale of 
unclaimed goods at the docks or at 
a warehouse, &c.; sale of miscel- 
laneous articles for a charitable 
object. 

rumor (roo'mer), n. popular report; 
current story: v.t. to circulate by 
report. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



RUMP 



756 



RUST 



rump (rump), n. the end of the back- 
bone of an animal, with its adja- 
cent parts ; buttocks ; fag-end. 

rumple (rum'pl), n, a fold or plait: 
v.L to fold or plait; make uneven. 

rumpus Cpus), n, great disturbance. 

run (run), v.L [p.U ran, p.p. run, p.pr. 
running], to pass quickly with the 
legs over the ground; extend; move 
swiftly; flee for escape; contend 
in a race; sail; flow; melt; pass; 
shoot; discharge matter; make sud- 
den pressing demands; continue 
in time: v.t.to cause to move swiftly; 
push; force; fuse or melt; smuggle; 
start as a candidate; pursue in 
thought: n. the act of running; course 
run; flow or discharge; free access; 
distance sailed; sudden pressing de- 
mand; pair of millstones; prevalence; 
large grazing ground; in cricket, dis- 
tance run between the wickets. 

runagate ('a-gat), n. a fugitive; 
renegade. 

runcinate ('si-nat), adj. having the 
lobes (of a leaf) convex before and 
straight behind. 

rundle ('dl), n. the step^of a ladder. 

runes (roonz), n.pl. runic letters or 
poetry. 

rung (.rung), p.t. of rmg: n. step of a 
ladder; a floor-timber in a ship; spar. 

runic (roo'nik), adj. pertaining to, or 
consisting of, runes: n. the alphabet 
of the earhest Teutonic nations, the 
letters of which consisted principally 
of straight lines. 

runlet (run'let), n. a rivulet; a small 
barrel containing about 18 gals. 

runnel ('el), n. a little brook. 

runner Cer), n. one who runs; racer; 
messenger; keel to support a sleigh; 
roller; slender, prostrate, shooting 
sprig; revolving millstone; rope to 
increase the mechanical power of a 
tackle. 

running ('ing), adj, moving swiftly; 
kept for a race; being in motion; 
continuous; discharging pus: n. the 
act of moving swiftly; that which 
runs or flows; discharge of pus. 

Funt (runt), n. a dwarf animal ; stump. 



rupee (roo-pe'), n. an East Indian 
coin, worth about 48 cents. 

rupture (rup'tur), n. the act of burst- 
ing or breaking ; state of being broken 
or violently^ burst asunder; breach 
or interruption of friendly relations; 
hernia: v.U to burst or break vio- 
lently asunder; to affect with hernia: 
v.i, to suffer a breach or disruption. 

rural (roo'rM), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the country or ag- 
riculture; rustic. 

rural dean (den), n. an ecclesiastic 
having the supervision of the church- 
es in a rural deanery or district. 

ruralist ('rM-ist), n. one who leads a 
rural life. 

ruralize ('rSI-Tz), v.t, to render ru- 
ral: v.i, to become rural. 

rurally (-li), adv. as in the country. 

ruse (rooz), n. a trick; stratagem. 

rush (rush), ^;.^. to move or press 
forward with impetuosity; enter 
with undue eagerness: n, a driving 
forward with eagerness and haste; 
a plant of many species growing on 
wet ground; anything worthless or 
of little value. 

rush-line (rush'Iin), n. the charging 
or first line of players in football. 

rusk (rusk), n. a kind of light biscuit. 

Russ. Same as Russian. 

russet (rus'et), adj. reddish-brown; 
homespun; coarse: n. russet color; 
homespun cloth; a variety of apple. 

russety ('et-i), adj, russet-colored. 

Russia leather (rush'a le^/i'er), w. a 
strong soft leather prepared from 
the hides of sheep and cattle steeped 
in birch-oil. 

Russianization (rush'an-i-za'shun), n. 
rendering subordinate to Russia in 
character or government; Russian- 
izing. 

rust (rust), n. the reddish matter 
formed on iron and steel: red oxide 
of iron; anything resembUng rust; 
mildew on cereals; loss of power by 
inactivity: v.i. to contract rust; de- 
generate in idleness: v.t. to cause 
to contract rust; impair by time or 
inactivity. 



6te, arm, §«k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



RUSTIC 



757 



RYOT 



rustic ('ik), adj, pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the country; ru- 
ral; artless; unpolished; unadorned: 
n. a countryman; peasant. 

rustically (-a-li), adv, in a rural 
manner. 

rusticalness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being rustic; rudeness. ^ 

rusticate ('i-kat), v.i. to reside in 
the country: v.t. to banish for a 
time from college. 

rustication (-ka'shun), n. residence 
in the country; temporary banish- 
ment from a college. 

rusticity (-tis'i-ti), n. rural manners 
or simplicity; rudeness. 

rustily (rust'i-li), adv, in a rusty 
condition. 

rustiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being rusty. 

rustle (rus'l), v.i, to make a soft 
whispering sound, as the rubbing 
together of silk or dry leaves; to 
bestir one*s self: n. a rustling. 

rustler (ler), n. one who rustles; an 
enterprising, successful man. 



rustling ('ling), n, the soft whisper- 
ing sound made by rubbing silk 
or dry leaves together; rustle. 

rusty (rust'i-), adj. covered with rust; 
impaired by inactivity ;rust-colored. 

rut (rut) n. the copulation and sex- 
ual desire of deer and certain other 
animals; the track of a wheel; 
groove or hollow: v.i. [p.t. & p.p, 
rutted, p.pr. rutting], to be moved 
with sexual desire, as deer, &c.: v.L 
to cut into ruts. 

rutabaga (roo-ta-ba'ga), n. a variety 
of turnip larger than the common 
turnip and of a yellowish color. 

ruth (rooth), n. pity; compasson; 
tenderness; sorrow. 

ruthenium (roo-the'ni-um) , n. a 
metallic element extracted from 
platinum ore. 

ruthless ('les), adj. cruel; pitiless. 

rutilant ('til-ant), adj. shining. 

rutile ('til), n. red oxide of titanium. 

ruttish (rut'ish), adj. lustful; wanton. 

rye (ri), n. a hardy cereal. 

ryot (ri'ot), n. an East Indian farmer. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit'; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



s 



S, the 19th letter of the English al- 
phabet; a chemical symbol for sul- 
phur, 

sabaoth (s^-ba'oth), n.pl. armies; 
hosts. 

Sabbatarian (sab-a-ta'ri-an), adj. 
pertaining to the Sabbath or to 
Sabbatarianism: n. a rigid observer 
of the Sabbath; one who keeps the 
Sabbath on the seventh day. 

Sabbatarianism (-izm), n, the ten- 
ets and practices of the Sabbata- 
rians. 

Sabbath ('ath), n. the seventh day 
of the week, observed by the Jews 
as a day of rest, commencing from 
sunset on Friday and ending at 
sunset on Saturday; the Christian 
Sunday; Sabbatical year. 

Sabbatical (-at'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
to or resembling the Sabbath. Also 
Sabbatic, 

Sabbatical year (yer), n. among 
the ancient Jews, every seventh 
year, in which the lands and vine- 
yards of the Israelites were allowed 
to remain fallow. 

saber, sabre (sa'ber), n. a cavalry 
sword: v.t. to cut, wound, or kill 
with, or as with, a saber. 

Sabian (sa'bi-an), adj. pertaining fo, 
or characteristic of, Sabianism. 

Sabianism (-izm), n. the worship 
of the heavenly hosts, as symbolical 
of the Deity. 

Sabine ''bin), adj. pertaining to an 
Itahan "ace, subsequently merged 
into the Roman. 

sable sa'bl), n. a kind of weasel 
Ysdu^d for its handsome, dark, glossy 
fur? in heraldry, black: pi. mourn- 
ing dress: adj. dark-colored; black. 



sabot (s§;-bo'), n, a wooden shoe worn 
by the peasantry of France, &c. 

sabotage (sa-bo'taj), n. a system 
adopted by certain industrial work- 
ers to force demands without strik- 
ing by reducing efficiency. 

sac (sak), n. a membranous pouch; 
cyst. 

sabulite (sab'u-lit), n. a new explos- 
ive invented in Belgium, said to be a 
mechanical mixture of ammonium 
nitrate, trinitrotoluol, and the new 
electric furnace product known as 
calcium silicide; claimed to be from 
30 to 50 per cent more powerful than 
dynamite, and so safe that only a 
detonating cap •explodes ^ it. Its 
fumes are harmless and it can be 
hammered or bored with red hot iron, 
or shot into with rifle balls»without 
exploding. ^ It does not freeze or 
deteriorate if dry. 

saccade (sak-ad'), n. a sudden check 
\\dth the bridle; strong pressure of 
the bow of a viohn against the 
strings. 

saccharine ('^-rin^, adj. pertaining to, 
or having the' qualities of, sugar: n. 
the uncrystallized sugar of maltwort. 

saccharize ('a-riz), v.t. to convert 
into sugar. Also saccharify. 

saccharoid (^a-roid), adj, having a 
texture resembhng loaf-sugar. 

saccharometer (-rom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for determining the quan- 
tity of sugar in liquids. 

saccholactic (-o-lak'tik), adj, ob- 

, tained from the sugar of milk; mu- 
cic acid. 

saccharolytic (sak'a-ro-lit'ik), adj. 
having the power to split up the 
sugar molecule chemically. 



&te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(758) 



SACCULE 



759 



SADDLE-BOW 



saccule ('ul), n. a little sac or cyst. 

sacerdotal (sas-er-do'tal), adj. per- 
taining to priests or to the priest- 
hood; priestly. 

sacerdotalism (-izm), n. sacerdotal 
spirit or system; tendency to em- 
phasize the priestly office or its sa- 
cred character. 

sacerdotally (-li), adv. in a sacer- 
dotal manner. 

sachem (sa'chem), n. a North Amer- 
ican Indian cliief. 

sachet (s^-sha'), n. a small bag or 
cushion filled with a perfume. 

sack (sak), n. a bag or pouch, espe- 
cially a large coarse bag for holding 
grain, &c.; quantity contained by a 
sack;^ loose garment or cloak; a 
Spanish dry wine; plunder or pil- 
lage by soldiery of a town taken by 
storm; dismissal (with the): v.t. 
to plunder or pillage; ravage; put 
into sacks; dismiss from service. 

sackbut ('but), n. an ancient musi- 
cal instrument of the lyre kind; a 
kind of trombone, 

sackcloth ('kloth), n. coarse mate- 
rial of which sacks are made ; coarse 
rough cloth worn as a token of 
mourning. 

sackful ('fool), n, the quantity a 
sack will hold. 

sacking ('ing), n. coarse material 
used for making sacks. 

sacrament ('ra-ment), n, a sign or 
pledge of grace; an- outward and 
visible sign of an inward and spir- 
itual grace, instituted by Jesus 
Christ; holy baptism, the Eucharist, 
Lord's Supper. 

sacramental (-ment'M), adj, per- 
taining to, or constituting, a sacra- 
ment; solemnly pledged. 

sacramentally (-h), adv, in a sac- 
ramental manner. 

sacred (sa'kred), adj. pertaining to 
religion or to religious uses; con- 
secrated; inviolable. 

sacrifice ('ri-fis), n. the act of sac- 
rificing or offering to a deity, es- 
pecially a victim on an altar; that 
which is so offered; destruction or 



giving up one thing for another; 
goods sold at a loss: v.t. to offer to 
God or a deity in worship; destroy 
or surrender to gain some other 
object; devote with loss; kill; sell 
at a loss: v.i. to offer sacrifice. 

sacrificial (-ri-fish'al), adj. pertain- 
ing to, consisting in, or offering, 
sacriiice. Also sacrificatory. 

sacrificially (-h), adv. by sacrifice. 

sacrilege^ ('ri-lej), n. the crime of 
appropriating to one's self or to sec- 
ular use what is consecrated to God 
or religion; breaking into a church 
and committing felom\ 

sacrilegious (-le'jus), adj. violating 
sacred things; guilty of sacrilege; 
profane. 

sacrilegist ('ri-le-jist), n. one guilty 
of sacrilege. 

sacring-bell (sa'kring-bel), n. the 
sanctus-bell, rung when the Host is 
elevated at high mass. 

sacrist (sa'krist), n. cathedral offi- 
cial who copies the music for the 
choir; minor canon; sacristan. 

sacristan (sak'ris-t&n), n. one who 
has the Care of church vessels and 
movables. 

sacristy ('is-ti), n. an apartment in 
a church where the sacred vessels, 
vestments, &C., are kept; vestry. 

sacrosanct ('ro-sangkt), adj. pre- 
eminently sacred or inviolable. 

sacrum (sa'krum), n. a triangular- 
shaped bone at the base of the ver- 
tebral column. 

sad (sad), adj. [comp. sadder, superl. 
saddest], full of grief; mournful; 
sorro^N^ul; sober or sedate; dark- 
colored. 

sadden {'n)fV.t. to make sad or sorrow- 
ful; tone down: v.i. to become sad. 

saddle (1), n. a seat, usually of 
leather, for riding on horseback; 
anything resembling a saddle; block 
of wood nailed to the lower yard 
arm: v.t. to place a saddle upon, 
burden or embarrass. 

saddle-bow (-bo), n. the pieces which 
form the pommel or arched part of a 
saddle. 



5te, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SADDLERY 



76C 



SAINT 



saddlery ('ler-i), n, the business of 
a saddler; articles made by a sad- 
dler. 

Sadducean (-u-se'to), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, theSadducees. 

Sadducee ('u-se), n. one of the an- 
cient Jewish sect or school that ad- 
hered to the written law and denied 
the resurrection of the dead. 

safari (sa-far'e), n. Arabic term for an 
expedition of whatever character. 

safe (saf), adj, free from danger, in- 
jury, or damage, secure; securing 
from harm; no longer dangerous; 
sound; sure: n. a fire- or burglar- 
proof iron chest; cupboard. 

safe-conduct (-kon'dukt), n. a 
guard or passport which ensures a 
safe passage. 

safeguard ('gard), n. one who, or 
that which, guards or protects; de- 
fense; protective warrant granted 
to a foreigner: v.t, to protect or 
guard safely. 

safely (li), adv. in a safe manner. 

safety ('ti), n. freedom from danger, 
injury, or damage; safe keeping; a 
bicycle with medium-sized wheels of 
equal height. 

safety-lamp (-lamp), n. a wire- 
gauze covered lamp used in mines. 

safety-valve (-valv), n. an automatic 
valve in a boiler which opens when 
the steam exceeds a certain pressure. 

saffron (saf'run), n. a bulbous plant 
of the genus Crocus, the dried stig- 
mas of which yield a deep yellow dye; 
deep yellow: adj. saffron-colored. 

sag (sag), v.i. [p.t. ^ p.p. sagged, 
p.pr. sagging], to sink down or 
yield; incline from an upright or 
horizontal position; incline to lee- 
ward: v.t. to cause to give way or 
incline. 

sagacious (sa-ga'shus), adj. mentally 
quick and discerning; judicious; 
wise; acute. 

sagacity (-gas'i-ti), n, 2^ readiness 
of apprehension; discriminative in- 
telligence; acute practical judgment. 

sagEunore (sag'§--mor), n, a North 
American Indian chief. 



sagas (sa'g§,z), n.pl. a class of prose 
epics embodying the myths and he- 
roic tales of the ancient Scandi- 
navians 

sage (saj), adj. wise; discerning; 
well-judged; discriminating; charac- 
terized by wisdom; grave: n. a man 
of experienced wisdom and of ven- 
erable age; an aromatic herb. 

sagely ('li), adv. in a sage manner. 

sageness ('nes), n. wisdom; sagacity. 

sago (sa'go), n. a kind of granulated 
food-starch from the pith of certain 
palms. 

sagoin. Same as saguin. 

saguaro (sa-gwar'o), n. the giant 
cactus of Mexico. 

saguin (sag'win), n. a South Ameri- 
can monkey. Also sagoin, sagouin. 

sagum (sa/gum), n. an ancient Roman 
military cloak. 

sahib (sa'ib), n. a term of address 
used in India and Persia to a Euro- 
pean gentleman. 

saic (salk), n. a Turkish or Grecian 
vessel common in the Levant. 

said (sed), p.t. & p.p. of say. 

saiga (si'gi), n. the antelope of the 
Russian steppes. 

sail (sal), n. a sheet of canvas spread 
to catch the wind by means of which 
a vessel is driven forward in the 
water; ship or vessel; an excursion 
in some vessel: v.i. to be moved by a 
sail or sails; commence a voyage; 
swim; glide through the air; pass 
smoothly along: v.t. to pass over in 
a ship; navigate. 

sailer ('er), n. a vessel that sails, 
with special reference to its speed, 
or manner of sailing. 

sailing Cing), n. the art of naviga- 
tion; the act of moving through 
water, or of setting sail. 

sailor ('er), n. a mariner; seaman. 

saint (sant), n. a hol}^ or sanctified 
person; one eminent 5 for piety and 
virtue, especially one canonized by 
the Church of Rome; one blessed in 
heaven: pi. a name applied to them- 
selves by the Mormons: v.t. to can- 
onize: v.i. to act as a saint. 



ate„ arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQn. 



SAINTED 



761 



SALMON-TROUT 



sainted ('ed), p.p. canonized: adj, 
pious; holy; departed to heaven. 

saintliness ('H-nes), n, the quality 
of being saintly. 

saintly ('li), adj, like, or befitting, 
a saint. 

saiva (si'va), n. a devotee of the deity 
Siva. 

sajou (s§-'jo6), n. a South American 
monkey. 

sake (sak), n. end; purpose; cause; 
account; regard; reason. 

saki (sak'i), n. Japanese rice-beer; a 
South Ainerican monkey, with a 
non-prehensile hairy tail. 

sal, Q. prefix meaning salt, as saU 
volatile, aromatic spirit of ammonia. 

salaam (s^-lam'), n. an Oriental 
form of salutation or respect, mean- 
ing ''peace.'' 

salable (sal'^-bl), adj. marketable. 

salacious (s^-la'shus), adj, lustful; 
impure. 

salacity (-las'i-ti), n. lustfulness. Also 
salaciousness. 

salad (sar^d), n. raw herbs cut up 
and dressed with vinegar, oil, &c. 

salad-days ^daz), n.yU years of 
youthful inexperience. 

salamander ('^-man-der), n, an am- 
phibious animal resembling a newt, 
and fabled by the ancients to live in 
fire. 

salamandrine ('drin), adj. resem- 
bhng a salamander; fire-resisting or 
-enduring. 

salaried (sar§,-rid), p.odj, having a 
salary. 

salary ('§.-ri), n. recompense, usually 
periodically, . for services rendered; 
stipend. 

sale (sal), n. the act of selling; ex- 
change of a commodity for an agreed 
price; market; auction; demand. 

Salic law (sal'ik law), n. the law of 
the SaUan Franks excluding females 
from the succession to the French 
throne. 

salicin ('i-sin), n. a bitter substance 
extracted from the willow and pop- 
lar: the acid (sahcylic acid) is used 
as an antiseptic. 



salience (sali-ens), n. the state of 
being sahent. 

salient ('H-enf), adj. leaping; prom- 
inent; noting any angle less than 
two right angles; in heraldry, in a 
leaping position : n. advanced posi- 
tion in a battle line. 

saliferous (sa-lif'er-us), adj, jdeld- 
ing salt. 

salina (s§.-li'na), n, a salt-marsh; 
salt-works. 

salination (sal-i-na'shun), n. the act 
of steeping or washing in salt liquor. 

saline (salin), adj. consisting of, 
containing, or Hke, salt: n. a salt- 
spring. 

saliva (sWi'v^), n. the watery fluid 
or spittle secreted in the mouth. 

salival ('v^l), adj. pertaining to or 
secreting saliva. Also sahvary. 

salivant^ (sal'i-vS-nt), adj, exciting 
sahvation. 

salivate (sal'i-vat), v.t. to produce an 
abnormal secretion in the mouth of. 

salivation (-va'shun), n, producing an 
abnormal secretion of saliva. 

sallet (sal'et), n. a light helmet. ^ 

sallow ('5), oAj, of a pale, sickly, 
yellow color; a small tree of the 
willow kind. 

sally Ci), n. [pi, sallies ('iz)], a sud- 
den rushing forth of troops to attack 
the besiegers; sudden outburst of 
wit or fancy; excursion; wild gaiety: 
v.i, [p.t, & p.p. salhed, p.pr, sally- 
ing], to rush out as troops from 
a besieged town; issue or rush forth 
suddenly. 

sallyport (-port), n. a postern or pass- 
age for troops to sally out. 

salmagundi (-mS,-gun'di), n. a com- 
pound of chopped meats with other 
ingredients, seasoned, &c. ; medley. 

salmi Cmi), n. a ragout of roasted 
game and other ingredients stewed 
in wine. Salmis. 

salmon (sam'un), n, a marine fish 
of the genus Salmo, which ascends 
fresh- water rivers to spawn. 

salmon-peel (-pel), n. a young sal- 
mon. 

salmon-trout (-trout), n, a sea- 



fite, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met, mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



SALON 



762 



SAL-VOLATILE 



trout, resembling the salmon, but of 
smaller size. 

salon (sa-16ng'), n, Sb saloon; fine art 
gallery: pL fashionable circles or 
assemblages [French], 

saloon (sa-loon'), n, a hall or state 
apartment; large reception room; 
fine art exhibition; bar-room or 
grogshop. 

salpicon (saFpi-kon), n. chopped 
meat, bread, and vegetables, re- 
cooked in sauce. 

salpinx (sal'pingks), n, the eusta- 
chian tube. 

salprunella (-proo-neFa), n, nitrate 
of potash fused and cast into balls. 

salsify (sal'si-fi), n. a plant of the 
aster family, which from the flavor 
of its edible root is called oyster- 
plant and vegetable oyster. 

salt (sawlt), n. chloride of sodium, 
used for seasoning and the preserva- 
tion of meat, &c., obtained from the 
earth or by the evaporation of sea 
water; anything like salt; the com- 
bination of an acid with a base; 
wit; piquancy; a sailor: v.t, to 
sprinlde or season with salt: adj, 
flavored, seasoned, or impregnated, 
with salt. 

saltant (sal't§;nt), adj, leaping; danc- 
ing; in heraldry, same as salient. 

saitarello (sal-t§,-rero), n. a viva- 
cious Spanish and Italian dance; 
music for such a dance. 

saltation (-ta'shun), n. a leaping or 
dancing. 

saltatory ('ta-to-ri), adj, dancing, 

saltern (sawrtern), n. a salt manu- 
factory. 

saltier, saltire (sal'ter), n. a St. 
Andrew's cross. 

saltish (sawl'tish), adj. somewhat 
salt. 

saltless (les), adj. without salt; in- 
sipid. 

salubrious (s§,-loo'bri-us), adj. 
healthy. 

salubrity Cbri-ti), n. healthfulness. 
Also salubriousness, 

salutarily (saru-ta-ri-li), adj. in a 
salutary manner. 



salutariness ('u-ta-ri-nes), n, the 
state or quahty of being salutary. 

salutary ('u-ta-ri), adj. healthful; 
wholesome ; beneficent . 

salutation (-u-ta'shun), n, act or 
manner of saluting; greeting, or act 
of paying respect, 

salutatory (si^-lu'ta-to-ri), adj. salut- 
ing; greeting: n. the opening ora- 
tion at the commencement in Ameri- 
can schools and colleges; any ad- 
dress of welcome. 

salute (-lut), n. a mark of military 
respect shown by raising the hand 
to the helmet, &c,; a kiss; greeting; 
salvo of artillery, lowering of a flag, 
&c., as a mark of honor: v.t. to ad- 
dress with kind wishes; welcome; 
greet with a kiss or bow; honor by 
a salvo of artillery, lowering a flag, 
&c.: v.i. to make a salute. 

salvability (sal-va-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being salvable. 

salvable ('v§,-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing saved. 

salvage (-vaj), n. compensation given 
to those who assist at saving a ves- 
sel or cargo at sea; the goods or 
vessel saved. 

salvarsan (sal'var-san), n. an arsensic 
compound invented by Ehrlich and 
used as a specific in the treatment of 
syphilis; the drug is popularly 
known as '^606." 

salvation (-va'shun), n. the act of 
saving; preservation from destruc- 
tion; rescue; spiritual deliverance 
from sin and death. 

Salvation Army ^ (ar'mi), n. a re- 
ligious organization formed on a 
quasi-military model. 

Salvationist (-ist), n. a member of 
the Salvation Army. 

salve (sav), n. a healing ointment; a 
remedy or soothing application. 

salver (salVer), n. a tray on which 
anything is presented. 

salvo Cvo), n. a discharge of a num- 
ber of pieces of artillery, intended 
as a salute; general; simultaneous 
cheering; an exception or reservation. 

sal-volatile. See under sal. 



ate, axm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SALVOR 



763 



SAND-BLAST 



salvor (ver), n, one who effects the 
salvage of goods, &c. 

Samaritan Tsa-mar-i-tan) , n, a na- 
tive of Samaria; a kind, charitable 
person (Luke x, 30-37). 

sambo (sam'bo), n, the offspring of 
a black and a mulatto; negro. 

Sam Brown Belt, n. belt worn by 
commissioned officers in world war 
and later adopted as part of regular 
uniform. 

sambur ('ber), n. the elk of the hill- 
country of India. 

same (sam), adj. identical in kind or 
degree; exactly alike; before-men- 
tioned. 

sameness ('nes), n. identity; simi- 
larity. 

samover (sam'o-var), n. a Russian 
tea-um. I 

samp (samp), n, hulled Indian corn. 

sampan (sam'pan), n. a Chinese 
fishing boat, frequently used as a 
residence. 

samphire ('fer), n, a marine plant 
growing usually on cliffs, and used 
as a pickle. 

sample Cpl), n, 2l specimen; model; 
pattern; part shown as indicative 
of the quality of the whole: v.t, to 
show something similar; take a 
sample of. 

sampler ('pier), n. a pattern; a 
piece of ornamental needlework for 
practice, &c. 

sample-room (room), n. a dram- 
shop; room for (Jisplaying goods. 

sanability (san-a-biri-ti), n, the 
state or quality of being sane. Also 
sanableness. 

sanable ('a-bl), adj. curable. 

sanativeness ('a-tiv-nes), n, power 
of healing. 

sanatorium (-to'ri-um), n. a health 
retreat; an institution for the care 
of invalids or the treatment of par- 
ticular diseases. 

sanatory ('a-to-ri), adj. conducive to 
health. 

sanctification (sangk-ti-fi-ka'shun) , 
n. the act of sanctifying; state of 
being sanctified ; consecration. 



sanctifier ('ti-fi-er), n, one who 
sanctifies. 

sanctimonious (-ti-mo'ni-us), adj, 
having the appearance of, or affect- 
ing, sanctity; hypocritical. 

sanction ('shun), n. the act of rati- 
fying, or giving authority to; au- 
thority; custom: v.t. to give sanc- 
tion to; countenance. 

sanctitude ('ti-tud), n. holiness. 

sanctity ('ti-ti), n. purity; inviola- 
bility; sacredness; solemnity; a 
saint. 

sanctuary (^tu-a-ri), n, [pi. sanctu- 
aries (-riz) ], the most retired and 
sacred part of a temple; conse- 
crated place; temple; part of a 
church around the altar; inviolable 
asylum; shelter; refuge. 

sanctum Ttum), n, a sacred or 
private place. 

sanctum sanctorum (-to'rum), n. a 
most holy place; in the Jewish 
Temple, the Holy of Holies; a 
place of the utmost privacy. 

sanctus bell ('tus bel), n. a bell 
rung at the more solemn parts of 
the mass. 

sand (sand), n. fine particles of 
cnished or worn rock: pi. tracts of 
sand; hours or time one has to live: 
v.t. to sprinkle with sand. 

sandal (san'dal), n. a kind of shoe 
fastened by straps to the foot; a 
loose slipper; the official shoe of a 
Roman Catholic prelate or abbot. 

sandaled ('dald), adj. wearing san- 
dals. 

sandalwood (-wood), n. a white- 
colored, odoriferous wood, used in 
cabinet-making. 

sandarac ('da-rak), n. a kind of 
resin or gum, used in varnishes. 
Also sandarach. 

sand-binder (sand'bin'der), n. a 
plant, usually a grass, growing in 
such a way that its fruits will tend 
to bind or fix shifting sands. 

sand-blast (sand'blast), v.t. to act 
upon with a current of air or steam 
carrying sand at high velocity, as in 
etching glass and in cleaning the 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SAND-BREAST 



764 



SAP 



surfaces of metals, stone buildings, 
&c.: n, the stream of sand thus 
operating, or the instrument pro- 
ducing it. 

sand-breast (sand'brest), n, a dam 
or shield in an air-smelting furnace 
made of sand and fire clay on an 
iron foundation. 

sand-cone (sand'kon), n, a conical 
projection of glacial ice partly pro- 
tected from the sun by a covering 
of sand. 

sanderling ('der-ling), n. a small 
wading-bird. 

Sanders ('derz), n, red sandalwood. 

sandiver ('di-ver), n, a saline scum 
which forms on glass when fused; 
glass-gall. 

sandix ('diks), n, a kind of red lead. 

sandpiper (sand'pi-per) , n. a name 
for various birds of the snipe and 
woodcock family. 

sandspit (sand'spit), n, a sandy point 
formed by waves and currents and 
projecting into a body of water. 

sandwich ('wich),n.two thin slices of 
bread with ham, &c., between; any- 
thing like a sandwich: v.L to place 
betweentwo other persons or things. 

sandy ('i), adj, composed of, abound- 
ing in, of the color of, or covered 
with sand; shifting, unstable. 

sane (san), adj. mentally sound or 
healthy. 

saneness ('nes), n, the state or qual- 
ity of being sane. 

sang, p.t, of sing. 

sangaree (sang-ga-re') , n, a beverage 
of wine or brandy and water spiced 
with nutmeg. 

sangfroid (sang-frwa'), n, cool in- 
difference or composure [French], 

sangu Cgoo), n. the Abyssinian ox. 

sanguiferous (-gwif 'er-us) , adj, con- 
veying blood. 

sanguify ('gwi-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p,p. 
sanguified, p,pr. sanguifying], to 
form or produce blood: v.L to con- 
vert into blood. 

sanguinary ('gwi-na-ri), adj. at- 
tended with much bloodshed ;blood- 
thirsty; murderous; cruel. 



sanguine Cgwin), adj. warm and 
ardent in temper; hopeful; confi- 
dent: n. blood color: v.L to stain 
with blood. 

sanguinely (-li), adv. in a sanguine 
manner. 

sanguineness (-nes), n. the quality 
or state of being sanguine; plethora; 
heat or ardor of temperament; hope- 
fulness. 

sanguineous (-gwin'e-us) , adj. per- 
taining to, abounding with, or con- 
stituting blood; of a blood color. 

Sanhedrim (san-he'drim), n. the 
great judicial council of the ancient 
Jews, composed of 71 priests, 
scribes and elders, presided over by 
the high priest. Also Sanhedrin. 

sanies (sa'ni-ez), n. a thin reddish 
discharge from a wound or sore. 

sanitarian (san-i-ta'ri-an), adj. of 
or pertaining to the laws of health 
having regard to the public health: 
n. one versed in, or devoted to sani- 
tary studies; an advocate or pro- 
moter of sanitary measures. 

sanitarium (-ta'ri-um), n. a sana- 
torium, especially one where the 
treatment is prophylactic instead 
of therapeutic. 

sanitary (san'i-ta-ri), adj. pertaining 
to, connected with, or tending to 
promote, health, especially by leg- 
islative enactment; hygienic. 

sanitation (-ta'shun), n. hygiene. 

sanity ('i-ti), n. saneness. 

sank, p.t. of sink. 

sansculotte (sanz-koo-lof), ^. a fel- 
low without breeches; a term of 
contempt applied to the French 
Revolutionists. 

sansculotterie (-lot're), n. the 
French Revolutionists collectively; 
extreme republicanism. 

Sanskrit (san'skrit), n. the ancient 
language of the Hindus. Also San- 
scrit. 

sap (sap), n. the watery circulating 
juice of a plant; alburnum of a 
tree; vital fluid; an excavated trench 
for approaching a fort; an ardent 
student:t;.^.[p.^. & p.p. sapped, p.pr. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SAPID 



765 



SARDONIC 



sapping], to deprive of vitality; un- 
dermine: v.i. to study ardently, as 
for an examination; proceed by se- 
cretly undermining. 

sapid ('id), adj. savory. 

sapience (sa'pi-ens), n. knowledge; 
wisdom. 

sapient ('pi-ent), adj\ wise; saga- 
cious. 

sapling (sapling), n. a young tree. 

sapodilla (-o-diFa), n. a tropical tree 
yielding a large fruit, the seeds of 
which are used in medicine. 

saponaceous (-o-na'shus), adj. re- 
sembling, or having the quahties of, 
soap; unctuous. 

saponification ^ (s^-pon-i-fi-ka'shun), 
n. conversion into soap. 

saponify Ci-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sa- 
ponified, p.pr. saponifying] to con- 
vert into soap by combination with 
an alkali. 

saporific (sap-6-rif'ik), adj, produc- 
ing taste. 

saporosity (-ros'i-ti), n. that quality 
in a substance which excites the 
sensation of taste. 

saporous ('o-rus), adj. having, or 
stimulating, flavor. 

sappan ('an), n, an Asiatic dyewood. 
Sapan. 

sapper ('er), n. one who saps; a sol- 
dier employed in sapping or digging 
trenches. 

sapphire (saf'ir), n. a precious stone of 
a blue color, a variety of corundum. 

sappiness (sap'i-nes), n. the quality 
of being sappy. 

sappy ('i), adj. full of sap; juicy. 

saprophile: (sap'ro-fil), n. a bacterium 
which requires partially decomposed 
organic matter for its food. 

saraband . (sar'§,-band), n. a Spanish 
dance; music for such a dance. 

Saracen ('§,-sen), n. the mediaeval 
name for an Arab or Mohammedan. 

Saracenic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, the Saracens. 

sarcasm (sar'kazm), n. a bitter, cut- 
ting, satirical expression. 

sarcastic (-kas'tik), adj. bitterly sa- 
tirical. Also sarcastical. 



sarcastically (-al-H), adv, in a sar- 
castic manner. 

sarcine (sar'sin), n. a nitrogenous 
substance existing in muscular and 
glandular tissues. 

sarcocarcinoma (sar 'ko-kar-si-no'na) 
n. a form of tumor containing can- 
cerous elements. 

sarcocarp (^ko-karp), n. the fleshy 
part of a fruit. 

sarcocol ('ko-kol), n. an inspissated 
sap or gum-resin of an African tree. 
SarcocolHn. 

sarcode Ckod), n. animal protoplasm. 

sar coder m ('ko-derm), n. the fleshy 
layer between the interior and ex- 
terior covering of a seed. 

sarcodic^ (-kod'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, sarcode. 

sarcogenic (sar-ko-jen'ik), adj. form- 
ing or building up fleshy tissues. 

sarcoid ('koid), adj. flesh-like. 

sarcoline ('ko-lin), adj. flesh-colored. 

sarcolite ('ko-llt), n. a flesh-colored 
mineral occurring in the volcanic 
rocks of Vesuvius.^ 

sarcological (-loj'i-kS,l), adj. per- 
taining to sarcology. 

sarcology (-kol'o-ji), n. that part of 
anatomy that treats of the soft 
parts of the body. 

sarcoma (-ko'm^), n. a fleshy tumor. 
Also sarcosis. 

sarcophagous (-kof'i-gus), adj. feed- 
ing on flesh. 

sarcophagus ('^-gus), n. a lime- 
stone used by the Greeks for coffins; 
a stone coffin. 

sarcotic (-kot'ik), adj. flesh-forming. 

sard (sard), n. a precious stone, a 
deep blood-red variety of carnelian. 

sardine (-den'), n. sl species of pil- 
chard, abundant in the Mediterra- 
nean, and preserved in oil for ex- 
portation; ('din), a precious stone 
mentioned in Rev. iv., the sardius. 

sardonic (-don'ik), adj. forced, bit- 
ter, or heartless: said of a laugh or 
smile; from a Sardinian herb, re- 
puted to cause convulsive motions of 
the cheek and lips when eaten. Also 
sardonian. 



Bte, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SARDONYX 



766 



SATURDAY 



sardonyx ('do-iuks), n. a variety of 
a^atQ. 

sargasso (-gas '6), n. the floating 
sea- QD gulf- weed of tlie> North At- 
lantic. Also sargassum. 

sarsaparilla (-sa-pa-rira), n. a twin- 
ing shrul> found in Mexico, &c., the 
root of which is used as a medicine. 

sarsanet (sars'net), n. a thin fine 
kind of woven silk, used for ribbons, 
linings, &c. 

sartorial (-to'ri-i,l), adj. pertaining 
to a tailor. 

sartorious ('ri-us), n. the muscle of 
the thigh by means of which the 
legs can be crossed; the tailor's 
muscle. 

sash (sash), n, a band, ribbon, or 
scarf, worn round the waist or over 
the shoulder; a frame for holding 
panes of glass: v.t, to fiuriish with 
sashes. 

sasin (sas'in), n, the Indian antelope. 

sassafras ('4-fras), n. a tree alhed to 
the laurel, with a fragrant root, 
wood, and flowers. 

sassoline ('o-lin), n. native boracic 
acid. Also sassoKn. 

sat, p.t of sit. 

Satan (sa'tan), n. the Devil. 

Satanic (-tan'ik), adj, pertaining to, 
or resembhng, Satan; diabohcal; 
infernal; very malicious. 

Satanism ('tan-izm), n. the evil dis- 
position of Satan; a diabolical spirit. 

satchel (sach'el), n, a small bag for 
carrying books, papers, &c.; any 
handbag 

sate (sat), v.t. to satisfy the appe- 
tites or desires of. 

sateen (sa-ten'), n. a woolen or cot- 
ton fabric made in imitation of 
satin. 

satellite (sat 'el-It), n. a small planet 
revolving round a larger one; an 
obsequious attendant. 

satiable (sa'shi-a-bl ),od!y. capable of 
being gratified or satiated. 

satiate ('shi-at), v.t. to fill, or grat- 
ify fully; surfeit; glut: adj. ghitted. 

satiety (-ti'e-ti), n. fulness of grati- 
fication beyond desire; repletion. 



satin (sat'in), n. a closely woven 
glossy silk: adj. made of, or like, 
satin. 

satinet (-ef), n. a thin kind of satin; 
a glossy cloth woven with wool and 
cotton made to resemble satin. 

satiny ('in-i), adj. like satin. 

satire (sat'ir), n. a species of poetry 
in which contemporary vice and 
folly are held up to ridicule; sar- 
casm; ridicule. 

satiric (s^-tir'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or containing, satire; addicted to 
satire. Also satirical. 

satirically (-al-li), adv, in a satiric 
manner. 

satirist (sat'i-rist), n. a writer of 
satire; one who satirizes. 

satirize Ci-riz), v.t. to assail or ridi- 
cule with satire. ^ 

satisfaction (sat-is-fak'shun), n. the 
act of satisfying; the state of being 
satisfied; contentment; gratifica- 
tion; payment; redress; conviction. 

satisfactory ('to-ri), adj. giving sat- 
isfaction or content; making re- 
dress; relieving the mind from doubt 
or uncertainty. 

satisfy ('is-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. satis- 
fied, p.pr. satisfying], to gratify to 
the fullest degree; free from doubt 
or uncertainty; pay in full; dis- 
charge: v.i. to give satisfaction; 
make atonement or payment. ^ 

satrap (sa'trap), n. a kind of viceroy 
among the ancient Persians. 

satrapy (-i), n. the government or 
jurisdiction of a satrap. 

saturable > (sat'u-r§,-bl), adj. capable 
of being saturated. 

saturant ('u-rant), adj. impregnat- 
ing to the full: n. a substance that 
neutralizes acid in the stomach. 

saturate ('u-rat), v.t. to soak or im- 
bue. 

saturation (-ra'shun), n. the act of 
saturating; the state of being sat- 
urated; impregnation of one sub- 
stance by another until the latter 
can contain no more. 

Saturday ('er-da), n. the 7th day of 
the week. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SATURN 



767 



SAVINGLY 



Saturn (sat'em), n. the planet next 
beyond, and next in magnitude to, 
Jupiter; the ancient Italian god of 
seed-time and harvest. 

Saturnalia (-er-na'h-a), n. an an- 
cient Roman festival in honor of the 
god Saturn, in which all classes, in- 
cluding slaves, took part: hence un- 
restrained revelry. 

Saturnalian ('li-an), adj, pertaining 
to, or cnaracteristic of, the Satur- 
nalia; dissolute; riotously mirthful. 

Saturnian ('ni-an), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the god Sat- 
urn, or to the golden age of purity 
and happinass. 

saturnine ('nin), adj. under the in- 
fluence of the planet Saturn; dull; 
morose; gloomy; phlegmatic. 

satyr ('er), n. a sylvan Greek deity, 
attendant on Bacchus, represented 
with long, pointed ears, short horns, 
a man's body, and the legs of a goat. 

sauce (saws), n. a hquid concUment 
or seasoning for food; any mixturs 
used as a relish; pertness: v.t, to 
put sauce into; render pungent; 
treat with pertness. 

sauce-box Cboks), n. a pert, impu- 
dent person. 

saucer Cser), n. a shallow piece of 
china, &c., in which a tea or coffee 
cup is placed. 

saucily (saw'si-li), adv. in a sauc}^ 
manner. 

sauciness ('si-nes),' n. impudent pert- 
ness or boldness. 

saucy ('si), adj. [comT). saucier, su- 
perl, sauciest], pert; impudent. 

sauerkraut (sour'krout), n. a, pickle 
of chopped cabbage packed in layers 
with salt between, which causes fer- 
mentation. 

saul (sawl), n. an Indian timber tree 
used for building purposes, and 
yielding the resin called dammar. 

saunter (san'ter or sawn'ter), v.i. to 
wander about idly; loiter; linger: ??. 
a place for sauntering, idle walk or 
ramble. 

saurian (saw'ri-§.n), n. any individ- 
ual of the Sauria, an order of four- 



legged reptiles having the body fur- 
nished wdth scales, as the crocodile 
and lizard. 

sauroid ('roid), adj. lizard-Hke. 

saury ('ri), n. a kind of pike. 

sausage (saw'saj), n. the gut of an 
animal stuffed with seasoned minced 
meat; minced meat seasoned with 
sage, salt, pepper, &c. 

saute (so-taO, n. a method of cooking 
by tossing the material in a frying 
pan of particular construction. 

sauterne (-tern'), n. a French white 
wine. 

savable (sav'l,-bl), adj. capable of 
being saved. 

saveige (sav'aj), adj. uncivihzed; wild; 
cruel; fierce; pitiless; uncultivated; 
enraged: n. a human being in a 
rude, uncivilized state; barbarian; 
a fierce, brutal person. 

savagely (-h), adv, in a savage man- 
ner. 

savageness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being savage; wildness. 

savagery ('aj-ri), n. the state of be- 
ing wild 'or uncivilized; barbarism; 
brutal roughness. 

savannah (sd-van'i), ?2. an exten- 
sive open plain or meadow. Also 
savanna. 

savant (-vang'), n. a man of learning 
or science [French]. 

save (sav), v.t. to bring out of dan- 
ger or preserve from evil; rescue; 
dehver from spiritual death; pre- 
vent; lay by; take advantage of: 
v.i. to be economical: prep, except; 
not including. 

saveloy (sav'e-loi), n. a kind of cooked 
sausage. 

savin ('in), n. an evergreen tree or 
shrub with a dark fohage with blu- 
ish-green berries: the young leaves 
and branches yield an active volatile 
oil used in medicine. Also savine. 

saving (sav'ing), adj. preser^dng; 
frugal; parsimonious; reserving: n. 
an exception or reservation: pL 
money, &c., saved: prep, with ex- 
ception in favor of. 

savingly (-h), adv. in a saving manner. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SAVIOR 



768 



SCALE 



savior (sav'yer), n. one who saves. 

Savior, Saviour, n. Jesus Christ, 
the Redeemer (with the), 

savoir-faire (sav- war-far'), n, an 
intuitive knowledge of what is the 
right thing. 

savonette (sav-o-net'), n. a hard ball 
of toilet soap, composed of various 
ingredients. 

savor (saVer), n, flavor; taste; rel- 
ish; scent; characteristic property: 
v.i, to have a particular flavor or 
smell; exhibit tokens of: v.t, to taste 
or smell with delight. 

savorily (Ver-i-h), adv. in a savory 
manner. 

savoriness (-i-nes), n. the quahty of 
being savory. 

savory (Ver-i), n. an aromatic plant. 

savoy (sa-voiO, n. a kind of winter 
cabbage with crisp curled leaves. 

saw (saw), n. a cutting steel instru- 
ment with a toothed edge; a proverb 
or wise saying: v.t, to cut with, or 
as with, a saw: v,i. to be cut with a 
saw: p.t. of see. 

sawfish ('fish), n. a fish with a long 
bony snout furnished with spines or 
teeth. 

sawfly ('fli), n. an insect with a saw- 
like apparatus for depositing its 
eggs. 

sawyer ('yer), n, one who saws tim- 
ber into planks; a tree in a river, 
whose branches, partly above water, 
sway up and down by the force of 
the current. 

saxhorn (saks'horn), n. a musical 
wind instrument, used in military 
bands. 

Saxon (^n), adj. pertaining to the 
Saxons, a race of people formerly 
inhabiting North Germany, their 
country or language; Anglo-Saxon: 
n. a member of the Saxon race. 

saxophone ('o-fon), n. a brass mu- 
sical instrument with a single reed 
and clarinet mouthpiece. 

say (sa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. said (sed), 
p.pr. saying], to utter in words; de- 
clare; speak; decide; allege; pro- 
nounce; intone: v.i. to speak; relate; 



answer: imper. tell me: n. something 
said; speech; remark. 

saying (/ing), n. the act of speaking; 
expression; saw; adage. 

scab (skab), n, an incrustation 
formed over a wound; a contagious 
disease in sheep; a workman who 
refuses to join a strike, or who takes 
the place abandoned by a striker. 

scabbard Card), n, the sheath in 
which the blade, of a sword is kept: 
v.t. to put into a scabbard. 

scabbiness (l-nes), n. scabby state. 

scabby ('i), adj. covered with, or 
full or, scabs; affected with scab. 

scabies (ska'bi-ez), n. the itch. 

scabrous ('brus), adj. rough to the 
touch; uneven; dotted: scaly. 

scad (skad) n. the shad or horse- 
mackerel. 

scaffold (skaf'old), n, a temporary 
timber stage or structure; an ele- 
vated platform for the execution 
of a criminal: v.t. to furnish or sup- 
port with a scaffold. 

scaffolding (-ing), n. a scaffold; 
materials for erecting scaffolds; 
framework. 

scalable (skal'i^-bl), adj. capable of 
being scaled. 

scalawag (skal'^-wag), n, a scamp; 
scapegrace. 

scald ^ (skawld), v.t. to burn with hot 
hquid or steam; injure by contact 
with any hot fluid; expose to violent 
heat over a fire or hot hquid: n. a 
burn or injury to the skin or flesh 
from a hot hquid or steam; scab or 
scurf on the head; one of the old 
Scandinavian poets, who recited or 
sang heroic poems (also skald). 

scaldic Cik), adj. pertaining to, or 
composed by, the scalds. Also 
skaldic. 

scalding ('ing), p. adj. burning as 
with a hot liquid or steam. 

scale (skal), n. the dish of a balance; 
a balance; an instrument or ma- 
chine for weighing; the small bony 
or horny plates covering a fish, cer- 
tain reptiles, and insects; any thin 
plate or layer; the thin oxide which 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book: hue, hut: think, then. 



SCALENE 



769 



SCAPEGOAT 



forms on the surface of iron forg- 
ings; incrustation on the interior of 
a boiler; a series of steps; gradu- 
ated measure; series of all the tones 
[music]; relative dimensions; basis 
for a numerical system; a scale- 
insect, or bark-louse, very destruc- 
tive to fruit trees: v.t, to strip or 
clear of scales; weigh; climb over, 
as by a ladder; clamber up; ascend 
by steps or by chmbing: v.i. to sep- 
arate and come off in thin layers. 

scalene (sk^-len'), adj. having the 
sides and angles unequal; said of a 
triangle. 

scallop (skol'op), n. a marine bi- 
valve fish, having the edge of its 
shell in the form of a series of 
curves; the shell was formerly worn 
by pilgrims who had visited the 
Holy Land; a curving or recess: 
v.t. to cut the edge or border of in 
scallops or curves. 

scalloped-oysters (-ois'terz), n.pl. 
oysters baked with bread crumbs, 
&c. 

scalp (skalp), n. the skin on the top 
of the head from which the hair 
grows; the skin and hair of the 
head torn off by the North Ameri- 
can Indians in token of victory: 
v.t. to deprive of the scalp: v.i. to 
make a small quick profit by slight 
fluctuations of the market. 

scalpel ('el), n, a small keen-edged 
knife. 

scalper ('er), n. one who scalps; a 
person who buys and sells the un- 
used parts of railway tickets. 

scaly (skaVi), adj. covered with, or 
like, scales; mean; caddish. 

scammony ('o-ni), n. an inspissated 
sap obtained from the root of a spe- 
cies of convolvulus, used as a ca- 
thartic. 

scamp (skamp), n, a rascal; worth- 
less fellow; rogue: v.t. to execute or 
perform in a superficial or careless 
manner and with bad material. 

scamper (skam'per), v.i. to run with 
speed; hasten away: n. a hasty 
flight. 



scan (skan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scanned, 
p.pr. scanning], to examine by count- 
ing the metrical feet or syllables; 
scrutinize or examine carefully. 

scandal Cdi.1), n. offense occasioned 
by the faults of another; something 
uttered that is false and injurious 
to the reputation; opprobrimn; 
defamation; disgrace. 

scandalize (-iz), v.t. to offend by 
some supposed improper action or 
conduct. 

scandalous (-us), adj. giving offense 
to the conscience or moral sense; 
exciting condenmation or oppro- 
brium. 

scanderoon (skan-de-roon'), n. a va- 
riel^y of domesticated pigeons, with 
long bodies, either plain in color or 
with white wings. 

Scandinavian (-di-na'vi-§-n), adj. 
pertaining to Scandinavia, its lan- 
guage, literature, or people. Also 
Scandian. 

scant (skant), adj. [comp. scanter, 
superL scantest], not full or abun- 
dant; scarcely sufficient: v.t. to 
stint; treat illiberally; limit: v.i. to 
fail or become diminished. 

scantily ('i-li), adv. in a scanty man- 
ner. 

scantiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being scanty. Also scant- 
ness. 

scantling (ling), n. a piece of timber 
cut or sawn of small size; the size to 
which a piece of timber is to be cut. 

scanty ('i), adj. [comp. scantier, su- 
perl, scantiest], narrow; barely suf- 
ficient; scant. 

scape (skap), n. the shaft of a col- 
umn where it leaves the base; a 
peduncle rising from the ground or 
stem imderneath the ground: v.t. 
& v.i. to escape [poet]. 

scapegoat Cgot), n. among the an- 
cient Jews, one of the two goats 
determined by lot, over whose head 
the high priest confessed the sins 
of the people, after which it was sent 
away into the wilderness : hence one 
who bears the blame for others. 



gte, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not* booni 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 49 



SCAPEGRACE 



770 



SCENERY 



scapegrace ('gras), n. a graceless, 
unprincipled fellow. 

scapple (skap'l), vd. to rough-dress 
(stone) preparatory to hewing. 

scapula Cu-la), n. the shoulder- 
blade. 

scapular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to 
the scapula or shoulder: in the Ro- 
man Catholic Church, part of the 
habit of certain religious orders; 
two pieces of cloth worn over the 
shoulders from motives of devotion. 
Also scapulary. 

scar (skar), n, a mark caused by a 
wound; mark or blemish; a pre- 
cipitous rock or bank; the parrot- 
fish: v,t. [p,t. & p.p. scarred, p.pr. 
scarring], to mark with, or as with, 
a scar: v.i. to form a scar. 

scarab (skar'ab), n. a lamellicorn 
beetle, scarabaeus; a gem or seal 
cut in the form of a beetle worn as 
a charm by the ancient Egyptians. 

scarce (skars), adj. not common; 
not plentiful; not equal to the 
demand. 

scarcely ('li), adv. seldom; rarely; 
with difficulty. 

scarceness ('nes), n. the state of 
being scarce. Also scarcity. 

scare (skar), v.t. to strike with sud- 
den terror; frighten: n. a sudden 
fright or panic. 

scarecrow ('kro), n. anything fan- 
tastic set up to scare away birds; 
a vain cause of terror; a guy. 

scarf (skarf), n. a light handkerchief 
or tie for the neck; sash: v.t. throw 
on loosely; dress with a scarf; to 
unite (two pieces of timber) at the 
ends by a kind of dovetail. 

scarfing ('ing), n. the formation of a 
beam out of two pieces of timber. 

scarf skin ('skin), n. the cuticle. 

scarification (skar-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of scarifying. 

scarificator ('i-fi-ka-ter), n. a surgi- 
cal instrument used in scarifying. 

scarifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who, or 
that which, scarifies; a scarificator; 
an agricultural instrument for stir- 
ring the soil. 



scarify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scari- 
fied, p.pr. scarifying], to scratch or 
cut; make small incisions in by a 
lancet or scarificator: as, to scarify 
the skin; to stir up and prepare for 
planting: as, to scarify the soil. 

scarlatina (skar-la-te'na), n. scarlet 
fever of a mild form. 

scarlet ('let), n. a bright red color; 
cloth of such a color: adj. of a scar- 
let color. 

scarlet fever (fe'ver), n. contagious 
febrile disease characterized by a 
scarlet eruption. 

scarlet runner (run'er), n. a vari- 
ety of bean. 

scarp (skarp), n. slope or declivity, 
nearly perpendicular; the slope of a 
ditch at the foot of a parapet: v.t. 
to cut perpendicularly or nearly so. 

scary (ska'ri), adj. causing, or sub- 
ject to, sudden fright. 

scathe (skath), v.t. to injure or hurt: 
n. injury or harm. 

scathing ('ing), adj. injurious; hurt- 
ful; very severe or bitter. 

scatter (skat'er), v.t. to strew or 
throw loosely about; disperse or 
dissipate: v.i. to be dispersed or 
dissipated. 

scatterbrained (-brand), adj. giddy. 

scaup (skawp), n. a species of duck. 

scavenge (skav'enj), v.t. to cleanse, 
as streets, from mud and filth. 

scavenger (-er), n. a man employed 
to clean the streets; any animal that 
devours refuse or any other deleteri- 
ous matter. 

scenario (sha-na're-o), n. the sketch 
of a plot or chief incidents of a 
libretto or play. 

scene (sen), n. the time, place, or 
circumstance, &c., in which any- 
thing occurs: part of a play; the 
imaginary place where the action 
of a play is supposed to take place; 
spectacle; exhibition; display of 
feeling or passion between two or 
more persons. 

scenery ('er-i), n. the appearance of 
anything presented to the vision: 
general aspect; combination of nat- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SCENIC 



771 



SCHOTTISCHE 



ural views; painted representation 
on a stage. 

scenic ('ik), odj. pertaining to scenery 
or to the stage; dramatic. Also 
scenical. 

8cenographic (sen-o-grM'ik), adj, 
drawn in perspective. 

scenographically (-M-i), adv. in 
perspective. 

scenography (se-nog'ri-fi), n, the 
art of drawing in perspective. 

scent (sent), n. odor; sense of smell; 
chase , followed bj^ means of the 
scent: t;.L to perceive by the olfac- 
tory nerves: smell; perfume: v.i. to 
hunt- animals by the sense of smell. 

scepter, sceptre (sep'ter), n. a staff 
borne* by a sovereign as the emblem 
of authority; royal mace: vd. to in- 
vest with regal authority. 

sceptered ('terd), • p. adj. bearing a 
scepter; regal; imperial. 

sceptic. Same as skeptic. 

schedule (sked'ul), n. a written or 
printed paper or parchment contain- 
ing a Hst, or inventory; hst or docu- 
ment annexed to a larger instru- 
ment, as a will, &c.: v.i, to place in 
a schedule. 

scheme (skem), n. a connected com- 
bination of things for the attain- 
ment of a certain end; plan; con- 
trivance; purpose; plot: v.t. to de- 
sign or plan; plot: v.i, to form a 
scheme or plan. 

Schiedam (ske-dam')/^. Holland gin. 

Schiller (shirer), n. the peculiar 
bronze-like luster in certain minerals. 

schism (sizm), n. a split or division, 
especially permanent division or sep- 
aration i in » the Christian Church; 
sin of causing such a division. 

schismatic (siz-mat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characteristic of, or im- 
plying, schism. Also schismatical: 
n. one who creates or takes part in a 
schism. 

schist (shist), n. any rock that splits 
into slates or slabs. 

schistose ('os), adj, like schist; fis- 
sile. 

schizogamy (ski-zog'a-mi) , n. a form 



of reproduction among lower organ- 
isms in which a sexual form originates 
by fission or by budding from a sex- 
less one. 

Schizomycetes (skiz-o-mi-se'tez), n. 
a class of very small organisms, as 
bacteria, &c. 

schnapps (shnaps), n. Holland gin. 

scholar (skoFer), n. a student; dis- 
ciple; man of letters; an undergrad- 
uate on the foundation of a college. 

scholarly (-li), adj. like a scholar: 
adv. in the manner of a scholar. 

scholarship ^ ('er-ship), n, high at- 
tainments in Uterature or science; 
learning; erudition; maintenance for 
a scholar, awarded by an educational 
institution. 

scholastic (sko-las'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to a scholar or to schools; schol- 
ar-hke; characteristic of the mediae- 
val schoolmen; formal. 

scholasticism ('ti-sizm), n. the scho- 
lastic philosophy of the Mediaeval 
Age. 

scholiast (skoli-ast), n. a commen- 
tator or^nnotator, especially of the 
classics. 

scholium ( li-um), n. [pi. scholia 
{-k) ], a marginal or explanatory 
note, especially on the text of a 
classic author. 

school (skool), n. a place where in- 
struction is given; scholars or pu- 
pils collectivel}'; a mediaeval sem- 
inary for teaching theology, logic, 
and metaphysics; disciples of a par- 
ticular teacher; canon, precepts, or 
body of opinion; examination hall; 
any means of knowledge; a shoal or 
great number, as of fish: v.t, to 
train or instruct; chide or admon- 
ish. 

schooling ('ing), n. education. 

schoolman ('man), n. [pi. schoolmen 
('men) ], one of the divines and phi- 
losophers in the Middle Ages. 

schooner (skoon'er), n. a vessel with 
2 masts, sometimes 3, rigged fore 
and aft; a tall beer-glass. 

schottische (sho-tesh), n. a kind of 
polka. 



ate, arm, ILsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SCHWEITZERKASE 



772 



SCOPOLAMINE 



•chweitzerkase (shvits'er-ka-ze), n. 
another name for Gruy^re cheese. 

sciagraph (si'^-grM), n, the vertical 
section of a biSlding showing its in- 
terior. 

sciagraphy (-ag'r&-fi), n. the art or 
science of projecting or delineating 
shadows as they fall in nature. 

sciatic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
affecting, the hip. 

sciatica ('i-kl,), n. neuralgia of the 
sciatic nerve. 

science ('ens), n. systematized knowl- 
edge of any one department of mind 
or matter; acknowledged truths and 
laws, especially as demonstrated by 
induction, experiment, or observa- 
tion. 

scientific (-en-tif'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, used in, or skilled in, science; 
skilful. 

scientifically (-i-l-i), adv. in a sci- 
entific manner. 

scientism ('en-tizm), n. the theories 
and practices of scientists. 

scientist ('en-tist), n. one skilled in, 
or devoted to, science. 

scilicet (sil'i-set), adv. namely [Latin]. 

scimitar (sim'i-ter), n. an Oriental 
sword with a curved blade having 
its edge on the convex side. Also 
scimeter. 

scintilla (sin-til'a), n. a spark; the 
least trace. 

scintillate (sin'til-at), v.i. to emit 
sparks, fire, or igneous particles; 
twinkle. 

scintillation (-la'shun), n. the act 
of scintillating; a spark or flash; 
twinkle. 

sciolism (si'o-lizm), n. superficial 
knowledge. 

sciolist (-list), n. one who knows 
many things superficially. 

scion (si'on), n. the sprout or shoot 
of a plant; a descendant; heir. 

scioptic (-op'tik), adj. pertaining^ to 
the art of exhibiting luminous im- 
ages in a darkened room or camera 
obscura. Also scioptric. 

sciopticon ('ti-kon), n. magic lan- 
tern for exhibiting photographs. 



scire facias (sl-re fa'shi-§s), a writ 
to enforce the execution of judg- 
ments, &c., or to annul them. 

scissors (siz'ers), n.pl. a cutting in- 
strument resembling shears but 
smaller. 

scissors- telescope (siz'orz-tel'e-skop), 
n. a stereotelescope the relations of 
the tubes of which may be varied by 
a scissors-hke arrangement. 

scelrotic (skle-rot'ik), adj. hard; 
noting the firm white outermost 
membrane of the eyeball. 

sclerotitis (-ro-ti'tis), n. inflamma- 
tion of the sclerotic coat of the eye. 

scobs (skobs), n. raspings of ivory, 
metal, or other hard substances. 

scoff (skof), n. an expression of scorn 
or contempt; ridicule; derision: v.i. 
to exhibit scorn or contempt : v.L to 
treat or address with derision. 

scold (skold), v.i. to chide sharply or 
rudely; rail in a loud or violent 
manner: v.t. to find fault with: n. 
one who habitually scolds, especially 
a rude, clamorous woman. 

scolex (sko'leks), n. [pi. scoleces 
(-le'sez) ], the larva of the ^ape- 
worm. 

scollop. Same as scallop. 

sconce (skons), n a bulwark; small 
fort; protection; a fixed hanging or 
projecting candlestick; tube in a 
candlestick for inserting the candle; 
the head; mulct or fine; a small, 
thin cake of oatmeal, &c. 

scoop (skoop), n. a large ladle; deep 
shovel; kind of scuttle: v.t. to take 
out or up with a scoop; ladle out; 
make hollow. 

scoot ^ (skoot), v.i. to walk or run 
hastily. 

scope (skop), n. room or opportunity 
for free outlook or action; aim or 
intention; design; suffjx meaning 
an instrument for viewing, as micro- 
scope, 

scopolamine (skop'o-lam-in), n. a 
vegetable alkaloid, identical with 
hyoscine, recently used as a nar- 
cotic to annul the pains of child- 
birth. 



ate, firm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon> 
book; hue, hut; think, thom. 



SCORBUTIC 



773 



SCRAP 



scorbutic (skor-bu'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or affected by, scurvy. 

scorch (skorch), v.t. to burn or roast 
slightly; parch, shrivel, or affect 
painfully with heat: v.L to be 
scorched. 

score (skor), n. a notch or incision, 
especially one made as a reckoning; 
the number 20; hne or groove; bill; 
account; behaff; sake; reason; 
copy of a small musical work show- 
ing the component parts: v.t. to 
notch or mark furrows in; keep rec- 
ord or account of; to make a score 
of, as runs, points, &c., in a game. 

scoria (sko'ri-a), n, [pL scoriae (-e) ], 
volcanic cinder; slag formed after 
the fusion of metalhc ores. 

scoriaceous (-a'shus), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or resembhng, scoria. 

scorn (skorn), n. extreme and lofty 
contempt; haughty disdain; object 
of contempt: v.t. to hold in extreme 
contempt or disdain. 

scorner ('er), n. one who scorns, es- 
pecially one who holds religion in 
derision. 

scornful ('fool), adj. full of scorn; 
contemptous; disdainful. 

scornfully (-i), adv. with scorn.^ 

scorpion (skor'pi-un), n. an indi- 
vidual of the genus Scorpio, fur- 
nished with lobster-hke claws, and 
armed with a poisonous sting in the 
tail; a painful scourge. 

Scot (skot), n. a Scotchman. ^ 

Scotch (skoch) adj. pertaining to 
Scotland, its inhabitants, or its dia- 
lect. 

scotch, n. a wedge, &c., to prevent 
slipping or rolhng; a slight cut or 
incision: v.t. to cut or wound super- 
ficially. 

scoter (sko'ter), n. a kind of duck. ^ 

scotia ('ti-^), the hollow molding in 
the base of an Ionic column. 

scototherapy (skot-o-ther'a-pi), n. 
the treatment of disease by the ex- 
clusion of light. 

Scotticism ('i-sizm), n. a Scottish 
idiom. 

scoundrel (skoun'drel), n. a man 



without honor or virtue; low, worth- 
less fellow. 

scour (skour), v.t. to clean by fric- 
tion; cleanse from grease, dirt, and 
make bright; pass swiftly along; 
search thoroughly; purge. 

scourge (skerj), n. a whip with thongs 
used as a punishment: v.t. to whip 
severely; afflict or harass greatly. 

scout (skout), n. a person sent out to 
obtain and bring in information, es- 
pecially of the movements, &c., of 
an enemy; a college servant; in 
cricket, a fielder: v.i. to act as a 
scout: v.t. to treat with scorn. 

scovel (skuvl), n. a mop for sweep- 
ing a baker's oven. 

scow (skou), n. a large flat-bottomed 
boat with square ends: v.t. to trans- 
port n a scow. 

scowl (skoul), v.i. to wrinkle the 
brows in frowning or displeasure; 
look sullen or angry: n. the wrin- 
kling of the brows in displeasure or 
anger; frown. 

scrabble (skrabl), v.i. to scrawl or 
scribble;- make irregular, unmeaning 
marks: v.t. to mark with irregular 
lines or letters. 

scrag (skrag), n. anything thin, lean, 
or rough; something merely skin 
and bones. 

scraggily ('i-H), adv. in a scraggy 
manner. 

scragginess ('i-nes), n. scraggy state 
or quaUty. 

scraggy ('i), adj. lean, thin and 
rough; rough, with irregular points. 

scramble (skram'bl), v.i. ta clamber 
with the hands and feet; seize or 
catch hold of anything with eager- 
ness and roughness: v.t. to toss to- 
gether at random; mix and cook in 
a confused mass: as, to scramble 
eggs: n. a rude, eager struggle; act 
of scrambling. 

scranch (skr§,nch), v.t. to grind with 
the teeth with a crackling sound; 
craunch. 

scrap (skrap), n. a small or detached 
piece; fragment; a scrimmage: v.i. 
to engage in a scrimmage. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SCRAPBOOK 



774 



SCRIPTURALISM 



scrapbook Cbook), n. a blank book 
for the pasting in of newspaper ex- 
tracts, &c. 

scrape (skrap), v.L to make a harsh 
or grating noise on; rub with some- 
thing sharp; clean by rubbing; re- 
move by scraping; gather laborious- 
ly by small gains^ or savings: v,i. 
barely succeed, as in passing an ex- 
amination; play awkwardly or in- 
harmoniously on the violin; bow by 
awkwardly drawing back the foot: 
n. the act, noise, or effect of scrap- 
ing; a drawing back of the foot 
awkwardly; difficulty; perplexity. 

8craper ('er), n. one^ who, or that 
which, scrapes; an instrument for 
scraping; an awkward violinist; 
miser. 

scratch (skrach), v.t, to mark or 
tear the surface of with somethi .g 
pointed; wound slightly; tear or dig 
with the claws; erase; remove the 
name of (especially that of a horse) 
from a race: v.i, to use the nails or 
claws in tearing or digging; score 
by a fluke: n. a mark or tear made 
by scratching; a superficial wound; 
a kind of wig; a line across the prize 
ring, up to which boxers are brought 
when they commence fighting: adj, 
taken at haphazard. 

scratches ('ez), n.pL dry scabs be- 
tween the heel and pastern-joint of 
ahorse. 

scratch race (ras), n. a race in which 
the competitors are unrestricted 
by conditions or are chosen by lot. 

scrawl (skrawl), v.t. & v.i, to write 
or draw irregularly or hastily; scrib- 
ble: n. hasty, irregular, or illegible 
writing; scribble. 

scray (skra), n. the sea-swallow, 

screak (skrek), n. a shriek; screech. 

scream (skrem), n. a sharp, shrill 
cry as of fear or pain: vS, to utter 
such a cry. 

screamer ('er), n. a South American 
wading bird; an exaggerated state- 
ment, or excessively funny joke. 

screech (skrech), n. a harsh, shrill 
cry: v.i. to utter a harsh, shrill cry. 



screed (skred), n. wooden rules for 
running moldings; loud, shrill sound; 
a fragment or piece; a harangue; a 
piece of poor prose or verse. 

screen ^ (skren), n. a light movable 
partition for protection; coarse sieve; 
the sheet upon which moving pic- 
tures are thrown: v,t, to shelter or 
conceal; protect; pass through a 
coarse sieve. 

screw (skroo), n, a cylinder of metal 
or wood grooved spirally; one of the 
six mechanical powers; screw-pro- 
peller: v,t, to press with a screw; 
apply a screw to; twist; force or 
squeeze; oppress by exactions. 

screw-propeller (pro-perer), n. a 
spiral-bladed wheel at the stern of a 
steam-vessel for propelling it; the 
vessel thus propelled. 

scribble (skrib'l), v.t. to write has- 
tily and carelessly: v.i. write care- 
lessly and without regard to correct- 
ness: n. hasty, careless writing. 

scribbler^ ('ler), n. one who scrib- 
bles; a literary hack, or petty author. 

scribe (skrib), n. a writer; clerk; 
amanuensis; a teacher or copyist of 
the Jewish law: v.t. to adjust. 

scrim (skrimj, n. a kind of fabric of 
cotton or linen for making blinds, &c. 

scrimmage ('aj), n. a general row 
or tussle. 

scrimp (skrimp), v.t to make small, 
narrow, or short; limit or straiten: 
v.i. to be parsimonious or miserly: 
adj. short; narrow; curtailed: n, a 
niggard or miser. 

scrimpiness ('nes), n. scantiness. 

scrip (skrip), n. a satchel; ^ schedule; 
certificate; writing; certificate of 
stock subscribed to a bank or other 
company. 

script (skript), n. a piece of writing; 
style of writing; type in imitation 
of writing; original document or in- 
strument. 

Scriptural ('ur-§.l), adj. pertaining 
to, contained in, or according to, the 
Scriptures; Biblical. 

scripturalism (-izm), n. adherence 
to the letter of the Scriptures. 



ftte, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue^ hut; think, then» 



SCRIPTURALLY 



775 



SCUM 



ecripturally (-li), adv. in a scriptural 
manner. 

scripture ('tir), n, sacred writing; 
biblical text: pZ. the books of the 
Old and New Testaments: the Bible. 

scrivener (skriv'ner), n. one who 
draws up contracts, prepares writ- 
ings, &c.; formeriy a broker or 
financial agent. 

scrofula (skrof'u-li), ^ n, B, disease 
caused by the formation and deposi- 
tion of tubercle in the organs and 
tissues of the body; king's evil. 

scrofulous (-lus), adj, pertaining to, 
of the natiure of, or affected with, 
scrofula. 

scroll-tappet (skrol'tap'et), n. an 
apparatus for operating the warping 
threads in a loom. 

scroll (skrol), n, o, roll of paper or 
parchment; a convoluted spiral or- 
nament; a flourish to a signature. 

8crotuiTi(skro'tum), n. the pouch 
which contains the testes. 

scrouge (skrouj), v,L to crowd or 
squeeze. 

scrub (skrub), v.U [preL & p.p. 
scrubbed, p.yr, scrubbing], to rub 
hard; wash with rubbing or a wet 
brush: v.i. to clean or scour: n. one 
who labors hard and lives meanly ; a 
sorry fellow; a worn-out brush: adj. 
mean or small; contemptible; dirty. 

scrubby ('i), adj, ■ mean and small; 
stunted • in growth; . covered with 
brushwood; unshaven. 

scruff (skruf), n. the back of the neck. 

scrunch (skrunch), v.U to crunch. 

scruple (skroo^pl), n. 1-3 of a dram, 
or 20 grains; hesitation, especially 
from conscientious motives: v.i, to 
hesitate from conscientious motives. 

scrupulosity (-pu-los'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being scrupulous; 
nice or • conscientious regard to ex- 
actness or propriety; precision. Also 
scrupulousness. 

scrupulous Cpu-lus), adj. full of 
scruples; conscientious; exact; care- 
ful; strict. 

scrutinize ('ti-niz), v.L to inspect or 
examine closely. 



scrutinous ('ti-nus), adj. closely in- 
specting o3 examining; precise; care- 
ful; captious. 

scrutiny ('ti-ni), n. close inspection 
or examination; minute inquiry; ex- 
amination of votes recorded at an 
election. 

scud (skud), ?;.t. [p.L & p.p. scudded, 
p.pr, scudding], to run quickly; run 
before a gale of wind with httle or 
no sail spread: n. the act of scud- 
ding; loose, vapory clouds driven by 
the wind. 

scufHe (skuf 1), v.L to fight or struggle 
confusedly, especially hand to hand: 
n. a struggle for mastery with close 
grapphng; confused conflict fight. 

scull (skul), 71. one of a pair of short 
oars; an oar used at the stern of a 
boat to propel it: v.i. to impel a 
boat with a scull or sculls. 

scullery Cer-i), n. [pi. sculleries 
(-iz) ], a place where culinary uten- 
sils, &c.. are kept and cleansed. 

scullion ('yun), n. a servant employed 
in the menial work of a scullery. 

sculpin Cpin), n. a North American 
fish with a large head furnished 
with sharp spines. 

sculptor (skulp'ter), n. one who 
practices the art of sculpture. Fem- 
inine sculptress. 

sculptural ('tu-rM), adj. pertaining 
to sculpture. 

sculpture ('tur), n. the art of carv- 
ing, cutting, or hewing stone or oth- 
er material into images of men, ani- 
mals, &c.; carved woik or figure: 
v.t. to represent in, or fashion by, 
sculpture. 

sculpturesque (-esk'), ddj. resem- 
bling, or having the character of 
sculpture. 

scum (skum), n. extraneous matter 
or impurities which rise to the sur- 
face of liquids when boiled or fer- 
mented; scoria of metals in a molten 
state; anything worthless or vile: 
v.i. [p,L & p.p. scummed, p.pr. scum- 
ming], to form a scum: v.t. to clear 
impurities from the surface of; 
skim. 



fite, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SCUPPER 



776 



SEAL 



scupper (skup'er), n. a hole or tube 
in the side of a ship to carry off deck 
water. 

8curf (skerf), n. minute, white, flaky 
scales formed on the skin, especially 
on the scalp; dandruff; loosely ad- 
herent matter. 

scurff (skerf), n, the bull-trout. 

scurRness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being scurfy. 

scurfy ('i), adj, [comp, scurfier, su-' 
perl, scurfiest], pertaining to, pro- 
ducing, covered with, or hke, scurf. 

[scurrile (skur'il), adj. befitting a 
buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly op- 
probrious or jocosely indecent. 

[scurrility ('i-ti), n, [pL scurrilities 
(-tiz) ], vulgar, vile, or indecent 
jocularity. 

scurrilous ('il-us), adj. using the 
low, indecent language of the vul- 
gar; mean; foul-mouthed; vile; con- 
taining low indecency or abuse. 

scurry (skur'i), v.i.[p.t. & p.p. scur- 
ried, p.pr. scurrying], to hasten or 
move rapidly along: n. hurried move- 
ment. 

scurvily (sker'vi-li), adv. in a scurvy 
manner. 

scurviness (-nes), n. scurvy state or 
quality ; meanness. 

scurvy (Vi), adj. affected by scurvy; 
scabby; vile; contemptible; mean; 
paltry: n. a condition of anaemia, 
caused by deficiency of vegetable 
food or Hme juice, causing great 
weakness, emaciation, &c. 

scut (skut), n. the short, erect tail of 
a fox, deer, &c. 

scutch (skuch), v.t. to dress (flax or 
cotton) by beating. 

scutcheon ('un), n. an escutcheon; 
shield for a keyhole. 

scuttle (skut'l), v.i. to hasten or 
hurry: v.t. to cut a hole or holes in 
(a ship) to sink it: n. a quick or 
short run; a pan for holding coals; 
Ud or door closing or covering an 
opening in a roof, &c.; hatchway or 
small opening in the deck of a ship. 

scutum (sku'tum), n. [pi. scuta 
('ta) ], a shield; a shield-like plate. 



scymitar. Same as scimitar. 

scythe (si^^), n. a curved cutting in- 
strument used for mowing grass, &c. 

Scythian (sith'i-^n)^ adj. pertaining 
to Scythia, to its language, or its in- 
habitants. 

'sdeath (sdeth), inter j. an exclamation 
expressing impatience or disdain. 

se, a prefix, meaning without, apart, 
aside. 

sea (se), n. an expanse of salt water, 
less in extent than an ocean, ana 
usually forming a part of, or con- 
necting with, an ocean or larger sea; 
an inland body of water; the ocean; 
a billow or large wave; swell of the 
ocean in a tempest; a large quan- 
tity; the great brazen laver of the 
Jewish Temple. 

sea-bar ('bar), n. the sea-swallow. 

sea-bat ('bat), n. a kind of flying- 
fish. 

sea-bear Cbar), n. the polar bear. 

sea-calf ('kaf), n. the common seal. 

sea-cow ('kou), n. the manatee; du- 
gong; walrus. 

sea-cucumber Cku-kum-ber), n. the 
trepang. 

sea-devil (-dev'il), n. a fish with a 
large head and great mouth, the sea- 
angler. 

sea-dog ('dog), n. the common seal; 
an old sailor. 

sea-elephant ('el-e-f^nt), n. a va- 
riety of seal with a proboscis some- 
what like that of the elephant. 

seafarer ('fa-rer), n. a sailor. 

seafaring ('far-ing), adj. following 
the occupation of a sailor. 

sea- fennel (-fen'el), n. samphire. 

sea-fox ('foks), n. a variety of shark. 

sea-gage Cgaj), n. the draught of a 
ship;, a self -registering apparatus j 
for deep-sea soundings. 

sea-hog ('hog), n. the porpoise, 

sea-horse ('hors), n. the walrus; the 
hippocampus; the hippopotamus. 

seal (sel), n. a carnivorous marine 
mammal, valuable for its skin and 
oil; a stamp or die engraved with 
some device, motto, or image, used 
for making an impression in relief 



ate; arm^ §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SEA-LEGS 



777 



SECEDE 



on wax, &c.; wax or other soft sub- 
stance set to an instrument, and 
impressed with a seal; any act of 
confirmation or ratification; that 
which seals or fastens; drain-trap: 
v.U to fasten with a seal; set or af- 
fix a seal to; ratify or confirm; keep 
secure or secret; among the^ Mor- 
mons, to set apart an additional 
wife. 

sea-legs (legz), n,pl. ability to walk 
on a ship^s deck, when the vessel is 
pitching or rolhng. 

sea-lemon ('lem-un), n. sl marine 
gasteropodus mollusk of the genus 
Doris. 

sea-leopard (lep-ixd), n. a variety 
of seal. 

sea-lion ('li-un), n. a name for sev- 
eral large species of seals. 

seam (sem), n. the line formed by the 
sewing of two pieces of material to- 
gether; line of junction or imion; 
narrow vein between two thicker 
strata; thin layer; piece of needle- 
work: v.t. to form a seam upon or 
of;^ Join with a seam; scar; 
knit with a particular kind of stitch: 
v.i, to crack open. 

sea-mew (se'mu), n. a species of gull. 

seamstress (sem'stres), n. a needle- 
woman. 

seamy ('i), adj. showing, or hke, 
seams. 

seamy-side (-sid), n, the worst side. 

seance (sa-an^sO> n: a session as of 
some deliberaiive body; a meeting of 
spiritualists for evoking manifesta- 
tions; a select scientific gathering. 

sea-pheasant (se'fez-§.nt), n. the 
pin-tail duck. 

sea-purse ('pers), n. the homy en- 
velope of the skate, and certain 
sharks, in which they deposit their 
eggs. 

sear (ser), v.t, to burn to dryness on 
the surface; cauterize; brand; ren- 
der callous or insensible. 

search (serch), v.t. to seek for; go 
over and examine; explore; inspect: 
v.i. to make inquiry; seek: n. the act 
of seeking or looking for something; 



investigation; examination; pursuit; 
quest. 

search-light (lit), n. an electnc 
light so an'anged that by revolving 
it a tract of land or sea can be seen 
at night. 

search-warrant ('wor-int), n, a 
warrant issued by a magistrate au- 
thorizing a pohce ofl&cer to search a 
house for stolen property. 

seared ^ (serd), adj. hardened; cal- 
lous; indifferent; cauterized. 

seascape ^ (se'skap), n, a picture re- 
presenting a scene at sea. 

season Czn), n. any particular time 
as distinguished from others; one of 
the four divisions of the year: v.t, to 
mature; prepare by drying and hard- 
ening, or removing natural juices; 
render palatable; spice moderately: 
v.i. to become mature, acchmated, 
inured, or seasoned. 

seasonable (-^-bl), adj. occurring or 
done in good, or proper time; op- 
portune. 

seasonableness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being seasonable, 

seasonably (-bh), adv, opportunely.^ 

seasoning (-ing), n, that which is 
added to give relish or piquancy to 
food : anything added to increase en- 
joyment. 

seat (set), n, that on which anyone 
sits; chair; post or authority; sta- 
tion; site; residence; mansion; reg- 
ular or appropriate place of sitting; 
posture on horseback, &c.; place in 
Congress or other legislative body; 
v.t. to place on a seat; cause to sit 
down; establish; place in any site 
or position; instal; fix. 

secant (se'kint), adj. cutting into 
two parts: n. a right line from the 
center of a circle through one ex- 
tremity of an arc, produced till it 
meets the tangent from the other 
extremity of the same arc; the num- 
ber expressing the ratio of this line 
to the radius of the circle. 

secco (sek'o), n. painting on dry plas- 
ter: ocy. dry [Itahan]. 

secede (se-sed'), v.i. to withdraw 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SECEDER 



778 



SECRETORY 



from fellows!iip, communion, or 
association. 

seceder ('er), n. one who secedes. 

secession (-sesh'un), n. the act of 
seceding; withdrawal or separation 
from the communion or association 
of others; withdrawal of a State 
from the Federal Union. 

secessionist (-ist), n. an upholder 
of secession; one who took part 
with the Southern States in the Civil 
War of 1861. 

seclude (-klood'), v,L to keep apart 
from the company or society or 
others; exclude. 

seclusion (-kloo'zhun), n. separation 
or withdrawal from the society of 
others; privacy. 

seclusive ('siv), adj, keeping in se- 
clusion. 

second (sek'und), adj, immediately 
following the first; next to the first 
in order of place, or time; next in 
value, excellence, merit, dignity, or 
importance; inferior; subordinate; 
being of the same kind as another 
that has preceded; below in pitch 
[music]: n. one or that next the 
first in place, rank, excellence, or 
power; one who attends on the prin- 
cipal at a duel; backer; the l-60th 
part of a minute of time or of a de- 
gree: pZ. coarse flour: v,t, to follow; 
act as an assistant or supporter of; 
assist; support, as a motion, &c., by 
adding one's voice to that of the pro- 
poser. 

secondarily ('und-§,-ri-li), adv, in a 
secondary manner or degree. 

secondariness (-nes), n, the state or 
quality of being secondary. 

secondary^ ('und-§,-ri), adj. succeed- 
ing next in order to the first; of sec- 
ond place, origin, &c.; not primary; 
subordinate; inferior; deputed; re- 
volving round a primary planet; 
noting rocks intermediate between 
the Primary and Tertiary, the Meso- 
zoic: n. a delegate or deputy. 

secondary battery (bat'er-i), n. a 
storage battery. 

secondary-color (-kul'er), n. a color 



produced by the mixture of two 
primary colors in equal proportions. 

secondary-tints (-tintz), n.yl, sub- 
dued tints, as grey. 

secrecy (se'kre-si), n. [pi, secrecies 
(-siz) ], the state or quality of being 
hidden; concealment; retirement; 
solitude; habit of keeping secrets; 
discretion. 

secret ('kret), adj, hidden or con- 
cealed; removed from sight; kept 
from the knowledge or view of all 
except those concerned; silent; pri- 
vate: n, that which is concealed; 
something unknown or undisclosed. 

secretarial (sek-re-ta'ri-M), adj, per- 
taining to, or befitting, a secretary. 

secretary ('re-t^-ri), n, [pi, secre- 
taries (-riz) ], a confidential person 
employed to assist another in con- 
ducting correspondence, &c.; one 
who transacts the business of a 
Government department, company, 
&c.; an escritoire. 

secretary-bird (-berd), n, a South 
African predatory bird having a 
crest of feathers which resemble 
when depressed pens stuck in the ear. 

secretaryship (-ship), n, the office, 
or term of office, of a secretary. 

secrete (se-kret'), v.t. to hide or con- 
ceal; separate from the blood, sap, 
&c. 

secretin (se-kre'tin), n. a hormone 
secreted by the mucous membrane 
of the small intestine, which stimu- 
lates secretion of the pancreas and 
probably also of the cells that pro- 
duce red blood corpuscles. 

secretion (-kre'shun), n. the act o^ 
secreting or separating from a circu - 
lating fluid; any substance or fluid 
secreted. 

secretive ('tiv), adj, given to secrecy; 
causing or promoting secretion. ^ 

secretiveness (-nes), n. the quality 
of being secretive; the phrenological 
organ which impels to secrecy, re- 
serve, or concealment. 

secretory ('to-ri), adj, performing, 
or connected with, the office of se- 
cretion. 



5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, D6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SECT 



779 



SEDATE 



sect (sekt), n. a number of persons 
who, following a teacher or leader, 
are united by a common attach- 
ment to some particular religious 
or philosophical doctrine. 

sectarian (sek-ta'ri-an), adj, per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, a 
sect: n, a member of a sect; dissen- 
ter. 

sectarianism (-an-izm), n, the spirit, 
tendency, or principles of a sect; 
adherence to some particular sect. 

sectarianize ('iz), v.t. to imbue with 
a sectarian spirit, &c. 

sectary ('ta-ri), n, [pi. sectaries 
(-riz) ], a member or adherent of a 
sect; sectarian. 

sectile (sek'til), adj, capable of 
being cut. 

section ('shun), n. the act of cutting, 
or separation by cutting; part or 
division; slice; the line formed by 
the intersection of two surfaces; 
division or subdivision of a chapter 
or statute; distinct part of a coun- 
try, people, community, or class; 
one of the squares of 640 acres each 
into which public lands are divided; 
l-36th of a township; division of a 
genus; vertical plan of any struc- 
ture as it would appear if cut by an 
intersecting plane; part of a musical 
period. 

sectionalism ('shun-al-izm), n. local 
patriotism. 

sectionally (-li), ddv, in a sectional 
manner. 

sector (sek'ter), n. that part of a 
circle included between two radii 
and the arc; a mathematical instru- 
ment for laying down plans, meas- 
uring zenith distances, &c. 

sectorial (-to'ri-al), adj. adapted for 
cutting, noting one molar tooth on 
each side of both jaws, having the 
crown adapted for cutting. 

secular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to 
this present world, or to things not 
sacred; worldly; temporal; extend- 
ing over, or occurring in, a long 
period of time; not bound by mo- 
nastic vows: n. an ecclesiastic not 



bound by monastic vows; a layman; 
a church official whose duties are 
confined to the vocal department of 
the choir. 

secularism f-izm), n, the principles 
or tenets of the secularists. 

secularist (-ist), n. one who objects 
to religious teaching in elementary 
schools; one who, discarding the 
forms of religion, maintains that the 
duties and problems of this present 
life should be the primary objects 
of man's concern. 

secularity ('i-ti), n. supreme atten- 
tion to the things of the present 
life; worldliness. 

secularization (-i-za'shun), n. the 
act of secularizing. 

secularize ('u-lar-iz), v.t. to convert 
from sacred to secular or common 
use; render worldly or unspiritual: 
convert from regular or monastic 
into secular. 

secund (se'kund), adj. arranged on 
one side only; unilateral. 

secure (se-kur'), adj. free from fear 
or danger; safe; protected; confi- 
dent; relying upon (with of): v.t. 
to make safe; protect; guarantee; 
make fast; confine effectually; gain 
possession of; put beyond hazard of 
losing or not receiving (with against 
OT from). 

securely ('li), adv. in a secure man- 
ner. 

security ('i-ti), n. [pi. securities 
(-tiz) ], the state or quality of being 
secure; freedom from fear or dan- 
ger; assurance; certainty; some- 
thing given to secure the fulfilment 
of a contract; pledge; evidence of 
debt or property; one who becomes 
surety for another; something given 
or done to secure good behavior. 

sedan (-dan'), n. a portable covered 
chair or vehicle for the conveyance 
of one person, used in the 18th cen- 
tury, and carried by two men by 
means of a pole on either side. Also 
sedan-chair. 

sedate (se-daf), adj. calm; com- 
posed; quiet; serious; unruffled. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SEDATELY 



780 



SEEMING 



sedately ('li), adv. in a sedate man- 
ner 

sedateness ('nes), n. tranquillity; 
composure. 

sedative (sed'a-tiv) , adj, allaying 
nervous irritation and irritability; 
assuaging pain: n. medicine having 
such an effect. 

sedentarily ('en-tar-i-li), adj. in a 
sedentary manner. 

sedentariness (-i-nes), n. the qual- 
ity or state of being sedentary. 

sedentary ('en-tar-i), adj. accus- 
tomed to pass much time in a sit- 
ting posture; characterized by much 
sitting; remaining in one place; 
inactive. 

sedge (sej), n. a coarse grass of the 
genus Carex, growing in swamps. 

sedgy ('i), adj. overgrown with sedge. 

sedilia (se-diri-a), n.pl. seats on 
either side of the altar set apart for 
the clergy. 

sediment (sed'i-ment), n. the matter 
which subsides or settles at the bot- 
tom of a liquid; dregs; lees. 

sedimentary ('a-ri), adj. pertaining 
to, or formed by, or consisting of, 
sediment. 

sedition (se-dish'un), n. any offense 
against the state less grave than in- 
surrection or treason; tumultuous 
assembly of people in opposition to 
lawful authority; the stirring up of 
such opposition. 

seditious ('us), adj. pertaining to, of 
the nature of, or characterized by, 
sedition. 

seduce (dtis'), v.t. to entice from the 
paths of rectitude, duty, or virtue, 
by flattery, promises, &c. ; persuade 
to a surrender of chastity. 

seducement ('ment), n. the act of 
seducing; seduction; means em- 
ployed to seduce. 

seducer ('er), n. one who seduces, 
especially one who persuades a 
woman to surrender her chastity. 
Feminine seductress. 

seducible ('i-bl), adj, capable of 
being seduced. 

seduction (-duk'shun), n. the act of 



seducing; the act or crime of induc- 
ing a woman to surrender her chas- 
tity. 

seductive ('tiv), adj. tending to 
seduce or lead astray; enticing. 

seductively (-li), adv. in a seductive 
manner. 

seductiveness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being seductive. 

sedulity (se-dti-li-ti), n. steady dili- 
gence. 

sedulous (sed'u-lus), adj. steadily in- 
dustrious and persevering in business 
and endeavor; diligent; untiring. 

see (se), n. the authority of the Pope 
or papal court; diocese or jurisdic- 
tion of an archbishop or bishop; v.t. 
[p.t. saw, p.p. seen, p.pr. seeing], to 
perceive by the eye; observe; per- 
ceive mentally; experience; pay a 
visit to; meet or associate with; 
escort or accompany: v.i. to have 
the faculty of sight or of perceiving; 
discern; examine; take care or heed; 
be attentive. 

seed (sed), n. that part of a plant 
that contains the embryo of the 
future plant; semen; first principle 
or source; offspring; descendants; 
race or birth: v.i. to sow, or shed 
the seed: v.t. to sprinkle with seed. 

seediness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being seedy; shabbiness; 
exhaustion or wretchedness. 

seedy ('i), adj. abounding with, or 
run to, seeds; having the flavor of 
weeds; shabby; exhausted and 
miserable. 

seeing (seeing), n. the act or power 
of sight: conj. inasmuch as; consid- 
ering; since. 

seek (sek), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sought, 
p.pr. seeking], to go in search of; 
look for; resort to; inquire for: v.i. 
to make search or inquiry; try or 
endeavor. 

seem (sem), v.i. to appear; look; 
have the resemblance of truth or 
fact; pretend. 

seeming ('ing), adj. apparent spe- 
cious: n. appearance; show, espe- 
cially false show. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SEEMLINESS 



781 



SELENATE 



seemliness ('li-nes), n, the state or 
quality of being seemly; propriety; 
decency; comeliness. 

seemly (li), adj, fit or becoming; 
decent; proper; comely; suited to 
the object, occasion, purpose, or 
character. 

seen, p.p, of see. 

seer (ser), n. one who foresees future 
events; prophet; one who sees. 

seesaw ('saw), n. a reciprocating 
motion; a game played with a plank 
balanced on some support enabling 
those who sit at each end to move 
up and down alternately: v.i. to 
move up and down with a recipro- 
cating motion. 

seethe (seth), v.t. to boil; decoct or 
prepare for food in a hot liquor: v.L 
to be hot; be in a condition of 
boiling. 

segment ('ment), n. a part divided 
or set off; section; a part cut off 
from a figure by a line or plane: v,i, 
to divide into segments. 

segmental (-al), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or Hke, a segment. 

segmentation (-men-ta'shun), n. the 
act of dividing into segments; state 
of being divided into segments. 

segregate (seg're-gat) , v.t. to sepa- 
rate from others. 

segregation (-ga'shun), n, the act of 
segregating; state of being segre- 
gated. 

seichometer (sa-shom'e-ter), n. an 
apparatus for measuring the changes 
of level of the water in a lake. 

Seidlitz (sed'litz), adj. noting effer- 
vescent powders used as a gentle 
aperient: n. a sparkling mineral 
water.-^ 

seignior (sgn'yer), n. a title of honor 
in use in Southern Europe; a lord 
or fee of a manor. 

seigniorage ('yer-aj), n. something 
claimed or taken by virtue of sover- 
eign prerogative; a charge levied on 
bullion brought by private persons 
to the mint to be coined. 

seigniorial (-yor'i-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to the lord of a manor. 



seine (san), n. a large fishing-net. 

seismic (sis'mik), adj, pertaining to, 
or produced by, an earthquake. 

seismicity (sis-mis'i-ti), n. the rela- 
tive number of earthquakes that 
occur in a region of given area. 

seismograph ('mo-graf), n. an in- 
strument for recording the undula- 
tory motions, duration, and direc- 
tion of an earthquake. Also seis- 
mometer, seismoscope. 

seismographic ('ik), adj, indicated 
by a seismograph. 

seismography (-mog'ra-fi), n. a 
description of earthquakes. 

seismologist (-mol'o-jist), n. one 
skilled in seismology. 

seismology ('o-ji), n. the scientific 
study of earthquakes. 

seizable (sez'a-bl), adj, capable of 
being seized. 

seize (sez), v.t. to take possession of 
forcibly or suddenly; grasp; snatch; 
take hold of; comprehend. . 

seizin ('in), n. the act of taking pos- 
session; thing possessed; possession. 
Also seisin. 

seizor ('er), n. in law, one who takes 
possession. 

seizure ('ur), n. the act of seizing; 
sudden attack, as of a disease. 

selah (se'la), n. a Hebrew word used 
in the Psalms, supposed to indicate 
a pause. 

seldom (sel'dum), adv, rarely. 

select (se-lekf), adj. more valuable 
or excellent than others; chosen or 
picked out as more valuable than 
others; nicely chosen; choice; supe- 
rior: v.t. to take by preference from 
among others; choose. 

selection (-lek'shun), n. the act of 
selecting; the thing selected. 

selectman (-lekt'man), n. [pi. select- 
men ('men) ], one of a board of 
town officials concerned with its 
management, the enforcement of lo- 
cal laws, care of the poor, &c., 
elected annually in New England. 

selector ('er), n. one who selects. 

selenate (sel'e-nat), n, a salt of 
selenic acid. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SELENIC 



782 



SEND 



selenic (se-len'ik). adj. pertaining to 
containing, orderivedfrom, selenium. 

selenium (-le'ni-um) , n, a nor- 
metallic elementary substance, re- 
sembling lead. 

selenocentric (-le-no-sen'trik) , adj, 
calculatedfromthecenterofthemoon. 

selenographic (-graf'ik), adj, per- 
taining to selenography. 

selenography (sel-e-nog'ra-fi) , n, a 
description of the moon, its features, 
and phenomena, 

self-determination (self-de-ter-mi- 
na'shun). n, political principle that 
a people may decide by vote how 
they shall be governed. 

self (self), n. [pi. selves (selvz)], 
one's own person; personal interest; 
personality; personification; iden- 
tity; selfishness: adj, very; par- 
ticular. 

selfish Cish) adj. attentive only to 
one's own interests; influenced in 
actions from motives of private 
advantage; egotistical. 

sell (sel), [p. t. & p, p. sold, p,pr. 
selling], to transfer to another for 
an equivalent, as property goods, 
&c.; make a matter of sale or bar- 
gain of; vend; betray for a pecuni- 
ary reward: v.L to practice selling; 
be sold: n. a hoax; an imposition. 

Seltzer water (selt'zer waw'ter), n. 
a mineral water, mildly stimulative. 

selvage (sel'vaj), n. the edge of cloth 
so closed by complicating the threads 
as to prevent raveling; woven bor- 
der. Selvedge. 

selvagee (-va-je), n. a kind of skein 
of rope yarns, used for stoppers, &c. 

selvedged (Vejd), adj, having a sel- 
vage. Also selvaged. 

selves, pL of self. 

semaphore (sem'a-for), n. a tele- 
graphic apparatus for signaling by 
means of arms, lanterns, flags, &c. 

semblance ('blans), n. likeness; re- 
semblance; exterior; appearance. 

semen (se'men), n. sperm; seed of 
plants. 

semester (se-mes'ter), n, a period 
or term of six months. 



semi 9 prefix meaning half, partially. 

semibreve (sem'i-brev), n, a note 
equal to 4 crotchets. 

semicolon ('kol-on), n, a mark in 
punctuation (;). 

seminal ('i-nal), adj. pertaining to 
containing, or consisting of seed; 
primary; radical; original. 

seminary (sem'i-na-ri), n. [pi. semi- 
naries (-riz) ], a place of education; 
school, academy, or college. 

semiped ('i-ped), n. a half-foot. 

semipedal (-al), adj. consisting of a 
half-foot. 

semi-Saxon (-sak'sun), adj. noting 
the language intermediate between 
Saxon and English 1150-1250. 

semi-tangent (-tan'jent), n. the tan- 
gent of half an arc. 

Semite (sem'it), n. one of the Semitic 
race; a descendant of Shem: adj 
Semitic. 

Semitic (se-mit'ik), adj. pertaining 
to Shem, or to his descendants; not- 
ing, or belonging to, one of the great 
divisions of races and languages to 
which Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic, 
Assyrian, &c., belong. 

sempstress (semp'stres), n. a woman 
who does needlework. 

sen (sen), n. a small Japanese coin. 

Senagalese(sen'a-garez), n. native 
of a French colony in West Africa; 
a French soldier, native of Senegal. 

senary (sen'a-ri), adj. of, or contain- 
ing, 6. 

Senate (sen'at), n. the upper house 
of Congress or of a State legisla- 
ture; the upper house of legislature 
in various countries; a body of el- 
ders, elected or appointed in ancient 
Rome from the nobility and invested 
with supreme legislative authority. 

senate (sen'at), n. an assembly or 
body of elders; a legislative body 
generally. 

senator ('a-ter), n. a member of a 
senate. 

senatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or befitting, a senator or a sen- 
ate; entitled to elect a senator. 

send (send), v.L [p.t. & p.p. sent, 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SENDAL 



783 



SENSUAL 



p,pr. sending], to throw, cast, or im- 
pel; cause to go in any manner; 
dispatch; cause to be or happen; 
grant; inflict: v,L to dispatch a 
messenger; pitch, as a vessel: n. the 
motion of a wave causing a vessel 
to be carried forward. 

sendal (sen'dal), n. a light, thin silk 
stuff. 

senile (se'nil). adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or occasioned by, 
old age. 

senility ('i-ti), n. the state or quality 
of being senile; old age. 

senior (sen'yer), adj. prior in age, 
dignity, rank or office; elder: n. 
one older than another; one older in 
dignity, rank, or office; a student in 
the fourth or final year of his 
college. 

seniority (-yor'i-ti), n, the state or 
quality of being senior. 

senna (sen'a), n. the dried leaves of 
several plants of the genus Cassia, 
used as a cathartic medicine. 

sennight ('It), n. the space of 7 
nights and days. 

sennit ('it), n. braided cordage. 

senor (sa'nyor'), n. a Spanish title 
of courtesy, equivalent to Mr. or 
Sir. Feminine sen or a. 

senorita (-nyo-re'ta), n. a Spanish 
title of courtesy given to a young 
lady, equivalent to Miss\ a young 
lady. 

sensate (sen'sat),, adj. perceived by 
or through the senses. 

sensation (-sa'shun), n. perception 
by the senses; an impression made 
on the mind or brain by the senses; 
spiritual or physical affections; state 
of excited feeling or interest, or its 
cause. 

sensational (al), adj. pertaining to, 
having, or causing, sensation ; fitted 
to excite great interest; emotional. 

sensationalism (-izm), n. sensa- 
tional writing or language; the phil- 
osophical doctrine that our ideas 
are ^ the outcome of impressions 
originating solely in sensation and 
consist of sensations transformed. 



sensationalist (-ist;, n. an advocate 
of philosophical sensationalism; a 
sensational writer or speaker. 

sense (sens), n. the faculty by which 
objects are perceived physically, or 
mentally; discernment; understand- 
ing; conviction; good mental capac- 
ity; correct judgment; opinion; 
meaning; signification* moral per- 
ception. 

senseless (les), adj. incapable if sen- 
sation; without sensibility or feel- 
ing; unconscious; foolish; stupid; 
nonsensical; opposed to reason or 
sound judgment. 

sensibility (sen-si-biri-ti) , n. [pi. 
sensibilities (-tiz) ], the state or 
quality of being sensible; acuteness 
of perception or emotion; delicacy 
of feeling; capacity of being sensi- 
tive. Also sensibleness. 

sensible ('si-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing perceived by the senses or the 
mind; having moral perception; 
easily affected; delicate; judicious; 
reasonable; intelligent. 

sensibly (-bli), adv. in a sensible 
manner f with intelligence or good 
sense; appreciably. 

sensitive ('si-tiv), adj. having keen 
sense or feeling; quickly and acute- 
ly alive to impressions from exter- 
nal objects; easily affected or 
moved; pertaining to, or depending 
upon, sensation. 

sensitively (-li), adv. in a sensitive 
manner. 

sensitiveness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sensitive. Also 
sensitivity. 

sensitize (-tiz), v.t. to render sensi- 
tive; render capable of being acted 
upon by the actinic rays of the sun, 
X-rays, &c. 

sensorial (-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to the sensorium. Also sensory. 

sensorium (-um), n. the central seat 
of sen:ation or consciousness; the 
brain. 

sensual ('shu-al), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting in, or affecting, the 
senses; not spiritual or intellectual; 



ate, arm, ask, <at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SENSUALISM 



784 



SEPSIS 



carnal; voluptuous; devoted to the 
indulgence of the passions oi appe- 
tites. 

sensuaKsm (-izm), n. sensuality; 
the philosophical doctrine that all 
ideas or operations of the under- 
standing have their origin in sensa- 
tion and are transformed sensations. 

sensualist (-ist), n, one who is sen- 
sual; a behever in the doctrine of 
sensuahsm. 

sensuality (-ari-ti), n, the state or 
quality of being sensual; indulgence 
of the bodily appetites. 

sensualize ('shti-il-iz), y.t. to make 
sensual; debase by the indulgence of 
carnal gratifications. 

sensuous ('shu-us), adj. pertaining 
to, or addressed to, the senses; con- 
nected with sensible objects; full of 
passion. 

sent, p.t. & p.p. of send. 

sentence ('tens), n. judgment, opin- 
ion, or decision; judgment pro- 
nounced by a court; ser es of words 
so arranged as to convey a complete 
thought, followed by a dot or full 
point: v.t. to condemn by judgment 
of a court. 

sententious (-ten'shus), adj. short 
f*nd energetic; terse; comprising 
sentences; abounding in axioms or 
maxims. 

sentience ('shi-ens), n. the state or 
quality of being sentient. Also 
sentiency. 

sent.'ent ('shi-ent), adj. having the 
faculty or faculties of sensation and 
perception. 

sentiment ('ti-ment), n. a thought 
prompted by passion or feeling; 
opinion; thought; feeling; sensibil- 
ity; prevailing feeling; maxim; a 
toast; thought expressed in striking 
language; sentence or passage ex- 
pressive of some wish. 

sentimental (-men't§,l), adj. having, 
expressing, or given to, sentiment; 
appealing to sentiment rather than 
reason; artificially or affectedly ten- 
der; romantic. 

sentimentalism (-izni), n. the qual- 



ity of being sentimental. Also sen- 
timentality. 

sentimentalize (-iz), vd, to think 
or act in a sentimental manner; af- 
fect sentiment. 

sentimentally (-li), adv. in a senti- 
mental manner. 

sentinel ('ti-nel), n. one who watches 
or guards, especially a soldier on 
guard: v.t. to furnish with, or as 
with, a sentinel; watch over or 
guard. 

sentry ('tri), n. [pL sentries ('triz) 1, 
a sentinel, guard or watch. 

sepal (sep'al or se'p§,l), n. one of the 
leaf-like divisions of the calyx en- 
closing the corolla of a flower. 

separability (-§,-r§,-biri-ti), n. the 
quahty of being separable or divisi- 
ble. 

separable ('S,-r§,-bl), adj. capable of 
being separated or divided. 

separate^ C^-rat), v.t. to part or di>- 
vide; disunite; disconnect; set apart 
from a number for a particular pur- 
pose; withdraw: ^;.^. topart; be dis- 
united; withdraw from each other; 
adj. divided from the rest; discon- 
nected; not united; distinct. 

separately (-li), adv. in a separate 
state or manner. 

separateness (-nes), n. the quality 
of being separate. 

separation (-ra'shun), n. the act of 
separating; state of being sepa- 
rated disconnection; legal disunion 
of married persons- repeal of a 
union between two or more coun- 
tries or states. 

separator ('§,-ra-ter), n. one who, or 
that which, separates. 

sepia (se'pi-§,), n. [pi. sepias (-az) }, 
the European cuttle-fish; a dark- 
brown pigment prepared from the 
black secretion or ink of the cuttle- 
fish. 

sepoy Cpoi), n. [pi. sepoys ('poiz) ], 
an Indian native employed as a sol- 
dier in the British service in India. 

sepsin (sep'sin), n. a toxinous pto- 
main. 

sepsis ('sis), n. infection by patho- 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SEPT 



785 



SERAI 



genie bacteria; a putrefactive con- 
dition. 

sept (sept), a prefix meaning 7, as 
septangular: adj, having 7 angles. 

September (sep-tem'ber), n. ninth 
calendar month. In the Roman 
calendar it was the seventh month, 
therefore its name. 

septemvir (Ver), n, {pi, septemviri 
Cvi-ri) ], in ancient Rome, one of 7 
men associated together in office. 

septenary Cte-na-ri), adj, consisting 
of, containing, or lasting 7 years. 

septenate (-nat), n, a period of 7 
years; the period during which the 
President of the French ^ Republic 
holds office: adj. growing in sevens. 

septennial (-ten'i-^1), adj. occurring 
once in, or containing, 7 years. 

septennially (-h), adv» once in 7 
years. 

septet (sep-tetO, n. a musical com- 
position for 7 voices. Also septette. 

septfoil (sept'foil), n. the plant tor- 
men til; in architecture, an orna- 
mental foliation with 7 lobes; a sym- 
boUcal figure composed of 7 equal 
segments of a circle typical of the 7 
sacraments of the Roman Cathohc 
Church. 

septi, a prefix meaning 7, as septi- 
lateral: adj. seven-sided. 

septic ('tik), adj. having the power 
to promote putrefaction: n. a sub- 
stance having such an effect. 

septicemia, septicaemia (-ti-se'mi- 
H), n. blood-poisoning, caused by the 
absorption of septic matter into the 
circulation. Also septemia, septae- 
mia. 

septillion (-til'yun), n. in the French 
system of numeration, followed in 
the United States, a number ex- 
pressed by imity with 24 ciphers an- 
nexed; in the English system, a 
number expressed by unity with 42 
ciphers annexed. 

septin. Same as sepsin. 

septuagenarian (-tu-§,-i e-na'ri-in) , 
n. a person 70 years old. 

septuagenary (-aj'e-na-ri), adj. con- 
sisting of 70: n. the number 70. 



Septuagesima (-§;-jes'i-ml,), n. ths 
3rd Sunday before Lent. 

septuple ('tu-pl), adj. sevenfold. 

sepulchral (se-pul'kral), adj. per- 
taining to a sepulcher, or to monu- 
ments erected to the dead; deep, 
grave, or hollow toned. 

sepulcher, sepulchre (sep'ul-ker), 
n, a grave or tomb; place of burial; 
v.t. to bury; entomb. 

sepulture ('ul-tur), n. burial. 

sequel (se'kwel), n. succeeding part or 
result: continuation; consequence. 

sequence ('kwens), n. order of suc- 
cession; series; result; suit of cards 
in the same order; regular alternate 
succession of similar chords. 

sequent ('kwent), adj. following; 
consequent: n. a sequence. 

sequentially (-kwen'shil-i), adv. by 
succession. 

sequester (-kwes'ter), v.t. to sepa- 
rate from the owner for a time; 
take possession of the property of 
another until some claim is paid or 
established; withdraw; seclude: v.i. 
to renounce, as a widow any interest 
in the estate of a husband. Also 
sequestrate. 

sequestered ('terd), adj. secluded; 
retired. 

sequestration (-tra'shun), n. the 
act of sequestering, especially the 
act of seizing property by the State 
during dispute or for the benefit of 
creditors; the collecting of the fruits 
of a benefice during a vacancy for 
the use of the next incumbent; re- 
tirement; seclusion. 

sequestrator (sek'wes-tra-ter), n. one 
who sequesters property or takes 
possession of it for a time. 

Sequoia (se-kwoi'§.), n. a genus of 
gigantic trees of the cypress family, 
comprising the redwood and ''big 
tree" of California. 

seraglio (se-raryo), n. the palace of 
the Sultan of Tm-key at Constanti- 
nople, especially that part where the 
women are kept; a harem. 

serai (se-ra'i), n. in the East, a palace; 
seraglio; caravansary or inn. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQn, 

Die. 50 



SERALBUMIN 



786 



SERPENTINE 



seralbumin (ser-al-bu'min), n. the 
albumin of the blood. 

serape (sa-ra'pa), n. a Mexican 
blanket or shawl worn by men. 

seraph (ser'M), n. [pL seraphs, sera- 
phim ('afs, -im) ], an angel of the 
highest order. 

seraphic (se-raf'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, composed of, or like, seraphs; 
subUme; angeUc. 

seraphically (-M-i), adv. in the 
manner of a seraph. 

seraphine (ser'^-fen), n. a kind of 
small harmonium. 

seraskier (ser-as-ker'), n. a Turkish 
general or commander of land forces, 
especially the commander-in-chief or 
minister of war. Also serasquier. 

Serbonian (ser-bo'ni-an), adj, not- 
ing the lake or bog of Serbonis in 
ancient Egypt, which appeared Hke 
solid land, but engulfed those who 
ventured upon it: hence pertaining 
to any difficulty or comphcation from 
which there is no way of extrication. 

sere (ser), adj, dry; wiltered [poet.]. 

serein (se-rang'), n, fine rain that 
falls from a clear sky. 

serenade (ser'e-nad), n. evening mu- 
sic in the open air; music^ sung or 
played by a lover in a spirit of gal- 
lantry under the window of a lady; 
piece of music for such an occasion: 
v.t. to entertain with a serenade. 

serene (se-ren'), adj, clear and calm; 
unclouded; placid; imruffled. 

serenely ('H), adv. in a serene manner; 
unruffled; calmly. 

serenity (-ren'i-ti), n. the state or 
quahty of being serene; calmness of 
mind; equanimity of temper; cool- 
ness, composure. Also sereneness. 

serf (serf), n. the lowest class of 
servants or slaves in the Middle 
Ages, who were attached to the land 
and transferred with it; a villein or 
feudal slave; formerly in Russia, 
one of the peasant class. 

serfage Caj), n. the state or condi- 
tion of a serf . Also serfdom; serfism. 

serge (ser j ) , n. a twilled woolen stuff. 

sergeancy (sar'jen-si), n. the office 



of a sergeant. Also sergeantcy, ser- 
geantship. 

sergeant Cjent), n. a non-commis- 
sioned officer ranking next above a 
corporal. 

sergeant-major (-ma'jer), n. sl war- 
rant officer who is attached to each 
company or troop and assists the 
adjutant. 

serial (se'ri-M), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, a series; published 
in successive parts or numbers: n. a 
periodical; tale issued in parts. 

serially (-H), adv. in a series. 

seriatim (-a'tim), adv. in regular 
order. 

sericeous (se-rish'us), adj. silky. 

sericulture (ser'i-kul-tur), n. the 
culture of silkworms. 

series (se'rez), n. a number of things 
or events standing or succeeding in 
order, and connected by a like rela- 
tion; sequence; an infinite number 
of terms in succession, increasing or 
diminishing in a certain ratio. 

serin (ser 'in), n. a kind of finch. 

serio-comic (se-ri-o-kom'ik), adj, 
having a mixture of seriousness and 
comicality. 

serious ('ri-us) ,ad[;. grave in manner 
or disposition; in earnest; not trifling; 
religious; solemn. 

sermon (ser'mun), n. a discourse on 
a text of Scrip tiu-e; homily; serious 
exhortation. 

sermonize (-iz), v.i. to compose or 
write a sermon; preach: v.t. to 
preach a sermon to. 

serosity (se-ros'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being serous; the thin 
watery fluid part of the blood exud- 
ing from serum. 

serous ('rus), adj. pertaining to 
serum; thin, watery. 

serpent (ser'pent), n, a reptile of the 
order Ophidia, with a very long 
body without feet, and moving by 
contractions and undulations of the 
body; a bass wind instrument; a 
kind of firework; a subtle, treacher- 
ous, malicious person. 

serpentine ('pen-tin), adj. pertain 



Ste, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; nnte, mit; note, n6rth, not; booni 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SERRATE 787 SET 

ing to, like, or having the qualities slave or servant; meanly submissive 

of, a serpent; moving or winding or obsequious; cringing; fawning; 

like a serpent; zigzag; subtle: n. a not belonging to the original root; 

rock composed of a hydrated sihcate not sounded: said of a letter. 

of magnesia, susceptible of a fine servilely (-li), ady. in a servile manner, 

polish. servility (-vil'i-ti), n. mean submis- 

Berrate (ser'at), adj. notched on the sion or obsequiousness; baseness, 

edge like a saw. Also serrated. Servileness. 

serried ('id), adj. crowded; pressed servitude ('vi-tud), n. the condition 

together. ^ ^ of a servant or slave; state of slavish 

serum (se'rum), n. the thin yellowish dependence; bondage. 

watery fluid secreted by the serous sesame (ses'i-me), n, a plant yield- 
membranes. ^ ing flat seeds from which an oil is 

serumtherapy (se-rum-ther'a-pi), n. expressed. 

a treatment of contagious diseases sesamoid bones ('^-moid bonz), 

by means of inoculation with an n.'pl. small bones formed at the ar- 

attenuated serum from the blood of ticulation of the great toes, fingers, 

animals. ^ &c. 

serval (ser'vM), n. the African bush sesqui, a 'prefix meaning a whole and 
or tiger-cat, having a valuable fur. a half, as sesgmoxide, an oxide con- 
servant^ ('v§,nt), n. one who serves, taining 3 atoms of oxygen and 2 
or is in the service of another; a atoms of a metal, 
domestic; subordinate; an expres- sessile ('il), adj, without a foot-stalk, 
sion of civiHty. session (sesh'un), n. the actual sit- 

serve (serv), v.L to work for; per- ting or assembhng of a court, coun- 
form duties for; yield obedience to; oil, or legislative body; the time 
worship; supply with, as food, &c.; between the first meeting and the 
attend or wait on; treat or requite; prorogation, dissohition, or final 
present (a writ): v.i, to be a serv- adjournment of a parliament, con- 
ant; be employed in labor; suit or gress, or legislature, 
be convenient; be in subjection; sessional (-II), adj, pertaining to a 
discharge the duties of an office or session, especially of an ecclesiastical 
employment.^ ^ court. 

service (ser'vis), n. the condition or sesterce (ses'ters), n. an ancient 

occupation of a servant; duty re- Roman coin, value about 4 cents, 

quired or performed in any office; sestertium (-ter-shi-um), n. a sum 

naval or military duty; spiritual of 1,000 sesterces, 

obedience and reverence; course of sestet Ctet), n. the last 6 lines of the 

dishes at table; waiting at table; second division of a sonnet, 

labor, assistance, or kindness to set (set), v.t, [p.t, & p.p. set, p.pr. 

another; number of conveyances setting], to place or put in any 

plying between places; musical com- position; fix; plant; make stable; 

position for devotional use; profes- render motionless; spread, as sails; 

sion of respect.^ replace; make to agree with some 

serviceable ('vis-§.-bl), adj, useful; standard; start by fixing the key- 
beneficial, note; regulate or adjust; value; 

serviceableness (-nes), n. the state assign or prescribe; mark (game); 

or quality of being serviceable. compose, as type, &c.: v.i, to Rink- 

serviceably (-bli), adv. in a service- below the horizon; strike root; be 

able manner. ^ fixed closely or firmly, congeal; 

servile ('vil or 'vil), adj. pertaining apply one^s self; flow or tend; start 

to, characteristic of, or befitting, a (with out) : adj. fixed or established; 

5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^n. 



SETTEE 788 SEWAGE 

IBgular; determined; firm; formal; seventeen (-ten), adj, one more than 
obstinate; immovable: n, the act of sixteen. 

setting; direction; number of per- seventeenth (-tenth), adj. noting 
.sons associated together; cUque; the next after the sixteenth, 
number of things of the same kind seventh (sev'nth), adj. next in order 
intended for use together; a young after iihe sixth: n, one next in order 
plant for growth; number of persons after the sixth; one of 7 equal parts; 
Decessary to execute a quadrille; the interval of 5 tones and a semi- 
descent below the horizon; flow; tone. 

permanent twist; in lawn tennis, a seventieth ('n-ti-eth), adj, next in 
series of as many games as will order after the sixty-ninth: n. one 
enable one side to win six. of 70 equal parts. 

settee (-te'), n. a long seat with a seventy (-ti), n, [pi. seventies (-tiz) ], 
back for several persons; a Medi- the sum of 10 times 7; the symbol 
terranean single-decked vessel with representing 70 units. 
a very long, sharp prow, and lateen seven-up (-up'), n. a card game, 
sails. sever (sev'er), v,t, to divide or sep- 

setter ('er), n. one who, or that arate with violence; cut open or 
which sets; a species of hunting-dog. through; keep distinct or apart: 

setting Cing), n. the act of one who, v.i. to make a separation or dis- 
or that which, sets; direction of a tinction; be rent asunder; part; 
current of wind; that which sets or distinguish. 

holds, as the mounting of a jewel; several (-^1), adj. distinct; separate; 
hardening. consisting of a number more than 

settle (set'l), v.t. to place or set in a two, but not many; different; vari- 
fixed state; establish; cause to sink ous. 

or subdue; free from uncertainty; severally (-li), adv. separately; in- 
compose; fix by a legal act; liqui- dividually. 

date; pay; clear of dregs; make pure severalty (-ti), a state of separation 
or clear; colonize: vd. to become from the rest, or from all others, 
fixed, stationary, or permanent; severance (-^ns), n. the act of sever- 
descend or stop; grow calm or clear; ing; the state of being severed; 
sink to the bottom, or by its own separation; partition, 
weight; cease from agitation; adjust severe (se-ver^, adj. strictly adher- 
differences or accounts; marry and ing to rule; strict; austere; rigid; 
establish a home. harsh; grave; serious; inclement; 

settlement (-ment), n. the act or inflexible; painful; critical, 
state of being settled; establishment severely (^H), adv, in a severe man- 
in life, business, condition; jointure ner. 

granted to a wife; liquidation, pay- severity (-ver'i-ti), n. [pi. severities 
ment, or adjustment; subsidence; a (-tiz) ], the quality of being severe; 
colony newly settled; legal residence. harshness; rigor j gravity; exact- 
settler ('ler), 71. a colonist; some- ness; strictness; inclemency. 

thing that finally settles or decides Sevres (sa'vr), n. & highly glazed 
a contest. china or porcelain manufactured at 

set-to (too'), n. a contest in boxing; Sevres, France. 

argument. sew (so), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sewed or 

seven (sev'n), n. the sum of six and sewn, p.pr. sewing], to unite or 
one; the symbol representing 7 units: fasten together with a needle and 
adj. consisting of one more than 6. thread: v.i. to practice sewing. 

eevenfold (-fold), adv. 7 times as sewage (su'aj), n. the foul matter 
much. carried off by a sewer. 

&te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boOnj. 
book: hue, hut; think, theiu 



SEWER 789 SHADE 

sewer ('er), n. a pipe or channel to power = 1 with 36 ciphers annexed, 

carry off the used or surface water sexto ('to), n. [pi. sextos ('toz) ], 

and foul matter of a town, &c.; a book consisting of sheets each of 

(so'er), one who sews. which is folded into six leaves. 

sewerage (-aj), n. drainage by sew- sexton ('tun), n. an inferior oflScial 

ers; the system of sewers of a town, of a church whose duty it is to at- 

&c. ^ tend to burials, the church, &c. 

sex, a prefix meaning siXj^ as sexen- Fern, sextoness. 

nial, adj. occurring once in, or last- sextuple ('tu-pl), adj. sixfold. 

ing, six years. ^ ... sexual ('u-§.l), adj. pertaining to, 

sex (seks), n. the physical distinction characteristic of, based on, or dis- 

between male and female; one of tinguishing, sex; pertaining to the 

the two divisions of animals and organs of generation. 

plants, based on such distinction; sexuality (-ari-ti), n. the state or 

women in general (with the). quahty of being distinguished by 

sexagenarian (-4-je-na'ri-in), n. sex. 

one who is sixty years old. sexualize (-iz), v.t. to attribute sex to. 

sexagenary (-aj'e-na-ri), adj. per- sexually ('ti-al-li), adv. in a sexual 

taining to, ornoting, the number 60. manner; with reference or relation 

Sexagesima (-i-jes'i-m^), n, the to sex. 

second Sunday before Lent. ^ ^ shabbily (shab'i-li), adv, in a shab- 

sexagesimal (-mil), adj. pertaining by manner. 

to, or based on, the number 60. shabbiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 

sexed (sekst), adj, pertaining to, or quality of being shabby. 

having, sex. shabby ('i), adj. [comp. shabbier, 

sexenary ('e-na-ri), adj. proceeding superl. shabbiest], threadbare or 

by sixes. worn, as clothes; mean in appear- 

sex-hygiene (-hi-jen'), ri. the conser- ance or conduct; despicable. 

vation of functions peculiar to each shack (shak), n. shabby old house; 

sex, especially those concerning the hut; log cabin. 

birth of children. See eugenics. ^ shack (shak), n. liberty of winter 

sexlocular (-lok'u-lir), adj, six- pasturage from harvest to seed- 
celled. ^ time; a tramp. 

sext (sekst), n. in the Roman Bre- shackle (shak'l), n. anything that 

viary, the oflBce for the sixth canon- confines the hands or legs or ob- 

ical hour. ' ^ ^ structs free action, as gyves; fet- 

sextain (seks'tan), n. a six-lined ters; handcuffs; the bar of a pad- 
stanza, lock: v.t. to fetter; embarrass or 

sextant ('t§,nt), n. the sixth part of hinder; imite or fasten with a 

a circle; an instrument for measur- shackle. 

ing angular distances between ob- shad (shad), n. an anadromous fish, 

jects, used especially at sea for de- valued as food, 

termining latitude and longitude. shade (shad), n. comparative ob- 

sextile ('til), adj, noting the aspect scurity caused by the interception 

or position of two planets when of the rays of light; darkness; a 

distant from each other 60®. shady place; gradation of Hght; 

sextillion (-til'yun), n. in the screen or cover; the soul after 

French system of enumeration, fol- death: pi. wine vaults: v.t. to screen 

lowed in the United States, the 7th from light or heat; darken or ob- 

power of a thousand = 1 with 21 scure; shelter; paint in obscure 

ciphers annexed; in the English colors; mark with gradation of light 

system, a million raised to the 6th or color. 

fite, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SHADILY 790 SHAM 

shadily ('i-li), adv, in a shady man- shah (sha), n, the sovereign of Per- 

ner. sia. 

shading ('ing), n. the act of making shake (shak), v,t, [p.t, shook, p,p, 

a shade; representation of light and shaken, p.pr. shaking], to cause to 

shade. shiver; move with a quick, short 

shadow (shad'o), n, shade within motion; agitate; make afraid; give 

defined limits; shade or deprivation a tremulous note; to vibrate: v.i. 

of light representing on a surface to tremble or quake, 

the forms of the body which inter- shakedown ('doun), n. a temporary 

cepts the rays of lighb; dark part bed. 

of a picture; obscurity or darkness; shaken ('n), p.adj\ agitated; cracked 

protection or security; reflected im- or split. 

age; faint representation; insepara- Shaker ('er), n. one of a religious 

ble companion; small degree; a de- communistic sect that practices 

tective: v.L to shade; darken or dancing in worship. Fern, Shakeress. 

cloud; conceal or screen; represent Shakerism ('izm), n. the doctrines 

typically; attend closely as a shadow; or tenets of the Shakers, 

follow and watch closely, as a de- Shakespearean (shak-sper'e-in), adj\ 

tective. ^ pertaining to, resembling, or char- 

shadowiness (-i-nes), n, the state acteristic of, Shakespeare or his 

or quality of being shadowy, works. Also Shakespearian, Shak- 

shadowing (-ing), n. shading. spearian. 

shadowy ('i), adj, full of, or caus- shakiness ('i-nes), n, the state or 

ing, shade or shadows; sheltered quality of being shaky. 

from light or heat; dim; unreal; shako (shak'o), n. a kind of military 

t3Tpical. ^ ^ cap, 

shady (shad'i), adj, [comp, shadier, shaky (shak'i), adj. [comp. shakier, 
superl, shadiest], abounding in, or superl, shakiest], in a shaking con- 
causing, shade; sheltered from the dition; feeble; full of cracks; un- 
glare of light or heat; pertaining to sound, 
darkness; dubious; equivocal. ^ shale (shal), n. a husk; a laminated 

shaft (shMt), n. an arrow; anything argillaceous rock. 

resembling an arrow; the long nar- shall (shal), v.i, & auxil. [pi. shouldj, 

row entrance to a mine; carriage- to be under obligation: used in 

pole; handle; part of a chimney; the future tense of the verb, 

body of a column between the base shalloon (-oon'), n, a kind of twilled 

and the capital. worsted stuff. 

shafting ('ing), n. a system of shallop ('op), n. a schooner-rigged 

shafts for transmitting power. two-masted boat; a small boat or 

shag (shag), n. a kind of tobacco; canoe, 

rough, wooly hair; a bushy mass, shallot ('ot), n. the eschalot. 

shagginess ('i-nes), n, the state or shallow ('o), adj. having little depth; 

quality of being shaggy. not profound; superficial; trifling; 

shaggy ('i), adj, rough with long a flat place where the water is not 

hair or wool; rough; rugged. deep; shoal: v.i. to become shallow. 

shagreen (sh^-gren'), n. the skins sham (sham), n. a trick, fraud, or 
of various animals, as horses, don- make-believe; imposture; counter- 
keys, prepared without tanning, and feit: adj, feigned; false; unreal: 
grained to resemble the skins of v.i, [p.L & v-P* shammed, p.pr. 
sharks; the rough skin of sharks shamming], to make false pretenses: 
and dogfishes prepared as leather: v.t, to make a pretense of in order 
adj, made of shagreen. to deceive. 

ite» arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thexi. 



SHAMBLE 



791 



SHEAF 



shamble (shamnDl), v.i. to walk 
awkwardly and unsteadily; shuffle: 
n.pl, a slaughter-house; moat-mar- 
ket. 

shambling ('bling), n an awkward, 
imst^ady pace. 

shame (sham), n. a painful sensa- 
tion caused by the sense of guilt, 
impropriety, or dishonor 5 that 
which causes shame; reproach in- 
curred or suffered; modesty or de- 
conma: v.L to make ashamed; cause 
to blush; cover with disgrace. 

shamiefaced ('fast), adj. bashful. 

shamieful ('fool), adj. causing shame; 
disgraceful; indecent. 

shamefully (-U), adv. in a shameful 
manner. 

shammer (sham'er), n. one who 
shams. 

shammy ('i), n. chamois. 

shampoo (-poo'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
shampooed, p.pr, shampooing], to 
rub and press (the hmbs and joints) 
after a hot bath; to cleanse and 
rub (the head) with soap, &c.: n. 
the act of shampooing. 

shampooer ('er), n. one who sham- 
poos. 

shamrock ('rok), n. a trefoil clover 
plant: the Irish national emblem. 

shanghai (shang'hi), n. a breed of 
poultry: v.t. to drug or stupefy a 
sailor, shipping him on a voyage 
without his consent. 

shank (shangk), n. the leg from the 
Imee to the ankle; long part of any 
instrument; body of a type. 

shanty (shan'ti), n. a rude hut. 

shapable (shap'4-bl), adj, that may 
be shaped; shapely. 

shape (shap), n. the form or figure 
of a thing; external appearance; 
pattern: v.t. to make into a particu- 
lar form; fashion; regulate; con- 
ceive. 

shapeliness ('li-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being shapely. 

shapely ('h), adj. well-formed; sym- 
metrical; comel3^ 

shard (shard), n. a potsherd. 

share (shar), n. a portion or part; 



part allotted or belonging to one; 
dividend; plowshare: v.t. to part 
among two or more; divide; take or 
possess in common; partake of or 
usr ^\ith others: v.i. to have a share 
or part. 

sharebroker (^bro-ker), n. one who 
deals in railway or other shares. 

shark (shark), n. a large voracious 
fish with sharp teeth; a rapacious, 
artful fellow. 

sharp (sharp), adj. having a very 
thin edge or fine point; terminating 
in an edge or point; yery thin; 
peaked or ridged; keen; severe; 
acute; subtle: n. sl character (%) in 
music which raises a note a semi- 
tone. 

sharpen ('en), v.t. to make sharp or 
sharper; give edge or point to; 
make more acute: t^.i. to become 
sharp; play tricks in bargaining. 

sharper ('er), n. a cheat; swindler. 

shatter (shat'er), v.t. to break into 
many pieces at once; crack or rend; 
overthrow; dissipate: n.pL broken 
fragment^. 

shave (shav), v.t. to cut or pare off 
with a razor or other sharp-edged 
instrument; cut in thin slices; skim 
along or near the surface of; plun- 
der or fleece: v.i. to use the razor 
in removing hair: n. a thin shce; 
the operation of shaving; an in- 
strument for shaving hoops, &c. 

shaver ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, shaves; a barber; a young- 
ster. 

shaving ('ing), n. the act of one who 
shaves; a thin slice pared off. 

shawl (shawl), n. a square cloth of 
various materials used as a loose 
outer covering for the shoulders, 
&c.: v.t. to cover or wrap with a 
shawl. 

shawm (shawm), n. an ancient wind 
instrument. 

shea (she'k), n. a tropical tree yield- 
ing a kind of butter or solid o3. 

sheaf (shef), n. [pi. sheaves (shevz) ], 
a quantity of grain bound together; 
a bundle; number of arrows suffi- 



Bte, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



SHEAR 



792 



SHIBBOLETH 



cient to fill a quiver: vd. to gather 
or bind into sheaves. 

shear (sher), v.t. [p.L sheared, p.p. 
sheared or shorn, p.pr. shearing], to 
cut or dip, especially with shears; 
reap: v.i. to use shears: n.pl. a 
cutting instrument operating like 
scissors, but larger;^ an apparatus 
for raising heavy weights. 

shear-steely ('stel), n. a kind of fine 
steel, specially tempered, &c. 

shear- water ('waw-ter), n. a kind of 
gull. 

sheath (sheth), n, a scabbard; any 
sheath-like covering. 

sheathe (sheth), v.t, to put into a 
sheath or scabbard; case with a 
protecting covering. 

sheave (shev), n, a grooved wheel 
in a block or pulley over which the 
rope runs. 

Shechinah (she-ki-na), n. the visible 
presence of Jehovah manifested 
from the mercy-seat and reflected 
from the overshadowing cherubim. 
Also Shekinah. 

shed (shed), v.t, [p.t, & p.p, shed, 
p.pr, shedding], to pour out or dif- 
fuse; cause to flow out; emit: v.i. to 
let fall or cast off seed: n. a slight 
building. 

sheen (shen), n. brightness; splen- 
dor: adj. bright; glittering. Also 
sheeny: v.i. to shine or glisten. 

sheep (shep), n., s. & pi. any rumi- 
nant animal of the genus Ovis, val- 
ued for its wool and flesh; a foolish, 
bashful fellow: pi. God's people, as 
being under the care of the Good 
Shepherd, Jesus Christ. 

sheer (sher), adj. pure; immixed; 
very thin or transparent; precipi- 
tous : v.i. to deviate from the proper 
course. 

sheers. Same as shears. 

sheet (shet), n. a large thin slice of 
anything; broad piece of linen to 
cover a bed; broad piece of paper; 
letter; newspaper; broad expanse 
or surface; rope attached to a sail 
to extend it; open space in the bow 
or stern of a boat. 



sheik (shek, or shak), n. the head of 
a Bedouin family, tribe, or clan. 

shekel (shek'el), n. an ancient Jewish 
coin or weight: pL money. 

Shekinah, Same as Shechinah. 

sheldrake (shel'drak), n. a kind of 
duck. Fem. shelduck. 

shelf (shelf), n. [pi. shelves (shelvz) ], 
a flat ledge or board for holding 
anything; a sandbank or flat pro- 
jecting ledge of rock. 

shell (shel)* n. a hard outside cover- 
ing; any framework; rough kind of 
coflfin; a hollow projectile; lightly 
constructed boat: v.t. to strip off or 
remove the shell of; take out of the 
shell; separate from the ear or cob; 
throw shells upon or into: v.i. to fall 
off, as a shell. 

shellac (-ak'), n, crude resin lac 
melted and formed into thin plates. 

shelter ^ ('ter), n. that which protects 
or shields; security; asylum; har- 
bor; defense; protector: v.t. to 
protect or shield from injury or vio- 
lence; conceal: v.i. to take or give 
shelter. 

sheltie ('ti), n. a Shetland pony. 

shelve (shelv), v.t. to place on a 
shelf; furnish with a shelf; dismiss 
from service, or postpone indefinite- 
ly: v.i. to incline gradually; slope. 

shelving ('ing), n. materials for 
shelves; shelves collectively. 

Sheol (she'ol), n. among the Hebrews 
the place of departed spirits; Hades. 

shepherd (shep'erd), n. one who 
tends sheep; a pastor. Fem. shep- 
herdess: v.t. to tend as a shepherd. 

sherbet (sher 'bet), n. a cooling bev- 
erage of water and fruit juices 
sweetened, &c. 

sherd (sherd), n. a fragment. 

sheriff ('if), n. the chief executive 
officer of a shire or county. 

sheriffalty (-M-ti), n. the office or 
jurisdiction of a sheriff. 

sherry ('i), n. a dry amber-colored 
wine, originally obtained from 
Xeres, Spain. 

shew. Same as show. 

shibboleth (shib'o-leth), n. a word 



ate, arm, &sk. atj awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



SHIED 



793 



SHOD 



^hich was made the criterion to dis- 
tinguish the Ephraimites from the 
Gileadites, the former not being 
able to pronounce sh (Judges xii.); 
hence the criterion of a party. 

shied, p.L & p.p. of shy. 

shield (sheld), n. a broad piece of 
defensive armor, carried on the left 
arm; defense or protection; an es- 
cutcheon: v.t, to protect with, or as 
with, a shield; ward off or avert. 

shift (shift), n, a turning from one 
thing to another; change; substitu- 
tion; chemise: y.t. to change the 
place of; dress in fresh clothes: v.u 
resort to expedients; to alter or 
change. 

shiftless (les), adj, destitute of ex- 
pedients; having no means of Uveh- 
hood; lazy; improvident. 

shifty ('i), adj, full of expedients; 
changeable. 

shillalah (shil-ali), n. an oaken 
cudgel. Also shillelah, shillelagh 
[Irish]. 

shilling ('ing), n. a silver British 
coin, value about 24 cents. 

shilly-shally ('i-shari), adv. in an 
irresolute, undecided manner: v.i. 
to hesitate; act irresolutely. 

Shiloh (shi'lo), n. the Messiah [He- 
brew]. 

shimnier (sh'm'er), v.t. to shine un- 
steadily or tremulously. 

shimmy, w. a dance in which upper 
part of the body is vigorously 
shaken. 

shimose (shi'mos), n. Japanese ex- 
plosive for projectiles. 

shin (shin), n. the forepart of the leg 
between the ankle and knee; shank: 
v.i, to climb a tree, &c. 

shindy ('di), n. an uproar; spree; 

shine (shin), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shone, 
p.pr. shining], to emit rays of Ught; 
be^ bright or beautiful; be distin- 
guished, eminent, or conspicuous: 
v.t. to cause to shine by reflected 
light: n. sunshine; bright weather; 
row; prank; fancy for a person. 

shiner ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, shines; the dace; a gold coin. 



shingle (shing'gl), n. a thin piece <rf 
wood used for roofing: coarse, round, 
water-worn gravel: pi. a cutaneous 
disease which spreads round the 
body like a belt: v.L to cover or roof 
with shingles. 

shining (shin 'ing), a(f/. emitting light; 
radiant: eminent; distinguished. 

shinty ( ti), n. hockey; the club used 
in playing hockey. ^ 

Shintoism^ (shin'to-izm), n. the na- 
tive rehgion of Japan, a system of 
nature and ancestor worship, asso- 
ciated with which is the pecuhar 
reverence paid to the Mikado. Also 
Shinto. 

Shintoist (-ist), n. an adherent of 
Shintoism. 

shinty ('ti), n. hockey; the club used 
in playing it [Scotch]. 

shiny (shin'i), adj. [comp. shinier, 
superh shiniest], diffusing hght; 
bright. 

ship, a suffix meaning office ^ state, 
dignity^ art, or skiU, as lordsAip, 
horseman s/iip. 

ship (ship), n. any large vessel for 
the conveyance of passengers or 
merchandise, especially one with 
three masts and square-rigged: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. shipped, p.pr, shipping], 
to place on board a ship; carry by 
water; put in its place or proper 

Eosition: t;.i. engage for service on 
oard ship. 

shipboard Cbord), n. the deck of a 
ship. 

shipshape ('shap), adj. in good order: 
adv. neatly. 

shirk (sherk), v.t. to avoid; get out 
of; sneak away from. 

shivaree ^ (shiv'-a-re), n. a noisy 
celebration of a wedding; a vulgar, 
ear-sphtting reception of a bride 
and groom. [See charivari.] 

shocker (shok'er), n. one who, or 
that which, shocks; cheap sensa- 
tional novel. 

shocking ('ing), adj. causing to 
shake or tremble; extremely offen- 
sive or disgusting. 

shod, p.t. of shoe. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl J mW, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n^ 
book; hue, hut; think., ^Aen. 



SHODDY 



794 



SHOW 



shoddy (shod'i) n. tlie wool of old 
woolen fabrics torn to pieces and 
remade with an admixture of fresh 
wool into new cloth: adj, made of 
shoddy; not genuine; sham. 

shoe (shoo), n. [pi. shoes (shooz) ], 
a low covering for the foot, usually 
of leather; a horseshoe; anything 
in the shape of a shoe: v.L [p.t.& 
p.p. shod, p.pr. shoeing], to furnish 
with a shoe or shoes; tip. 

shone, p.L & p.p. of shine. 

shoek <shook), p.t. of shake: n, a set 
of staves and headings for a cask 
ready to be set up; set of boards for 
a sugar-box: v.t. to pack in shooks. 

shoot (shoot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shot, 
p.pr, shooting], to let fly or dis- 
charge with a suddeu force, as a 
bullet, &c.; strike with a shot; hurl; 
emit; kill game in or over: v.i. to 
protrude or project; be shot or pro- 
pelled forcibly; rush along; sprout; 
be affected with darting pains: n. a 
young branch or growth; chute. 

shooting Cing), n. the act of one 
who shoots; wounding and killing 
with a firearm; sensation of darting 
pain: adj. pertaining to, or suitable 
for, shooting. 

shop (shop), n. a building where 
goods are sold by retail; place 
where mechanics carry on their 
trade: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shopped, p.pr. 
shopping], to visit shops to purchase 
goods. 

shoplifting (lift-ing), n. stealing 
goods from a shop. 

shore (shor), n. the coast or land ad- 
jacent to the sea, &c.; a prop or 
support: v.t. to support by a shore 
or shores. 

shoring ('ing), n. the act of support- 
ing or strengthening by a shore; 
props collectively. 

shorn^ p.t. of shear. 

short (short) , adj. [comp. shorter, superl. 
shortest], not long, either in space or 
time; near at hand; inadequate; de- 
fective; deficient; not tenacious; 
abrupt; petulant; brief; brittle; 
crumbling in the mouth; not pro- 



longed in eoimd: pi. ground grain, 
sifted finer than bran: adv. abruptly; 
quickly. 

short-circuit (short-ser'-kit), v.t. to 
shut or break off an electric current 
before it has completed its course: 
n. a, severed electric current. 

shorten ('n), v.t. to make short or 
shorter in time, extent, or measure. 

shorthand ('hand), n. a system of 
writing by abbreviated symbols. 

shortly CU), adv. soon; quickly; 
curtly. 

shortness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being short. 

shot (shot), n. [pi. shots and shot], 
the act of shooting; discharge of a 
firearm, &c.; missile, especially a 
bullet or ball; small balls of lead 
for killing game; a marksman: 
range of a missile: v.t. to load with 
shot. 

shot-silk ('silk), n. a silk fabric hav- 
ing the warp and weft of two colors, 
thus presenting changeable tints. 

should, p.t. of shall. 

shoulder (shol'der), n. the articula- 
tion connecting the human arm, or 
the foreleg of a quadruped, to the 
body; that which resembles a shoul- 
der; a prominence; support: pi. the 
upper part of the back: v.t. to take 
upon the shoulder; assume the re- 
sponsibility of; jostle or thrust 
about with the shoulder. 

shout (shout), n. a loud and sudden 
cry or outburst of joy, triumph, 
encouragement, &c.: v.i. to utter 
with a shout. 

shove (shuv), n. forcible push: v.t. 
to push along; drive before one: 
v.i. to push forward or off. 

shovel (1), n. an implement with a 
broad scoop and a handle for hfting 
and throwing coal, &c.: v.t. to take 
and throw up with a shovel; gather 
up with, or as with, a shovel. 

show (sho), v.t. [p.t. showed, p.p. 
shown, p.pr. showing], to present to 
view; display; disclose; make clear; 
guide; direct; teach; confer or be- 
stow: v.i. to appear; manifest one's 



&te, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, th^n. 



SHOWER 



795 



SHUDDERING 



self. n. the act of showing; exposure 
to sight; ostentatious display; ex- 
hibition or spectacle; pretense.^ 

shower (shou'er), n. a fall of rain or 
hail of short duration; copious fall 
or supply of anything: v.t. to water 
copiously with rain; bestow Hberally . 
v.i. to rain in showers. 

showeriness (-i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being showery. 

showery (shou'er-i), adj. raining or 
abounding in showers. 

showily (sho'i-U), adv. in a showy 
manner. 

showiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being showy; ostenta- 
tion; parade. 

showy ('i), adj. ostentatious; gay. 

shrank, p.t. of shrink. 

shrapnel-shell (shrap'nel-shel), n. 
a projectile filled with bullets and a 
bursting charge. 

shred (shred), n. a long narrow piece 
torn or cut off; piece or fragment: 
v.t. to tear into small pieces. 

shrew (shroo), n. a scolding, vexa- 
tious woman; a small, insectivorous, 
burrowing animal, resembling a 
mouse. 

shrewd (shrood), a^j. sharp-witted or 
clever in practical afifairs; of nice 
discernment; sagacious; sly; astute. 

shrewish (shroo'ish), adj. Hke a 
shrew. 

shriek (shrek), v.i. to utter a shriek: 
n. a sharp, shrill outcry. 

shrievalty ^ (shrev'M-ti), n. the oflBce 
or jurisdiction of a sherifif. Also 
shrivalty. 

shrift (shrift), n. confession to a 
priest; absolution. 

shrike (shrik), n. a bird that preys 
on small birds and insects and im- 
pales them on thorns to eat them 
conveniently; the butcher-bird. 

shrill, (shril), adj. sharp and pierc- 
ing in tone: v.i. to utter an acute, 
piercing sound. 

shrimp ^ (shrimp), n. a small shell- 
fish allied to the lobster; anything 
very small of its kind; a dwarf. 

shrine (shrin), n. a case or recepta- 



cle in which sacred rehcs are de- 
posited; any sacred place or hal- 
lowed object; an altar: v.t. to place 
in a shrine. 

shrink (shringk), v.i. [p.t. shrank, 
p.p. shrunk, p.pr. shrinking], to 
contract spontaneously; become 
wrinkled; withdraw; recoil* v t. to 
cause to contract: n, contraction; 
withdrawal. 

shrinkage ('aj), n. the act of shrink- 
ing; contraction; decrease in value. 

shrive (shriv), v.t. [p.t. shrived or 
shrove, p.p. shriven, p.-pr. shriving], 
to^ confess and absolve: v.i. to re- 
ceive confession. 

shrivel (shriv'l), v.i. to be drawn 
into wrinkles; contract: v.t. to 
cause to contract into wTinkles. 

shroud (shroud), n. a winding sheet 
or covering for the dead; anything 
that covers or conceals: pi. a set of 
large ropes supporting the masts: 
v.t. to cover with, or as with, a 
shroud; conceal. 

shrove, p.t. of shrive. 

Shrove Tuesday (shrov tuz'da), n. 
the Tuesday next before Ash Wed- 
nesday. 

shrub (shrub), n. a woody plant of 
less size than a tree; a kind of 
beverage of lemon juice, spirit, &c. 

shrubbery ('er-i), n. [pi. shrubber- 
ies (-iz) ], a collection of shrubs; 
plantation of shrubs. 

shrug (shrug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shrugged, 
p.pr. shrugging], to contract or draw 
up (the shoulders) to express doubt, 
contempt, dishke, &c.: v.i. to raise 
the shoulders: n. a raising or con- 
tracting of the shoulders. 

shrunk, p.t. & p.p. of shrink. 

shrunken (shrungk'en), p. adj. 
shriveled up, 

shuck (shuck), n. a shell or husk: 
v.t. to deprive of shells or husks. 

shudder (shud'er), n. a trembling 
with fear or horror; cold shivering: 
v.i. to feel a cold tremor from fear 
or horror; tjuake. 

shuddering (-ing), p. adj. trembling 
as with fear or horror. 



ftte, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, <Aen. 



SHUFFLE 



796 



SIDE-CHAIN THEORY 



shuffle (shuf'l), v.L to push from one 
to another; change the relative po- 
sitions of: v,L to change the order 
of cards in a pack; evade fair ques- 
tions; prevaricate; drag the feet in 
walking or dancing: n, the act of 
shuffling; artifice or evasion; slov- 
enly, irregular gait. 

shuffler ('ler), n, one who shuffles; 
an American duck. 

shuffling ('ling), adj. moving with 
a slovenly, irregular gait; evasive. 

shun (shun), v.t, [p,L & p.p.shunned, 
p,pr. shunning], to avoid; keep clear 
of; escape from; neglect; decline. 

shunt (shunt), v.L to turn off, on, 
or as on, on a side rail: v.i. to be 
turned aside: n. a turning off to a 
side rail; a short side rail. 

shut (shut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shut, 
p.pr. shutting], to close so as to 
prevent entrance or exit; prohibit 
or bar; exclude; close over: v.i. to 
become closed: adj. closed. 

shutter ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, shuts; a movable screen for 
a window. 

shuttle ('1), n. an instrument used 
in weaving; sliding thread-holder 
in a sewing machine. 

shuttlecock (-kok), n. a cork stuck 
with feathers and driven with a 
battledore. 

shy (shI), adj. [comp. shyer, superl. 
shyest], timid; shunning approach; 
cautious; reserved; suspicious; mod- 
est: v.i. to start aside from fear: 
v.t. to throw sidewise with a jerk; 
fling: n. the act of starting aside 
from fear; a side throw. 

shyly ('li), adv. in a shy manner. 

shyness ('nes) ,n.the state of being shy. 

shyster ('ster), n. one who carries 
on legal business in a mean and 
tricky manner. 

si (se), the seventh note of the scale 
[music]. 

Siamese (si-a-mez), adj. pertaining 
to Siam, its language, or inhabitants. 

sibilance (sib'i-lans), n. the state or 
quality of being sibilant. Also 
sibilancy. 



sibilant ('i-lant), adj. making, or 
uttering, a hissing sound: n. a 
sibilant letter, as s, z. 

sibilation (-la'shun), n. utterance 
with a hissing sound. 

sibyl ('il), n. a woman endowed with 
a spirit of prophecy. 

sibylline (-in), adj. pertaining to, 
uttered, or written by, a sibyl. 

sic (sik), adj. such [Scotch]: adv, 
thus [Latin]. 

siccative ('a-tiv), adj. drying. 

sice (sis), n. the number 6 at dice. 

sick (sik), adj. ill in health; affected 
with nausea; inclined to vomit; 
disgusted; indisposed; set apart for 
the sick. 

sicken ('n), v.i. to become sick; fall 
ill; be filled with disgust; decay or 
languish: v.t. to make sick; disgust. 

sickening (-ing), adj. making sick; 
disgusting; nauseating. 

sickish ('ish), adj. somewhat sick or 
ill; exciting disgust. 

sickle ('1), n. a reaping hook. 

sickliness ('li-nes), n. the state of 
being sickly or in bad health. 

sickly Cli), adj. ailing; weak; ha- 
bitually indisposed; producing dis- 
ease. 

sickness ('nes), n. the state of being 
sick or in bad health; illness; 
diseased condition. 

sida (si'da) , n. a ligneous Indian fiber 
used as a substitute for hemp and 
flax. 

side (sId), one of the surfaces that 
define or limit a solid; edge; part 
of a man or an animal between the 
shoulder and hip; slope or declivity; 
party; position; line of descent; as- 
pect; affectation or self-assertion; 
bias of a billiard ball: v.i.to em- 
brace the cause or tenets of one 
party against another: v.t. to stand 
at the side of. 

sideboard, ('bord), n. a piece of din- 
ing-room furniture for holding 
dining-utensils. 

side-chain theory (sid'chan the'o-ri) 
n. the theory of immunity to disease 
advanced by Ehrlich, growing out 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SIDELONG 



797 



SIGNIFY 



of the theory of side-chains of atoms 
in the chemistry of the protein 
molecule. 
sidelong ('15ng), adv, obliquely: adj, 

lateral. 
sidereal (si-de're-al) , adj. pertaining 
to the stars; astral; measured by 
the apparent motion of the stars. 
sidereal year (yer), n. the time oc- 
cupied by the earth in completing 
its revolution round the sun. 
side- wheel (sid'hwel), n. a paddle 

wheel at the side of a steamboat. 
side-wheeler ('er), n. a steamboat 

having side-wheels. 
siding ('ing), n. a railroad track by 
the side of the main track, for 
switching, &c.: adj. taking sides. 
sidle ('1), v.i. to go or move side 

foremost. 
siege (sej), n, the surrounding and 
investing of a place by an army to 
compel its surrender; continued en- 
deavor to obtain possession ; floor of 
a glass furnace: v.t. to besiege. 
sienna (si-en'a), n. red or brown 
clay obtained from Sienna, Italy: 
used as a pigment. 
sierra (se-er'a), n a chain of moun- 
tains with serrated ridges. 
siesta (-es'ta), n. midday or after- 
dinner nap. 
sieve (siv) , n. a utensil for separating 
the finer from the coarser parts 
of a substance. 
siffleur (si-fler'), n. a professional 

whistler. Fern, siffleuse. 
sift (sift), v.t. to separate with, or 

as with, a sieve; scrutinize. 
sigh (si), v.i. to inhale and respire with 
a long, deep, and audible breathing; 
grieve; lament: v.t. to express by 
sighs; mourn: n. the act of sighing. 
sight (sit), n. the act of seeing; per- 
ception; visibility; judgment; men- 
tal view; spectacle; view; space 
seen; a small piece of metal on a 
gun, &c., to guide the eye in aiming;" 
large number or quantity: v.t. to 
see; adjust the sight of. 
sightliness (li-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sightly. 



sightly ('li), adj. pleasing to the eye. 
sigmoid (sig'moid), adj. curved like 

the letter s. 
sign (sin), n. a mark, token, or sym- 
bol; that by which anything is 
known or represented; visible rep- 
resentation; memorial; indication; 
the twelfth part of the zodiac; 
omen; wonder; signboard: v.t. to 
represent with a sign; signify; affix 
a signature to; ratify by writing 
one's own name; convey formally: 
v.i. to make a sign or signal. 
signal (sig'nal), n. a sign for giving 
notice, especially at a distance; 
something to attract the eye or ear: 
adj. memorable; distinguished; re- 
markable; pertaining to signals: 
v.t. to convey by signals; make 
signals to. 
signalize (-iz), v.t. to make especially 

conspicuous. 
signatory ('na-to-ri), adj. signing; 
n. one who signs or subscribes, 
especially for a state. 
signature ('na-tur), n. name of a 
person written by himself; sign- 
manual; mark or stamp impressed: 
flats or sharps after the clef to indi- 
cate the key [music]. 
signet (sig'net), n. a seal, especially 
that used by a sovereign in sealing 
documents under sign-manual. 
significance (-nif 'i-kans) , n. meaning 
or import; consequence. Also 
significancy. 
significant (-kant), adj. designed or 
adapted to signify; expressive or 
suggestive; important: n. a token 
or symbol. 
signification (-ka'shun), n. the act 
of signifying; that which is signified; 
meaning. 
significator (-nif 'i-ka-ter) , n. one 

who, or that which, signifies. 
significatory (-to-ri), adj. having 

signification. 
signify ('ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, sig- 
nified, p.pr. signifying], to show by 
a sign, mark, or token; denote; 
make known; involve; manifest: 
vA. to be of consequence. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SIGNIORY 



798 



SIMONY 



signiory (sen'yor-i), n, dominion; 
lordship; estate; aristocracy [Ital- 
ian], 

sign-manual (sm'man-u-M), n. a 
signature, especially a royal signa- 
ture. 

signer (sen'yor), n. sir [Italian]. 
Also signior. Fern, signora. 

signorina (-e'n^), n. Miss [Italian]. 

Sikh (sek), n, one of a warlike race 
inhabiting the Punjab. 

silage* Same as ensilage. 

silence (si lens), n, entire absence 
of sound; having no sound; taci- 
turnity; obscurity: oblivion: v.t, 
to make silent; reduce to silence by 
irrefutable arguments; cause to 
cease firing; restrain from the ex- 
ercise of any function, especially 
preaching. 

silent ^ (lent), adj, noiseless; not 
speaking; not pronounced; taci- 
turn; quiet. 

silesia (si-le'shi-i,), n. a kind of lin- 
en cloth. 

silex (sileks), n. flint. 

silhouette (sil-oo-ef), n, ^ the out- 
line or profile filed in with black: 
v.t. to represent by a silhouette. 

silica (l-ka), n. silicon dioxide. 

silicate (l-kat), n, Qj salt of siUcic 
acid. 

silicated (-ka-ted), adj, combined or 
impregnated with silica. 

silicic (si-hs'ik), adj, pertaining to, 
derived from, compounded with, or 
like, siHca. 

silico, a prefix denoting the presence 
of silicon f as siZicofluoride. 

silicon (1-kon), n» a non-metaUic ele- 
ment. 

silk (silk), n, a fine, soft, tenacious 
thread spun by certain caterpillars, 
as that of Bomhyx mori; cloth made 
of silk; garment made of silk: adj. 
pertaining to, or made of, silk. 

silken ('en), adj. made of, or like, 
silk. 

silkiness (l-nes), n. the state or 
quaUty of being silky. 

silky (1), adj. pertaining to, made 
of, or resembhng, silk; silken. 



sill (sil), n. the foundation of any- 
thing in timber or stone, especially 
a timber at the bottom of a door or 
window; a young herring. 

sillibub (l-bub), n. a mixture of 
cream, wine, or cider, forming a 
soft curd. Also sillabub; syllabub. 

sillily ('i-H), adv. fooHshly. 

silliness (1-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being silly. 

silly ^ (1), adj. [comp. sillier, superl. 
silliest], weak in intellect; foolish; 
indiscreet. 

silo (si'lo), n. a store pit for green 
fodder, potatoes, &g. 

silt (silt), n. mud or sand deposited 
by running or standing water: v.t. 
to fill up or obstruct with silt: v.i. 
to percolate. 

Silurian ^ (si-lu'ri-an) , adj. referring to 
a division of the Paleozoic age, or 
age of invertebrates. 

silver (sil'ver), n. a soft, white, me- 
talhe element, used for coins and 
articles of plate, &c.; money; any- 
thing resembhng silver in brightness 
or color: adj. pertaining to, or made 
of, silver; soft and clear, as the 
voice; gentle: v.t. to cover or coat 
with silver. 

silvering (-ing), n. the art or process 
of covering with silver, or with an 
amalgam of tin and quicksilver; the 
film thus laid on. 

silvery (-i), adj. covered with, con- 
taining, or like, silver; soft and 
clear; bright. 

simian (siml-§,n), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or Hke an ape: ?i. 
an ape or monkey. 

similar (1-lar), adj. having a gen- 
eral likeness or correspondence; 
alike. 

similarity (l-ti), n. resemblance. 

simile (l-le), n. [pi. simiUes (-lez)], 
a likening by comparison to illus- 
trate something. 

similor (l-16r), n. an alloy of copper 
and zinc in imitation of gold. 

simmer ('er), v.t. & v.i. to boil gently. 

simony (sim'o-ni), n. the act or 
crime of buying or selling ecclesias- 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon,, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SIMOOM 



799 



SINGLE 



tical preferment; corrupt presenta- 
tion of any one to a benefice: from 
Simon Magus, Acts viii., 18. 

simoom (si-moomO, n. a hot, dry, 
suffocating wind which blows from 
the deserts of Arabia, &c. laden 
with minute particles of sand. Also 
simoon 

simous (si'mus), adj. having a flat 
or snub nose. 

simper (sim'per), vA. to smile in an 
affected or silly manner: n. affected 
or silly smile. 

simple (sim'pl), adj. [comp, simpler, 
superL simplest), single, not com- 
plex; undivided; not blended or 
compounded; pure; plain; un- 
adorned; sincere; natural; unaf- 
fected; intelligible; clear; weak in 
intellect; humble; plain: n, some- 
thing unmixed or not compoimded; 
a medicinal herb. 

simpleton (-tun), n. one who is 
foolish or of weak intellect. 

simplicity (-plis'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being simple; artlessness 
of mind; freedom from duplicity; 
absence of excessive or artificial 
ornament; clearness; innocence; 
folly. 

simplification (-pli-fi-ka'shun) , n. 
the act of simplifying. 

simplify ('pli-fi), v.t (p.L & p.p. 
simplified, p.pr. simplifying], to 
make simple; render less complex; 
make plain or easy. 

simply Cpli), adv. in a simple man- 
ner; without addition; only; mere- 
ly; foolishly or weakly. 

simulate ('u-lat), v.t. to pretend or 
counterfeit; assume the likeness of. 

simulation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
simulating or feigning that which 
is not true. 

simultaneous (-ul-ta'ne-us) , adj. 
happening, done, or existing at the 
same time. 

sin (sin), wilful transgression of 
the Divine law; neglect of the laws 
of morality and religion; violation 
of propriety; transgression; ini- 
quity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sinned, p.pr. 



sinning], to commit sin; transgress 
or offend. 

Sinai tic (sl-n6-it'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or given at, Mt. Sinai. 

sinapism (sin'a-pizm), n. a mustard 
plaster. 

since (sins), adv. from that time; 
before this or now: prep, from the 
time of; after: conj. because; see- 
ing that; considering. 

sincere (sin-ser'), adj. true; honest; 
not falsely assumed; genuine; frank; 
upright; pure. 

sincerely (-li), adj. in a sincere 
manner. 

sincerity (-ser'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being sincere; freedom 
from hypocrisy or pretense. Also 
sincereness. 

sine (sin), n. a straight line drawn 
from one extremity of the arc of a 
circle perpendicular to the diameter 
passing through the other extremity: 
a prefix meaning without, as sine- 
cure (sin'e-kur), any oflice or posi- 
tion for which pay is received with- 
out an equivalent in work rendered. 

sinecure (sin'e-kur), n. an office with 
compensation in which there is 
little work to do. 

sinew (sin'u), n. a tendon; anything 
supplying strength. 

sinewy (-i), adj. pertaining to, con- 
sisting of, or like, sinew; vigorous; 
tough. 

sinful ('fool), adj. full of sin; wicked; 
impious; unholy. 

sinfully (-li), adv. in a sinful man- 
ner. 

sing (sing), v.i. [p.t. sung, sang, p.p. 
sung, p.pr. singing] to utter melo- 
dious sounds; make a shrill or hum- 
ming noise; celebrate in verse or 
poetry; cry out: v.t. to celebrate in 
song; chant. 

singe (sinj), v.t. to burn slightly or 
on the surface: n. a slight burn. 

single (sing'gl), adj. consisting of 
one only; alone; separate; unmar- 
ried; performed by one person or 
one on each side; straightforward; 
sincere; honest: v.t. to select (one 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SINGLENESS 



800 



SIROCCO 



person or thing) from others; sepa- 
rate: n. a unit: pL reeled and 
twisted filaments of silk; in lawn 
tennis, a game with only one player 
on each side. 

singleness (-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being single; sincerity. 

singleton (-tun), n. a single card of 
any suit held by a player at a deal, 
as at whist. 

singly Cgh), adv. individually; par- 
ticularly. 

singsong (sing'song), n. bad singing 
or poetry; monotonous or drawling 
tone: adj. monotonous. 

singular ('gu-ler), adj. not complex 
or compound; alone; noting one per- 
son or thing; uncommon; unusual; 
strange ; extraordinary ; eminent ; 
pecuHar; odd; unique: n, in gram- 
mar, the number denoting one per- 
son or thing. 

singularity (-lar'i-ti), n. [pi. singu- 
larities (-tiz)], the state or quahty 
of being singular; pecuUarity; odd- 
ity. 

sinister ('is-ter), adj. inauspicious; 
unlucky; evil; ill-omened; corrupt; 
dishonest; on the left hand or 
side, 

sink (singk), v.i. [pd. sunk, sank, 
p.p. sunk, sunken, p.pr, sinking], to 
fall or go downwards; fall to the 
bottom; descend lower and lower. 
vJ. to cause to sink; make by dig- 
ging; lower in value or amount; 
reduce or extinguish by payment: 
n. a drain to carry off water.^ 

sinner (sin'er), n. one who sins; an 
offender; transgressor; one who is 
unregenerate. 

sinnet ('et), n. a yam boimd round 
ropes to prevent friction. 

Sinn Fein (Shin'fan) n, "ourselves- 
alone"; revolutionary party in Ire- 
land. 

Sinology (si-nol'6-ji), n, the system- 
atized knowledge of the Chinese lan- 
guage, literature, laws, and history. 

sinter (sin'ter), n, crystallized rock 
precipitated from mineral water; 
scale from hammered iron. 



sinuate (sin'u-at), adjz having the 
margin alternately curved inward 
and outward.^ 

sinuosity (-os'i-ti), n, a wavy line; 
the character of being tsinuous. 

sinuous ^ ('u-us), adj. bending in and 
out; winding; crooked. 

sinus (si'nus), n. a bav or recess; 
cavity or depression; fistula. 

sip (sip), v.U [p,t. & p.p. sipped, p,pr. 
sipping], to imbibe in small quan- 
tities; drink out of; draw into the 
mouth; taste: v.i, to drink a small 
quantity; take a fluid with the hps: 
n. the act of sipping; taste. 

siphon (si'fon), n. a bent pipe or 
tube having one end longer than the 
other, used for drawing off hquids 
from a higher to a lower level; the 
respiratory tube of a moUusk; a 
siphon bottle: v,t. to convey or draw 
^ off by a siphon. Also syphon. 

siphonage (-aj), n. the action of a 
siphon. 

Sir (ser), n. the title of a baronet 
or knight; a term of respect. 

sirdar (-dar')i n. in India, a chief; 
captain. 

sire (sir), n. a title of respect used 
inaddressing the sovereign; father; 
head of a family; male oi beasts: 
v.t. to procreate. 

siren (si'ren), n. one of certain fabu- 
lous nymphs in Southern Italy, said 
to have sung with such sweetness 
that the mariners were irresistbly 
lured to their destruction: hence a 
woman dangerous from her fascinat- 
ing, enticing wiles; ^ a foghorn, a 
South American eel-like amphibian: 
adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or 
like, a siren; bewitching. 

sirene (-ren'), n. an instrument for 
ascertaining the number of vibra- 
tions per second corresponding to a 
note of given pitch. 

Sirius (sir'i-us). n. the dog-star. 

sirloin (ser'loin), n, the loin, or up- 
per part of the loin, of beef, 

sirocco (si-rok'o), n. [pL siroccos 
('oz)], a hot, relaxing wind, from 
the Libyan deserts. 



&te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SIRRAH 



801 



SKEPTIC 



sirrah (sir'§,), n. a term of reproach 
or contempt. 

sisal-grass (sis'M-gras), n. the pre- 
pared fiber of the American aloe, 
used for cordage, &c. 

siskin ('kin), n, a kind of finch. 

siss (sis), n. a hissing noise: v.i. to 
make a hissing noise. 

sister (sis'ter), n. a female born of 
the same parents as another person; 
a female fellow-Christian; a female 
of the same religious society, order, 
or community; nun; one of the 
same kind or condition. 

sisterhood (-hood), n. sisters collec- 
tively; number of females belonging 

>^ to the same religious society, &c. 

iister-in-law (-in-law), n. [pL sis- 
ters-in-law], the sister of one's hus- 
band or wife; wife of one's brother. 

Sisyphean (-i-fe'^n), adj. pertaining 
to Sisyphus, condemned by Pluto to 
roll to the top of a hill a stone 
which incessantly fell back when it 
had reached the summit: hence in- 
cessantly recurring; vainly toil- 
some. 

sit, v.i. [p.t, & p.p. sat, p.pr. sitting], 
to rest on the lower part of the 
trunk of the body; perch; rest or 
lie; repose on a seat; press or 
weigh; occupy a seat officially; be 
officially engaged; incubate; hold a 
session: v.t, to sit upon. 

site (cit), 71. local position or situa- 
tion; ground-plot. 

sitting (sit'ing), 'adf, resting on the 
haunches; perching; incubating: n. 
the state, posture, or act of one who 
sits; a seat in a church, &c. ; a ses- 
sion; time during which one sits; 
set of eggs for incubation. 

situate ('u-atj, adj. placed. 

situated ('u-a-ted), adj. having a 
position; placed with respect to any 
other object. 

situation (-a'shun), n. position; lo- 
cality; circumstances; office; em- 
ployment. 

sitz-bath (sitsTD^th), n. a bath for 
bathing in a sitting posture. 

six (siks), adj. one more than 5: n. 



the number greater by one than 5; 
the symbol representing 6 units. 

sixfold ('fold), adj. 6 times as many 
or as much. 

sixpence ('pens), n. a small British 
silver coin, value 6 pennies, or 12 
cents. 

sixpenny ('pen-i), adj, worth six- 
pence. 

sixscore ('skor), n. & adj. 6 times 20. 

sixteen ('ten), adj. 15 and one more. 

sixteenmo (-mo), n. sextodecimo. 

sixteenth ('tenth), adj. next in order 
after the fifteenth. 

sixth (siksth), adj. first after the 
fifth. 

sixtieth (siks'ti-eth), adj. next in 
order after the fifty-ninth. 

sixty ('ti), n. [pi. sixties ('tiz)], the 
product of 6 and 10: adj. 10 times 6. 

sizable (siz'§,-bl), adj. of considera^ble 
or suitable size. ^ 

size (siz), n. a kind of thin, weak 
glue; magnitude or bulk : i^.^ to pre- 
pare or cover with size; adjust or 
arrange according to size or bulk; 
separate by means of a sieve. 

sizzle (siz'l), v.i. to make a hissing 
sound; fry: n. a hissing sound. 

skald. Same as scald. 

skate (skat), n. a kind of flat fish of 
the ray family; a metallic runner 
fitted in a frame for fastening to the 
boot to slide over ice : v.i. to slide on 
skates. 

skedaddle (ske-dadl), v.i. to run 
away, especially in terror. 

skein (skan), n. a quantity of thread, 
silk, &c., coiled together. 

skeleton (skel'e-tun), n. the bones 
of an animal separated from the 
flesh; framework of anything; out- 
Hne; a secret annoyance; very thin 
person. 

skeletonize (-iz), v.t. to make a 
skeleton of. 

skeleton-key (-ke), n. sl thin light 
key, the center parts of which have 
been almost wholly filed away. 

skeptic (skep'tik), n. one who doubts 
the truth of any doctrine or system; 
one who doubts the existence of God 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5oii, 
book: hue, hut: think, then. 

Die. 51 



SKEPTICAL 



802 



SKIPPER 



or revelation; an adherent of philo- 
sophical skepticism. 

skeptical (-al), adj^ pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, a skeptic; char- 
acterized by skepticism; doubting 
the existence of God or Divine reve- 
lation. 

skeptically (-li), adv. in a skeptical 
manner; with doubt. 

skepticism ('ti-sizm), n, incredul- 
ity; doubt; the doctrine that^ no 
facts can be known with certainty 
beyond the range of experience; un- 
belief in any particular doctrine or 
system. 

sketch (skech), n. an outline; first 
rough draft; preliminary study: v.t, 
to draw the outhne or give principal 
features of; make a sketch of: v.i, 
to make sketches. 

sketchily ('i-H), adv. in a sketchy 
manner. 

sketchiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sketchy; incom- 
pleteness. 

sketchy ('i), adj\ outlined; unfin- 
ished. 

skew (sku), adj, oblique: adv. ob- 
liquely. 

skewer ('er), n. a pin of wood or 
metal for securing meat, &c., in 
form when roasting: v.t. to fasten 
with,, or as with, a skewer. 

ski (ske), n.pl. long narrow pieces of 
wood with one end curved in front, 
used as snow-shoes. 

skiagraph (ski-§,-graf). Same as ra- 
diograph. 

skiagraphy. Same as radiography. 

skid (skid), n. a sliding wedge or 
drag to retard the motion of a ve- 
hicle by pressure against the wheel; 
a fender to protect the side of a 
ship' z;.^. [p.t. & p.p. skidded, p.pr. 
skidding], to cause to move on, or 
protect with, a skid; retard by a 
skid: v.i. to slip along obliquely. 

skiddaw ('aw), n. the black guille- 
mot. 

skied, p.t. & p.p. of sky. 

skiff (skif), n. Sb small light boat. 

skilful (skil'fool), adj. having, or 



displaying, skill; expert in any art i 
or science; discriminating; clever; 
dexterous. 

skill (skil), n. expertness in any art 
or science; aptitude; power to dis- 
cern and execute. 

skilled (skird), adj. having the 
knowledge and ability which come 
from experience; possessing skill. 

skillet ('et), n. a small cuHnary ves- 
sel. 

skilling ('ing), n. the bay of a barn 
or slight addition to a cottage. i 

skilly ('i), n. a kind of thin oatmeal 
broth in which meat has been boiled. 

skim (skim), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skimmed, 
p.pr. skimming], to remove the scum 
from; brush the surface off Hghtly: 
v.i. to pass lightly over; read super- 
ficially. 

skimmer ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, skims; a perforated ladle; a 
marine bird. 

skimp (skimp), v.t. to do carelessly 
or superficially: v.i. to be parsimo- 
nious: adj. scanty. 

skin (sldn), n. the external covering 
of an animal body; hide; bark or 
rind; anything resembhng a skin: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skinned, p.pr. skin- 
ning], to remove or strip the skin 
from; flay; fleece; cover with, or as 
with, skin; reduce to extremities by 
cheating, &c. : v.i. to become covered 
over with skin. 

skinflint ('flint), n. a niggard. 

skinful ('fool), n. a stomachful. 

skink (skingk), n. a kind of lizard. 

skinniness (skin'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being skinny. 

skinny ('i), adj. consisting only of 
skin; very lean. 

skip (skip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sldpped, 
p.pr. skipping], to leap lightly over; 
omit: v.i. to leap or bound lightly; - 
pass over unnoticed: n. a light leap 
or bound; omission; a wicker basket. 
Also skep. 

skipper ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, skips; the cheese maggot; 
the master of a merchant vessel; 
sea-captain. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SKIRMISH 



803 



SLAP 



skirmish (sker'mish), n. a slight 

! combat or irregular fight between 

two small parties; contest: v.i. to 

fight sUghtly or in small parties; 

! fight irregularly. 

' 6kirr (sker), v.t. to pass over rapidly, 

skirt (skert), n. the lower and loose 
part of a coat, dress, or other gar- 
ment; part below the waist; upper 
petticoat; midriff of animals; mar- 
gin or border: v.L to cover with a 
skirt; border. 

skirting ('ing). n. skirts collective- 
ly; material tor skirts. 

skit (skit), n, brief satire; burlesque. 

skittish Cish), ddj, ^ shy; easily 
frightened; volatile; vivacious; wan- 
ton. 

skittles (1z), n.pl. ninepins. 

skiver (skiv'er), n, a paring tool for 
leather; sheepskin split for book- 
binding, &c. 

skulk (skulk), v.i, to withdraw into 
a corner for concealment; lurk; 
avoid work in a cowardly manner: 
n. a skulker; a number of foxes to- 
gether. 

skull (skul), n. the bony case inclos- 
ing the brain of a vertebrate animal. 

skunk (skungk), n. an American car- 
nivorous animal allied to the weasel, 
which emits a foetid secretion when 
pursued; a vile, contemptible fel- 
low: v.L to defeat (an opponent) 
as at cards. 

sky (ski), n. [pi. skies (skiz) ], the 
apparent vault of the heavens; re- 
gion of^ clouds surrounding the 
earth; climate or weather: v.L [p.L 
& p.p. skied, p.pr. skying], to raise 
in the air; hang very high. 

sky-born ('born), adj. heaven-born 
[poet.]. 

skylark ('lark), n. a species of lark 
that mounts high in the air and 
sings as it soars. 

skylarking (-ing), n. running about 
the rigging of a ship in sport; frol- 
icking. 

skyscraper ('skra-per), n. a lofty 
building; a triangular sail next 
above the royal. 



slab (slab), n. a flat piece ctf any- 
thing, especially marble or stone; a 
puddle; mire: adj. thick; glutinous. 

slab-sided ('si-ded), adj. flat-sided; 
tall and lanky. 

slabber ('er), n. saliva: v.i, to let 
saHva or liquid fall from the mouth. 

slack (slak), adj. relaxed or loose; 
inattentive; not busy; backward: 
n. that part of anything, as a rope, 
&c., that hangs loose. 

slacken ('n), v.i. to become slack or 
less firm, tense, or rigid; be remiss 
or less diligent; languish; become 
slower. 

slacker, n. one who shirks military 
service. 

slag (slag), n. the dross of a metal; 
vitrified cinders. 

slaggy ('i), adj. pertaining to, or 
like, slag. 

slake (slak), v.L to quench; extin- 
guish; mix with water: v.i. to be 
mixed with water. 

slam (slam), v.L [p.t. & p.p. slammed, 
p.pr. slamming], to shut violently 
and with a loud noise; put down 
wdth force and loud noise: v.i. to 
strike violently or noisily: n. a vio- 
lent and noisy banging. 

slander (slan'der), n. a false or ma- 
licious report; verbal defamation: 
v.L to defame or calumniate. 

slanderous (-us), adj. uttering slan- 
ders. 

slang (slang), n. a colloquial lan- 
guage or expression current at any 
particular period; jargon of some 
particular calhng or class in so- 
ciety: v.t. to address with slang; 
abuse with vulgar^ language. 

slant (sllut), n. an inchned plane; a 
sarcastic remark; a passing breeze: 
v.L to give a sloping direction to: 
adj. inclined from a straight line. 

slanting Cing), adj. obHque.^ 

slap (slap), n. sl blow given with the 
open hand: e;.^ [p.L & p.p. slapped, 
p.pr. slapping], to strike with the 
open hand or with anything broad: 



j5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SLAPDASH 



804 



SLEEPY 



odv, with a sudden, violent blow; 

direct; quick. 

slapdash ('dash), odv, in a bold, 
careless, or random manner. 

slapjack Cjak), n. a kind of flat bat- 
ter cake. 

slash (slash), n. a long cut; random 
cut; sht in old costumes: pZ. swampy 
or wet lands: v.t, to cut by striking 
violently and at random; cut into 
long slits; cut with a whip: v.i. to 
strike violently and at random. 

slashing ('ing), adj. sarcastic; se- 
vere. 

slat (slat), n. a thin, narrow strip of 
wood or metal used for fastening 
together larger pieces. 

slatch (slach), n, the slack of a rope; 
passing oreeze. 

slate (slat), n, any rock that splits 
into thin plates; thin stone for roof- 
ing; tablet of stone for writing 
upon; list of candidates, prepared 
for nomination or election: v,U to 
cover with slate; register for a po- 
Htical appointment; criticise fiercely. 

slatt (slat), n, a slab of stone used as 
a veneer. 

slattern ('em), n. a careless, sloven- 
ly woman. 

slatternly (-li), adj. slovenly; un- 
tidy: adv. awkwardly; untidily. 

slatting ('ing), n. the violent flap- 
ping of anything hanging loose in 
the wind; slats collectively. 

slaty (slat'i), adj. like slate. 

slaughter (slaw'ter), n. great de- 
struction of life by violence; car- 
nage; killing of oxen, &c., for hu- 
man food: v.i. to slay or kill with 
violence; kill (beasts) for the mar- 
ket, 

Slav (sl§-v), n. one of the great divi- 
sions of the Aryan family or lan- 
guage: adj. Slavonic. 

slave (slav), n, a human being held 
in bondage; serf; drudge; one under 
the power or influence of another: 
v.i. to work Hke a slave; toil or 
drudge. 

slaver ('er), n. a vessel or trader en- 
gaged in the slave trade. 



slavery ('er-i), n. \^l, slaveries (-iz) ], 
the state of entire subjugation to the 
will of another; condition of a slave, j i 

slavey ('i), n. a maidservant. ^| 

Slavic. Same as Slavonic. 

slavish ('ish), adj. pertaining to, be- 
fitting, or characteristic of, a slave. 

Slavonic (sla-von'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to the Slavs, their literature, or \ 
language. Also Slavonian, Slavic. 

slaw (slaw), n. sHced cabbage served \ 
as a salad. 

slay (sla), v.t. \g.t. slew, p.p. slain, 
p.pr. slaying], to kill or put to death ■ 
with a weapon; destroy suddenly or \ 
with violence. 

sleave (slev), n. the knotted or en- \ 
tangled part of silk or thread; floss. 

sled (sled), n. a carriage or vehicle 
mounted on runners for travehng 
over snow or ice. Also sledge: v.t. 
\p.t. & p.p. sledded, y.yr. sledding], 
to convey or transport on a sled or 
sledge. 

sledding ('ing), n. the act of tran- 
sporting on, or conveying by, a sled; 
snow sufficient for the running of 
sleds. 

sledge (slej), n. a large, heavy ham- 
mer; another form of sled. 

sleek (slek), adj. smooth, glossy. 

sleeky ('i), adj. of a sleek appear- 
ance; fawning. 

sleep (slep), n. slumber; rest; death: 
v.i. \V'i. & V'V' slept, 'p.'pr. sleeping], 
to take rest in sleep; be motionless 
or inactive; be dead; spin rapidly 
and smoothly. 

sleeper ('er), n. one who sleeps; a 
piece of timber supporting a railway 
track; a sleeping car. 

sleepful ('fool), adj. drowsy. Also 
sleepish. 

sleepily ('i-li), adv. in a sleepy man- 
ner. 

sleepiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sleepy. 

sleeping sickness (sleeping sik'nes), 
a fatal disease of the African tropics, 
due to a germ called a trypanosome 
which is carried by the tsetse fly. 

sleepy ('i), adj. [comp. sleepier, su- 



ate, arm, §isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SLEET 



805 



SLIPPERY 



perl, sleepiest], inclined to, or over- 
come by, sleep; drowsy; sluggish; 
lethargic. 

sleet (slet), n, rain mingled with 
snow or hail: v.i, to hail or snow 
with rain mingled. 

sleetiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being sleety. 

sleety (1), adj, consisting of, or Hke, 
sleet. 

sleeve (slev), n, the part of a gar- 
ment that covers the arm: v.t, to 
furnish with sleeves. 

sleigh, another form of sled. 

sleight (slit), n. dexterity; cunning; 
artful trick. 

slender (slen'der), adj. small or nar- 
row in proportion to the length or 
height; feeble; slim; moderate. 

slept, p.L & p.p. of sleep. 

sleuth (slooth), n. the track of a man 
or beast as known by the scent. 

sleuthhound ('hound), n. a blood- 
hound. 

slew, p.t. of slay. 

sley (sla), n. a weaver's reed. 

slice (slis), n. a thin broad piece of 
anything; a thin broad knife for 
taking up or serving fish; a spatula: 
v.t. to cut into thin broad pieces; 
cut into parts; divide. 

slick (slik), adv. immediately; com- 
pletely : n. metal ore, especially gold, 
crushed and prepared for working. 

slid, p.t. of slide. 

slide (slid), v.i. to pass -smoothly over 
a surface without leaving it; glide; 
pass inadvertently or unobserved; 
shp: v.t. to thrust along; cause to 
slip: n. a smooth surface of ice for 
shding upon; smooth declivity; pic- 
ture on glass for exhibition on a 
screen; fall of a mass of rock or 
snow down a mountain; a grace of 
two small notes moving by degrees 
(music) . 

sliding-scale ('ing-skal), n. a varia- 
ble scale of wages or prices accord- 
ing to the state of trade. * 

slight (slit), adj. feeble; inconsider- 
able; unimportant; not severe; tri- 
fling; slender: n. neglect; oversight: 



v.t. to disregard as of little value; 
neglect. 

slily. Same as slyly. 

slim (shm), adj. [comp. slimmer, su- 
perl, slimmest], of small diameter; 
weak; unsubstantial; slender. 

slime (slim), n. glutinous mud; any 
viscous substance. 

sliminess ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quaUty of being slimy. 

slimsy (slim'zi), adj. frail. 

slimy (slim'i), adj. consisting of, cov- 
ered over with, or like, slime. 

sling (sling), n. an instrument for 
throwing stones; a throw; hangiag 
bandage for an injured arm: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. slung, p.pr. shngiDg], to 
hurl with, or as with, a sling; hang 
so as to swing; hang by a rope so as 
to be moved. 

slink (slingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slunk, 
p.pr. slinking], to creep away as if 
ashamed; sneak off; miscarry: said 
of beasts: v.t. to cast prematurely: 
said of beasts: adj. produced prema- 
turely; lean [Scotch]: n. the young 
of a beast prematurely born, espe- 
cially a calf; a sneak. 

slinky ('i), adj. thin. 

slip (shp), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shpped, 
p.pr. slipping], to glide or slide; 
miss one's foothold; fall do\\Ti; es- 
cape observation; enter by over- 
sight; move out of place; depart or 
escape: v.t. to convey secretly: cause 
to move quickly and smoothly; omit; 
part from a branch or stem: n. the 
act of shpping; an oversight or 
omission; indiscretion; strip; twig 
from a stock; scion; a kind of petti- 
coat; outer covering or case; liquid 
potter's clay; an incline for launching 
ships ; a young sole ; a fielder in cricket ; 
a narrow pew or bench: pi. part of 
a theater at the sides of the stage. 

slipper ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, slips; a kind of loose shoe. 

slipperiness (-i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being slippery. 

slippery ('er-i), adj. non-adhesive; 
without firm hold or footing; un- 
stable; smooth; cunning. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SLIPSHOD 



806 



SLUMP 



slipshod ('shod), adj, wearing, shoes 
or •slippers down at the heel; slov- 
enly. 

slit (slit), v.t, \p,t, & p.p. slit or slitted, 
p.pr, slitting], to cut lengthwise or 
into long strips; split: n. a long cut; 
narrow opening. 

slither (sli^/i'er), v.i. to slide. 

sliver (sliv'er) or sliv'er), v.t. to cut 
into long, thin, or very small pieces: 
n. a splinter. 

sloam (slom), n. a layer of earth be- 
tween seams of coal. 

slobber, same as slabbei, 

sloe (slo), n. a small bitter plum. 

slogan ^ Cg^n), n, the war-cry or 
gathering-cry of a Highland clan. 

sloop (sloop), n, a one-masted vessel 
with a fore-and-aft rig. 

slop (slop), n. water carelessly spilled; 
puddle; poor liquor or Uquid food: 
pL dirty water; ready-made cloth- 
ing; seaman's outfit: e;.^ [p.t. & p.p» 
slopped, ^ p.pr. slopping], to soil by 
letting liquid fall upon. 

slope (slop), n. an oblique direction; 
surface inclining gradually down- 
wards: v.t, to form with a slope; 
incline or slant; direct obliquely: 
v.i. to take an obhque direction; 
run off. 

sloppy (slop'i), adj. wet; muddy; 
splashed. 

slot (slot), n. a broad, flat wooden 
bar; bolt; narrow aperture; mortise; 
deer's track; trap-door of a stage; 
valley: v.L [p.t. & p.p. slotted, p.pr. 
slotting], to groove; trace by a slot. 

sloth (sloth), n. idleness; habitual 
indolence; a South ^ American ar- 
boreal quadruped which walks slowly 
on the ground. 

slothful ('fool), adj. lazy; inactive. 

slothfully (-li), adv. lazily; indo- 
lently. 

slouch (slouch), n. bl hanging down, 
as of the head or other parts of the 
body; ungainly, clownish gait; awk- 
ward, dull fellow: v.t. to cause to 
hang down; depress at the side: v.i. 
to walk in a clumsy, heavy, awkward 
manner. 



slough (slou), n. a deep muddy 
place; a bog. 

slough (sluf), 71. the cast-off skin of 
a serpent; the part that separates 
from a foul sore: v.i, to separate 
naturally dead matter from the 
sound flesh; come off, as the matter 
formed over a sore. 

slough (sloo), n. drainage-stream and 
marsh in a prairie. 

sloven (sluv'en), n. one who is ha- 
bitually untidy in his dress and 
negligent of cleanliness; one who is 
negligent of order and neatness. 

slovenliness (-U-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being slovenly. 

slow (slo), adj. not quick or rapid in 
motion; dilatory; not prompt or 
quick; behind in time; not progres- 
sive; dull. 

slowworm (Verm), n. a small snake- 
like reptile; the blind-worm. 

sludge (sluj), n. slush; mire. 

sludgy ('i), adj. slushy; miry. 

slue^ (sloo), v.t. to turn about a fixed 
point, as a spar, &c.; twist round: 
v.i. to turn about (with round). 

slug (slug), n. a shelless mollusk, al- 
lied to the land-snail; a sluggard; a 
kind of oval bullet: pi. half -roasted 
ore. 

sluggard ('erd), n. one who is habit- 
ually lazy and idle. 

sluggish ('ish), adj. habitually lazy 
and idle; dull; slothful; inactive; 
slow. 

sluice (sloos), n. a gate for excluding 
or regulating the flow of water in a 
canal, &c.; stream of water issuing 
through a flood-gate: v.t. to wash 
with water from, or as from, a sluice; 
wet copiously, 

slum (slum), n. a low, dirty street or 
district of a city or town, inhabited 
by the very poor or criminal classes: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slum, p.pr. slum- 
ming], to visit slums as a fashion- 
able amusement. 

slumber ('ber), v.i. to sleep lightly; 
doze; be in a state of inactivity or 
neghgence. 

slump (slump), n. gross amount or 



&t^ arm^, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon? 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



SLUNG 



607 



SMILE 



mass; a bog; a sudden fall, as of 
shares, &c.: v.t. to lump or throw 
into a single lot: v.i. fall or sink 
suddenly, 

slung, p.t. of sling. 

slunk, p.t, of slink. 

slur (sler), v.t, [p.t & p.p, slurred, 
p.pr, slurring], to sully; soil; con- 
taminate; pass over superficially; 
disparage; pronounce indistinctly; 
sing or perform in a hght, ghding 
manner [music]: n. a stain; shght 
reproach or disgrace; stigma; a 
mark {^^^) connecting notes that 
are to be sung or played legato. 

slush (slush), n. half -melted snow; a 
greasy lubricating mixture. 

slut (slut), n. a dirty, untidy woman. 

sluttish ('ish), adj. untidy and dirty. 

sly (sll), adj. [comp. slyer, superl. 
slyest], artfully cunning; underhand 
and crafty; meanly insidious. 

slyly (li), adv. in a sly manner. 

slyness ('nes), n. the state of being 
sly. 

smack (smak), n, a quick, smart 
blow; loud kiss; quick, sharp noise 
with the lips; flavor; taste; a one- 
masted coasting or fishing vessel: 
v.t, to kiss with a quick sharp noise; 
strike with a. quick, smart blow: 
v.i. make a noise with the hps after 
tasting something. 

small (smawl), adj. [comp, smaller, 
superl. smallest], httle in quantity 
or degree; inconsiderable; of little 
worth or abihty; not large or ex- 
tended in dimensions; narrow-mind- 
ed; mean: n. the slender part of 
anything. 

small pica (plTki), n, a size of print- 
ing-type. See type. 

smallpox Cpoks), n, a contagious, 
feverish disease, characterized by 
eruptions upon the skin. 

smalt (smawlt), n. a deep blue pig- 
ment. 

smart (smart), adj, causing a quick, 
sharp pain; poignant; sharp; clever; 
accompUshed; brilhant; witty; vi- 
vacious; pretentious; showy; brisk; 
obtained by sharp practices: n. a 



quick, pungent, lively pain: poig- 
nant grief: v.i. to feel a lively, 
pungent pain; endure punishment. 

smarten ('n), v.t. to make smart or 
spruce. 

smart-money (-mun'i), n, money 
paid by a person to free him from 
some unpleasant diflScult}^, especially 
a recruit from his enlistment; money 
allowed to wounded soldiers and 
sailors. 

smash (smash), v.t. to break in pieces 
by violence; crush: v.i. to become 
bankrupt: n, a breaking to pieces; 
bankruptcy. 

smasher ('er), n, one who. or that 
which, smashes. 

smatter (smat'er), v.i. to talk super- 
ficially or ignorantly; have a super- 
ficial knowledge of anything. 

smattering (-ing), n, superficial 
knowledge. 

smear (smer), v.t, to overspread with 
an>i:hing unctuous, viscous, or adlie- 
sive; daub; pollute: n, a blot or 
stain. 

smectite (smek'tit), n. fuller^s earth. 

smell (smel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, smelled 
or smelt, p.pr. smelhng], to perceive 
by the nose; obtain the scent of: v.i, 
to atfect the nose or olfactory nerves; 
exercise the sense of smell: n. that 
quality of bodies which affects the 
sense of smell; odor. 

smelling ('ing), n. the sense of smell. 

smelt (smelt), Ji. a small salmonoid 
fish: v.t. to fuse, as an ore, to sepa- 
rate the metal. 

smerky (smerk'i), adj. jaunty; spruce. 

smerlin (smer'hn), n. a kind of loach. 

smew (smu), n. sl migratory di\ing 
bird of the duck family; the white 
nun. 

smilax (smi'laks), n, a climbing plant 
of the lily family. 

smile (smil), v.i. to express pleasure, 
moderate joy, love, or kindness by 
the countenance; look gay, cheerful, 
or happy; express shght contempt 
by a smile: n. favor: v.t. to express 
by a smile: n. the act of smihng; a 
look of pleasure, kindness, happi- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SMIRCH 



SNAG 



ness, or slight contempt : a drink of 
liquor. 

smirch (smerch), v,t. to smear; dirty. 

smirk (smerk), v.i. to smile affected- 
ly or conceitedly: n. an affected 
smile: adj. spruce. 

smite (smit), v.t. [p.L smote, p.p. 
smitten, p.pr. smiting], to strike, as 
with the hand or a weapon; kill; 
overthrow in battle; blast; chasten; 
affect with any passion: vd. to 
strike. 

smith (smith), n. one who forges 
metal with a hammer: worker in 
metals. 

smithing ^ ('ing), n, the act or process 
of working or forging metals into 
shape. 

smithy ('i), n. a smithes workshop. 

smock (smok), n. a chemise; smock- 
frock. 

smock-frock ('frok), n. an agricul- 
tural laborer's loose outer shirt. 

smokable (smok'^-bl), adj. capable 
of being smoked. 

smoke (smok), n. the vapor or sub- 
stance that escapes when a sub- 
stance is burned; vapor; exhala- 
tion; act of smoking; pipe or cigar; 
foolish talk: v.t. to apply smoke to; 
hang up in smoke; dry, scent, or 
medicate by smoke; inhale and puif 
out the smoke of; expel by smoke; 
detect or ferret out: v.i. to emit 
smoke; burn tobacco in a pipe, &c.; 
inhale and puff out smoke. 

smokily ('i-li), adj. in a smoky man- 
ner. 

smokiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being smoky. 

smoking Cing), , p. adj. emitting 
smoke; used for smoking in. 

smoky ('i), adj. giving out, or filled 
with, smoke; tarnished or noisome 
with smoke. 

smolder (smol'der), v.i. to burn 
slowly or smoke without vent; exist 
in a stifled condition. 

smolt (smolt), n. a young salmon 
that has acquired its silver scales. 

smooth (smooi/i), adj. not rough; 
even surfaced; frictionless; gently 



flowing; glossy; bland; soothing; 
flattering: 2;.^. to make smooth; ren- 
der easy; calm; regulate: i;i. to be- 
come smooth: n. the act of making 
smooth; smooth part of anything; a 
meadow. 

smote, y.L of smite. 

smother (smu^/i'er), v.t. to destroy 
the life of by suffocation; stifle; 
suppress or conceal: v.i. to be suffo- 
cated: n. stifling smoke or thick 
dust. 

smoulder. Same as smolder. 

smudge (smuj), n. a smear or stain; 
suffocating smoke; a smoldering fire 
of damp combustibles emitting dense 
smoke for the purpose of keeping off 
mosquitoes: v.t. to smear or stain; 
blacken or stifle with smoke. 

smudginess ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being smudged. 

smug (smug), adj. affectedly precise 
or prim; spruce; neat. 

smuggle CI), v.t. to import or ex- 
port secretly without paying custom- 
house duties; convey or introduce 
clandestinely: v.i, to practice smug- 
ghng. 

smut (smut), n. a spot or stain made 
by soot or similar diity matter; bad, 
soft coal; a fungoid disease affect- 
ing cereal grain; obscenity: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. smutted, p.pr. smutting], 
to soil or blacken with, or as with, 
smut: v.i. to become converted into 
smut; give off smut. 

smuttily ('i-li), adj, in a smutty 
manner. 

smuttiness ('i-nes), n, the state or 
quality of being smutty. 

smutty ('i), adj. soiled or stained 
with smut; affected with smut; ob- 
scene. 

snack (snak), n. a slight, hasty re- 
past. 

snacot Cot), n. a kind of pipe-fish. 

snafHe (snaf'l), n. a bridle consisting 
of a joint in the middle and rings at 
the ends: v.t. to put a snaffle in the 
mouth of. 

snag (snag), n. a short rough branch; 
knot; trunk of a tree fixed in the 



ate, arm, i^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SNAGGED 



809 



SNOBBISHNESS 



bed of a river: v.t. {p.L & p.p. 
snagged, p.pr. snagging], to injure 
or destroy by contact with a snag. 

snagged ('d), adj. full of, or covered 
with, snags. Also snaggy. 

snail (snal), n. a slimy, slow-creeping 
gasteropod of the genus Helix: 
hence any slow-moving person; 
drone. 

snake (snake), n. a serpent: v.t. to 
wind round spirally; to draw out. 

snakish ('ish), adj. snake-like. 

snaky ('i), adj. pertaining to, or hav- 
ing the characteristics of, a snake; 
deceitful; sly; cunning; insinuating. 

snap (snap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. snapped, 
p.pr. snapping], to break short or 
instantaneously; produce a sharp, 
sudden sound; utter sharp, angry 
words; miss fire: v.t. to break at 
once; crack; bite suddenly and un- 
expectedly: n. the act of snapping; 
noise made by snapping; spring 
catch; sudden and sharp spell, as of 
weather: ph a kind of crisp cake: 
adj. brisk; offhand; made or done 
without due notice; unfair. 

snapdragon ('drag-un), n. a plant 
with a corolla that shuts with a 
snap when opened; a social game in 
which raisins are snatched from a 
bowl of burning brandy. 

snappish ('ish), adj. apt to snap or 
eager to bite; sharp in retorting; 
peevish; caustic; easily irritated. 

snapshot (snap'shot), n. instanta- 
neous photograph; a quick shot 
with a gun or rifle. 

snare (snar), n. a running noose of 
cord or wire for catching an animal; 
anything that entangles or entraps 
one; the gut stretched across the 
head of a drum: v.t. to catch or 
entangle with, or as with, a snare. 

snarl (snarl), v.i. to growl like an 
angry dog; speak surlily: v.t. to 
complicate or entangle, as thread or 
hair: n. the act of snarling; growl; 
angry contention or quarrel; a com- 
plicated entanglement of hair, &c. 

snarling ('ing), n. the production of 
raised hollow metal work by ham- 



mering with a special tool on the 
inner surface. 

snatch (snach), v.t. to take or seize 
abruptly and suddenly without 
permission; seize and carry away: 
v.i. to attempt to seize anything 
suddenly. 

sneak (snek), v.i. to creep or steal 
away privately or meanly; slink; 
act with servility and meanness; 
steal: n. a mean, servile fellow; 
petty thief. 

sneer (sner), v.i. to show contempt 
by sone facial expression; insinu- 
ate contempt by a covert expres- 
sion; scoff: n. an indirect expression 
of contempt or scorn. 

sneeze (snez), v.i. to emit a sudden 
and violent rush of air through the 
mouth and nostrils, audibly and 
convulsively: n. the act of sneezing. 

snicker (snik'er), n. a half-suppressed 
laugh; a giggle: v.i. to laugh slyly; 
giggle. 

sniff (snif), v.i. to draw in the breath 
through the nose, often as an ex- 
pression of contempt: v.t. to smell 
or scent: n. the act of sniffing. 

snigger, same as snicker. 

sniggle (snig'l), v.i. to fish for eels 
by thrusting the baited hook into 
their holes. 

snip (snip), v. t. [p.t. & p.p. snipped, 
p.pr. snipping], to cut or clip off at 
once, as with scissors; n. a single 
cut with scissors; small piece. 

snipe (snip), n. a long-billed fen 
fowl; curbstone broker. 

sniper fsnip'er), n. a citizen who 
fires on soldiers from concealment. 

snivel (sniv'el), v.i. to run at the 
nose; cry, as a child: n. mucus run- 
ning from the nose; cant. 

sniveler ((-er), n. one who snivels. 

snob (snob), n. a vulgar person who 
apes gentility; vulgar upstart; jour- 
neyman shoemaker; knobstick. 

snobbish ('ish), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or like, a snob. 

snobbishness (-nes), n. vulgar or 
ostentatious show. Also snobbery, 
snobbism. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n5rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SNOOD 



810 



SOCIABILITY 



snood (snood), n. a ribbon for bind- 
ing up the hair of a maiden [Scotch] ; 
hair-Une to connect a fishing-Une 
with the hook. 

snooze (snooz), v.i. to nap: n. a nap. 

snore (snor), v.i. to breathe through 
the nostrils with roughness or 
hoarseness^ in sleep: n, a noisy- 
breathing in sleep. 

snout (snout), n. the projecting nose 
of a beast; nose of a man (in con- 
tempt). 

snow (sno), n. frozen particles of 
vapor in the atmosphere in the form 
of white feathery flakes: v.i. to fall 
in snow. 

snowbird ('berd), n, an Arctic bird, 
the snow-bunting. 

snowdrop ('drop), n. a bulbous 
plant with pretty white flowers. 

snowfall ('fawl), n, the quantity of 
snow which faUs diuring a given 
time. 

snow-line ('lin), n. the lowest limit 
of perpetual snow. 

snowy ('i), adj. white like snow; 
covered with, or abounding in, snow; 
pure. 

snub (snub), v.t. [pi. & p.p. snubbed, 
p.pr. snubbing], to check or repri- 
mand with sarcasm or asperity; 
treat with designed contempt: n. an 
intended shght; reprimand. 

snub-nosed ('nozd), adj, having a 
short, flat nose. 

snuff (snuf), v.t. to draw in through 
the nose; smell or scent; take the 
snuff off, as a candle: v.i. to snort or 
sniff; take snuff into the nostrils: 
n. powdered tobacco inhaled through 
the nose; charred part of the wick 
of a candle. 

snufHe ('1), v.i, to speak or breathe 
hard through the nose when ob- 
structed: n. a spealdng through the 
nose when obstructed; affected nasal 
twang; cant: pi. obstruction of the 
nostrils by mucus. 

snuffy ('i), adj. soiled with snuff. 

snug (snug), adj. [comp, snugger, su- 
perl, snuggest], concealed; lying 
close and warm; compact and con- 



venient: v.i. [p.t. & p.p, snugged, 
p.pr, snugging], to lie close and 

. warm (with up or together), 

snuggery Cer-i), n. [pi. snuggeries 
(-iz)], a warm, cosy place. 

snuggle ('1), v.i, to lie close for 
warmth and comfort. 

so (so), adv. in a like manner or de- 
gree; in high degree; as has been 
stated; for this reason; therefore; 
more or less: conj, on condition 
that; if; therefore: inter j. stop! 

soak^ (sok), v.t. to cause to suck in 
moisture; steep in a fluid; wet thor- 
oughly: v.i. to become saturated or 
steeped in fluid; drink excessively. 

soap (sop), n. a compound of oils or 
fats and an alkaU used for washing 
and cleansing: v.t, to rub over, or 
wash, with soap; wheedle. 

soapiness ('i-nes), n, the state or 
quahty of being soapy. 

soapstone ('ston), n, a variety of 
steatite. 

soapy ('i), adj. covered with, or Kke, 
soap; soft and smooth. 

soar (sor), v.i. to fly aloft, as a bird; 
mount upwards with wings; rise in 
thougho or imagination: n, a lofty 
flight. 

sob (sob), y,i, [p.t,^ & p.p, sobbed, 
p.pr, sobbing], to sigh in a convul- 
sive manner with tears: v.t. to utter 
with a sob: n. a convulsive sigh; 
lamentation. 

sobbing ('ing), n. the act of sighing 
with a short convulsive heaving of 
the breast. 

sober (so'ber), adj.^ habitually tem- 
perate, especially in the use of in- 
toxicating liquors; self-possessed; 
calm; steady; sedate: v.t, to make 
sober: v.i, to become sober. 

sobriety (-bri'e-ti), n. habitual tem- 
perance; calmness; seriousness. 

sobriquet (so-bre-ka'), ^. a nickname 
[French]. 

soc (sok), n, certain privileges of ten- 
ants under the feudal system; the 
feudal^ lord^s power of holding a 
court in a district. Also soke. 

sociability (so-shia-bil'i-ti), n, the 



ate, arm, hsk, at, awi; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SOCIABLE 



811 



SOJOURN 



state or quality of being sociable; 
disposition to associate and converse 
with others. Also sociableness. 

sociable ('shia-bl), adj, disposed to 
associate and converse with others; 
social; companionable; affable: n. 
a kind of vehicle; tricycle or bicycle 
for two riders; a social gathering. 

sociably (-bli), adv, in a sociable 
manner. Socially. 

social^ ('shi^l), adj. pertaining to men 
as living^ in society; inclined to 
friendly intercourse and conversa- 
tion; convivial; groT^ing in groups 
or masses; living in communities. 

socialism (-izm), n. an economic 
theory or system of the reconstruc- 
tion of society on the basis of co- 
operation of labor and community 
of property. 

socialist (-ist), n. an advocate of so- 
cialism. 

socialistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, sociahsm. 
Also socialist. 

sociality (-shi-ari-ti) , n. the state or 
quaUty of being social. Also social- 
ness. 

socialize ('sh§-l-Iz), v.t. to render so- 
cial; regulate according to sociahs- 
tic principles. 

society (-si'i-ti), n, \pl. societies 
(-tiz)], a number of persons united 
for a common interest; people col- 
lectively who live in any region at 
any given period-; fraternity; com- 
pany; the more cultivated portion of 
any community in its social rela- 
tions, &c. 

sociological (-shi-o-loj 'ik-M) , adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
sociology. 

sociologist (-ol'o-jist), n. a student 
of sociology. ^^ 

sociology Co-ji), n. the science of the 
constitution, evolution, and phenome- 
na of human society; social science. 

sock (sok), n. a light shoe worn by 
the classic actors of comedy; a short 
stocking; warm inner sole. 

sockdolager (-dora-jer), n. a conclu- 
sive argument; whopper. 



socket ('et), n. a hollow into which 
something is fitted; hollow of a 
candlestick. 

socle (so'kl), n. a plain plinth forming 
a low pedestal; base of a statue, &c. 

sod (sod), n. turf; sward: v.U to 
cover with sod; turf. 

soda (so'da), n. impure carbonate of 
soda; sodium oxide. 

sodality (s5-dari-ti), n. a brotherhood 
for social service. 

soda-water (waw-ter), n. aerated 
water containing bicarbonate of 
soda. 

sodden (sod'n), adj. boiled; satu- 
rated: v.i. to be soaked or seethed: 
v.t. to saturate. 

soddy ('i), adj. turfy. 

sodic (so'dik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, sodium. 

sodium ('di-um), n. a metallic ele- 
ment. 

sofa (s5'fl-), n. a long seat with 
stuffed bottom, back, and arms.^ 

softit (sof'it), n. a small paneled ceil- 
ing; under part of a cornice pre- 
sentmg a flat surface. 

soft (soft), adj. easily yielding to 
pressure; malleable; smooth to the 
touch; not glaring; impressionable; 
effeminate; quiet; easy; courteous; 
mild; kind. 

soften (sof'n), v.t. to make soft or 
softer; tone down; palliate; as- 
suage; render less rude or offensive; 
make effeminate; melt: v.i. to be- 
come soft or softened. 

soggy (sog'i), adj. soaked; wet. 

soi-distant (swa-de-zang'), adj. self- 
styled; calling himself; would-be; 
pretended [French]. 

soil (soil), n. the top stratum of the 
earth's surface; land; dirt; manure; 
stain: v.t. to make dirty; stain or 
mar: v.i. to become soiled.^ 

soiree (swa-ra'), n. an evening party 
for conversation and social inter- 
course; public evening entertain- 
ment with refreshments. 

sojourn (so'jern or so-jem'), v.i. to 
dwell for a time: n. a temporary 
residence. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^iu 



SOKO 



812 



SOLIDIFY 



soko (so'ko), n. a species of anthro- 
poid ape. 

Sol (sol), n. the sun. 

sol (sol), n. the 5th note of the dia- 
tonic scale. 

solace (sol'as), n, comfort in sorrow; 
consolation :^.t,to comfort in sorrow. 

solano (so-la'no), n, a hot oppressive 
wind in the Mediterranean. 

solar Clar), adj, pertaining to, meas- 
ured by, or proceeding from, the sun. 

solar constant (so'lar-kon'stant), n. 
the supposed uniform amount of 
heat received by the earth from the 
sun each day, recently found, how- 
ever, to be a varying quantity. 

solarize (-iz), v.L to expose too long 
in the camera. 

solar-year (-yer), n. the period dur- 
ing which the earth makes one com- 
plete revolution round the sun, 365 
days 5 hours 48 minutes 52 seconds. 

sold p.t. & p.p. of sell. 

solder (sod'er or sol'der), n. a me- 
taUic alloy for uniting metals: v.t, 
to unite by a fusible metalHc ce- 
ment; join. 

soldier (sorjer), n. a person engaged 

*> in military service; a private as dis- 
tinguished from an officer; man of 
military skill: v.i, to serve or act as 
a soldier; make a pretense of work. 

sole (sol), n. the underside of the 
foot; bottom of a boot or shoe, &c.; 
bottom of anything; a flat fish of 
the genus Solea: v.t. to furnish with, 
or as with, a sole: adj. alone; being 
or acting by one's self; unmarried. 

solecism (sol'e-sizm), n, a breach of 
the rules of syntax, or idiom of a 
language; impropriety; absurdity. 

solely (soFK), adv, alone; singly. ^ 

solemn (soFem), adj, characterized 
by religious rites or ceremonies; in- 
spiring awe; serious; devout; for- 
mal; attended with a serious appeal 
to God. 

solemnity ('ni-ti), n. {pi. solemni- 
ties (-tiz) ], a religious rite or cere- 
mony; ceremony adapted to inspire 
awe; gravity; impressiveness; af- 
fected or mock seriousness. 



solemnization (-ni-za'shun), n. the 
act of solemnizing. 

solemnize ('em-niz), v.t. to perform 
with ceremonies; celebrate. 

solenoid (so-len-oid), n, an electro- 
magnetic hehx 

sol-fa (sol-faO, v.i. {p.t. & p.p. sol- 
faed, p.pr, sol-faing], to sing or vo- 
cahze the diatonic scale to the sylla- 
bles do, rCy mi, fa, &c, 

solfatara (sol-fa-ta'ri), n. a volcanic 
vent, which emits sulphurous and 
other vapors. 

solfeggio (-fad 'jo), n. the system of 
arranging the musical scale with the 
syllables do, re, &c., instead of the 
letters, A, B, &c. Also solfeg- 
giare. 

solferino (-fa-re'no), n. a bright, 
deep pink anihne color. 

solicit (so-Hs'it), v.t. to ask for with 
earnestness; entreat; invite or sum- 
mon; endeavor to obtain: v.i. to can- 
vass, 

solicitation (-i-ta'shun), n. the act 
of sohciting; importunity; the of- 
fense of inciting to a felony; offense 
of accosting by a prostitute. 

solicitor ('it-er), n. one who sohcits; 
a person legally qualified to act for 
another in a court of law; an attor- 
ney; a canvasser. 

solicitorship (-ship), n. the office or 
rank of a soHcitor. 

solicitous ('i-tus), adj. eager; anx- 
ious; apprehensive; concerned. 

solicitude ^ ('i-ttid), n. the state of 
being solicitous; concern; anxiety; 
carefulness. 

solid (sol'id), adj. having the particles 
so close or firmly adhering as to 
resist impression; compact; cubic 
not hollow; dense; heavy; weighty, 
just; unanimous; n. a body having 
its constituent particles firmly ad- 
hering together. 

solidarity (-i-dar'i-ti) , n. community 
of interests and responsibihties. 

solidification (-id-i-fi-ka'shun), n, 
the act of soHdifying, the state of 
being sohdified. 

solidify (-id'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SOLIDITY 



813 



SOMNOLENCE 



solidified, p.pr. solidifying], to make 
solid: v.i, to harden. . 

solidity ('i-ti), n, density; compact- 
ness ; stability ; truth ; moral firmness. 

soliloquize (so-liro-kwiz), vA, to 
utter as soliloquy. 

soliloquy ('o-kwi), n. [pi. soliloquies 
(-kwiz)], a talking or discourse to 
one's self; a written composition of 
the nature of a monologue. 

solitaire (sol-i-tarO, n. a game 
played by one person; a stud; pre- 
cious stone in single setting; hermit. 

solitarily (^i-ta-ri-li), adv, in a soli- 
tary manner. 

solitariness (-nes), n, the state of 
being solitary. 

solitary ('i-ta-ri), adj. living by one's 
self; lonely; single; done, passed, 
or suffered alone; remote; unoccu- 
pied; gloomy. 

solitude Ci-tud), n. the state of being 
by one's self; loneliness; seclusion; 
desert. 

solo (so-'lo), n. [pi. solos, i'loz)], an 
air, or musical piece performed by a 
single instrument or by one vocalist. 

soloist (-ist), n. one who performs or 
sings a solo. 

solstice (sol'stis), n. that point in the 
ecliptic at which the sun is farthest 
from the equator, north in summer, 
south in winter. 

solstitial f-stish'al), adj. pertaining 
to, or happening at a solstice. 

solubility (-u-J^iri-ti) , n. the state, 
quality, or degree of being soluble 
or dissolvable. 

soluble Cu-bl), adj. capable of being 
dissolved in a fluid; capable of solu- 
tion. 

solus (so'lus), adj. alone [Latin]. 

solution (-lu'shun), n. the act of dis- 
solving by means of a fluid; deliver- 
ance; explanation. 

solvability (sol-va-biri-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being solvable; 
solvency. 

solvable ('va-bl) , adj. capable of being 
solved. 

solve (solvj, v.t. to explain; clear up; 
remove. 



solvency ('en-si), n. the state oP 

quality of being solvent. 

solvent (sol'vent), n. any liquid that 
dissolves another substance: adj, 
able to discharge just claims or debts ; 
having the power of dissoMng. 

somatology ( so-ma-toro-ji) , n. the 
science of the general principles of 
matter, and its properties. 

somber (som'ber), adj. dull; melan- 
choly; dark; gloomy. 

sombrero (-bra'ro), n. a kind of 
broad-brimmed hat. 

sombrous ('brus), adj. gloomy; dull. 

some (sum), a suffix meaning like, 
same, as winsome, gladsome, &c.: 
adj. more or less; expressing an 
indeterminate number, person, or 
quantity; one or the other; about. 

somebody ('bod-i), n. some person; 
a person of importance. 

somehow ('how), adv. in one way 
or another; by some means. 

somersault f'er-sawlt), n. a leap in 
which a person turns with his heels 
over his head. 

something ('thing), n. a thing un- 
known, or not specified; part or 
portion; indefinite quantity or 
degree: adv. in some degree. 

sometime ('tim), adv. at a time 
indefinitely; formerly; once. 

somewhat ('hwot), n. more or Jess: 
adv. in some degree or extent. 

somewhere ('hwar), adv. in one 
place or another. 

some while ('hwil), adv. once; for a 
while. 

somewhither ('hwither), adv, to 
some indeterminate place. 

somnambulism fsom-nam'bu-lizm), 
n. the act or practice of walking 
in sleep. 

somnambulist (-list), n. a sleep- 
walker. 

somniferous (-nif 'er-us) , adj, caus- 
ing sleep. 

somnipathy (-nip'a-thi), n. sleep 
caused by some external influence, 
as mesmerism. 

somnolence ('no-lens), n. sleepi- 
ness; drowsiness. Also somnolency. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^^en. 



SOMNOLENT 



814 



SORCERER 



somnolent ('no-lent), adj. inclined 
to sleep. 

son (sun), n, a male child, or de- 
scendant; male issue of a parent, 
father or mother; pupil; native or 
inhabitant of a particular country. 

Son 9 n. the second person of the Holy 
Trinity. 

sonant (so'ni,nt), adj» sounding; vo- 
cal. 

sonata (-na'ta), n.^ a musical com- 
position for one instrument, espe- 
cially the pianoforte. 

sonatina (-n^-te'na), n. a short, sim- 
ple sonata. 

song (song), n. a lyrical poem or bal- 
lad; any poetical strain; poetry; 
poem; notes of birds; mere trifle. 

songster ('ster), n. one skilled in 
singing; a singing bird. Fern, song- 
stress. 

soniferous (s6-nif'er-us), adj, pro- 
ducing, or conveying, sound. 

son-in-law (sun 'in-law), n. [pZ. 
sons-in-law (sunz-) ], the husband 
of one's daughter. 

sonnet (son'et), n. a short lyric 
poem of fourteen lines, each of five 
accents, with varying rhymes. 

sonneteer (-et-er'), n. a composer of 
sonnets; minor poet: v.i, to com- 
pose sonnets. 

sonometer (so-nom'e-ter), n. an ap- 
paratus for showing the relation be- 
tween musical notes, or testing the 
capacity of the auditory nerves. 

sonorific (so-no-rif'ik), adj, produc- 
ing sound. 

sonorous (so-no'rus), adj, giving a 
clear soimd when struck; resonant; 
loud-sounding; vocal; deep-toned. 

sonship (sun 'ship), n. the state or 
position of being a son. 

soon (soon), adv. in a short time; 
quickly; easily; early; without delay. 

soot (soot), n. finely divided carbon. 

sooth (sooth), n. truth. 

soothe (soo^A), v.L to please or calm 
with soft words or blandishments; 
comfort; allay; pacify; assuage. 

soothsay (sooth'sa), v.i, to predict or 
foretell. 



soothsayer (-er), n. one who fore- 
tells or prognosticates. 

soothsaying (-ing), n. the art or 
practice of foreteUing or making 
predictions. 

sootiness (soot'i-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being sooty. 

sooty ('i), adj. [comp. sootier, su^ 
perl, sootiest], pertaining to, pro- 
ducing, or like, soot; dusky, black. 

sop (sop), n. anjrthing steeped, dipped, 
or softened in a Hquid, especially in 
broth; something given to pacify: 
v.t, [p.t, & p.p. sopped, p.pr. sop- 
ping], to steep or dip in a Uquid. 

sophism (sof'izm), n. a specious but 
fallacious argument; fallacy. 

sophist ('ist), n. one of a body of 
men in ancient Greece (5th century 
B.C.) who taught philosophy, elo- 
quence, and politics; a fallacious or 
captious reasoner. 

sophistical (so-fis'ti-kM),^ (xdj, per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, a 
sophist; fallaciously subtle; quib- 
bling. Also sophistic. 

sophisticate ('ti-kat), v.t, to render 
worthless by adulteration; pervert; 
vitiate. 

sophistry (sof'is-tri), n. [pi, sophis- 
tries (-triz) ], specious but falla- 
cious reasoning; unsound argument. 

sophomore ('o-mor), n, a student in 
his second academic year. 

sopor (so 'per), n, deep sleep from 
which a patient is aroused with dif- 
ficulty. 

soporific (so-po-rif'ik), adj, causing, 
or tending to induce, sleep: n, an 
opiate or anodyne. 

soppy (sop'i), acy. soaked or satu- 
rated with a liquid; very wet. 

soprano (so-pra'no), n. [pi, sopra- 
nos, soprani ('noz, 'ne) ], the high- 
est kind of female voice; a singer 
with such a voice. 

sorb (sorb), n, the European moun- 
tain-ash, yielding a fruit called 
rowans. 

sorbefacient (s6r-be-fa'shi-ent), adj, 
producing absorption. 

sorcerer ('ser-er), n, a magiciam 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; nOtei north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SORCERY 



815 



SOUNDING 



wizard, or enchanter. Fern, sor- 
ceress. 

sorcery (-i), n, {pi. sorceries (-iz) ], 
divination by the aid of evil spirits; 
witchcraft; magic; enchantment. 

sordid Cdid), adj. mean; vile; base; 
niggardly; meanly avaricious. 

sore (s5r), odj, tender or painful to 
the touch; inflamed; painful; sensi- 
tive; susceptible of irritation; heavy; 
grievous; severe; distressing: adv, 
grievously; severely; deeply: n. 
a painful or diseased part in an 
animal body; ulcer; wound; sor- 
row; trouble; a hawk of the first 
year; a buck of the fourth year. 

sorely (sor'U), adv. in a sore manner. 

soreness ('nes), n. the state or quali- 
ty of being sore; tenderness. 

sorghum (sor'gum), n. a cane-like 
grass resembhng broom com, yield- 
ing sugar; molasses prepared from 
the juice of sorghum. 

sorority (so-ror'i-ti), n. the antithetic 
word to fraternity; a secret organiza- 
tion of women only. 

sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. a woman's club 
or association. 

sorrel (sor'el), n. a dock-like plant 
of the genus Rumex; a reddish- 
brown color. 

Sorrento work (-en'to werk), n. 
carved ornamental fretwork in olive- 
wood with inlaid decorations. 

sorrily (l-h), adv. in a sorry manner. 

sorriness ('i-nes), -n. the state or 
quahty of being sorry. 

sorrow ('o), n. mental pain or un- 
easiness caused by loss, disappoint- 
ment, &c.; grief; distress; unhappi- 
ness; regret; affiction: t;.t. to feel 
mental pain or uneasiness; grieve; 
lament; be sad. 

sorrowful (-fool), odj. full of, or 
showing, sorrow; sad. 

sorrowfully (-H), adv. in a sorrow- 
ful manner. 

sorry ('i), adj. [comp. sorrier, superl. 
sorriest], feeling regret for the loss 
of some good; vexed; pained; 
mean; worthless. 

sort (sort), n. a kind or species; 



class, rank, or order; manner; de- 
gree: v.t. to separate and place in 
different divisions or classes; select: 
v.i. to consort or associate. 
sortie (sor'te), n. the issuing of a 
body of troops from a besieged place 
to attack the besiegers. 
sot (sot), n. a habitual drunkard. 
sottish ('ish), adj. like a sot; stupid; 

infatuated. 
sotto voce ('to vo'cha), adv. in an 
imdertone; with a moderate or re- 
strained tone of voice. 
S. O. S., «. a wireless call for help sent 

out by a ship in peril. 
sou (soo), n. [pi. soos (sooz) ], an 

old French copper coin=one cent. 
soubrette (-bret'), n. a female ser- 
vant or attendant; in comedies, a 
lady's maid who acts the part of an 
intriguing female. 
souchet (-sha'), n. fish served up in 
the water in which it has been 
boiled. 
sough (sou, or suf), ?i. a hollow mur- 
mur or whisthng, as of the wind: 
v.i. to murmur or whistle. 
sought, 'p.U & p.p. of seek. 
soul (sol), n. the spiritual, rational, 
and immortal part in man; reason 
or intellect; conscience; fife; es- 
sence; moving or inspiring power; 
courage; human being. 
soulful ('fool), adj. full of soul or 

feeling. 
soulless (les), adj. without a soul; 

senseless; spiritless; dull; mean. 
sound (sound), adj. whole; entire; 
unbroken; healthy; not decayed; 
founded on truth or right; ortho- 
dox; solvent; firm; safe; strong; 
legal; valid; laid on with force: n. 
the impression made on the ear by 
the vibrations of the air; noise; re- 
port; noise without signification; a 
strait or narrow passage of water; 
swimming bladder of a fish; the 
cuttlefish: v.t. to measure or ascer- 
tain the depth of; cause to make a 
noise; utter audibly; play upon; ex- 
amine oi: try; probe. 
sounding ('ing), n. the ascertaining 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, hen. 



SOUP 



816 



SPANISH 



the depth of water: adj, causing 
sound; resonant. 

soup (soop), n, a kind of broth. 

sour (sour), adj, having an acid, 
sharp, or astringent taste; changed 
so as to become rancid; disagreea- 
ble; cross; morose; v.L to cause to 
become sour: v.i. become morose, 
peevish, or discontented; to turn 
from sweet to sour. 

sour-crout, same as sauerkraut. 

source (sors), n, that from which 
anything arises or originates; spring 
or fountain; first cause; original. 

sourish (sour'ish), adj. somewhat 
sour. 

souse (sous), n. pickle made with 
salt; anything steeped or preserved 
in pickle; a plunging in water: v.L 
to steep in pickle; plunge into 
water; strike with sudden violence: 
v.L to make a sudden attack: adv. 
with sudden violence. 

south (south), n. that one of the 
four cardinal points of the compass 
directly opposite the north: adv. 
toward the south: v.i. to turn or 
move toward the south; come to the 
meridian: adj. pertaining to the 
south. 

South, n. the southern portion of the 
United States (with the). 

southern (su^/j'ern), adj. pertaining 
to, situated in, or proceeding from 
or toward the south. 

Southerner (-er), n. a native of the 
South. 

southernwood ('em-wood), n. a 
species of wormwood. 

Southron ('run), n. a Southerner. 

souvenir (soo-ve-ner'), n, a memento 
or keepsake. 

sovereign (sov' or suv'er-in), adj. 
royal; supreme in power; possess- 
ing supreme dominion; effectual: n. 
a king, emperor, or queen; a British 
gold coin = 20s. 

sovereignty (-ti), n. supreme power 
or dominion. 

Soviet (sov-e-etO, n. 2l name assumed 
by a radical socialist democratic 
government in Russia. 



sow (sou), n. a female pig; oblong 
piece of metal, 

sow (so), v.L [p.t sowed, p.p. sown, 
p.pr. sowing], to scatter, as seed 
upon the earth; propagate. 

spa (spa), n, a spring of mineral 
water. 

space (spas), n. extension; room; 
interval between lines; quantity of 
time; short interval: v.L in print- 
ing, to make intervals between (lines 
or words) by separating them with 
thin spaces of type-metal. 

spacial (spa'shal), adj. pertaining to 
space. Also spatial. 

spacious ('shus), adj. extending far 
and wide; roomy; vast in extent. 

spade (spad), n. an implement for 
digging, &c., consisting of a broad 
blade of iron with a handle; one of 
a suit of cards having one or more 
figures resembling a spade; a hart 
three years old: v.L to dig or work 
with a spade. 

spadeful ('fool), n. as much as a 
spade will hold. 

spalpeen (spal'pen), n. a scamp 
[Irish]. 

span (span), n. the space from the 
thumb to the end of the little finger 
when extended; nine inches; a short 
space of time; spread or extent 
of an arch, &c., between its abut- 
ments or supports; yoke of oxen 
or horses; pair of horses similar 
in color harnessed together: v.L 
[p.L & p.p. spanned, p.pr. spanning], 
to measure by the span of the hand; 
reach from one side to the other; 
fetter or hobble: v.i. to be matched 
for running in harness. 

spangle (spang'gl), n. a small plate 
or boss of shining metal; any glit- 
tering ornament, especially for a 
dress: v.L to set or adorn with, or 
as with, spangles. 

Spaniard (span'yerd), n. a native of 
Spain. 

spaniel ('yel), n. a variety of dog. 

Spanish ('ish), adj. pertaining to 
Spain, its language, or to its 
inhabitants. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SPANISH-FLY 



817 



SPEAK 



Spanish-fly (-fli), n, cantharides. 

Spanish-main (-man), n, the name 
formerly applied to the southern 
part of the Caribbean sea, and ad- 
jacent coast. 

spank (spangk), v.t. to strike with 
the open hand; slap: v.i. to move 
quickly: n. a sounding slap. 

spanker ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, spanks; the after-sail of a 
ship or barque. 

spanking Cing), adj, moving with 
a quick, Hvely step; dashing; stout; 
large. 

spanner (span'er), n. a wrench for 
tightening up or loosening the nuts 
on screws. 

spar (spar), n. a lustrous crystalHne 
mineral; a general name for a mast, 
yard, boom, &c.; a contest at box- 
ing, or in words: v.i. [p.L & p.p. 
sparred, p.pr. sparring], to box; 
contest in v/ords. 

spare (spar), v.t, to use in a frugal 
manner; part with without incon- 
venience; omit; treat tenderh^ : e;.^. 
to hve frugally; forbear or forgive: 
adj, thin or lean; scanty; parsi- 
monious; superfluous; reserved. 

sparing ('ing), adj, frugal; abste- 
mious. 

spark (spark), n, a 'mall particle 
of fire or ignited substance thrown 
off in combustion; small shining 
body or transient light; small por- 
tion of anything active or vivid; ga}'' 
young fellow; beau. 

sparkle ('1), v.i. to emit sparks; 
glisten; scintillate; flash; coruscate. 

spark-plug (spark'plug), n. a con- 
trivance for exploding the gas in a 
motor by means of an electric spark. 
Sometimes called sparker. 

sparkling ('hng), adj. emitting 
sparks; glittering; flashing; hvely; 
briUiant. 

sparling (sparling), n. a smelt. 

sparrow ^ (spar'o), n, a well-known 
small bird of the passerine family. 

sparse (spars), adj, thinly scattered; 
not dense; set or planted here and 
there. 



sparsely ('li), adv. in a sparse man- 
ner. 

sparseness ('nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being sparse; thinness. 

Spartan (spar'tan), adj. pertaining to 
Sparta; hardy ;^ undaunted; severe. 

sparterie ('ter-i), n. articles spun 
or woven of esparto grass. 

spasm (spazm), n. a sudden, violent, 
involuntary contraction of the mus- 
cles. 

spasmodic (spaz-mod'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, or consisting in, spasms; 
convulsive; violent but short-Uved. 
Also spasmodical. 

spasmodically C^l-i), adv. in a 
spasmodic manner. 

spat (spat), n. the spawn of shell- 
fish, especially the oyster: yl. spat- 
terdashes. 

spate (spat), n. a sudden heavy flood 
caused by hea\'y rains. 

spatial, same as spacial. 

spatter ^ (spat'er), v.t. to sprinkle 
with liquid; defame: v.i. to under- 
go or cause scattering or splashing 
in drops or small quantities: n. a 
small splash. 

spatterdashes (-dash-ez), n.pl. leath- 
er leggings for riding; gaiters. 

spatula (spat'ti-l^), n. a broad, flat, 
thin, flexible knife for spreading 
plasters, paints, (fee. 

spatulate ('u-lat), adj. spatula- 
shaped. 

spavin (spav'in), n. a disease of 
horses, characterized by a swelling 
in the hock joint, causing lameness. 

spawn (spawn), n. the ova of fishes, 
oj^sters, &c.; myceUum of fungi; 
offspring or product: v.i. to produce 
and deposit spawn; deposit eggs, as 
fish, &c. 

spawner ('er), n. a female fish. 

speak (spek), v.i. [p.t. spoke, p.p. 
spoken, p.pr, speaking], to utter 
articulate sounds: said of human 
beings; talk; say; utter a discourse 
or speech; make mention; convey 
ideas; tell; sound: v.t. to utter ar- 
ticulately; declare or pronounce; 
publish. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, thQU. 

Dl«.62 



SPEAKER 



818 



SPECTROHELIOGRAPH 



speaker ('er), n. one who speaks; 
one who deUvers a discourse in pub- 
lic; the presiding officer of the popu- 
lar branch of a legislative body, as 
of Congress or a state legislature. 

speaking (/ing), p.adj. uttering 
speech; life-like: n, the act of utter- 
ing words. 

spear (sper), n, a long-pointed 
weapon of war and the chase used 
for thrusting or throwing; a lance 
with barbed prongs for spearing 
fish; a shoot, as of grass: v.t. to 
pierce, or kill, with a spear: v.i, to 
shoot into a long stem. 

spear-grass ^ Cgras), n. long stiff 
grass, especially of the genus Poa. 

spearwort (Vert), n. a species of 
ranuncul-us. 

spec, ahhr, for speculation. 

special (spesh'al), adj, pertaining to, 
or constituting, a species; designed 
for a particular purpose; different 
from others; distinctive; uncom- 
mon; appropriate; limited in range 
or extent; specific, 

specialism (-izm), n. devotion to a 
particular and restricted branch of 
knowledge, science, &c. 

specialist (-ist), n. one who devotes 
himself to a particular branch of a 
profession, &c. 

speciality (-i-al'i-ti), n, [pL spe- 
cialities (-tiz) ], the special or dis- 
tinctive mark of a person or thing; 
special department, &c. 

specialization ('M-i-za'shun), n. ap- 
phcation to a special function or 
use; act of speciahzing. 

specialize ('al-iz), v.t. to particularize; 
assign to a specific use or function. 

specially Cal-i), adv, in a special 
manner; particularly. 

specialty ('^1-ti), n. that for which 
a person is noted or distinguished; 
special contract or obhgation. 

specie (spe'shi), n, coined money, 

species ('shez), n. a group of indi- 
viduals agreeing in common attri- 
butes and called by a common 
name; a sub-division of a genus; 
kind; sort. 



specific (-sif'ik), adj. pertaining to 
a species; definite or particular; 
precise: n. a remedy for a particu- 
lar disease. 

specifically (-M-li), adv, in a spe- 
cific manner. 

specification (spes-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of specifying; detailed 
statement of particulars. 4 

specify ('i-fi), v.L [p.t. & p.p, epeci-1 
fied, p.pr, specifying], to mention I 
or name particularly; designate • 
verbally, so as to distinguish from i 
other things. 

specimen ('i-men), n. a sample; a| 
part of something to show the qual- 1 
ity, &c., of the whole. ^ I 

specious (spe'shus), adj. appearing | 
well at first sight; plausible; osten- 
sible; fair. 

speck (spek), n. a spot; flaw; blem- 
ish; small particle; blubber: v.t. 
to spot. 

speckle ('1), n. a small spot in any- 
thing different in substance or color 
from the thing itself: t;.^. to varie- 
gate with spot^ of a different color 
to that of the thing itself. 

spectacle ('tS^-kl), n. something ex- 
hibited to view, especially some- 
thing unusual or worthy of notice; 
pageant; exhibition: pi, an optical 
instrument with two lenses mount- 
ed in a frame to assist the vision. 

spectacular (-tak'ti-lar), adj.^ per- 
taining to shows or exhibitions; 
adapted to excite wonder or admira- 
tion by scenic effect. 

spectator (-ta'ter), n. a beholder. 

specter, spectre (spek'tr), n. a 
ghost or apparition. 

spectral ('tral), adj. ghostly; per- 
taining to, or produced by, the spec- 
trum. 

spectrograph (spek'tro-gri.f),^ n. a 
photographic apparatus used in con- 
nection with a spectroscope to 
record the telescopic observation of 
star spec t rums. 

spectroheliograph (spek'tro-he'li-o- 
graf), n. an apparatus for photo- 
graphing the various layers of the 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hucj hut; think, then. 



SPECTROLOGY 



819 



SPEND 



atmosphere of the sun, invented by 
Hale. 

spectrology (-troro-ji), n. the sci- 
ence of spectrum analysis. 

-spectroscope ('tro-skop), n, an opti- 
cal instrument for forming and ex- 
amining spectra. 

spectroscopical (-skop'i-k^l), adj. 
pertaining to the spectroscope. Also 
spectroscopic. 

spectroscopically (-li), adv. by means 
of the spectroscope. 

spectroscopist ('tro-sko-pist), n. one 
skilled in spectroscopy. 

spectroscopy (-sko-pi), n. that branch 
of science connected with the use of 
the spectroscope and spectrum an- 
alysis. 

spectrum (^'trum), n. [pi. spectra 
('tra) ], the colored and other rays 
of light separated by refraction 
through a prism and exhibited on a 
screen, &c. 

spectrum analysis (^-nal'i-sis), n, 
the determination of the chemical 
or physical composition of a body 
by means of the spectrum of Hght 
which it gives forth or which passes 
through it: each substance in the 
spectrum having its own particular 
system of lines. 

specular ('u-lar), adj. having a 
smooth reflecting surface, as a mir- 
ror or speculum. 

speculate ('u-lat), v.i. to consider 
or meditate upon; purchase stock, 
land, goods, &c.. out of the usual 
order of trade with a view to sell 
them at an enhanced profit by an 
expected risQ in the markets- 
speculation (-la'shun), n. intellectual 
examination; theory; purchase of 
stock, goods, &c., out of the regular 
order of trade for future sale at an 
enhanced price; game at cards. 

speculative ('u-la-tiv), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or given to, speculation; con- 
templative; theoretical; risky. 

speculator (-ter), w. one who en- 
gages in speculation. 

speculum ('u-lum), n. \pl. specula 
{Ak) ], a mirror, especially a con- 



cave mirror used as a reflector; a 
surgical instrument for dilating cer- 
tain passages of the body and throw- 
ing hght by reflection within them 
for examination, &c. 

sped, p.t. & p.p. of speed. 

speech (spech), n. the faculty of ut- 
tering articulate sounds or words; 
expression of thought in words- act 
of speaking; particular language or 
dialect; formal discourse in public; 
oration. 

speed (sped), n. velocity; swiftness; 
quickness; success: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
sped, p.pr. speeding], to make haste; 
move quickly; fare: v.t. to prosper; 
favor; despatch quickly; execute; 
aid. 

speedometer (-om'e-ter), n. a re- 
cording instrument showing the ve- 
locity of a moving vehicle. 

speedy ('i), adj. [comp. speedier, 
superL speediest], not dilatory or 
slow; prompt; quiclc; hasty. ^ 

spell (spel), n. a charm or incanta- 
tion; time during which a person 
works; duration: v.i. to form words 
with the proper letters, either orally 
or in writing: v.t. to write, repeat, 
or point out the proper letters of; 
read with difficulty (with out). 

speller ('er), n. one who spells; a 
spelling-book. 

spelling ('ing), p.adj, pertaining to 
spelhng: n. orthography. 

spelt (spelt), n. a kind of grain. 

spelter ('er), n. zinc. 

spence (spens), n. a buttery or lar- 
der. 

spencer ('er), n. a kind of short 
Jacket; a four-cornered fore-and-aft 
sail. 

Spencerism (-izm), n. the philo- 
sophical system advocated by Her- 
bert Spencer in his works, especially 
the apphcation of the principles 
of evolution. 

spend (spend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spent, 
p.pr, spending], to lay out, as 
money; give for any purpose; dis- 
pose of; consume; drain of force or 
strength: v.i. to incur expense. 



5te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit> note, north, not; booiii 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SPENDTHRIFT 



820 



SPILL 



spendthrift ('thrift), adj. prodigal; 
extravagant: n. one who is prodigal 
or lavish in expenditure. 

spertn (sperm), n. the seminal fluid 
of animals; spermaceti; spawn of 
frogs and fishes. 

spermaceti (sper-m§,-se'ti), n, a 
white waxy substance obtained from 
the head of the sperm-whale. 

spermatic (-mat'ik), arf;. pertaining 
to semen. Also spermatical. 

spermatozoon (-m^-to-zo'on), n. the 
germ cell in animals and plants. 

spermodern ('mo-dern), n. the 
outer coat or testa of a seed. 

spew (spu), v.i, to vomit. 

sphenoid (sfe'noid), adj. wedge- 
shaped. 

sphere (sfer), n, a globe or globular 
body; the concave or expanse of the 
heavens; circuit or range of knowl- 
edge, influence, action, &c., place 
of existence; social position; a 
solid body contained under a single 
surface, each point of which is equi- 
distant from a central point. 

spherical (sfer'i-Ml), adj, globular. 

spherically (-i), adv, in the form of 
a sphere. 

sphericity (sfe-ris'i-ti), n. roundness. 

spherics (sfer'iks), n. spherical ge- 
ometry and trigonometry. 

spherograph ('o-grM), n. an instru- 
ment for the practical application 
of spherics to navigation. 

spheroid (sfe'roid), n. a body resem- 
bling a sphere but not quite round. 

spheroidal Cal), odj. like a spheroid. 

spherometer (-rom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the curva- 
ture of round surfaces, and the 
thickness of small bodies. 

spherule (sfer'ul), n. a little sphere. 

sphincter (sfingk'ter), n. a muscle 
that closes an orifice which it sur- 
rounds. 

sphinthariscope (sphin-thar 'i-scop) , 
n. an apparatus devised by Crookes 
consisting of a sensitized surface that 
scintillates when bombarded with 
streams of alpha particles from a 
radioactive substance. 



Sphinx (sfingks), n, {ph sphinxes 
('ez) ], a fabled monster having the 
head of a woman and the body of a 
lioness; a person of enigmatical 
character or pohcy, from the custom 
of the sphinx of proposing riddles 
to travelers and destroying those 
who could not solve the enigmas. 

spicate (spi'kat), adj. having, or ar- 
ranged in the form of, a spike or 
ear. Also spicated. 

spice (spis), n. any aromatic and 
pungent vegetables used for season-^ 
ing^ food; relish; small quantity 
giving flavor to a greater: v.t.^ to 
season or flavor with, or as with, 
spice; tincture. 

spicily ('i-li), adv. in a spicy man- 
ner. 

spiciness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being spicy. 

spick and span (spik and span), adj. 
new. 

spicular (spik'u-l§,r), adj. dart-like. 

spiculate ('u-lat), adj. covered with, 
or having, spicules. 

spicule Cul), n. a slender sharp- 
pointed body. 

spicy (spi'si), adj. [comp. ^ spicier, 
superl. spiciest], flavored with, con- 
taining, or having the qualities of, 
spice; aromatic; fragrant; pun- 
gent; racy. 

spider ('der), n. any individual of 
the genus Arachnida that spins webs 
to ensnare its prey; something like 
a spider. 

spigot (spig'ot), n. 2b pointed piece 
of wood used to stop the eilt-hole 
of a cask or pipe of a faucret. 

spike (spik), n. Sb large kind of nail; 
anything like a spike; ear of grain; 
v.t. to fasten with spikes; stop the 
vent of (a cannon) by driving a 
spike into it. 

spikelet (let), n. 2b small spike. 

spikenard ('nard), n. an aromatic 
plant from which an oil, the ancient 
nardoSy is extracted. 

spiky ('i), adj. spike-like; set with 
spikes. 

spill (spil), n. a thin strip of paper 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boom 
book;- hue, hut; think, then. 



SPILLER 



821 



SPIRITUALISTIC 



or wood for lighting a lamp, &c.; 
a tumble or overthrow: v.t, [p.t. & 
p.p. spilled, spilt, p.pr, spilling], to 
suffer to run or fall out of a vessel: 
v.i. to fall out. 

spiller ('er), n. one who spills; a 
kind of fishing-line. 

spillikin (spiri-kin), n. a small peg 
of wood, &c., used for making 
scores in a game: pL a game played 
with spillikins. 

spin (spin),^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spun, 
p.pr. spinning], to draw out and 
twist into threads; protract; draw 
out tediously; cause to whirl rapid- 
ly; form by drawing out and twist- 
ing the materials of: v.i. to practice 
spinning; whirl; ^ issue in a small 
stream; move swiftly, as a bicycle: 
71. the act of spinning; single ef- 
fort; a bicycle run. 

spinach ('aj), n. an esculent vegetable. 

spinal (spin'M), adj. pertaining to 
the spine. 

spindle (spin'dl), n. the long thin rod 
used in spinning wheels for twisting 
the thread; any axis of revolution. 

spine (spin), n. in vertebrates, the 
backbone. 

spinel (spin'el), n. a mineral of va- 
rious colors, alHed to corundum. 

spinet (spin'et), n. a keyed instru- 
ment, alhed to the harpsichord, but 
smaller. 

spinif erous (spi-nif 'er-us), adj. thorny. 
Also spinose, spinous., 

spink (spingk), n. a kind of finch. 

spinneret (spin'er-et), n. an organ 
with which certain insects form their 
webs or silk. 

spinning jenny ^ ('ing-jen-i), n. a ma- 
chine for spinning cotton. 

spinster (spin'ster), ». an unmarried 
woman. 

spiny (spin'i), adj. full of spines. 

spiracle (spir'§,-kl), n. any minute 
passage ^ which serves for inhaling 
or exhaUng air or other fluid. 

spiral (spi'ri,l), adj. winding around 
a center like the thread of a screw; 
tapering or pointed like a spire: n. 
9, curve or curved line receding con- 



tinually from the center about 
which it revolves. 

spirally (-i), adv. in a spiral form 

spirant ('rant), n. a name appHed 
to those consonants in which the 
breath is not entirely stopped in 
articulating. 

spire (spir), n. a slender stalk or blade; 
a tapering body; winding hne; steeple 
top: v.i. to shoot forth or up like a 
spire, 

spirit (spir'it), n. the soul; the in- 
teUigent, immaterial, immortal part 
of man; life; disembodied soul; ap- 
parition; courage; energy; vivacity; 
power of mind, moral and intel- 
lectual; genius; real meaning; es- 
sence; any hquid produced by dis- 
tillation; alcohol; pi. intoxicants, as 
brandy, &c.; hveliness; natural vi- 
vacity: v.t. to take away suddenly 
or secretly. 

Spirit, n. the third person of the 
HolyTnnity {w^th the). 

spirited ^ (-ed), adj. full of spirit or 
life; animated; vivacious; lively. 

spiritless ('les), adj. without spirit; 
depressed; dejected. 

spirit-rapping (-rap'ing), n. a spir- 
itualistic manifestation, character- 
ized by rapping, table-turning, &c. 

spiritual (spir'it-u-§-l), adj. incor- 
poreal; not material; possessing 
the nature or quahtites of a spirit; 
mental or intellectual; pure; holy; 
heavenly-minded; not lay or tem- 
poral; ecclesiastical. 

spiritualism (-izm), n. the state of 
being spiritual; the philosophical 
doctrine that nothing is real except 
soul or spirit; the belief that cer- 
tain alleged phenomena, as rapping, 
table-turning, trances, &c., are 
caused by the presence of departed 
spirits who thus manifest their pres- 
ence; the tenets and practices of 
spiritualists. 

spiritualist (-ist), n, a behever in 
spirituahsm. 

spiritualistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining 
to, produced by, or characteristic 
of, spiritualism. 



Stei Srm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SPIRITUALITY 



822 



SPLIT 



spirituality (-al'i-ti), n, the state or 
quality of being spiritual; spiritual 
nature; essence as distinguished 
from matter; that which belongs to 
the church or religion. 

spiritualization ^ (-i-za'shun), n. the 
act of spiritualizing. 

spiritualize (-iz), v.L to free from 
sensuality; make spiritual; give a 
spiritual meaning to. 

spiritually ('u-al-li), adv. in a spir- 
itual manner; like a spirit. 

spirituelle (-u-el'), adj. refined; ethe- 
real; pure. 

spirituous (spir'it-u-us), adj. hav- 
ing the quality of spirit; pure; im- 
material; alcoholic; ardent. 

spirograph (spi'ro-grM), n. an in- 
strument for recording graphically 
respiratory movements. 

spirometer (-rom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the capacity 
of the lungs. 

spit (spit), n. a long pointed rod on 
which meat is roasted; small point 
of land or a long narrow shoal run- 
ning into the sea:^ v.t [p.t. & p.p, 
spitted, p,pr. spitting], to thrust a 
spit through; impale: [p,L spit or 
spat], eject or throw out: v.i, eject 
saliva from the mouth; drizzle, as 
rain. 

spite (spit), n. ill-will or hatred to- 
ward another, with the desire^ to 
thwart or injure; pett}^ malice; 
grudge: v.t to try to injure or 
thwart; annoy. 

spiteful Cfool), adj. full of spite; 
malicious; malignant.^ 

spitefully (-i), adv. in a spiteful 
manner. 

spitfii'e (spit 'fir), n. a very violent 
or passionate person. 

spittle (1), n. saliva; sputum. 

spitz-dog (vspitz'dog), n. a small va- 
riety of Pomeranian dog. 

splash (splash), v.t. to spatter with 
water, mud, &c.: v.i. to dash water 
about: n. water or slush thrown 
upon anything; a noise as from 
water thrown up, or by anything 
striking in or upon a Hquid. 



splatter (splat'er), v.t. to splash. 

splatterdash (-dash), n. uproar; 
noise : pi. same as spatterdashes. 

splay (spla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. splayed, 
p.pr. splaying], to dislocate, as the 
shoulder bone of a horse; slope or 
slant: n. a sloped surface: adj. 
turned or spreading outward. 

spleen (splen), n. a soft vascular or- 
gan near the large extremity of the 
stomach, supposed by the ancients 
to be the seat of anger, melancholy, 
or vexation: hence a fit of ill-hu- 
mor, melancholy, or latent spite. 

spleget (splej'et), n. a wet cloth for 
washing a wound. 

splendent (splen'dent), adj. bril- 
liant;^ illustrious; shining; very 
conspicuous. 

splendid^ ('did), adj. magnificent; 
very bright; briUiant; famous; he- 
roic; celebrated; sumptuous. 

splendor ('der), n. the appearance 
of anything splendid; magnificence; 
pomp. 

splenetic (sple-net'ik), adj. fretful; 
peevish; melancholy. 

splenic (splen'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the spleen. 

splice (splis), v.t. to unite, as two 
ropes, by interweaving the strands; 
connect, as pieces of wood or metal, 
by overlapping parts and making 
them fast together; to unite in mar- 
riage : n. the union of ropes, &c., by 
interweaving or joining. 

splint (sphnt), n. a splinter; a thin 
piece of wood to ^ keep a broken 
bone, &c., in position; a hard ex- 
crescence on the shank-bone of a 
horse. 

splint-coal Ckol), n. a variety of 
coal with a slaty structure. 

splinter (splin'ter), n. a thin piece 
of wood, &c., split or rent off length- 
wise; fragment:^ v.t. to split or rend 
into long thin pieces; shiver: v.i. to 
be rent into sphnters. 

splintery (-i), adj. of, or like, splin- 
ters. 

split (split), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. split, 
p.pr. splitting], to divide length- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SPLOTCH 



823 



SPOOR 



wise; tear asunder violently; cleave; 
rupture; disunite: vji. burst with 
laughter (figuratively); betray con- 
fidence; throb or ache violently. 

splotch (sploch), n. a stain; da,ub. 

splurge (splerj), n. a great display. 

splutter (splut'er), v.i. to speak 
hastily and confusedly; scatter ink 
upon a paper, as with a bad pen: n, 
a confused noise; stir; commotion. 

spofHsh ^ (spof'ish), adj. bustling 
about trifling matters. 

spoil ^ (spoil), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spoiled, 
spoilt, p.pr, spoiling], to take away 
by force; plunder; corrupt; vitiate; 
ruin; destroy: v.i. to become use- 
less) decay: n. that which is taken 
from another by violence; pillage; 
plunder; booty. 

spoke (spok), n. one of the bars of a 
wheel connecting the nave or center 
with the felly or rim; round of a 
ladder: v.t. to furnish with spokes: 
p.t. of speak. 

spoken ('n), adj. uttered in speech; 
orah speaking: p.p. of speak. 

spokeshave ('shav), n. a kind of 
double-handled plane for dressing 
curved work. 

spoliation (spo-li-a'shun), n. the act 
of plundering or robbery, especially 
in time of war; injury done to a 
document. 

spondaic (spon-da'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to a spondee. 

spondee ('de), n. a poetic foot of 
two long syllables' (— — ). 

spondyl ('dil), n. a vertebra. 

sponge (spunj), n. the porous, elastic, 
fibrous framework of any species 
of Spongida; any substance re- 
sembling sponge; a mop for cleans- 
ing a gun after its discharge; point 
of a horseshoe; parasite: v.i. to 
suck in like a sponge; five upon 
others: v.t. cleanse or wipe with a 
sponge; obtain by mean arts with- 
out cost. 

sponginess (spun'ji-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being spongy. 

spongious (spon'ji-us), adj. sponge- 
like. 



spongy (spun'ji), oc?/. flexible and 
full of small cavities; like a sponge; 
having the quahty of imbibing fluids; 
wet and soft ; rainy. 

sponsion (spon'shun), n. the act of 
becoming surety for another; an 
engagement on ^ behalf of a state 
pending ratification. 

sponson Csun), n. the triangular 
space before and abaft the paddle- 
boxes of a steamboat; one of the 
armored projections with gun ports 
of a warship. 

sponsor ('ser), n. a surety; a god- 
father or godmother. 

sponsorial (-so'ri-al), adj, pertaining 
to a sponsor. 

sponsorship ('ship), n. state or po- 
sition of being a sponsor. 

spontaneity ' (-t^-ne'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being spontaneous; tend- 
ency in animal and vegetable organ- 
isms to imdergo changes irrespective 
of environment. 

spontaneous (-ta'ne-us), adj. pro- 
ceeding from natural disposition or 
impulses; acting by internal im- 
pulse or patural law. 

spook (spook), n. a ghost. 

spool (spool), n. a hollow cylinder 
surrounded with a ridge at each end 
on which thread, &c., are wound: 
v.t. to wind on a spool. 

spoon (spoon), n. a small domestic 
implement consisting of a hollow 
bowl and handle for dipping in 
liquids and conveying them to the 
mouth, &c.; a simpleton; a club 
used in golf: v.t. to take up in, or 
as in, a spoon: v.i. to act the part 
of a demonstrative lover. 

spoonbill ('bil), n. a wading bird of the 
heron family with a spoon-hke bill. 

spoonful ('fool), n. [pi. spoonfuls 
('foolz) ], as much as a spoon will 
hold; small quantity. 

spoonily ('i-li), adv. in a spoony 
manner. 

spoony ('i), n. a simpleton: adj. 
weak-minded; demonstratively fond. 

spoor (spoor), n. the track or trail 
of any wild animal. 



&te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think»then. 



SPORADES 



824 



SPRAWL 



sporades (spor'^-dez), n.pl. stars not 
included in any constellation. 

sporadic (spo-rad'ik), adj. occurring 
separately or apart from others of 
the same kind; single. Also spo- 
radical. 

sporadically (-i;14i), adv, in a spo- 
radic manner. 

sporadic disease (diz-ez'), n, a dis- 
ease, usually epidemic, attacking 
only a few in a particular district 
and not spreading. 

spore (spor), n. a minute grain in 
cryptoganaous plants which performs 
the function of a seed; a minute 
ovoid body in certain organisms 
which gives rise to new organisms 
by germination. 

sporran (spor'§,n), n, the furry pouch 
worn in Highland costume in front 
of the kilt. 

sport (sport), n. diversion; jest; 
mirth; mockery; play; outdoor rec- 
reation, as hunting, shooting, &c.; 
athletics and games of skill for 
which prizes are given or money 
staked; an animal or plant which 
deviates in its organism from the 
normal condition: v.i, to play or 
frolic; trifle; practice field diver- 
sions: v.L to divert; exhibit or wear 
in pubHc. 

sportful ('fool), adj, full of sport; 
indulging in mirth or play; merry; 
frolicsome. 

sporting Cing), p. adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or engaging in, 
sport or sports. 

sporting man (man), n. [pi, sport- 
ing men], a fast man; gambler; a 
sportsman. 

sportive (Iv)*, adj, frohcsome; mer- 
ry- 

sportively (-H), adv, in a sportive 
manner. 

sportiveness (-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being sportive; disposi- 
tion to mirth. 

sportsman (sports'm§,n), n. {pi, 
sportsmen ('men) , one who pur- 
sues the sports of the field, as hunt- 
ing, &c. Fern, sportswoman. 



sportsmanship (-ship), w. skill or 
practice in field sports. 

sporule (spor'ul), n. a granule with 
a spore. 

spot (spot), n. a blot or mark; dis- 
colored place or stain; blemish; dis- 
grace or reproach; locality; place; 
small part of a different color; dark 
place on a luminous disc, as of the 
sun or a planet; mark on a billiard 
table where the red ball is placed; 
spot-stroke: v.L [p.t, & p.p. spotted, 
p.pr, spotting], to mark with spots; 
discolor; stain; disgrace or blemish; 
mark or note so as to recognize; de- 
tect. 

spotlight ^ (lit), n, an ^ adjustable 
calcium light for throwing a shift- 
ing light on a stage, so as to keep 
a player within its rays. 

spot-stroke ('strok), n, a particular 
stroke off the red ball when on the 
spot. 

spotter ('er), n. a detective. 

spottiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being spotted. 

spotty ('i), adj, marked with, or full 
of, spots. 

spousals (spou'zMs), n.pL marriage; 
nuptials. 

spouse (spouz), n. a married person. 

spout (spout), n, the projecting 
mouth of a vessel; pipe for conduct- 
ing a liquid; lift or shoot: v.t. to 
throw out forcibly and abundantly, 
as from a pipe; pawn: ^ v.i, issue 
with violence, as from a pipe. 

sprag (sprag), n, a young salmon or 
cod. 

sprain (spran), n, an excessive strain 
of the muscles or ligaments of a 
joint without dislocation: v.t. to 
overstrain (the muscles or ligaments 
of a joint) without dislocation. 

sprang, p.t. of spring. 

sprat (sprat), n. a small fish. 

sprawl (sprawl), v.i. to stretch the 
body carelessly when in a horizontal 
position; lie; stretch or toss out the 
Hmbs or move awkwardly; open ir- 
regularly, as cavalry; spread in an 
irregular manner, as a plant. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



SPRAY 



825 



SPUR 



spray (spra), n, a small shoot or 
branch of a tree, or a collection of 
them; small particles of water driv- 
en or dashed in the air; jet of fine 
medicated water, perfume, &c.:^ v.t. 
[p.t, & p.p. sprayed, p.pr, sprajdng], 
to throw spray upon. 

spread (spred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
spread, p.pr. spreading], to extend in 
all directions; propagate; unfurl; 
open; emit; scatter; set or furnish 
with provisions: v.i. to be extended 
or propagated: n. extent; table fur- 
nished with provisions; feast. 

spread-eagle Ce-gl), adj. defiantly 
bombastic: n. the figure of an eagle 
with its wings elevated and its legs 
extended; the heraldic emblem of 
the United States. 

spree ^spre), n. a merry frolic; carousal. 

sprig (sprig), n. a small twig or 
shoot; scion; headless brad or nail; 
ornament in the form of a spray: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sprigged, p.pr. sprig- 
ging], to work or adorn with sprigs; 
drive brads into. 

spright (sprit), n. a sprite. ^ 

sprightliness (li-nes), n. vivacity. 

sprightly ('K), adj. [comp. spnght- 
her, superl. sprightHest], vivacious; 
brisk; ^ animated; airy; gay: adv. 
with vivacity. 

spring (spring), v.i. [p.t. ^ sprang, 
p.p. sprung, p.pr. springing], to 
arise; originate; appear; shoot up; 
ieap; bound; dart; start or rise up 
suddenly; fly back; issue or pro- 
ceed; warp: v.t. to start or rouse; 
cause to spring up; explode; crack; 
strain; cause to close suddenly; leap 
over; cause to open: n. a leap or 
bound; an elastic body used for va- 
rious mechanical purposes; a flying 
back with elastic force; source; a 
fountain of water; one of the four 
seasons of the year when plants be- 
gin to grow ; crack in a mast, &c. 

springbok (iDok), n. the South Af- 
rican gazelle. 

springe (sprinj), n. a gin or noose. 

springiness (spring 'i-nes), n. elas- 
ticity ; sponginess. 



springing Cing), n. the act or process 
of leaping; growth, the point at 
which an arch unites with its sup- 
port. 

springtide ('tid), n. the tide which 
happens at or near the new and full 
moon; springtime. 

springy ('i), adj, elastic; light; 
spongy. 

sprinkle (springT^l), v.t. to scatter 
in small drops; baptize with a few 
drops of water; cleanse or purify: 
v.i.toiam in small drops; n. a 
sprinkhng. 

sprinkling (spring 'kling), adj. scat- 
tering in small drops: n. a small 
Quantity distriouted in small drops; 
a small quantity distributed or scat- 
tered, as of people, &c. 

sprint (sprint), n. sl run for a short 
distance at full speed: v.i. to run at 
full speed. 

sprinter (sprint'er), n. a speedy run- 
ner. 

sprit (sprit), v.i. to bud or sprout: n. 
a sprout or shoot; a small spar 
which raises diagonally the peak of 
the sail ojf a boat. 

sprite (sprit), n. a ghost; a spirit. 

sprout (sprout), v.i. to germinate; 
shoot, as the seed of a plant: n. a 
shoot; bud: pi. Brussels sprouts. 

spruce (sproos), n. a fir tree of the 
genus Picea; wood of the spruce 
tree; a fermented beverage made 
from spruce leaves, &c.: adj. smart; 
trim; neat; dandified: v.t. to dress 
with affected neatness. 

sprucely ('h), adv. in a spruce manner. 

spruceness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being spruce. 

sprung, p.t. & p.p. of spring. 

spry (spri), adj. nimble; sharp. 

spud (spud), n. a potato. 

spume (spum), n. froth; foam: v.i. 
to foam. 

spumy Ci) , n. frothy ; foamy. 

spun, p.t. & p.p. of spin. 

spunk (spungk), n. touchwood; met- 
tle. 

spunky ('i), adj. mettlesome; plucky. 

spur (sper), n. a rowel with sharp 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SPURIOUS 



826 



SQUARE-ROOT 



points worn on the heel of boots for 
inciting a horse; any incentive to 
action; largest root of a tree; some- 
thing projecting; stiff, sharp spine 
on a cock's leg, &c. : v.t, [p.t. & p.p. 
spurred, p.pr. spurring], to prick 
with a spur; incite to action; hasten: 
v.i. to travel with haste; push on. 

spurious (spu'ri-us), adj. not genu- 
ine; counterfeit; illegitimate; false. 

spurn (spern), v.t to drive away, as 
with the foot; reject with contempt; 
treat with disdain: v.L to manifest 
contempt in rejecting anj^hing: 7i. 
disdainful rejection. 

spurrier (spurl-er), n. a spur maker. 

spurt (spert), v.i. to issue forth sud- 
denly or violently in a stream or 
jet; make a sudden brief effort: v.L 
to throw out in a stream or jet: n. 
a sudden or forcible ejection of a 
liquid; brief, sudden effort. 

sputter (sput'er), v.i. to throw out 
moisture in scattered drops; speak 
rapidly and indistinctly; spit: v.L 
to emit in small particles with a 
crackUng or spluttering noise: n. 
moist matter thrown out in small 
drops. 

sputum (spu'tum), n. saliva; spittle. 

spy (spi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spied, p.pr. 
spjdng], to discover, especially at a 
distance; gain sight of; detect; ex- 
plore; examine secretly: v.i, to scru- 
tinize; play the spy: n. a person 
who in time of war enters the ene- 
my's camp to gain information as to 
its movements, &c.; one who keeps 
watch on others; secret agent. 

spy-glass Cgl^s), n. a small tele- 
scope. 

squab (skwob), n. a person of short, 
fat figure; kind of sofa; stuffed 
cushion; nestling of a pigeon: adj. 
short and fat; bulky: adv, with a 
heavy fall. 

squab-pie ('pi), n. pigeon-pie. 

squabble ('!), v.i. to wrangle or dis- 
pute in a noisy manner: v.t. to dis- 
arrange: said of type set up: n. sl 
noisy wrangle; dispute. 

squad (skwod), n. a small party of 



soldiers assembled for drill, &c.; any 
small party, 

squadron ('run), n. a division of a 
regiment of cavalry, comprising two 
troops; detachment of war vessels 
employed in some particular service. 

squalid (skwol'ld), adj. extremely 
dirty; foul; poverty-stricken. 

squall (skwawl), n. a sudden and 
violent gust of wind, often accom- 
panied with rain, sleet, &c.; a loud 
scream: v.i. to scream or cry vio- 
lently. 

squally ('i), adv. gusty. 

squaloid (skwa'loid), adj. shark-hke. 

squalor (skwol'er or skwalor), n. 
foulness; dirt. 

squamoid (skwa'moid), adj scaly. 

squamose ('mos), adj. covered with, 
or like, scales. Also squamous. 

squander (skwon'der), v.t. to spend 
lavishly or wastefully; dissipate; 
v.i. to be wasteful or prodigal. 

square (skwar), n. a parallelogram 
having 4 equal sides and 4 right an- 
gles; anything nearly resembling a 
square; an area of 4 sides having 
houses on each side; square body of 
troops; a mathematical instrument 
for measuring right angles; product 
of a number multiplied by itsslf; 
adj. having 4 equal sides and 4 equal 
angles; forming a right angle; hav- 
ing a straight front; true; upright; 
honest; just; well-set; stout: v.t. to 
form with 4 equal sides and 4 equal 
angles; multiply by itself; reduce to 
a given standard; adjust; regulate; 
make even; place at right angles 
with the keel: v.i. to accord or agree 
(with with)^ ; fit; assume a boxing 
attitude (with up). 

squarely (li), adv. in a square form. 

squareness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being square. 

square measure (mezh'er), n. the 
square of a Hneal measure. 

square-rigged ('rigd), adj. having 
the sails extended on yards suspend- 
ed horizontally by the middle. 

square-root ('root), n. that number 
or quantity which, multiplied by 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SQUASH 



827' 



STABILITY 



itself, produces the given number or 
quantity, as 2 is the square root of 4. 

squash (skwosh), v.L to crush, espe- 
cially into a flat mass or pulp: n. 
something soft and easily crushed; 
something unripe and soft; unripe 
pea cod: shock of soft bodies; sud- 
den fall of a soft body; a gom-d. 

squash-bug (skwosh-bug), n, sm 
insect of an offensive odor, which 
ravages squash vines. 

squash-court (skwosh-kort), n. a 
court where the game of squash is 
played. 

squashiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being squashy. 

squashy ('i), adj. easily crushed; soft. 

squat (sbwot), v.i. [p.t, & p.p. squat- 
ted, p.pr. squatting], to sit down on 
the hams or heels; cover or lie close, 
as an animal; to settle on public 
land; settle on the land of another 
without a title: adj, sitting on the 
hams and heels; crouching: n. the 
posture of one who squats; small 
vein of ore. 

squatter ('er), n. one who squats; 
one who settles on new or unculti- 
vated land without a title; in Aus- 
tralia and New Zealand, one who 
leases land for pasturing sheep from 
the Grovernment. 

squaw (skwaw), n. a North Amer- 
ican Indian woman or wife. 

squawk (skwawk), v.i. to utter a 
loud, harsh noise; n. a harsh squeak. 

squeak (skwek), v.i. to utter a short, 
shrill, sharp cry; make a sharp dis- 
agreeable noise; break silence; con- 
fess; n. a short, shrill, sharp cry; a 
sharp disagreeable noise. 

squeal (skwel), v.i. to cry with a 
sharp, shrill, prolonged sound; to 
tmn informer: n. a sharp, shrill, 
prolonged sound. 

squeamish (skwem'ish), adj. sickish 
at stomach; easily disgusted; nice 
to excess m taste; fastidious about 
trifles; scrupulous. 

squeegee (skwe'je), n. a hoe-shaped 
implement with an india-rubber edge 
or plate for cleaning pavements. 



squeezable (skwez'^-bl), adj, capa* 
ble of being squeezed. 

squeeze (skwez), v.t. to press be- 
tween two bodies; crush; embrace 
forcibly; compress; force by com- 
pression; cause to pass: v.i. press; 
push between close bodies: n. the 
act of squeezing; compression be- 
tween bodies; facsimile in some soft 
substance; a forcible embrace. 

squelch (skwelch), v.t. to crush; 
silence: n. a heavy blow. 

squib (skwib), n. a kind of firework; 
petty lampoon; sarcastic publica- 
tion: v.i. to use or write squibs or 
sarcastic reflections; contend in 
petty dispute. 

squid (skwid), n. a name for various 
10-armed cephalopds; cuttlefish. 

squill (skwil), n. a genus of plants 
allied to the lily, used in medicine. 

squint (skwint), adj. looking ob- 
liquely: said of the eyes: v.i. to see 
or look obliquely; have the vision 
distorted: v.t. to cause to squint: n. 
the act or habit of looking obliquely. 

squire (skwir), n. title of a justice of 
the pea€e; in England the owner of a 
large farm. 

squirm (skwerm), v.i. to wriggle; 
writhe. 

squirrel (skwer'el), n. a small, agile, 
arboreous rodent with a long bushy 
tail. 

squirt (skwert), v.t. to eject in a 
stream from a small orifice; spurt: 
n. a small stream or jet: an instru- 
ment for ejecting water, &c. 

stab (stab), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. stabbed, 
p.pr, stabbiag], to pierce with, or as 
with, a^ pointed weapon; kill or 
wound; injure secretly, or by mali- 
cious falsehood or slander: v.i. to 
pierce; inflict a wound: n. a thrust 
or wound with a sharp-pointed 
weapon; a malicious injury done 
secretly, 

stability (sta-bil'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being stable or firm; firm- 
ness of character; strength of pur- 
pose or resolution; fixedness. Also 
stableness. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STABLE 



828 



STAKE-HOLDER 



stable Cbl), adj. fixed; firm; con- 
stant: n, a building for lodging 
horses, cows, &c.: v.L to put or keep 
in a stable: vd, to dwell or shelter, 
as in a stable, 

stabling ('biing), n. the act of put- 
ting into a stable; accommodation. 

stack (stak), n, a large quantity of 
hay, corn, wood, &c., piled up in cir- 
cular or regular form; number of 
chimneys standing together: v,L to 
pile into a stack. 

stadium (sta'di-um), n. [pi. stadia 
(-§,)], a Greek linear measure = 
606^ ft.; the course for foot-races 
at the Olympic games: hence a race- 
course. 

staff (st§.f), n. [pi. staves,^ staffs 
(stavz, stafs) ], a stick carried for 
support in walking or for defense; 
support; prop; pole, handle, or bar; 
Wand as a badge of office; stanza or 
a series of verses; the five lines and 
four spaces between them on which 
music is written; flagstaff; an es- 
tablishment of officers attached to an 
army or its commander; number of 
persons engaged in any undertaking 
or work. 

stag (stag), n. the male of the red 
deer; male of the ox kind, castrated 
at a certain age; an outside irregu- 
lar dealer in stocks. 

stag-beetle ('be-tl), n. a beetle hav- 
ing, in the male, mandibles resem- 
bling a stag's horn. 

stage (staj), n. an elevated platform, 
especially in ^ a theater; place of 
scenic entertainments or representa- 
tions; the theatrical profession; 
place of rest on a journey; field of 
action; degree of progress; coach: 
v,t. to put on the stage, as a play. 

stager (sta'jer), n. a horse for draw- 
ing a stage coach; one who has long 
acted on the stage of life; a person 
practiced in cunning; one who is ex- 
perienced; a player. 

stagger (stag'er), v.i. to totter or 
reel; begin to doubt, weary or give 
way; hesitate: v.t. to cause to totter 
or reel; shock; make less confident: 



n. a sudden reeling or tottering: pi. a 
disease of horses and cattle; vertigo. 

staging (staj'ing), n. a temporary 
structure of boards and posts; busi- 
ness of running and managing stage 
coaches; style of play production. 

stagnancy (stag'ni,n-si), n, the state 
or quaUty of being stagnant. 

stagnant ('n^nt), adj. not flowing, 
or runnmg in a stream; motionless; 
not brisk; torpid; dull. 

stagnate ('nat), v.i. to cease to flow 
or run; be motionless; become tor- 
pid, inactive, or dull; become impure 
or foul. 

stagnation (-na'shun), n. the state 
or quality of being stagnant. 

stagy (sta'ji), adj. characteristic of 
the stage; xmreal. 

staid (stad), adj. sober; sedate; reg- 
ular; steady; not volatile. 

stain (stan), v,t. to blot; spot; tinge 
with color; dye; soil with guilt or 
infamy;^ tarnish; pollute: v.i. to 
take stains; become stained: n. dis- 
coloration; spot of color different 
from the ground; spot or blot; taint 
of guilt or infamy; cause of re- 
proach. 

stair (star), n. one of a series of 
steps for ascending ^ to a higher 
level; a step: pi. a flight of steps. 

staircase ('kas), n. a set of steps in 
a house with railings, &c. 

staith. (stath), n. an elevated staging 
upon a wharf with a Hne of rails for 
discharging coals, &c. 

stake (stak), n. a post or strong 
stick sharpened at one end and fixed 
in the ground; palisade; post to 
which a person condemned to be 
burnt was secured, hence martyr- 
dom; that which is pledged, w/i- 
gered, or put to hazard; prize con- 
tested for; small anvil: v.t. to fasten 
or support with stakes; defend with, 
or mark out the limits of* "vith 
stakes; wager or pledge. 

stake-holder (stak'hold-er), n. ^he 
one who holds the money on a 
wager, to be tiu-ned over to the 
winner. 



ate, arm, ^k^ at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then* 



STALACTITE 



829 



STAND 



stalactite (stal-ak'tit), n. an icicle- 
like incrustation of carbonate of 
lime, &c., formed by percolation in 
caverns, &c. 

stalagmite (-ag'mit), n. a cone of 
carbonate of lime, &c., formed on 
the floor of a cavern in a similar 
manner to a stalactite. 

stale (stal), adj. not fresh or new; 
vapid; tasteless; worn out by use 
or fainiUarity; trite; common; de- 
cayed; past the prime: v.t, to make 
stale; wear out: v.i, to discharge 
lu-ine: said of horses. 

stalemate ('mat), n. the position of 
a king in chess, when he cannot 
move without being placed in check : 
v.t. to subject to stalemate; bring to 
a stand. 

staleness ('nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being stale. 

stalk (stawk), v.t. to pursue stealth- 
ily and under cover so as to kill, as 
game: v.i. to walk with high and 
proud steps; walk behind a stalking- 
horse: n. the stem or main axis of a 
plant; support which attaches a 
flower or fruit to a plant or tree; 
anything like a stalk; a high, proud, 
stately step. 

stalking-horse ('ing-hors) , n. a horse, 
or figure of a horse, behind which a 
hunter conceals himself from his 
game; a mask. 

stall (stawl), n. that part of a stable 
where a horse or ox is kept and fed; 
a bench or table where goods are ex- 
posed for sale; small house or shed 
where business is carried on; seat 
of a church dignitary in the choir of 
a cathedral; canonry; reserved seat 
in a theater, &c.: v.t. to place or 
keep n a stall: v.i. to kennel, as 
dogs. 

stallage ('aj), n. rent paid for a 
stall; right of erecting a stall at a 
fair. 

stallion (star^^un), n. an uncastrated 
male horse kept for breeding. 
talwat (stawl'wert), adj. sturdy; 
strong; tall and stout; brave; dar- 
ing. 



stamen (sta'men), n. the msac organ 
of a flower. 

stamina (stam'in-a), n.pl. tone and 
vigor of the animal system; back- 
bone; power of endurance. 

staminal ('in-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting in, stamens or stami- 
na; tonic. 

staminiferous (-if'er-us), adj. bear- 
ing stamens. 

stammer ^ (stam'er), v.i. to •hesitate 
or falter in speaking, especially from 
an impediment in speech; stutter: 
v.t. to utter or pronounce with dif- 
ficulty or hesitation: n. difficulty in 
pronouncing or speaking; stutter. 

stammering (-ing), n. imperfect ut- 
terance in speech: adj. hesitating in 
speech. 

stamp (stamp), v.t. to strike with the 
sole of the foot by thrusting it down- 
ward; crush or pulverize; impress; 
fix deeply; make valid; affix^a stamp 
to; coin: v.i. to strike or .beat the 
foot forcibly on the ground: n. the 
act of stamping; die; the impres- 
sion made; official mark on dutiable 
things;' small piece of paper having 
a certain device and value impressed 
upon it by government, required le- 
gally to be affixed to a letter, docu- 
ment, &c.; currency; character or 
reputation; authority. 

stampede (stam-ped'), n. a sudden 
panic seizing a herd of animals caus- 
ing them to run violently away; any 
sudden flight or rush: v.t. to cause 
to take to sudden flight: v.i. to start 
off in a panic. 

stanch (stanch), adj. firm; constant; 
trustworthy; zealous: v.t. to stop 
the flowing of, as blood. Also 
staunch. 

stanchion (stan'shun), n. a support 
or post of iron or wood. 

stand (stand), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. stood, 
p.pr. standing], to be erect; occupy 
a certain position; cease to move; 
be at rest or fixed; continue; re- 
main without injury or ruin; be 
safe; not to fail or yield; be obsti- 
nate; be firm; be placed; become a 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut: think, then. 



STANDARD 



830 



STARLING 



candidate; hold a course at sea; 
continue in force; stagnate: v.L to 
endure; sustain; abide by; set in an 
erect position; pay for: n, a stop or 
halt: interruption; station for the 
hire of vehicles; raised platform for 
spectators; small table; state of per- 
plexity or difficulty; resistance. 

standard ('erd), n/an ensign or flag, 
especially a national ensign; that 
which is established by authority as 
a fixed rule or measure; established 
rule or model; criterion; a standing 
tree not supported by a wall: pro- 
portion of weights of fine metal and 
alloy estabhshed by authority. 

standardize (stand'erd-iz), vi, to 
cause to conform to a standard: to 
regulate in conformity to a standard. 

standing ('ing), n, the act of stop- 
ping or of being erect on the feet; 
duration; maintenance of position; 
reputation; rank or status: adj, re- 
maining erect: stagnant; lasting; 
established or settled; fixed. 

stand-patter (stand-pat 'er), n, a pol- 
itician who sticks to his party under 
all circumstances. 

stanhope (stan'hop or 'up), n. a 
light two-wheeled carriage without a 
top. 

stannary/ (stan'§.-ri), n, [pi, stanna- 
ries (-riz)], a tin mine or works: 
adj, pertaining to tin mines. 

stannic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
got from, tin. 

stanniferous (-if'er-us), adj. yield- 
ing tin. 

stannous ('us), adj. of, pertaining to, 
or containing tin. 

stanza ('z&), n. a number of lines or 
verses connected with and adjusted 
to each other, usually ending in a 
pause; part of a poem containing 
every variation of measure in the 
poem. 

stanzaic (-za'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, stanzas. 

stapes (sta'pez), n. the stirrup bone 
of the ear. 

staple (sta'pl), n. the chief produc- 
tion or industry of a country or dis- 



trict; settled market or emporium; 
principal element or topic; unmanu- 
factured or raw material, as cotton, 
flax, or wool fiber; loop of metal 
for holding a bolt, &c.: adj. chief; 
regularly produced; established in 
commerce: v.t. to sort according to 
its staple, as cotton, &c. 

stapler ('pier), n. one who deals in 
staple commodities; a wool sorter. 

star (star), n, any celestial body, es- 
pecially one that is self-luminous; 
anything resembling a star; a planet 
supposed to influence a person's des- 
tiny; an ornamental rayed badge; 
an asterisk (*); a person of distin- 
guished eminence, especially in the 
theatrical profession: v.t. {p.t, & 
p.p. starred, p.pr. starring], to set 
or adorn with stars: v.i. to shine as 
a star; be preeminent; appear as 
principal actor among inferior players. 

starboard ('bord), n. the right-hand 
side of a vessel looking toward the 
bow: adj. pertaining to, or lying on 
the right side of a vessel: v.t. to put 
to the right or starboard side* of a 
vessel. 

Star Chamber (cham'ber), n. an an- 
cient civil and criminal court at 
Westminster, notorious for its des- 
potism and injustice during the 
reign of Charles I. 

starch (starch), n. a widely diffused 
vegetable substance: used for laun- 
dry purposes, &c.: v.t. to stiffen with 
starch; make stiff. 

starched (starcht), adj, stiffened 
with starch; formal; precise. 

starchy (starch 'i), adj. consisting of 
starch; stiff; formal; precise. 

stare (star), n. a fixed look with wide- 
open eyes; a starling: v.i. to look 
with fixed eyes wide open; look earn- 
estly; be very conspicuous; stand 
out prominently: v.t. to gaze at. 

stark (stark), adj. stiff; strong: adv, 
wholly or completely. 

starling (star 'ling), n. a passerine 
bird of the genus ^ Sturnus; piles 
driven round the piers of a bridge 
for its protection. 



fite, arm, S,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, notj boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



STARRED 



831 



STATISTICIAN 



starred (stard), p. adj. decorated with 
stars; influenced by the stars. 

starriness (star'i-nes), n, the state 
or quality of being starry. 

starry ('i), adj. abounding in, con- 
sisting of, or proceeding from, stars; 
star-shaped. 

starstone ('ston), n. a variety of 
sapphire. 

start (start), v.i, to be moved or 
twitched suddenly, as by sudden 
alarm, &c.; shrink; move abruptly; 
set out; commence a race, career, 
&c.: loosen: v.t. to originate or set 
going; rouse suddenly from conceal- 
ment; empty; dislocate; punish with 
a rope's end: n. the act of starting; 
outset; a sudden motion or twitch; 
sudden fit or excitement; quick 
spring; starting post. 

starthroat (star'throt), n. a hum- 
ming-bird. 

startle (start 1), v.i, to move sudden- 
ly, as by an alarm; to feel sudden 
alarm: v.t, to frighten suddenly; 
shock. 

starvation (star-va snun), n. the 
state of being starved. 

starve (starv), yi. to suffer extreme 
hunger; perish with hunger or cold: 
v.t. subdue by famine; destroy by 
want of any kind. 

starveling Chng), adj, hungry; weak; 
lean: n. a thin, weak, pining animal 
or plant. 

stasis (sta'sis), n.' arrest of the cir- 
culation of blood in the vessels. 

state (stat), n. circumstances or con- 
dition; position or situation; case; 
quahty; pomp; principal persons 
constituting the government of a 
country; legislature; whole body of 
people united under one government; 
civil power, adj. pertaining to the 
body pohtic; used on state occa- 
sions; ceremonial: v.t. to express 
the details of; represent fully in 
words; narrate. 

State, n. one of the federated com- 
monwealths composing the United 
States. 

stated ('ed), adj. fixed; regular. 



statedly (-h), adv. at fixed times. 

stateliness ('h-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being stately; majestic 
appearance. 

stately ('h), adj. [camp, statelier, 
superl, statehest], grand; majestic ji 
dignified; displaying state or dignity. 

statement ('ment), n. the act of stat- 
mg; that which is stated; narrative 
or recital. 

stater (sta't-er), n, a gold coin of an- 
cient Greece* 

statesman (stats'm^n), n. [pi. states- 
men ('men) ], one who is skilled in 
public affairs and the art of govern- 
ment; pohtician. 

statesmanship (ship), n. the quali- 
fication or skill of a statesman. 

state-trial ('tri-i-l), n. a trial for 
political offenses. 

static (stat'ik), adj. pertaining to 
bodies at rest or in equihbrium; act- 
ing by mere weight without produc- 
ing motion. Also statical: n.pl, that 
branch of mechanics which treats of 
the equilibrium, pressure, weight, 
&c., of bodies at rest. 

statically -('i-k^l-h), adv. in a stati- 
cal manner. 

station (sta'shiin), n. place where a 
person or thing stands; position; 
rank or condition of life; class or 
order; place on a railway for pas- 
sengers or goods; district pohce of- 
fice; military quarters; post for 
war-vessels: v.t. to place in a cer- 
tain post, rank, or situation; ap- 
point or ass gn. ^ 

stationary (-a-ri), adj. fixed; not 
moving; not improving. 

stationer ('shun-er), n. one who 
sells paper, pens, pencils, writing 
materials, &c. 

stationery (-er'i), n. stationer's ar- 
ticles. 

statist (sta'tist), n. a statistician. 

statistic (sta-tis'tik), adj. pertaining 
to statistics. Also statistical. 

statistically (-M-h), adv. by statis- 
tics. 

statistician (stat-is-tish'i,n) n. one 
skilled in statistics. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&ru 



STATISTICS 



832 



STEAMER 



statistics (sti;-tis'tiks), n, the sci- 
ence of the classification and ar- 
rangement of facts relating to the 
condition of a people or class, do- 
mestic economy, health, longevity, 
&c. 

stator (sta'ter), n, the part of a dy- 
namo or motor which remains at 
rest. 

statuary (stat'ti-a-ri), n. a sculptor; 
the art of carving statues; statues 
collectively, 

statue ('u), n. the representation of 
a living being sculptured or modeled 
in some solid material: v.t, to form 
a statue of; place, as a statue. 

statuesque (-u-esk'), adj, having the 
characteristics of a statue: immo- 
bile. 

statuette (-u-ef), n, a little statue. 

stature ('tir), n, the natural height. 

status (sta'tus), n, condition; social 
standing or place; rank. 

status quo (kwo), present or pre- 
vious condition or position. 

statutable (stat'u-ta-bl), adj. made 
or introduced by statute; according 
to law or statute. 

statutably (-ta-bli), adv, conforma- 
bly to statute. 

statute Cut), n, a law expressly en- 
acted by the legislature of a country 
or state; written law; an act of a 
corporation or of its founders, de- 
signed to be a permanent rule. 

statutory ('u-to-ri), adj. enacted by 
statute; depending on statute for its 
authority. 

stave (stav), n. {pi. staves (stavz) ], 
one of the thin narrow strips of 
wood forming the sides of a cask; a 
pole or piece of wood of some length; 
the five parallel fines and the four 
contained spaces on and within 
which the notes and rests are writ- 
ten [music]: pL of staff: vi, [p.t, 
& p.p. staved, stove, p.pr, staving], 
to break a hole in; burst; pour out; 
delay or put off. 

stay ^ (sta), n, a large, strong rope 
which stiffens and supports a mast; 
stop or stand; prop or support; 



abode or continuance in a place: pL 
pair of corsets: v.t. \p.t. & p.p. 
stayed, p,pr. staying], to hold up or 
support; sustain; endure; restrain; 
delay; tack: v.i. to remain or abide; 
wait; rest; stand stiU; continue; 
cease; hold out or last. 

stead (sted), n. the place or room 
which another had or might have. 

steadfast ('fast), adj. firmly fixed or 
estabhshed; steady; constant; uni- 
form., 

steadily ('i-fi), adv. in a steady man- 
ner. 

steadiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being steady. 

steady ('i),^ adj. [comp. steadier, su- 
perl, steadiest], fixed; regular; nrm; 
constant in feeling or purpose; 
resolute; undeviating; unwavering; 
uniform: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. steadied, 
p.pr, steadying], to make or keep 
steady or firm; make constant or 
resolute; regulate: inter j. be fixed. 

steak (stak), n. a slice of beef, &c., 
for broiling. 

steal (stel), v.t. {p.t. stole, p.p. 
stolen, p.pr. stealing], to take by 
theft or feloniously; take without 
leave or right; withdraw or convey 
clandestinely; gain secretly and 
gradually: v.i. to commit theft; sUp 
in and out unperceived. 

stealth (stelth), n. secret means em- 
ployed to accomplish an object; un- 
derhand procedure. 

stealthily ('i-h), adv. in a stealthy 
manner. ' 

stealthiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being stealthy. 

stealthy ('i), adj. [comp. stealthier, 
superl. stealthiest], done or per- 
formed by stealth; clandestine; sly. 

steam (stem), n. vapor into which 
water is changed when heated to 
boihng-point; vapor; any exhala- 
tion: v.i. to emit steam; rise or pass 
off in steam; move by steam: v.t. to 
apply steam to. 

steamer ('er), n. a vessel propelled 
by steam; road locomotive; an ap- 
paratus for steaming articles. 



Stc, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 



STEAMINESS 



833 



STENOGRAPHER 



steaminess ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being steamy; mistiness. 

steamy ('i), adj, consisting of, or 
like, steam. 

stearate (ste'§,-rat), n. any salt of 
stearic acid. 

stearic (-ar'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
obtained from stearin. 

stearin ('i,-rin), n. a constituent of 
most animal and some vegetable 
fats; tallow. 

steatite ('i,-tit), n, soapstone. 

steed (sted), n. a horse, especially 
one which is spirited. 

steel (stel), n, iron refined and com- 
bined with carbon; any instrument 
of steel; anything made of steel; 
anything of extreme hardness; a 
chalybeate medicine: adj. made of, 
or resembling, steel: v.t. to overlay, 
edge, or tip with steel; make hard 
or invulnerable; render like steel. 

steeliness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quaUty of being steely. 

steeling Cing), n. the process of 
overlaying, edging, or pointing with 
steel; acierage. 

steely ('i), adj, made of, or hke, steel; 
hard; inflexible; colored like steel. 

steelyard ('y§,rd), n. a kind of bal- 
ance, consisting of a single weight 
moved along a graduated beam. 

steening (sten'ing), n. a lining of 
stone, brick, &c., of a well or similar 
structure. 

steep (step), adj: rising or descend- 
ing with great incHnation; precipi- 
tous: n. a precipitous place: v,t. to 
soak in a liquid; dip; imbue. 

steepen ('n), v.L to become steep or 
steeper. 

steeple (ste'pl), n. a. tower or turret 
tapering to a point; spire. 

steeple-chase (-chas), n. a kind of 
cross-country horse-race. 

steepled Cpld), adj. furnished with, 
Hke, or adorned with, a steeple. 

steer (ster), n. a young male of the 
ox kind; buUock: v.t, to direct the 
course of (a vessel) with the helm; 
control; guide: v.i. to direct a ship 
in its course; move; be governed. 



steerage ('aj), n. the act or practice 
of steering; that part of a ship al- 
lotted to the poorer passengers. 

steerage-way (-wa), n. rate of mo- 
tion through the water of a vessel 
sufficient to enable her to feel the 
effect of the helm. 

steer e (ster), v.t. to give a certain 
angle of elevation to (the bowsprit 
of a vessel). 

steering (Ing), n. the angle of eleva- 
tion of a bowsprit with the horizon. 

stegomyia (steg'o-mi-ya), n. the mos- 
quito family, transmitting the yel- 
low-fever germ. 

stein (stin), n. a mug for lager beer. 

steinbock (stin'bok), n. a small an- 
telope of South Africa. Also steenbok. 

stellar (stel'^r), adj. pertaining to 
stars; astral; starry. Also stellary. 

stellate ('at), adj. star-like; radiated. 

stelliform ('i-form), adj. star- 
shaped. 

stellular ('u-l^r), adj radiated. 

stem (stem), n. the principal axis of 
*a tree or plant; anything resem- 
bling a stem; race; pedigree; prog- 
eny; branch of a family; the fore- 
part of a vessel; the unchangeable 
part of an inflected word; the up- 
right or downright line joined to 
the body of a note [music]: v.t. 
[p.i. & p.p. stemmed, p.pr. stem- 
ming], to resist or check; dam up: 
v.i. to move forward against an ob- 
stacle. 

stemple ('pi), n. a crossbar of wood 
in a mining shaft for ascending and 
descending. 

stench (stench), n. sl strong offensive 
odor. 

stencil (sten'sil), n. a thin plate of 
metal with a pattern, &c., cut out, 
used for marking, &c.: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. stenciled, p.pr. stenciUng], to 
mark or color with a stencil. 

stenograph ('o-grM), n. WTiting in 
shorthand: v.t. to write or report 
in shorthand. 

stenographer (ste-nog'r§.-f er) , n. a 
shorthand writer. Also stenogra- 
phist. 



fite, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

Die. 53 



STENOGRAPHIC 



834 



STETHOSCOPE 



stenographic (sten-o-graf'ik),ac(;. per- 
taining to, or written in, shorthand. 

stenography (ste-nog'ra-fi), n, the 
art of writing in shorthand. 

Stentor (sten'ter), n, a. person with 
a very powerful voice: from the 
Greek herald in the Trojan War. 

stentorian (-to'ri-an), adj, extremely 
loud. 

step (step), n. the distance measured 
by the foot in walking or running; 
pace; small distance; footstep; ac- 
tion; measure; procedure; gait; stair; 
roimd of a ladder: pL portable 
framework of stairs: e;i. [p.t. & p.p. 
stepped, p.pr. stepping], to make a 
movement by a single change of 
the position of the foot; walk; 
advance or retire by pacing; go or 
come as by chance; walk slowly: 
v.t, to set, as the foot; measure by 
steps; fix, as a mast: prefix denoting 
relation by marriage only, 

steppe (step), n, a name for the vast 
barren plains of Russia. 

stere (star), n. in the metric system, 
a unit of cubic measure = 35.31 
cubic feet. 

stereoy a prefix meaning solid, firm, 
as sfereogram, a picture represent- 
ing objects on a plane surface as if 
in relief: n. an ahhr, of stereotype. 
Also stereograph. 

stereometer (ster-e-om'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the solid 
contents of a body; an instrument 
for determining specific gravity. 

stereometry (-om'e-tri), n. the art 
of measuring the cubical contents 
of bodies; the art of determining 
the specific gravity of bodies. 

stereopticon (-op'ti-kon), n. a mag- 
ic-lantern showing photographic 
slides as if in relief. 

stereoscope (ster'e-o-skop), n. a bi- 
nocular optical instrument by means 
of which two pictures appear as one 
and stand out in relief. 

stereoscopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, characteristic of, or adapted 
to, the stereoscope. Also stereo- 
scopical. 



stereotelescope (ster'e-o-tel'e-skop), ■' 
n. a binocular telescope that may be 
used in mihtary operations as a 
range-finder. 

stereotype ('e-5-tip), n, a metaJ 
plate cast from a mold taken from 
a page of movable types: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. stereotyped, p.pr, stereotyp- 
ing], to cast or print in stereotype; 
fix permanently: adj, pertaining to, 
or done by, stereotype. 

sterile ('il), adj. barren; producing 
little or no crop; destitute of ideas. 

sterility (-iri-ti), n. barrenness; in- 
fecundity. 

sterilization (-za'shun), n. the act 
or process of rendering sterile; state 
of being sterile. 

sterilize ('il-iz), v.t. to make sterile; 
deprive of the power of reproduc- 
tion, as bacteria. 

sterling CHng),^ adj. pure; unadul- 
terated; genuine; noting EngHsh 
money of standard value; of high 
merit. 

stern (stern), adj. harsh or severe in 
countenance or manners; austere; 
unrelenting; steadfast; being in the 
stern: n. the after part of a vessel. 

sternal ('^1), adj. pertaining to the 
sternum. 

sternum ('um), n. the breast bone. 

sternsheets ('shetz), 7i. that part of 
a boat furnished with seats for pas- 
sengers. 

sternway ('wa), n. movement of a 
vessel backwards. 

stertorous (ster'to-rus), adj. charac- 
terized by deep snoring. 

stet (stet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stetted, 
p.pr. stetting],^ to mark with the 
word stet (let it stand) on a proof, 
indicating that something marked 
for omission is to remain. 

stethometer (steth-om'e-ter), n. an 
apparatus for measuring the exter- 
nal movements of the walls of the 
chest during respiration. 

stethoscope ('o-skop), n. an instru- 
ment for examining the chest, or 
ascertaining diseases of the chest by 
sound produced in the thorax. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STETHOSCOPIC 



835 



STILE 



stethoscopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or by means of, the stetho- 
scope. Also stethoscopical. 

stethoscopy > ('o-sko-pi), n. examina- 
tion by the stethoscope. 

Steve (stev), «;i. to stow in a ship's hold. 

stevedore* ('e-dor), n. one who loads 
or unloads a vessel in port, or stows 
cargo in a ship's hold. 

stew (stti), v.t. to boil slowly or with 
a simmering heat: v.i, to be boiled 
slowly or gently: n, a dish pre- 
pared by stewing; a store-pond: pL 
a brothel. 

steward Cerd), n. one who manages 
the domestic concerns of a family 
or institution; manager of a large 
estate or farm; person employed at 
a hotel, club, or on board ship to 
superintend culinary affairs; a col- 
lege official who superintends the 
kitchen arrangements; a fiscal agent; 
an officer of the ro\^al household; 
manager at races, sports, <fec. 

stewardess (-es), n, a woman who 
attends to female passengers on 
board ship, 

stewardship (-ship), n. the office of 
a steward; management. 

sthenic (sthen'ik), adj, character- 
ized by morbid activity of the heart 
and blood vessels. 

stiacciato (ste-at-cha'to), n. in sculp- 
ture, the lowest kind of relief. 

stibial (stib'i-al), adj. like antimony. 

stibialism (-izm),'n. antimonial poi- 
soning. 

stibium ('i-um), n. anatomy. 

sticcado (stik-a'do), n. a musical in- 
strument of wooden bars of gradu- 
ated lengths, played with a small 
mallet. 

stick (stik , n. a small branch or 
shoot cub off a tree; walking stick; 
staff; printer's composing-stick; 
thrust or stab with a pointed instru- 
ment; an incompetent or dull speak- 
er: v.t. Ip.t. & p.p. stuck, p.pr. stick- 
ing], to stab or thrust; pierce; fas- 
ten; fix in; make to cohere; at- 
tach; set with sometliing pointed; 
compose or set up (t^'pe) : v.i. to be 



fixed; remain; cleave; adhere; be 
fastened by piercing; be stayed: 
hesitate (with at). 

stickiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being sticky. 

stickle (1), v.i. to wrangle or contend 
pertinaciously, especially on insuf- 
ficient grounds, for something of 
Httle importance. 

stickleback (-bak), n. sl spiny-backed 
fish. 

sticky ('i), adj. [comp. stickier, su- 
perl, stickiest], adhesive; glutinous; 
viscous. 

stiff (stif), adj. not easily bent; 
rigid; inflexible; stubborn; not liquid 
or fluid; strong; violent; not natural 
or easy; constrained; affected; for- 
mal; severe; not wTitten with ease. 

stiffen Cn), v.t. to make stiff; make 
more thick or viscous; make torpid: 
v.i. to become stiff; grow more ob- 
stinate. 

stiffening (-ing), n. the act of making 
stiff; material for making anything 
stiff. 

stiff-necked ('nekt), adj. inflexibly 
obstinate; stubborn. 

stifle (stif '1), v.t. to suffocate; smother; 
extinguish; deaden; suppress or con- 
ceal: v.i. to be suffocated: n. the first 
joint above a horse's thigh, next the 
buttock. 

stigma (stig^mS,), n. [pi. stigmas, 
stigmata ('m§-z, 'mi-tA)], a mark 
made with a branding-iron; mark of 
infamy or disgrace; the receptive 
upper part of the pistil of a flower 
on which the pollen which fertihzes 
it falls: pi. the counterparts of the 
marks of the wounds in Christ's 
body, supposed to be impressed on 
the bodies of certain saints (stig- 
mata). 

stigmatize ('m§;-tiz), v.t. to mark 
with a stigma or brand; hold up to 
disgrace, reproach, or infamy. 

stile (stil), n. a set of steps to pass 
from one side of a fence or wall, &c., 
to the other; the gnomon of a sun- 
dial; an upright piece in framing 
or paneling. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, mersie, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^^n. 



STILETTO 



836 



STIRRING 



stiletto (sti-let'o), n. a small dagger 
with a thin, rounded, and pointed 
blade; pointed instrument for mak- 
ing eyelet holes. 

still (stil), adj. at rest; without mo- 
tion; quiet; calm; silent; not effer- 
vescent: adv, to this time; neverthe- 
less; always; after that: v,L to 
make still, calm; lull; pacify; ren- 
der motionless: n. an apparatus for 
distilling liquids. 

stilt (stilt), n. a pole of wood with a 
rest for the foot: used in pairs in 
walking: v,t to set or raise on stilts. 

stilted ('ed), adj, inflated; pompous. 

Stilton (stirtun), n. a rich kind of 
cheese. 

stimulant (stim'ti-lant) , adj. serving 
to stimulate; producing transient 
increase of vital energy: n.pl. 
medicines or alcoholic beverages 
having such an effect. 

stimulate ('u-lat), v.t. to excite or 
rouse; animate; goad; encourage: 
excite greater vitality in: v.i. to act 
as a stimulus. 

stimulative ('u-la-tiv), adj. having 
the power of stimulating: n, any- 
thing that stimulates. 

stimulator (-ter), n. one who, or 
that which, stimulates. 

stimulus Cu-lus), n. [pi. stimuli 
(ll)], that which stimulates; a spur; 
anything exciting to action; incen- 
tive; stimulant. 

sting (sting), n. the sharp-pointed, 
poisonous weapon with which cer- 
tain animals and insects are fur- 
nished; one of the stiff, sharp- 
pointed, hollow hairs of certain 
plants; anything that gives acute 
mental or physical pain; the thrust 
of a sting: v.t [p.t. & p.p. stung, 
p.pr. stinging], to pierce or wound 
with, or as with, a sting; cause 
acute pain to; goad. 

stingaree ('ga-re), n. the sting-ray. 

stinging ('ing), p. adj. piercing, as 
with a sting; acutely painful; pun- 
gent; adapted for stinging. 

stingy (stin'ji), adj. [comp. stingier, 
superl. stingiest], close and covet- 



ous; meanly avaricious; miserly; 
niggardly. 

stink (stingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. stunk, 
p.pr. stinking], to emit a strong, of- 
fensive odor: v.t. to cause to stink: 
n. a strong, offensive odor; disgust- 
ing smell; an unpleasant exposure. 

stinking ('ing), p. adj. emitting a 
stink. 

stint (stint), v.t. to restrain within 
certain limits: v.i. to stop or cease: 
n. a limit; quantity assigned. 

stipe (stip), n. the stalk of a frond 
or of a pistil; stem of a fungus. 
Also stipes. 

stipend (sti'pend), n. a salary, espe- 
cially clerical income. 

stipendiary (-pen'di-a-ri) , adj. re- 
ceiving stipend or salary: n. one 
who performs services for a salary. 

stipple (stip'l), v.t. to engrave by 
means of dots; paint by small, 
short touches. 

stippler Cler), n. a brush used for 
stippling. 

stipulate ('u-lat), v.t to arrange or 
settle definitely or by special 
mention. 

stipulation (-u-la'shun) , n. the act 
of stipulating; contract, agreement, 
or bargain; a special condition in a 
contract. 

stipulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who 
stipulates, contracts, or covenants. 

stipule Cul), n. a small leaf-like ap- 
pendage at the base of petioles. 

stir (ster), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stirred, 
p.pr. stirring], to put into motion; 
move; incite; agitate; animate; 
rouse; instigate: v.i. to move or 
exert one's self; be in motion; 
change place; rise in the morning: 
n. bustle; agitation; tumult; noise; 
public disturbance; excitement. 

stirabout ('a-bout), n. oatmeal por- 
ridge. 

stirk (sterk), n. a young bull or 
heifer. 

stirps (sterps), n, [pt stirpes ('pez) ], 
family; race; stem; root. 

stirrer (ster'er), n. one who stirs. 

stirring ('ing), n. the act of moving: 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STIRRUP 



837 



STOMA 



adj. busy; bustling; exciting; stim- 
ulating. 

stirrup (stir'up or ster'up), n. an 
iron hoop suspended by a strap in 
which a horseman sets his foot when 
he mounts or rides. 

stitch (stich), n. a single pass of a 
needle and thread through anything 
made by sewing; link of yarn in 
knitting; sudden sharp, local pain; 
a furrow: v,t. to form stitches in; 
unite by stitches; form (land) into 
furrows: v.i. to practice stitching. 

stitching Cing), n. the act of sew- 
ing; work sewn; formation of land 
into furrows. 

stithy (stith'i), n. a smith's forge; 
anvil. 

stive (stiv), v.t. to make close, hot, 
or sultry; stuff up; pack or press 
closely together: v.i, to be stifled. 

stiver Cerj, n. a Dutch coin, value 
2 cents: hence anything of httle 
value. 

stoa (sto'S,), n, a portico or porch. 

stoat (stot), n. a weasel. 

stoccade (sto-kad'), n, a, thrust in 
fencing. 

stock (stok), n. the trunk or stem of 
a tree or plant; pillar; log, or post; 
trunk into which a graft is inserted; 
a blockhead; race, family, or line- 
age; fund; capital; share of a pub- 
lic debt; store; cattle; stiff cravat; 
part of a firearm to which the bar- 
rel and lock are -attached; founda- 
tion of soups, &c.; a kind of flower: 
pL a wooden frame in which the 
legs of criminals were confined; pub- 
lic funds; shares of capital in a cor- 
porate company; frame on which a 
ship is built: v.L to store up; fill; 
supply: v.i. to take in or obtain sup- 
plies: adj, kept in stock; permanent. 

stockade (-adO, n. a line of posts 
used as a barrier for defense or en- 
closure for cattle: v.L to surround 
with, or defend by, a stockade. 

stock-farm (stok-farm), n, a farm for 
breeding stock. 

stockfish ('fish), n. salted and dried 
fish. 



stockinet (-i-nef), n. an elastic tex- 
tile fabric. 

stocking ('ing), n. sl close-fitting cov- 
ering for the foot and leg. 

stockjobber ('job-er), n. one who 
deals or speculates in stocks and 
shares. 

stockstill Cstil), adj. motionless. 

stodgy (stoj'i), adj. wet. 

Stoic (sto'ik), n. a disciple of the 
Greek philosopher Zeno, who taught 
that a wise man should be governed 
by the reason, subdue all passions, 
and be indifferent to pleasure or 
pain: one who proposes such doc- 
trines: adj. pertaining to the Stoics; 
indifferent to pleasure or pain. Sto- 
ical. 

stoically (-U), adv. in a stoical man- 
ner. 

stoichiometry (stoi-kl-om'e-tri), n. 
the science of estimating the atomic 
weights, (fcc, of chemical elements 
and their compounds. 

stoicism (sto'i-sizm), n. the doctrines 
and maxims of the stoics; real or 
assumed insensibihty to pleasure or 
pain. 

stoke (stok), v.t. maintain and tend 
the fire in: as, to stoke sl furnace: 
v.i. to act as a stoker. 

stoker ('er), n. one who supplies fuel 
to, and attends to the furnace of an 
engine; a fireman. 

stola (sto'l^), n. [pi. stolae (1e)], a 
long, loose garment worn by Roman 
matrons. 

stole (stol), n. a stola; a long, narrow 
scarf fringed at the ends, worn by 
bishops, priests, and deacons of the 
Roman Catholic and Anglican 
Churches; p.t. of steal. 

stolen^ p.p. of steal. 

stolid (stol'id), adj. stupid; dull. 

stolidity ('i-ti), n. the state or quahty 
of being stolid; intellectual dulness. 

stolon (sto'lon), n. sl trailing branch 
or creeping sucker which sends down 
roots. 

stoma ('m^), n. [pi. stomata (sto'- 
m^-t^)], a minute breathing poie or 
aperture. 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STOMACH 



838 



STORM 



stomach (stum'ak), n, the principal 
organ of digestion in the body; 
appetite; inclination; haughtiness: 
v,t, to resent; put up with. 

stomacher ('a-ker), n, an ornamen- 
tal breast covering, worn by women. 

stomachic (sto-mak'ik), adj, per- 
taining to, exciting or strengthen- 
ing the stomach: n, a strengthening 
medicine for the stomach. 

stomatic (sto-mat'ik) , n, a medicine 
for diseases of the mouth. 

stomp, another form of stamp. 

stone (ston), n. a hard mass of earthy 
or mineral matter; gem; material of 
stone used for building, &c.; calcu- 
lus; hard seed shell of certain fruits; 
a weight of varying value, usually 
14 lb. avoirdupois; insensibility; 
hardness: v,t. to pelt or kill with 
stones; free from stones, as fruit. 

Stone Age (aj), n. the period of civ- 
ilization when stone weapons, im- 
plements, &c., were used prior to 
introduction of bronze. 

stone-blind ('blind), adj, quite blind. 

stonechat ('chat), n. a small British 
bird. 

stonecutting ('kut-ing), n. hewing 
or dressing stone. 

stoneware ('war), n. a coarse kind 
of pottery baked hard and glazed. 

stone wort (Vert), n. a plant of the 
genus Chara. 

stonily ('i-li), adv. in a stony manner. 

stoniness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being stony. 

stony ('i), adj. [comp. stonier, superl. 
stoniest], pertaining to, of the 
nature of, or like, stone; rocky; 
hard; cruel; inflexible; pitiless. 

stood, p.t. of stand. 

stool (stool), n. a seat without a 
back for one person, usually sup- 
ported with 3 legs; the seat used in 
evacuating the bowels; evacuation 
of the bowels. 

stool-pigeon (stool' pij'un), n. a 
dupe; one who is a decoy for an- 
other in a swindling game. 

stoop (stoop), v.i. to bend the body 
downward and forward; descend 



from rank or dignity; submit; con- 
descend; sweep down on prey: n. 
inclination downward and forward; 
descent from dignity; condescen- 
sion: fall of a bird upon its prey; 
stairway, veranda, or porch with 
seats; a flagon. 

stop (stop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stopped, 
p.pr. stopping], to hinder, check, or 
impede; render impassable; inter- 
cept; desist from; regulate the 
sounds of; deduct; suspend: v.i. to 
cease from any motion or action; 
reside temporarily: n. the act of 
stopping; state of being stopped; 
cessation; a device for arresting or 
limiting musical sounds; series of 
organ pipes; mark used in punctua- 
tion: inter j. stay! cease! 

stopgap ('gap), 71. a temporary 
expedient. 

stoppage ('aj), n. the act of stop- 
ping; state of being stopped; 
obstruction; deduction from pay. 

stopper Cer), n. one who, or that 
which, stops; that which closes a 
vent or hole. 

stopping ('ing), n. the act of halting; 
stoppage; something that fills up, 
or closes. 

stopple ('1), n. a cork or plug: v.t. 
to close with a stopple. 

storage (stor'aj), n. safe keeping of 
goods in a warehouse, &c. ; price for 
storage. 

storax (sto'raks), n. a balsamic resin. 

store (stor), n. a large number or 
great quantity; stock accumulated; 
abundance or plenty; warehouse; 
shop: pi. naval and military arms, 
ammunition, clothing, provisions, 
&c.: v.t. to furnish or supply with 
stores; gather in quantities; accu- 
mulate; hoard up; warehouse. 

storied ('id), adj. furnished with 
stories; told in a story. 

stork (stdrk), n. a large wading bird 
with long legs and large pointed bill. 

storm (stdrm), n. a violent atmos- 
pheric disturbance; tempest; heavy 
fall of rain, snow, or hail; violent 
commotion or agitation; tumult; ca- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STORMILY 



839 



STRAIT-JACKET 



lamity; violent assault ott a fortified 
place: v.t. to attack with violence oz 
open force: v.i. to blow violently; 
be angry or rage. 

stormily Ci-li), adv, in a stormy 
manner. 

storminess ('i-nes), n, tempestuous- 
ness. 

storming ('ing), n. the taking of a 
fortified place by a violent and open 
assault: p.adj, violently angry or 
raging. 

stormy ('i), adj. [comp, stormier, su- 
perl, stoitniest], characterized by, or 
proceeding from, storms; tempestu- 
ous; violent. 

Storthing (stort'ing), n. the Norwe- 
gian Parliament. 

story (stor'i), n. [pi. stories ('iz) ], a 
fictitious narrative; pretty tale; 
short romance; history; stage or 
floor of a building; division of a 
house reached by one flight of stairs. 

stoup (stoop), n. a flagon; receptacle 
for holy water; a liquid measure. 

stout (stout), adj. corpulent; thick- 
set; stormy; lusty; brave; resolute: 
n. a strong kind of porter. 

stovaine (sto'vane), n. a new anaes- 
thetic agent injected along the spine. 

stove (stov), n. an apparatus for en- 
closing a fire for cooking or heat- 
ing; hothouse: v.L heat or dry, as 
in a stove: p.t, of stave. 

stow (sto), v.t. to fill by packing 
closely; lay up; pack. 

stowage ('aj), n. the act of stowing; 
state of being stowed; accommoda- 
tion for stowing things; money paid 
for stowage. 

stowaway ('^-wa), n. one who con- 
ceals himself on a vessel leaving 
port to obtain a free passage. 

strabismus (str^-biz'mus), n, squint- 
ing. 

strabotomy (-bot'6-mi), n. a surgi- 
cal operation for the removal of 
squinting. 

straddle (stradi), v.t, to stand or 
sit astride of: v.i. to stand or walk 
with the legs wide apart: n. the act 
of standing, sitting, or walking with 



the legs wide apart; a stock option 
giving the holder the right of both 
^'put''^ and "call/' 

Stradivarius (strad-i-va'ri-us), n. an 
old violin made originally by a 
famous maker, Stradivari, of Cre- 
mona, Italy, who hved from about 
1644 to 1737, A.D. 

straggle (strag'l), v.i, to wander 
from the direct course or way; ram- 
ble; rove; roam idly about; be dis- 
persed or scattered; occur at inter- 
vals. 

stragulum ('ti-lum), n. the mantle 
of a bird 

strahlite (stral'it), n, actinohte. 

straight (strat), adj. not crooked; 
right, as a fine stretched between 
two points; direct; upright; undi- 
luted; consistent in support of a 
candidate or party: adv. in a straight 
manner; direct; at once. 

straighten Cen), v.t, to make 
straight. 

straightforward (-for'werd), adj. 
not deviating; honest; open. 

straight-spoken ('spo-ken), adj. 
plain-spoken. 

straightway (Va), adv. at once. 

strain (stran), n. stock; lineage; 
race; descent; tune or melody; man- 
ner of speech or action; a violent 
effort; injury by overexertion: v.t. 
to put to its utmost strength; draw 
out with force; stretch; injure by 
overtasking; make uneasy or un- 
natural; filter: v.i. to make violent 
efforts; be filtered. 

strainer ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, strains; an apparatus for fil- 
tering. 

strait (strat), adj. narrow; not broad; 
confined; distressful; difficult: n.pl. 
a narrow passage of water con- 
necting two seas; difficulty; poverty. 

straiten ('en), v.t. to make narrow; 
contract; confine; put into difficul- 
ties; embarrass: v.i. to become nar- 
row. 

strait-jacket ('jak-et), n. a kind of 
garment for confining mad or delir- 
ious persons. Also strait-waistcoat. 



ate, army ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STRAIT-LACED 



840 



STREAM 



strait-laced ('last), adj. laced tight- 
ly; strict in manners or morals. 

strake (strak), n. the iron tire by 
which the felloes of a wheel are se- 
cured continuous line of planking 
of a vessel from stem to stern; a 
trough for washing broken ore. 

stramonium (stra-mo'ni-um), n. the 
thorn-apple, commonly called jim- 
son-weed. 

strand (strand), n, the shore of a 
sea, ocean, or large lake; one of the 
divisions or twists of a rope: v.t. to 
drive or force upon the sea-shore; 
run aground; bring into a state of 
embarrassment: v.i. to be lifted or 
be driven ashore. 

Strand (strand), n. a famous street 
in London, in the business section. 

strange (stranj), adj. belonging to 
another country; not domestic; 
novel; imusual; reserved; inexperi- 
enced; unfamiliar. 

strangely ('h), adv. in a strange 
manner. 

strangeness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being strange. 

stranger ('er), n. a foreigner; guest 
or visitor; one who is unknown or 
acquainted; one not admitted to fel- 
lowship. 

strangle (strang'gl), v.t. to choke; 
suffocate by compressing the wind- 
pipe; suppress or stifle: pi. sl dis- 
ease in horses. 

strangulation (-gu-la'shun), n. the act 
of strangHng; state of being strangled; 
suffocation; close constriction. 

strangury ('gu-ri), n. painful void- 
ing of urine by drops. 

strap (strap), n. a long, narrow 
piece of leather or cloth; razor- 
strop: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. strapped, 
p.pr. strapping], to fasten or bind 
with a strap; beat with a strap. 

strapper ('er), n. one who uses a 
strap; a person unusually tall. 

strapping ('ing), adj. tall; strong; 
well-made; handsome. 

strass (stras), n. a kind of colorless 
glass used as the base of artificial 
paste gems. 



strata, pi. of stratum. 

stratagem (strat'^-jem), n., a device 
or scheme for defeating an enemy, 
especially in war; an artifice or 
plan for deception of any kind, or 
for gaining some advantage. 

strategic (stra-tej'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or effected by strategy or 
artifice. Also strategic il: n.pl. the 
science of mihtary warfare; direc- 
tion of a campaign. 

strategy (strat'e-ji), n. strategics; 
use of artifice or stratagem in carry- 
ing out some design. 

stratification (-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
process of being arranged or depos- 
ited in layers. 

stratified ('i-fid), adj. arranged in 
strata. 

stratiform ('i-form), adj. strata-Hke. 

stratify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. strat- 
ified, p.pr. stratifying], to form, de- 
posit, or arrange, in strata or layers. 

stratum (stra'tum), n, [pi. strata 
('ta)], a bed of earth or rock, con- 
sisting generally of a series of lay- 
ers; an artificial layer. 

stratus Ctus), n. a cloud apparently 
resting horizontally on the earth's 
surface. 

straw (straw), n. the stalk of grain; 
bundle of such stalks when ^ cut 
and thrashed; anything proverbially 
worthless; mere trifle. 

strawberry ('ber-i), n. [pi. straw- 
berries^ (-iz)], a plant of the genus 
Fragaria and its well-known fruit. 

straw- worm ('werm), n. the caddis- 
worm. 

strawy ('i), adj. pertaining to, made 
of, or like, straw. 

stray (stra), v.i. to wander from limits 
or the direct path; deviate; err: 
v.t. to mislead: adj. gone astray; 
wandering. 

streak (strek), n. a line of color dif- 
ferent from the ground color; stripe: 
v.t.^ to form, or mark with, streaks; 
stripe. 

streaky ('i), adj. having streaks; with 
alternate layers of fat and lean. 

stream (strem), n. a current of water 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STREAMER 



841 



STRIKE 



or other fluid; anything flowing out 
of a source; river, rivulet, or brook; 
drift or tendency: v.i. to issue or 
flow in a stream; run in a current; 
issue forth. 

streamer ('er), n. a long narrow flag 
or pennon; the aurora borealis. 

streamlet ('let), n. a little stream; a 
rivulet; a rill. 

streamline (strem-lin), n. name ap- 
plied to a recent type of automobile 
body designed to give minimum 
resistance to the streaming air 
currents. 

stream-tin ('tin), n, diluvial ore in 
tin mines. 

streamy ('i), adj, abounding in, or 
full of, streams; flowing in streams. 

street (stret), n. a public road in a 
city or town lined with houses on 
either side. 

street Arab (ar'ab), n. a neglected 
child who lives in the streets. 

street-car ('kar), n, a car that runs 
on a street-railway. 

street-railway (-raPwa), n, a railway 
laid on the surface of the streets, 
distinguished from a railroad, ele- 
vated road, or subway road. 

strength (strength), n. the state or 
quality of being strong; active or 
passive power; muscular force; 
vigor; power of endurance or resis- 
tance; toughness; numbers or 
amount of style; intensity, as of 
light or color; legal or moral force; 
potency of liquors. 

strengthen ('en), v.t, to make strong; 
confirm; cause to increase in power 
or security: v.i. to become stronger. 

strenuous (stren'u-us) , adj. urgent 
or eagerly pressing; ardent; zealous; 
strong; vigorous; bold; earnest; 
valiant. 

stress (stres), n. urgency; strain; 
pressure; force; importance; weight; 
violence; force of utterance. 

stretch (strech), v.t. to draw out to a 
greater length or width; extend or 
expand; strain; exaggerate: v.i. to 
be extended; reach; sail by the wind 
under press of canvas: n. the act of 



stretching; state of being stretched; 
strain; effort; extension; direction; 
utmost extent of meaning. 

stretcher ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, stretches; a footboard used 
in rowing; a frame or Htter for carry- 
ing the sick or dead. 

strew (stroo), v.t. to spread by scat- 
tering; scatter loosely. 

striae (strl'g), n.pl. fine thread-like 
lines; slight furrows; fillets between 
the channels of columns. 

striate ('ate), adj. marked, or formed 
with, striae. 

stricken (strik'en), p,adj, far ad- 
vanced: p.p. of strike, 

strict (strikt), adj. vigorous; exgct; 
severe; nice to an extreme; careful; 
rigidly interpreted; straight and 
narrow. ~ ' 

stricture ('ur), n. a morbid contrac- 
tion of any passage of the body, 
especially of the urethra; censure 
or adverse criticism. 

stride (strid), n. a long step; strad- 
dle: v.i. to walk with long steps; 
straddle: v.t. to pass by long steps. 

strident (stri'dent), adj. harsh; shrill; 
grating or creaking. 

stridulation (strid-u-la'shun), n. the 
power possessed by certain male 
insects of making shrill sounds by 
the friction of parts of their bodies. 

stridulous ('u-lus), adj. producing a 
shrill, harsh, creaking sound. 

strife (strif), n. contention for su- 
periority; discord; conflict; quarrel; 
enmity; war. 

striga (stri'ga), n. [pi. strigae ('je) ], 
the fluting of a column: pi. small, 
upright, stiff hairs, swelled at their 
bases. 

strigil (strij'il, n. an instrument 
for scraping, used by the ancients 
after the bath. 

strike (strik), v.t. [p.t. struck p.p, 
struck stricken, p.pr. striking], to 
hit with a blow or with force; dash; 
collide; pass quickly; lower or take 
down; notify by sound; affect 
strongly or sensibly; produce by 
a blow or friction; coin or mint; 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STRIKING 



842 



STRUGGLE 



ground; light upon; make, as a bar- 
gain: vA. to make a quick blow or 
thrust; hit; sound by being struck; 
pay homage, as by lowering a flag or 
sail in token of respect or submis- 
sion; cease from work: n. cessation 
of work for higher wages; an in- 
strument for leveling a measure, as 
of grain; four bushels; direction of 
the outcrop of a stratum. 

striking {'ing), adj, affecting with 
strong emotions; impressive; forci- 
ble; wonderful; surprising. 

string (string), n. a small cord or 
line; cord of a musical instrument; 
cord on which things are filed; 
series of things connected: v.t. [p.t, 
& p,p. strung, p.pr, stringing], to 
furnish with strings; put in tune; 
thread on a string; file; deprive of 
strings. 

stringency (strin'jen-si), n, the state 
or quality of being stringent. 

stringent (strin'jent), adj, severe; 
rigid; strict; binding; tense. 

stringiness ('i), adj. consisting of, 
or like, strings, filamentous; viscid. 

strip (strip), v.t [p.t. & p.p. stripped, 
p.pr. stripping], to make naked; de- 
prive of a covering; skin or peel; 
rob or pillage; bereave; take away; 
milk dry: v.i. to undress: n. a long 
narrow piece; trough for washing 
ore; waste, as destruction of fences. 

stripe (strip), v.t. to variegate with 
lines of different colors; form the 
stripes upon; lash or whip: n. a 
line or long narrow division of any- 
thing of a different color to the 
ground; stroke or weal made by a 
whip, &c., party badge or color. 

strtpliing (strip'ling), n. a youth. 

strive (striv), v.i. to make exertions 
or efforts; labor hard or earnestly; 
aim; struggle; contend in emula- 
tion. 

strobile (strob'il), n. the cone or 
fruit of the pine-tree. 

strocal (stro'kal), n. a glassmaker's 
shovel. 

strode, p.t. of stride. 

stroke (strok), n. a knock or blow; 



calamity or affliction; sudden effect; 
hostile blow or attack; touch of a 
pencil or pen; sound of a clock; 
length of the rectilinear motion of a 
piston, &c.; sweep of an oar; the 
principal oarsman in a boat who 
sets the time to the rowers: v.t, to 
rub gently with the hand in one 
direction; soothe. 

stroll (strol), v.i. to wander on foot; 
ramble or rove idly: n. a leisurely 
ramble. 

stroller ('er), n, one who strolls; an 
itinerant player; vagrant. 

stroma (stro'ma), n. [pi. stromata 
Cma-ta) ], the basis of an organ or 
tissue. 

strong (strdng), adj, having strength; 
robust; healthy; vigorous; having 
power of endurance; powerful; vio- 
lent; muscular; affecting the senses; 
ardent; well-fortified; rising to 
higher prices. 

stronghold ('hold), n. a fortress. 

strontia (stron'shi-a) , n, an oxide of 
strontium. 

strontium ('shi-um), n, a metallic 
element forming the base of stron- 
tia. 

strop (strop), n, a strip of leather 
for sharpening razors: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. stropped, p.pr. stropping], to 
sharpen on a strop. 

strophe (stro'fe), n. that part of a 
song or dance in the ancient Greek 
drama performed by the chorus in 
turning from the right to the left; 
the first of two stanzas. 

strophic (strof'ik) adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting of, strophes. 

Stroud (stroud), n. a kind of coarse 
blanket used by the North Ameri- 
can Indians. 

struck, p.t. & p.p. of strike. 

structural (strukt'u-ral) , adj, per- 
taining to structure. 

structure ('ur), n, an edifice ^ or 
building; manner or from of build- 
ing; form; make; arrangement of 
parts or organization of a vegetable 
or animal substance. 

struggle (strug'l), v.i. to use violent 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STRUM 



843 



STUFF 



efforts with contortions of the body ; 
strive with effort; be in pain or 
agony; contend: n, a violent effort 
with contortions of the body; pain 
or agony; labor; contest. 

strum (strum), v.t. & v.i. [p.t, & 
p.p. strummed, p.pr. strumming], to 
play badly and noisily on a stringed 
instrument. 

struma (stroo'ml;), n. scrofula. 

strumous ('mus), adj. scrofulous. 

strumpet (stnma'pet), n. a prosti- 
tute. 

strung, p.t, & p.p. of string. 

strut (strut), v.i. [p.U & p.-p. strut- 
ted, p.yr. strutting], to walk with 
affected dignity: n. a proud step or 
walk with the head erect; a support 
of timber. 

Struthio (stroo'thi-o), n. a genus of 
birds, containing the ostriches. 

strychnic (strik'nik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, derived from, or containing, 
strychnine. 

strychnine ('nin), n. a highly poi- 
sonous alkaloid extracted from nux 
vomica, 

stub (stub), n, the stump of a tree; 
a stub-nail: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stubbed, 
p.pr. stubbing], to grub up by the 
roots; root out; strike against some 
fixed obstacle: as, to stub one's toe. 

stubbed ('d), adj. short and thick. 
Also stubby. ^ 

stubbiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being stubby. 

stubble ('1), n. short stalks or stumps 
of grain left "in the ground after 
reaping. 

stubborn ('em), adj. inflexibly head- 
strong; obstinate; contumacious; 
refractory; not easily worked or 
melted, as a metal. 

stub-nail ('nal), n. a short, thick 
nail. 

stucco (stuk'6), n. [pi. stuccoes 
('oz) ], plaster used as a coating for 
walls of internal decorations; work 
executed in stucco: v.t. to overlay, 
or decorate, with stucco. 

stuck, p.t. & p.p. of stick. 

stuck-up (stuk'up), adj. conceited. 



stud (stud), n. an ornamental knob 
or button; large-headed ornamental 
nail; an upright beam or scantling; 
collection of breeding horses and 
mares; place where they are kept; 
horses kept for racing, hunting, &c. : 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. studded, p.pr. stud- 
ding], to adorn vrith, or as with, 
studs; set with detached ornaments 
or prominent objects. 

studding Cing), n. material for 
studs or joists; studs or joists col- 
lectively. 

studding-sail ('ing-sal), n. a light 
sail set at the side of a square sail 
to increase its area in hght winds. ^ 

student (stu'dent), n. one who is 
engaged in study; scholar; one de- 
voted to books or learning; syste- 
matic observer. 

studhorse (studTiors), n. a stallion. 

studied ('id), adj. qualified by study; 
well-read; precise or formal; pre- 
meditated. 

studio (stu'di-o), n. an artist's work- 
room. 

studious C'i-us), adj.^ devoted to 
study or the acquisition of knowl- 
edge; diHgent; designed; deliberate; 
careful (with of). 

study (stud'i), n. the application of 
the mind to acquisition of knowl- 
edge; any particular branch of 
learning; sketched ideas of a paint- 
er, &c., for his future instruction or 
improvement; a room set apart for 
a study: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. studied, 
p.pr. studjdng], to apply the mind 
closely to a subject; endeavor dili- 
gently: v.t. to examine closely in 
order to learn thoroughly; con over; 
devote one's thoughts to. 

stufa (stoo'fa), n. a jet of steam is- 
suing from a fissure in the earth. 

stuff (stuf), n. materials out of which 
anytliing is made; textile fabrics; 
furniture; goods; refuse matter; 
nonsense: v.t. to fill by crowding 
something into; press or pack; fiU 
with seasoning; fill the skin of (a 
dead animal) for preservation in its 
natural form : v.i. to eat gluttonously 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STUFFINESS 



844 



STYLE 



stuffiness ('i-nes), n, the state or 
quality of being stuffy. 

stuffy ('i), adj. close or ill- ventilated; 
sulky. 

stultification (stul-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of stultifying; the state of 
being stultified. 

stultifier ('ti-fi-er), n. one who stul- 
tifies. 

stultify ('ti-fi), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. stul- 
tified, p.pr, stultifying], to render 
foolish; make nugatory. 

stumble (stum'bl), «;i. to trip up or 
fall in walking; light (with on or 
upon); slide into error or crime: n. 
a trip in walking or running; failure 
or blunder, 

stump (stump), n. that part of a 
tree which remains in the ground 
after the trunk is cut down; part 
remaining after amputation, &c.; 
an artist's soft pencil or rubber; 
one of three posts of the wicket at 
cricket: v.t. to lop off; reduce to a 
stump; defeat, v.i. travel about 
making speeches for electioneering 
purposes; to walk clumsily. 

stump-speaker (spek'er), n. one 
who harangues the people on some 
current question, usually political. 

stump-speech ('spech), »• an elec- 
tioneering speech. 

stumpy ('i), adv. full of stumps; 
short and thick. 

stun (stun), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stunned, 
p.pr. stunning], to render senseless 
by, or as by, a blow; confuse with 
noise; surprise completely; astonish. 

stung, p.t. & p.p. of sting. 

stunk, p.t & p.p. of stink. 

stunning ('ing), adj, remarkably fine 
or large. 

stunt (stunt), v.t. to check in growth 
or progress: v.i. to become stunted: 
71. a check in growth; something 
stunted; an allotted task; a per- 
formance. 

stupe (stup), n. flax, flannel, &c., 
steeped in warm water or medica- 
ments, used as a compress, &c. 

Stupefacient (-e-fa'shi-ent), n. a 
narcotic. 



stupefaction (-fak'shun), n. the act 
of stupefying; state of being stupe- 
fied; insensibility; torpor; stupidity. 

stupef active ('tiv), adj. causing stu- 
pefaction. 

stupefier ('e-fi-er), n. one who, or 
that which, stupefies. 

stupefy Ce-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stu- 
pefied, 7). pr. stupefying], to deprive 
of sensibility; make stupid; dull. 

stupendous (-pen'dus), adj. over- 
coming the senses by its vastness; 
astonishing. 

stupid ^ Cpid), adj. deficient in under- 
standing; insensible; dull; silly; non- 
sensical. 

stupidity ('i-ti), n. extreme dulness 
of perception or understanding; 
crass ignorance; folly. 

stupor Cper), n, suspension or great 
diminution of sensibility; numb- 
ness; lethargy; intellectual insensi- 
bility. 

sturdily (ster'di-li), adv. in a sturdy 
manner. 

sturdiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sturdy. 

sturdy ('i), adj. hardy; robust; 
stout; strong; stubborn; vigorous; 
forcible. 

sturgeon ('jun), n. a large, cartilag- 
inous fish of the genus Acipenser, 
the roes of certain species of which 
are made into^ caviare, and isin- 
glass from the air-bladder. 

stutter (stut'er), v.i. to speak with 
hesitation or stammering: v.t. to 
utter in a stammering manner: n. 
hesitation or stammering in speech. 
Also stuttering. 

sty (sti), n. a pen or enclosure for 
swine; a filthy or mean place; a 
kind of boil upon the eyeHd: v.t. 
[p.t, & p.p. stied, p.pr. stying], to 
shut up in a filthy or mean place. 

Stygian (stij'i-^n), adj. pertaining 
to the Styx, the river of Hades, 
over which the dead were ferried 
by the boatman Charon: hence in- 
fernal ;heUish. 

Style (stil), n. a pointed instrument 
used by the ancients for writing 



ate, arm, ksk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; nota, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



STYLIFORM 



845 



SUBJUNCTIVE 



upon wax tablets; the gnomon of a 
dial; appellation oi title; distinc- 
tive manner of writing with regard 
to the choice of words, &c.; manner 
of speaking; characteristic mode of 
expression or execution; method of 
reckoning time; fashion; manner; 
the stalk between the ovary and 
stigma of a flower; a probe: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. styled, p.pr. styling], to 
designate or name. 

styliform ('i-form), adj. like a style. 

stylish (Ish), adj. fashionable; modish. 

stylist Cist), n. a master of hterary 
style. 

stylobate ('o-bat), n. an uninter- 
rupted base below a range of col- 
umns. 

stylograph ('o-grM), n. a stylo- 
graphic pen. 

stylographic (-grM'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or used in, a stylographic 
pen, or stylography. 

stylography^ (sti-log'r§--fi) , n. a me- 
thod of writing or tracing by means 
of a style. 

styloid (loid), adj. resembhng a 
style or pen; pertaining to a par- 
ticular bone. 

styptic (stip'tik), adj. stopping bleed- 
ing. 

styracine (stir' ^- sin), n. a crystalline 
substance obtained from storax. 
Also styracin. 

suable (su'H-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing, or liable to bfe, sued. 

suant C^nt), adj. uniform; level. 

suasible (swa'si-bl), adj. easily per- 
suaded. 

suasion ('zhun), n. persuasion. 

suasive ('siv), adj. persuasive. 

suave (swav), adj. pleasant in manner. 

suavity (swav'i-ti), n. urbanity; gen- 
tleness. 

sub, prefix meaning under, heneathj 
beloWy slightly. 

subacid (sub-as'id), adj. sUghtly acid. 

subaltern (-awrtern), n. a commis- 
sioned officer under the rank of cap- 
tain: adj. inferior. 

subalternate (-ter'nat), adj. succes- 
sive. 



subconscious (sub-kon'shus), adj. 
dimly conscious. 

subdominant (sub-dom'i-nant), n. a 
musical term indicating the note 
next below the dominant. 

subdue (-du'), v.t. to overcome or 
conquer; vanquish; reduce; lower; 
tone down. 

subjacent (sub-ja'sent), adj. lying 
under or below; situated lower but 
not directly beneath. 

subject Cjekt), adj. imder the power 
or control of another; subordinate; 
disposed; hable: n. one who is under 
the power or control of another; 
that which is treated in writing, 
speaking, &c.; theme; topic; de- 
sign; a dead body for dissection; 
substance; material; theme of a 
proposition; the Ego, as distin- 
guished from the non-Ego or object; 
theme of a movement [music]: v.t. 
(sub-jekt') to bring imder the power 
or control of; render subordinate; 
enslave; subjugate; render hable; 
expose. 

subjection (-jek'shun), n. the act of 
subjecting; state of being subjected. 

subjective ('tiv), adj. pertaining to 
the subject as opposed to the object; 
derived from one's own conscious- 
ness. 

subjectively (-h), adv. in a subjec- 
tive manner. 

subjectiveness (-nes), n. the state 
or quahty of being subjective. Also 
subjectivity. 

subjectivism ('iv-izm), n. the philo- 
sophical doctrine that knowledge is 
relative or purely subjective. 

subjoin (-join'), v.t. to affix. 

subjugate ('ju-gat), v.t. to conquer 
by force; bring under dominion. 

subjugation (-ga'shun), n. the act 
of subjugating; state of being subju- 
gated. 

subjugator ('ju-ga-ter), n. one who 
subjugates. 

subjunctive (-jungk'tiv), adj. not- 
ing a form of the verb expressive of 
contingency, condition, or hypothe- 
sis. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SUBLIMATE 



846 



SUBSIDIARY 



•ublimate ('li-mat), v.t. to convert 
(a solid) by heat into vapor, which 
on cooUng returns to the soHd state; 
refine and exalt. 

sublimation^ (-ma'shun), n. the act 
of subhmating. 



rior in rank, value, power, or im- 
portance: n, one who is inferior to 
another in rank, &c. : v.t, to place in 
a lower order ; render subject. 
subordinately (-H), adv, in a sub- 
ordinate manner. 



sublime (-lim'), adj. awakening feel- subordination (-na'shun), n. the 



ings of awe and reverence: high in 
place or excellence; exalted in na- 
ture; elevated in manner or style; 
n. that which is awe-inspiring in 
works of nature or art as distin- 
guished from the beautiful (with 
the): v.t. to dignify or exalt; render 
noble: v.i. to be capable of sub- 
limation. 
sublimely ('li), adv. in a sublime 

manner. 
subliminal consciousness (sub-Km'- 
i-n§,l kon'shus-nes), n. that which is 
below the surface of distinct con- 
sciousness. 
sublimity (-lim'i-ti), n. loftiness of 
style or sentiment; elevation; moral 
grandeur; excellence. Also subUme- 
ness. 
submarine (sub-ma-rine'), adj. lo- 
cated or found under the sea: n. a 
boat so built and fitted that it can 
travel under the water, used princi- 
pally for purposes of war. 
submerge (-merjO, v.t. to place un- 
der water; overwhelm: v.i. to be, or 
lie, under water. 
submersion ^ (-mSr'shun), n. the act 
of submerging; state of being sub- 
merged. Also submergence. 
submission (-mish'un), n. the act of 

submitting or yielding; obedience. 
submissive (-mis'iy), adj. yielding 

to authority; obedient; humble. 
submit (-mif), v.t.[p.t. & p.p. sub- 
mitted, p.pr. submitting], to yield to 
the authority of another; surren- 
der; resign; refer to judgment or 
discretion; comply with: v.i. to be 
subject; yield. 
submultiple (-mul'ti-pl), n. a num- 
ber or quantity which is contained 
in another a certain number of times 
exactly, as 4 is the submultiple of 28. 
subordinate (-or'di-nat), adj. infe- 



act of subordinating or placing in a 
lower order; subjection; state of 
being subordinate; inferiority of 
rank, position, &c. 
suborn (-orn'), vi. to procure or in- 
duce to commit perjury; procure by 
indirect means or by secret collu- 
sion. 
subornation ^ (-6r-na'shun), n. the 
act of inducing a person to commit ■ 
perjury by bribes or persuasion. 

subpoena (-pe'ni.), n. a writ com- 
manding the attendance of a person 
in court as a witness under a pen- 
alty: v.t. to serve with a subpoena. 

subscribe (-skrib'), v.t. to write or 
annex (one's name) to a paper or 
document; give or promise (a sum 
of money) for some object by writing 
one's name; pubhsh (a book) by sub- 
scription: v.i, to give consent. 

subscription ^ (-skrip'shun), n. the 
act of subscribing; name subscribed; 
signature; sum of money subscribed. 

subsequence (^se-kwens), n. the act 
or state of being subsequent. 

subsequent^ ('se-kwent), adj. follow- 
ing or coming after in time or order; r 
posterior. 

subserve (-serv'), v.t. to be subservi- 
ent to; promote; serve instrumen- 
tally. 

subsequi, prefiXy meaning comhina^ 
Hon in the proportion of two to three. 

subsessile (-ses'il), adj. having very 
short foot-stalks. 

subside (-sid'), v.i. to sink or fall to 
the bottom; tend downwards; settle; 
abate; become tranquil or calm. 

subsidence ('ens), n. the act of sub- 
siding or sinking down; downward 
tendency. 

subsidiarily (-sid'i-§;-ri-li), adv. so 
as to assist. 

subsidiary ('i-§,-ri), adj. auxiliary; 



I 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SUBSIDIZE 



847 



SUBVERSION 



furnishing additional supplies: n. an 
auxiliary. 

subsidize ('si-diz), v.t to furnish 
witn a subsidy. 

subsidy Csi-di), n. [pL subsidies 
(-diz)], pecuniary aid granted by 
one government to another, especial- 
ly for war expenses; pubHc grant or 
subvention to aid an enterprise for 
the public convenience. 

subsist (-sistO, v.i, to have exist- 
ence; to retain the present state; 
inhere; have the means of livelihood. 

subsistence ('ens), n. means of sup- 
port; maintenance; Hvelihood; in- 
herence. 

substance ('stins), n. matter or ma- 
terial; characteristic and essential 
part of anything; purport; wealth 
or property. 

substantial (-stan'shM), adj. be- 
longing to, or having, substance; 
containing the essential parts; solid; 
material; corporeal; having con- 
siderable wealth or property: n.pL 
essential parts. 

substantially (-li), adv. in a sub- 
stantial manner; essentially. 

substantiate ('shi-at), v.t. to estab- 
hsh the truth of by proof or compe- 
tent evidence. 

substantival (-stan-ti'vS-l), adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, a 
substantive. 

substantive ('st§,n-tiv), adj. express- 
ing existence; real;- essential; n. 
that part of speech which expresses 
the existence of anything material 
or immaterial; noun. 

substantively (-li), adv. in a sub- 
stantive manner; essentially; as a 
substantive or noun. 

S'fibstitute Csti-tut), v.t. to put in 
the place of another; change: n. 
one who, or that which, is put in the 
place of another. 

substitution (-tu'shun), n. the act 
of substituting; state of being 
substituted. 

subsume (-sum'), v.t. to include un- 
der a more generad class or under 
something else. 



subtangent (-tan'jent), n. the part 
of the axis of a curve intercepted 
between the tangent and the ordi- 
nate. 

subtend (-tend'), v.t. to extend un- 
der or be opposite to. 

subter^ a prefix meaning under. 

subterfuge ('ter-fuj), n. an evasion 
or artifice; trick; shift. 

subterranean (-ra'ne-in), adj. be- 
low the surface or beneath the earth. 
Also subterraneous. 

subtile (sub'til or sut'l), adj. thin; 
deUcately constructed; fine; deh- 
cate; refined; acute; cunning; art- 
ful. 

subtilely (-h), adv. in a subtile man- 
ner. 

subtleness (-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being subtile. Also sub- 
tihty. 

subtle (sut'l), adj. artful; insinuat- 
ing; crafty. 

subtlety (-ti), n. acuteness of intel- 
lect; cunning; shrewdness. Subtle- 
ness. 

subtract (-trakt'), v.t. to withdraw 
or take -away, as a part from a 
whole; deduct. 

subtraction^ (-trak'shun), n. the act 
of subtracting. 

subtractive Ctiv), adj. tending, or 
having power, to substract. 

subtrahend ('trd-hend), n. the quan- 
tity or number to be subtracted from 
another. 

subtreasury (sub-trezh'ti-ri), n. a 
branch of the United States Treas- 
ury^ located in various cities of the 
United States. 

subtriple (-trip'l), adj, containing a 
third. 

subulate (su'bu-lat), adj. awl-shaped. 

suburb (sub'erb), ii. an outlying dis- 
trict of a city or town; environs 
(usually pi.). 

suburban (-er'ban), adj. pertaining 
to, in, or Uving wdthin, the suburbs. 

subvention (-ven'shun), n, a gov- 
ernment grant or subsidy. 

subversion (-ver'shun), n. the act of 
subverting; overthrow; ruin. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut: think, then. 



SUBVERSIVE 



848 



SUET 



subversive ('siv), adj, tending to 
subvert. 

subvert (-vert'), v.t. to turn upside 
down; ruin; overthrow; corrupt. 

subvertible ('i-bl), adj, capable of 
being subverted. 

subway ('wa), .i, an underground 
passage. 

sue, another form of sub. 

succeed (suk-sed'), v.L to take the 
place of; follow: v.i. to follow in 
order; obtain one's wishes; be suc- 
cessful; accomplish something at- 
tempted; end with advantage; pros- 
per. 

success (-sesO, n, the prosperous ter- 
mination of any enterprise; pros- 
perity. 

successful (-fool), adj. ending in suc- 
cess; prosperous; fortunate. 

successfully (-H), adv. in a success- 
ful manner. 

succession ('shun), n, the act of fol- 
lowing in order; lineage; act or 
right of coming in the place of an- 
other; rotation, as of crops.^ 

successional (-M), adj. pertaining to, 
or implying, succession; consecutive. 

successive ('iv), adj. following in 
uninterrupted order; legitimate; 
consecutive. 

successively (-li), adv, consecutively. 

successor ('er), n. one who succeeeds 
or follows in the place or character 
of another. 

succinct (-singkf), adj. tersely ex- 
pressed. 

succor Cer), v.t. to help or relieve 
when in difficulty or distress; aid: 
72. relief; aid. 

succotash ('o-tash), n. a dish of green 
maize and beans boiled together. 

succula Cu-la), n. an axis or cylinder 
without a drum, with staves to 
move it round. 

succulence ('u-lens), n. juiciness. 

succulent ('u-lent), ac?.7. juicy: Said 
of plants replete with juices. 

succumb (-kumO, v.i. to yield; sub- 
mit. 

succursal (-ker'sS-l), adj. annexed 
and assistant, as a chapel of ease. 



such (such), adj. the same that, or as 
referred to; denoting a particular 
person or thing; certain; very great. 

suck (suk), v.t. to draw in with the 
mouth: v.i. to draw milk from the 
breast: n. the act of sucking; milk 
drawn from the breast. 

sucker ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, sucks; piston of a pump; a 
tube through which anything is 
drawn; shoot of a plant from the 
lower part of the stem; a sweet. 

sucking Cing), adj. drawing with 
the mouth or with an instrument; 
very young. 

suckle (1), v.t. to nurse at the breast. 

suckling ('ling), n. an un weaned 
child or animal. 

sucrose (su'kros), n. cane-sugar. 

suction (suk'shun), n. the act or pro- 
cess of sucking; act of drawing 
fluids by the removal of the atmos- 
pheric pressure. 

suctorial (-to'ri-§,l), adj. adapted to, 
or living by, sucking. 

sudarium (su-da'ri-um), n. the cloth 
on which Christ is said to have mi- 
raculously impressed his image when 
He wiped his face with it on the 
way to Calvary. 

sudation ('shun), n. the act of sweat- 
ing. 

sudatorium (-to'ri-um), n. a sweat- 
ing-bath. 

sudden (sud'n), adj. happening un- 
expectedly; instantaneous; without 
notice; quick. 

sudoriferous (su-dor-if 'er-us) , adj. 
secreting perspiration. 

sudorific (-if'ik), adj. causing per- 
spiration: n. Q, medicine producing 
such an effect. 

Sudra (soo'dri,), n. the lowest of the 
four great castes into which the 
Hindus are divided. Also Soodra. 

suds (sudz), n.'pl, soapy water. 

sudsy (sud'zi), adj. like suds. 

sue (su), v.t. to prosecute at law: v.i. 
to entreat; beg; petition; pay court; 
institute legal proceedings (with /or). 

suet ('et), n. the hard fat around the 
kidneys and loins of sheep and oxen. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinks ^/len. 



SUFFER 



849 



SULLY 



suffer (suf'er), v,t to feel with a 
sense of pain; undergo; bear; be 
affected by; allow; tolerate: v.i, to 
feel pain or punishment; be in dis- 
tress; endure loss or injury. 

sufferable (-a-bl), adj. that niay be 
allowed or tolerated; permissible. 

sufferance (-fer'ans),^ n. patience 
under pain; toleration; negative 
consent; permission. 

suffering ('ing), n. the state of en- 
during physical or mental pain 
distress; loss or injury endured. 

suffice (-is), v.L to be sufficient: v.t 
to satisfy. 

sufficiency (-ish'en-si) , n. the state 
or quality of being sufficient; com- 
petence; self-confidence; conceit. 

sufficient Cent), adj. equal to any 
end or purpose; adequate; compe- 
tent. 

suffix ('iks), n. a letter or syllable 
added at the end of a word; affix: 
v.t. (suf-iks'), to add, as a letter or 
syllable at the end of a word. 

suffocate ('o-kat), v.t. to choke by 
stopping respiration; smother; stifle. 

suffocation (-ka'shun), n. the act of 
suffocating. 

Suffragan (suf'ra-gan), n. an assis- 
tant bishop. 

suffrage ('raj), n. vote, or right to 
vote; franchise; voice or vote given 
on a controverted subject. 

suffragette ('ra-get), n. a woman 
who seeks equal suffrage or the 
right to vote. 

suffragist ('ra-jist), n. one who advo- 
cates general suffrage. 

suffuse (-fuz'), v.t. to spread over as 
with a fluid or a color. 

sugar (shoog'er), n. a sweet crystal- 
line substance obtained from the 
sugar-cane, beet, &c. ; any substance 
resembling sugar; flattery: adj. 
pertaining to, like, made of, or 
yielding, sugar; sweet. 

sugariness ('er-i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being sweet. 

sugary ('er-i), adj. like, composed of, 
or fond of, sugar; sweet. 

suggest (sug-jesf or suj-est'), v.t. to 



introduce indirectly to the mind or 
thoughts; hint; insinuate; allude or 
refer to: v.i. to make suggestions. 

suggestion (-jes'chun), n. the act of 
suggesting; thing suggested; hint. 

suggestive ('tiv), adj. containing, or 
full of, suggestion. 

suggestively (-li), adv. by way of 
suggestion. 

suicidal (su'i-sid-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or partaking of, suicide. 

suicidal (-i), adv. in a suicidal 
manner. 

suicide ('i-sid), n. a person who kills 
himself; self-murder; ruin of one's 
own interests. 

suint (swint), n. a peculiar fatty sub- 
stance obtained from sheep's wool. 

suit (sut), n. a set of things corre- 
spondent to each other, as of the 
same kind; petition or prayer; 
courtship ; one of four sets of a pack 
of cards; an action or process at 
law for the recovery of a right or 
claim; v.t. to be fitted to; fall in 
with; accommodate; please: v.i. to 
correspond or accord; agree. 

suitability (-a-biFi-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being suitable. Also 
suitableness. 

suitable ('a-bl), adj. fitting; appro- 
priate. 

suitably ('a-bli), adv. in a suitable 
manner. 

suite (swet), n. a retinue or compa- 
ny; series; set, as of rooms, furni- 
ture, &c. 

suitor (sut'er), n. a petitioner; sup- 
pHcant; lover; party to a lawsuit. 

sulcate (sul'kat), adj. grooved. 

sulk (sulk), v.i. to be sulky. 

sulkily ('i-li), adv. in a sulky manner. 

sulkiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being sulky. 

sulky Ci), adj. [comp. sulkier, superl. 
sulkiest], silently sullen: n. a kind 
of two-wheeled carriage. 

sullen (sul'en), adj. morosely silent; 
gloomily angry; dismal; heavy. 

sully Ci) v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sullied 
p.pr. sullying], to tarnish or soil; 
dirty; stain: n. a tarnish or stain. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SULPHATE 



850 



SUN 



sulphate ('fat), n, a salt of sulphuric 
acid. 

sulphide ('fid), n, a compound of 
sulphur with a metal or other ele- 
ment. 

sulphite ('fit), n, a salt of sulphur- 
ous acid. 

sulphur ('fer), n. a non-metallic ele- 
ment, brittle and of a yellow color, 
insoluble in water, but fusible by 
heat. 

sulphurate (-at), v.t, to combine 
with, or subject to the action of, 
sulphur: adj. pertaining to, or of 
the color of, sulphur. 

sulphurator ('fer-a-ter), n. an ap- 
paratus for bleaching by the fumes 
of sulphur. 

sulphureous (-fu're-us), adj. con- 
sisting of, impregnated with, or 
having the qualities of, sulphur. 
Also sulphurous. 

sulphuret. Same as sulphide. 

sulphuretted ('fu-ret-ed), adj. com- 
bined with sulphur. 

sulphuric (-fu'rik), adj, obtained 
from, or containing, sulphur. 

sulphuric acid (as'id), n. a heavy, 
corrosive liquid composed of sul- 
phur, oxygen, and water; oil of 
vitriol. 

sulphurous acid ('fu-rus as'id), n. 
an acid composed of 2 parts of 
oxygen and 2 parts of sulphur. 

sulphury ('fer-i), adj. like sulphur. 

sultan ('tan), n. the title of a Mo- 
hammedan sovereign, especially the 
sovereign of the Ottoman Empire. 
Fern, sultana. 

sultanate ('tan-at) n. the rule or 
dominion of a sultan. 

sultanship ('tan-ship), n. the office, 
rank, or dignity of a sultan. 

sultrily ('tri-li), adv. oppressively. 

sultriness (-nes) n. the state or 
quality of being sultry. 

sultry ('tri), adj. [comp. sultrier, 
superl. sultriest], very hot, close, 
and oppressive; close and heavy 
with a moist heat. 

sum (sum), n. the aggregate of two 
or more things taken together; 



whole; total; quantity of money; 
substance; compendium; utmost 
degree; arithmetical problem for 
solution: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. summed, 
p.pr. summing], to add into one 
amount; condense into few words. 

sumac (su'mak), n. a plant or shrub 
the dried leaves and roots of which 
are used in tanning, dyeing, and 
medicine. 

summarily (sum'a-ri-li), adv. in a 
short way or method; concisely. 

summarize ('a-riz), v.t, to state con- 
cisely. 

summary ('a-ri), adj. brief; laconic; 
compendious; done in a short way 
or method: n. an abridgement; 
compendium. 

summation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
forming a total; aggregate. 

summer ('er), n. that part of the 
year which comprises the hottest 
months, June, July, and August; a 
large piece of timber to receive the 
ends of the joists; horizontal girder: 
v.L to pass the summer: v.t. to feed 
or keep during the summer. 

summit ('it), n. the top or highest 
point. 

summon ('un), v.t. to cite or call by 
authority; command to appear in 
court; invite; rouse to exertion: 
n.pl. a citation to appear in court on 
a certain day; document containing 
such a citation; authoritative call. 

sumpit (sum'pit), n. the poisoned 
arrow used with a sumpitan. 

sumpitan ('pi-tan), n. a kind of long 
blowpipe, used by the Malays. 

sumptuary (sump'tu-a-ri), adj. per- 
taining to, or regulating, expense. 

sumptuary laws (iawz), n.pl laws 
to limit excessive expenditure on 
dress or other luxuries. 

sumptuous CtH-us), adj. expensive; 
costly; luxurious; magnificent. 

sun (sun), n. the luminous body 
around which the earth, and other 
planets, &c., of the solar system re- 
volve: the source of light and heat 
to the earth; any center of a system 
of worlds; anything like the sun in 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SUNDAE 



851 



SUPERFICIALITY 



splendor or power; sunshine: v,t 
[p.L & p.p, sunned, p.pr. sunning], 
to expose to the sun's rays; warm 
or dry in the sun. 

sundae (sun'da), n, ice cream and 
fresh fruit or fruit syruo. 

Sunday ('da), n. the first day of the 
week, the Christian Sabbath, or 
Lord's Day: adj. pertaining to 
Sunday. 

sunder "Cder), v,L to divide or rend. 

sundew ('du), n. a plant of the genus 
Drosera, whose leaves secrete a 
dew-Uke viscid fluid. 

sundial (sun'di-al), n. a contrivance 
for measuring time, by the shadow 
of an upright peg cast by the sun 
on the faice of a dial, marked in 
divisions of hours. 

sundries ('driz), n.pl. numerous small 
or miscellanf^xDUs articles or matters. 

sundry ('dri), adj, various; several. 

sung, p.p, of sing. 

sunk, p.t. & p.p, of sink. 

sunken (sungk'en), adi. lying on the 
bottom of the sea; fallen or pressed 
down. 

sunn (sun), n. an East Indian plant, 
the fiber of which is used as a sub- 
Btitute for hemp. 

Sunna C^), n. a collection of oral 
laws and precepts of Mohammed 
handed down by tradition, and es- 
teemed as of equal value with the 
Koran by the Sunnites. 

sunniness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being sunny. 

Sunnites ('its), n.pl. the orthodox Mo- 
hammedans who regard the Sunna as 
equally binding with the Koran. 

sunny ('i), adj. pertaining to, like, 
proceeding from, or exposed to, the 
sun; bright; warm; cheerful. 
sunrise (sun'riz), n, the rising of the 

sun in the Eastern horizon. 
sunset (sun'set), n. the setting of the 

sun in the Western horizon. 
sunshine ('shin), n, the light or rays 

of the sun; warmth; brightness. 
sunstroke ('strok), n. a kind of 
apoplexy, caused by the intense heat 
of the sun's ravs. 



sun-up ('up), n. sunrise. 
sup (sup), v.t. [p.t, & p.p.^ suppedp 
p.pr, supping], to take into tiM 
mouth with the lips; sip: v.L to 
take supper: n, a small mouthful, aa 
of a hquid; sip. 
super, prefix meaning over, above, 6e- 

yondf in excess, 
superannuate (su-per-an'ti-at), v.U 
to pension on account of old age or 
infirmity. 
superannuation (-ti-a'shun), n. the 
state of being superannuated; pen- 
sion granted to one who is superan- 
nuated. 
superb (sti-perb'), adj. grand; proud; 
stately; elegant; first-rate; sumptu- 
ous. 
supercargo (su-per-kar'go), n. a per- 
son or ofiicer in a merchant vessel 
who superintends the cargo and 
commercial affairs of a ship during 
its voyage. 
superciliary (-sil'i-§,-ri), adj. per- 
taining to, or situated above, the 
eyebrow. 
supercilious ('i-us), adj. hau^ty; 
proud; disdainful; dictatorial; over- 
bearing. 
supercilium (-sil'i-um), n. the eye- 
brow. 
superdveadnaught (su'per- 
dred'nawt), n. the most gigantic 
type of modern battleship, greatly 
exceeding in size the ships of the 
dreadnaught type which have a dis- 
placement of about 18,000 tons; the 
newest superdreadnaughts displace 
about 30,000 tons. 
supererogation (-er-o-ga'shun), n. 
the performance of more than is re- 
quired by duty. 
supererogatory (-e-rog'^to-ri), adj. 
performed beyond what is required 
by duty. 
superficial^ (-fish'M), adj. pertaining 
to, or being on the surface; slight; 
not deep; unlearned. 
superficiality (-i-al'i-ti), n. the state 
. or quahty of being superficial; 
sHght knowledge. Also superficial- 
ness. 



Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boan, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SUPERFICIES 



852 



SUPERVISOR 



superficies (-fisJi'i-ez), n. superficial 
area or exterior face of a body. 

superfluity (-floo'i-ti), n. [pL super- 
fluities (-tiz) ], superabundance; ex- 
cess. 

superfluous ('floo-us), adj, more 
than enough or necessary; excessive. 

superfrontal (-fron'ti<l), n. that 
part of an altar-cloth which hangs 
over the frontal. 

superheat (-hef), v.t. to heat to an 
extreme degree; heat (steam) until 
it resembles a perfect gas. 

superinduce (-in-dus'), p-t, to bring 
in or upon as an addition to some- 
thing else; superadd. 

superintend (-in-tend'), v.L to have, 
or exercise the charge or oversight 
of; direct or control. 

superintendence^ (-ten'dens), n, su- 
pervision; oversight; control. 

superintendent ('dent), n, one who 
superintends; overseer. 

superior^ (su-pe'ri-or), adj, higher or 
above in place, position, rank, dig- 
nity, office, or excellence; stronger; 
surpassing others; unconquered; 
preferable; beyond the power or in- 
fluence of; placed above another or- 
gan: n. one who is superior to oth- 
ers; one of a higher rank or position; 
head of a religious house. 

superiority (-i-or'i-ti), n. the state 
or quaUty of being superior; preemi- 
nence; advantage. 

superlative (-perla-tiv), adj, supe- 
rior to all others; highest in degree; 
n. a word expressing the highest de- 
gree of anything. 

superlatively (-H), adv in a super- 
lative manner. 

superlativeness (-nes), n. the state 
or quahty of being superlative. 

supernal ('nal), adj, pertaining to, 
or situated in, a higher place or re- 
gion; celestial. 

supernatural (-nat'ti-ril)^ adj, be- 
yond, or exceeding the, powers or 
laws of nature. 

supernaturalism (-izm), n, the state 
or quahty of being supernatural; the 
doctrine that revelation is the only 



means by which man acquires the 
knowledge of God. 

supernaturalist (-ist), n, one who 
beheves in the doctrine of supernat- 
urahsm. 

supernaturally (-h), adv. in a su- 
pernatural manner. 

supernumerary (-num'er-§,-ri), n, 
[pL supernumeraries (-riz) ], a per- 
son or thing beyond the stated or 
required number: adj, exceeding the 
number stated or required. 

superphosphate (-fos'fat), n, a phos- 
phate containing the greatest quan- 
tity of phosphoric acid capable of 
entering into combination with the 
base. 

superroyal (-roi'M), adj, noting a 
size of paper larger than royal, 27 J^ 
by 20}^ in. 

superscribe (-skrib'), v.t, to write 
or inscribe, or engrave on the out- 
side or top. 

superscription (-skrip'shun), n, the 
act of superscribing; the address or 
direction. 

supersede (-sed'), v,t, to set aside or 
render null and void by superior 
power; come into, or take, the place 
of. 

superstition (-stish'un), n, rever- 
ence for, and belief in, the super- 
natural, or objects which are not 
worthy of worship; false worship or 
religion; extreme observance of re- 
ligious rites or ceremonies, 

superstitious ('us), adj, pertaining 
to, characterized by, proceeding 
from, or addicted to superstition; 
overscrupulous and extreme in re- 
ligious rites or ceremonies. 

superstructure (-struk'tur), n, any- 
thing built or f oimded on something 
else; a building. 

super tonic (-ton'ik), n, in music, the 
note next above the keynote. 

supervene (-ven'), v.i, to come upon 
as something extraneous; occur. 

supervise (-viz'), v.t, to oversee. 

supervision (-vish'un), n, the act of 
supervising; superintendence. 

supervisor (-viz'er), n, an overseer. 



ate, arm, §-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQiu 



SUPERVISORY 



853 



SUPREMELY 



supervisory (-vi-zo-ri), adj. exercis- 
ing supervision. 

supine (su-pin'), adj. lying on the 
back; indolent; careless; inatten- 
tive; negligent: n. a Latin verbal 
noun, ending in unij and u, 

supinely ('li), adv, in a supine man- 
ner. 

supineness ('nes), n, the state or 
quaUty of being supine. 

supper (sup'er), n. the evening meal. 

supplant (-plant'), v.t. to displace 
and take the place of, as by craft; 
supersede. 

supple ('1), adj. flexible; yielding; 
servile: v.t. to make supple: v.i. to 
grow pliant. 

supplement (le-ment), v.t. to add 
something to; fill up or supply: n. 
something added to render anything 
more complete or supply- defects or 
errors; appendix; the quantity by 
which an arc or angle falls short of 
a semicircle. 

supplemental (-men't§,l), adj. serv- 
ing as a supplement; additional. 
Supplementary. 

suppleness (supl-nes), n. the state 
or quahty of being supple; pHancy. 

suppliant (sup'li-^nt), adj. beseech- 
ing; entreating; suing: n. one who 
supplicates; humble petitioner. Al- 
so supplicant. 

supplicate (-kat), v.t. to ask or beg 
humbly and earjiestly; address in 
prayer; beseech; implore. 

supplication (-ka'shun), n. the act 
of supplicating; humble and earnest 
prayer or entreaty. 

supplicatory ('h-ka-to-ri), adj. per- 
taining to, containing, or of the na- 
ture of, supplication. 

supplier (-li'er), n. one who, or that 
which, supphes. 

supply (-h'), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. sup- 
phed, p.pr, supplying], to furnish 
with what is required; provide; 
serve instead of ; fill: n. [p^. supplies 
(-Hz') ], the act of supplying; thing 
supplied; amount of money or food 
required for daily necessaries, as of 
an army, &c. (usually pL). 



support (-port), vd. to sustaini 

bear up; endure; uphold 3 favor, 
second; inciu*; carry on, provide 
for or nourish: n che act of sup- 
porting; that which supports; main- 
tenance; hvelihood, aid. 

suppose (-pozO, v.t. to imagine; ad- 
mit without proof; assume as true, 
think. 

supposition (-po-zish'un), n. the act 
of supposing; thing supposed; as- 
sumption. 

supposititious (-poz-i-tish'us), adj. 
supposed or imaginary; not genuine; 
counterfeit. 

suppository (-poz'i-to-ri), n. a med- 
icated mass, usually in che form of 
a cone, for introduction into some 
cavity of the body, where it dissolves. 

suppress (-pres'), v.t. to subdue; 
crush; keep in or down; quell; con- 
ceal; restrain the publication of; 
arrest the normal secretions of. 

suppression ^ (-presh'un), n. the act 
of suppressing; stoppage; conceal- 
ment : omission. 

suppressive (-pres'iv), adj. tending 
to suppress. 

suppressor ('er), n. one who sup- 
presses. 

suppurate ('u-rat), v.i. to generate 
pus. 

suppuration (-ra'shun), n. the act 
of generating pus; pus generated in 
a sore. 

suppurative ('u-ra-tiv), adj. tending 
to produce, or accompanied by, sup- 
puration: n. a medicine to promote 
suppuration. 

supra, a prefix meaning above, be- 
yondy oveTy as supralapsarian. 

suprarenalin (su-pra-ren'a-lin), n. 
a preparation of the active jprinciple 
of the adrenal glands. ^ "" 

supremacy (su-prem'l.-si), n. the 
state or quahty of being supreme; 
highest authority. 

supreme (-prem'), adj. highest in 
power or authority; most excellent; 
extreme; utmost. 

supremely ('h), adv. in a supreme 
manner. 



Ste, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&a. 



SUR 



854 



SURPLUS 



r, a prefixj meaning over, beyond, 
above, upon, as surcharge (ser- 
charj'), n. an excessive charge, load, 
or burden; an overcharge beyond 
what is just and right: v.t. to charge 
more than is due; overload. 

surah (soo'r&), n, a soft, twilled silk 
fabric. 

surat (so5-ratO, n. a kind of short 
coarse cotton. 

surbase (ser'bas), n. Sb cornice, or 
series of moldings, on the top of the 
base of a pedestal, &c. 

surcease (ser-ses'), v.i. to stop en- 
tirely. 

surcharge (ser-charjO, v.t to give 
an excessive load; to charge more 
than is required. 

surcingle (^sing-gl), n. a girth, belt, 
or girdle for passing around the body 
of a horse and securing the saddle 
or some burden, &c.; girdle of a 
cassock. 

surcoat Ckot), n. a coat worn over 
another coat or garment. 

surd (serd), n. a mathematical 
quantity that cannot be expressed 
by rational numbers, or has no root, 
as A^3: adj. not expressible by ra- 
tional numbers; involving surds; 
uttered with the breath. 

sure (shoor), adj, fit to be depended 
upon; certain; reliable; infalhble; 
firm; safe: adv. certainly; securely. 

surely (li), adv. certainly; without 
risk, hazard, or doubt. 

sureness ('nes), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being sure; certainty. 

surety^ ('ti), n. [pi. sureties ('tiz) ], 
certainty; security against loss or 
damage; guarantee; hostage; one 
who becomes jointly bound with an- 
other; Sail. 

suretyship (-ship), n. the state of 
being surety; obligation of being- 
bound to answer for another. 

surf (serf), n. the swell of the sea 
that breaks and foams upon the 
shore or the rocks. 

surface (ser'fas), n. the exterior part 
or upper face of anything; super- 
ficies; outside. 



surf-boat (serfbot), n. a strong, 
hght boat for landing through the 
surf. 

surfeit (ser'fit), n. excess in eating 
or drinking; sickness caused by such 
excess: v.t. to feed to excess and 
sickness. 

surf -man (serf'm§,n), n. a boatman 
of a surf-boat. 

surfy (1), adj. covered with surf*. 

surge (serj), n. a large wave or bil- 
low; great roll; swell: v.i. to roll 
or rise high. 

surgeon (ser'jun), n. a medical prac- 
titioner, especially one who prac- 
tices surgery. 

surgeoncy (-si), n. the post of a sur- 
geon in the army or navy. 

surgery ('jer-i), n. the act and art of 
treating injuries or diseases by man- 
ual operations; place where a sur- 
geon operates or keeps his medi- 
cines. 

surlily (ser'li-li), adv. in a surly 
manner. 

surliness ' ('i-nes), n. surly behavior. 

surly ('U), adj. [camp, surlier, su- 
perl, surhest], gloomily morose; 
rough; uncivil; churlish; snarling; 
ill-natured. 

surmise (-miz'), n, guess or conjec- 
ture; suspicion: v.t. to imagine 
without certain knowledge; suspect; 
conjecture; fancy. 

surmount (-mount'), v.f. to rise 
above; overcome; conquer; van- 
quish; exceed. 

surname ('nam), n. a name added to 
the baptismal names; family name: 
v.t. to give the family name to. 

surpass (-p^s'), v.t. to exceed; ex- 
cel; go beyond in excellence or bad- 
ness. 

surplice ('plis), n. the outer linen 
vestment with wide sleeves, worn by 
the officiating clergy and choristers 
of the Roman CathoHc and Angli- 
can Churches, 

surplus ('plus), n. that which re- 
mains over and above what is re- 
quired; excess: adj. exceeding what 
is required. 



file, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SURPRISE 



855 



SUSPENSION 



surprise (-priz'), n. the act of taking 
unawares; astonishment j ' sudden 
emotion, confusion, or perplexity-: 
v,t, to take unawares; confuse or 
perplex; assail unexpectedly; aston- 
ish. 

surprise party ('par-ti), n. a party 
who visit the house of a mutual 
friend unexpectedly, each bringing 
some article of food for supper. 

surprising (-priz'ing), adj, causing 
surprise or astonishment; extraor- 
dinary. 

surrender (-ren'der), v.t, to yield to 
the power of another; give up on 
compulsion; cede; resign:^ v.i, to 
• yield; give up one^s self into the 
power of another: n. the act of 
yielding into the power or possession 
of another; a yielding or giving up. 

surreptitious (-rep-tish'us), adj. 
done by stealth or fraud; unauthor- 
ized. 

surrogate (sur'o-gat), n. the deputy 
of a bishop, who is authorized to 
issue marriage licenses; a substitute 
a probate judge. 

surround (-round'), v.t, to enclose 
on all sides; encompass; environ; 
invest: n. a precipitous place where 
animals are surrounded. 

surroyal (-roi'41), »• the crown ant- 
ler of a stag. 

surtax (ser'taks), n. an additional 
tax: v.t, (ser-taks') to impose a 
surtax on. 

surtout (-too'), n. a wide-skirted 
coat reaching below the knees. 

surveillance ^ (vaFyi^ns), n, watch; 
oversight; inspection. 

survey (-va'), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. sur- 
veyed, p.pr. surveying], to inspect or 
take a view of; overlook; examine; 
measure and estimate, as land: n. 
(ser'va), the act of surveying; par- 
ticular view or examination; cus- 
toms district. 

surveying ('ing), n. the art or busi- 
ness cf measuring land. 

surveyor ('er), n. one who surveys; 
one whose business it is to measure 
land. 



survival (-vi'val), n, continuance 
beyond the life of another; any an- 
cient use, custom, or behef continu- 
ing to the present day^ 

survive (-viv'), v.t. to live longer 
than; outHve: v.i to remain aHve. 

survivor ('er), n. one who outHves 
another; the longer-Hved cf two 
joint tenants, &c, 

survivorship (-ship), n. the state of 
outliving another; a reversionary 
benefit contingent upon some sur- 
vi^^ng life. 

sus, prefixj anot-ier form of sub. 

susceptibility (sus-cept-i-biri-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being suscept- 
ible; impressibihty; sensibility; ca- 
pabihty. Also susceptibleness. 

susceptible Ci-bi), adj. capable of 
admitting something additional, or 
any change, influence, affection, &c.; 
easily acted upon; impressible. 
Also susceptive. 

susceptibly ('i-bli), adv. in a sus- 
ceptible manner. 

suslik (lik), n. a squirrel-like ro- 
dent. 

suspect (-pekf), v.t. to have a sus- 
picion of; imagine to exist; conjec- 
ture; mistrust: n. (sus'pekt) a per- 
son suspected to be guilty of some 
crime. 

suspend (-pend'), v.t. to make to 
hang by any tiling; delay; inter- 
rupt; cause to cease for a time; 
debar temporarily. 

suspender ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, suspends: pL braces. 

suspense (-pens'), n, sl state of un- 
certainty, doubt, or anxiety; inde- 
cision; act of withholding the judg- 
ment; temporary cessation of a 
man's right. 

suspensible ('i-bl), adj. capable of 
being suspended, or held from sink- 
ing. 

suspension (-pen 'shun), n. the act 
of suspending; state of being sus- 
pended; a keeping in doubt; uncer- 
tainty; delay; interruption; tempo- 
rary privation of power, office, priv- 
ilege, or rights; continuation of a 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SUSPENSOR 



856 



SWAMPY 



note from one chord to another 
[music]. 

suspensor ('ser), n. something that 
suspends; a suspensory. 

suspensory ('so-ri), adj, that sus- 
pends: n. a suspensory band, or 
pouch. 

suspicion (-pish'un), n, the act of 
suspecting; distrust; want of con- 
fidence; imagination of something 
wrong on slight or insufficient proof; 
hint; very small quantity. 

suspicious ('us), adj, full of, inclined 
to, or cherishing, suspicion ; open to, 
or exciting suspicion; doubtful. 

sustain (-tan), v,t. to hold up or 
support; maintain; keep; support; 
nourish; bear; endure; strengthen. 

sustained (-tand'), ddj. maintained 
at a certain pitch or level; uniform. 

sustenance ('ten-ans), n. that which 
supports life; food; maintenance or 
support. 

sustentation (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of sustaining; support or mainte- 
nance. 

susurrus (su-sur'us), n, a light whis- 
pering; a subdued humming; a 
gentle sighing, as of the winds. 

sutler (sut'ler), n. a person who fol- 
lows an army and sells provisions, 
liquor, &c., to the troops. 

Sutras (soo'traz), n.pl. certain apho- 
risms summarizing the teaching of 
the Brahmans, and giving the es- 
sence of their doctrines in short, 
connected sentences. 

suttee (sut-eO, '^. a Hindu widow 
who immolates herself on the funer- 
al pile of her deceased husband; a 
form of widow sacrifice, formerly 
common among the Hindus in 
which the wife was burnt with her 
deceased husband on his funeral 
pile; now forbidden. 

sutteeism ('izm), n. the practice or 
rite of self-immolation among Hin- 
du widows. 

sutural (su'tu-ral), adj. pertaining 
to, or situated at, a suture. 

suture Ctur), n, the drawing to- 
gether of the edges of a wound by 



sewing lines of junction of the i 
bones of the skull; seam at the 
union of two margins of a plant. 

suzerain (su'ze-ran), n, a feudal 
lord, to whom fealty is due; supe- 
rior or paramount ruler. 

suzerainty (-ti), n. the office, or dig- 
nity, of a suzerain; paramount au- i 
thority. 

swab (swob), n. a mop for cleaning ' 
decks, floors, &c.; clumsy person or i 
lubber v.t. [p.t. & p.p, swabbed, I 
p.pr, swabbing], to rub or clean ' 
with a swab. 

swaddle (swod'l), v.t, to swathe or 
bind tightly, especially infants. 

swaddling ('ling),acy .binding tightly. 

swag (swag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swagged, 
p.pr. swagging], to sink down by 
its own weight; hang heavily; sag: 
n. an unequal, hobbling motion; 
thieves' booty. 

swagger ('er), v.i. to bully or bluster; 
strut haughtily or with affected 
superiority: n. an affected or inso- 
lent manner of walking; noisy 
boastfulness. 

swain (swan), n. a peasant; j*ustic 
lover; sweetheart. 

swallow (swoPo), n. a well-known 
migratory passerine bird; any spe- 
cies of swift resembling the swallow; 
groove round a tackle-block; the 
gullet or esophagus; voracity; as 
much as can be swallowed at once: 
v.t. to take into the stomach 
through the esophagus; absorb; en- 
gulf; engate entirely; retract; put 
up with: v.i. to perform the act of 
swallowing. 

swallow-tailed (-tald), adj. like a 
swallow's tail; having tapering or 
forked skirts. 

swam, p.i. of swim. 

swamp (swomp), n. wet or boggy 
land; soft, low land saturated with 
water: v.t. to plunge, overwhelm, or 
sink in, or as in, a swamp; overset 
or sink in water; plunge into inex- 
tricable difficu5ties; ruin. 

swampy ('i), adj. consisting of, or 
like, a swamp. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n5rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SWAN 



857 



SWEEPSTAKES 



swan (swon), n. a web-footed bird of 
the genus Cygnus, with a very long 
neck, and remarkable for its grac3 
in swimming. 

swansdown (swonz'doun), n. the 
down of a swan, or its skillful imi- 
tation. 

swanskin fswon'skin), n. a kind of 
soft, fine-twilled flannel; very thick, 
closely-woven woolen cloth used by 
printers. 

swap (swop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swapped, 
p.pr, swapping], to exchange or 
barter: n. barter; a blow or stroke: 
adv. hastily; suddenly. 

sward swawrd), n the grassy sur- 
face of land. 

swarded ('ed), adj. covered with 
sward. 

sware, old p.t. of swear. 

swarm (swawrm), v.i. to throng to- 
gether in a crowd; collect and rise 
from the hive: said of bees; breed 
multitudes; to climb a tree, &c., by 
embracing it with the arms and legs 
alternately (with up): n. a cluster 
of insects, especially bees; crowd or 
multitude in motion. 

swarthily (sworth'i-li), adv. with a 
swarthy hue. ^ 

swarthiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being swarthy. Also 
swartiness. 

swarthy ('i), adj. of a dark or tawny 
hue; dark-skinned. Also swart, 
swarth. 

swash (swosh) n. a dashing or 
splashing of water: v.i. to dash or 
splash water about. 

swashing ('ing,) adj. crushing;, slash- 
ing. 

swashy ('i), adj. soft like fruit too 
ripe. 

swath (swawth), n. a line or ridge of 
grass or grain as cut down by the 
mower: sweep of a scythe in mowing. 

swathe (swath), v.t. to bind with a 
bandage or roller; wrap: n. a ban- 
dage or roller. 

sway (swa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swayed, 
p.pr. swaying], to move backwards 
and forwards; influence by power or 



moral force; bias; govern: v.i. to 
incline on one side; be drawn by 
weight: n. the swing or sweep of a 
weapon; cast of the balance; any 
thing moving with power and bulk; 
rule: dominion; authority; control; 
inclination of weight on one side. 

swear (swar), v.i. [p.t. swore, sware, 
p.p. sworn, p.pr. swearing], to make 
a solemn declaration by appealing 
to God for the truth of what is 
affirmed; give evidence on oath; 
use profane language: v.t. to utter or 
affirm by appeal to God; cause to 
take, or bind by, an oath. 

sweat (swet), n. the moisture which 
exudes from the pores of the skin; 
toil; exertion: v.i. to exude moisture 
through the pores of the skin; per- 
spire; labor; drudge: v.t. to cause 
to sweat; oppress by employing at 
an unfair rate of wages. 

sweater (swet'er), n. a garment 
knitted for outside wear, generally 
used for out-of-door exercises. 

sweat-shop (swet'shop), n. a place 
where the employees are over- 
worked and paid low wages. 

sweating-system ('ing-sis-tem), n. 
the system by which middlemen 
employ people to work at their own 
homes for unfair wages. 

Swedenborgian (swe-den-bor' ji-an) , 
adj. pertaining to, or characteristic 
of, the doctrines of Swedenborg, a 
Swedish mystic, the founder of the 
New Jerusalem Church. 

sweep (swep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swept, 
p.pr. sweeping], to brush, rub over, 
or clean, with a broom, &c.; drive 
or carry along or off with force; 
strike with a long stroke; touch in 
passing: v.i. to pass with violence, 
speed, or pomp; pass with celerity 
or force; move along with a long 
reach: n. the act of sweeping; gen- 
eral destruction; range; extent; 
direction of a curve; rapid survey 
with the eye; extent of a stroke; 
chimney-sweeper; large oar; black- 
guard. 

sweepstakes ('staks), n.pl. the whole 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SWEET 



858 



SWING 



money or other things staked or won 
at a horse-race or in gaming. 

sweet (swet), adj. pleasing to the 
senses, as smell, taste, &c.; tasting 
like sugar; luscious; fragrant; me- 
lodious; soft; gentle; kind; obligmg; 
loved; not stale or putrid; fresh; 
not salted: n. a term of endearment: 
n.^jL confectionery; homemade wines. 

sweetbread (.'bred), n. a calf's 
pancreas. 

sweet-briar Cbn-er), n. a thorny 
shrub of the rose kind; eglantine. 

sweet-corn ('korn), n. a kind of 
maize of a sweet taste, extensively 
used as a table food. 

sweeten ('n), v.t. to make sweet; 
render mild, kind, grateful, or pleas- 
ing; render less painful, difficult, or 
laborious; paUiate: v.i, to become 
sweet. 

sweet-flag ('flag), n. an aromatic 
plant with sword-shaped leaves; 
calamus. 

sweetheart (liart), n. a lover; one 
who is the object of a lover's affec- 
tion. 

sweetish ('ish), adj. somewhat sweet. 

sweetmeat ('met), n. a confection 
made wholly or partly of sugar. 

sweet-potato (-po-ta'to), n, a plant 
and its edible root; yam. 

sweet-william (-wiryi^m), n. a beau- 
tiful flowering plant of the pink 
kind. 

swell (swel), v.i, {p.t. swelled, p.p. 
swelled, swollen, p.pr, swelling], to 
expand or enlarge; increase in bulk, 
heave; be inflated; rise and increase 
by degrees; be puffed up; grow in 
violence: v.t. to heighten; cause to 
rise or increase; inflate; state of 
swelHng; gradual increase of sound; 
succession of large waves; gradual 
elevation of land; a distinguished 
personage; fop: adj. dandified. 

swelling ('ing), p.oAj. becoming in- 
flated; turgid: n. the act of increas- 
ing in bulk; tumor or any morbid 
enlargement. 

swelter ('ter), v.L to perspire pro- 
fusely; faint with excessive heat. 



swel try ('tri), adj, sultry. 

swept, p.t. & p.p, of sweep. 

swerve (swerv), v.i. to 'turn aside 
from any prescribed hne or rule of 
duty; deviate; incline. 

swerving ('ing), n. deviation. 

swift (swift), adj. moving far in a 
short time; rapid; quick; ready; i 
sudden: adv. rapidly: n. a bird allied 
to the swallow; a species of moth; 
the common newt; current of a 
stream. 

swifter ('er), n, a rope for confining 
the bars of the capstan in their 
sockets; the foremost or aftermost 
shroud; a rope used as a fender to 
a boat. 

swill (swil), v.t, to drink greedily or 
grossly; inebriate: n. drink taken 
in excessive quantities; liquid food 
for animals, particularly the refuse 
or leavings of the kitchen, as given 
to swine. 

swim (swim), v.i, \p.t swam, swum, 
p.p. swum, p.pr. swimming], to float 
on water or other hquid; move pro- 
gressively in the water by the hands 
and feet; be conveyed along by, or 
as by, a current; ghde smoothly; 
overflow; be dizzy: v.t. to cause to 
swim or float : n. the act of swimming; 
air-bladder of fishes. 

swimmer ('er), n. one who swims; 
water-spider; water-fowl; protuber- 
ance on a horse's leg; a kind of 
dumpling. 

swimming ('ing), n. the act or art 
of floating or moving progressively 
in the water b3^ the hands and feet. 

swimrningly ('ing-li), adv, in a 
smooth, easy, ghding manner; with 
great success or without hindrance. 

swindle (swin'dl), v.t. to cheat grossly 
and dehberately under pretense of 
fair dealing: n. a gross fraud. 

swindling ('dHng), adj. cheating 
grossly. 

swine (swin), n. any animal of the 
genus Sus with bristly skin and 
long snout; pig. 

swing (swing), v.i. {p.t. & p.p. swung, 
p.pr. swinging], to wave or vibrate 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SWINGE 



859 



SYLLOGISM 



to and fro; oscillate; practice swing- 
ing; float round with the tide; be 
hanged: v.t. to move to and fro; 
wave loosely; brandish: n. the act 
or state of swinging; contriv- 
ance for swinging to and fro; full 
course. 

swinge (swinj), v.t to whip or 
thrash: n, sweep or swing of any- 
thing in movement; sway; influence. 

swingle (swing'gl), v,t. to cleanse 
(flax) by beating: v.i. to dangle: n. 
that part of a flail which strikes the 
grain. 

swingletree (-tre), n. the crossbar of 
a carriage, &c., to the ends of which 
the traces of the horse are fastened. 

swinish (swin'ish), adj. pertaining 
to, like, or characteristic of, swine; 
bestial." 

swink (swingk), v.i. to toil; drudge. 

swipe (swip), n. a vigorous blow at 
cricket or golf; sweeping blow: pi. 
thin or small beer: v.i. & v.t. to 
deliver a strong blow; hit out with 
great force at cricket, &c.; take 
and carry away; purloin. 

swirl (swerl), v.i. to rush along in, 
or form, eddies: n. a whirling or 
eddying motion. 

swish (swish), v.t. to lash; flog. 

Swiss (swis), adj. pertaining to 
Switzerland, its language, or its 
inhabitants. 

switch (swich), n. a long, thin, flexi- 
ble rod; a movable rail for trans- 
ferring a railway carriage, &c., from 
one line to another; a device for 
connecting one electric circuit with 
another: v.t. to lash or flog; shunt. 

Switzer (swit'ser), n. Swiss. 

swivel (swiv'l), n. something fixed 
in another body so as to turn round 
in it; twisting link in a chain; a 
kind of small cannon which turns 
on a pivot: v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
swivel ed, p.pr. swiveling], to turn 
on a swivel or pivot. 

swollen, p.p. of swell. 

swoon (swoon), v.i. to sink into a 
fainting fit, with apparent suspen- 
sion of the vital and mental powers: 



n. the act of swooning; syncope. 

swooning ('ing), n. the act of faint- 
ing. 

swoop (swoop), v.t. to fall upon and 
seize at once, as prey: v.i. to catch 
prey while on the wing: n. a sudden 
falling upon and seizing. 

sword (sord), n. a keen-edged weapon 
for cutting and thrusting; destruc- 
tion by war; emblem of authority, 
power, justice or vengeance. 

swore, p.t. of swear. 

sworn, p.p. of swear: adj. bound by 
an oath. 

Sybarite (sib'a-rit), n. an effeminate 
voluptuary: from the inhabitants 
of Sybaris, Italy, an ancient Greek 
city noted for its luxury. 

Sybaritic (-rit'ik), adj. pertaining to 
like, or characteristic of, a Sybarite. 

sycamine (sik'a-min), n. the black 
mulberry-tree. 

sycamore ('a-mor), n. a tree of the 
maple family; the fig-mulberry of 
the East; the buttonwood. 

sycee (si-se'), n. pure native silver 
cast into small hemispherical ingots 
by the Chinese, and used as silver 
currency. 

sycophancy (sik'o-fan-si), n. obse- 
quious or servile flattery. 

sycophant f/o-fant), n. a mean or 
servile flatterer, especially of great 
men; parasite. 

syenite (si'e-nlt), n. a granitic rock 
found at Syene in Egypt. 

syllabic (sil-ab'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting of, a syllable. 

syllabically (-al-li), adv. in syllables. 

syllabify ('i-fi), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. syllab- 
ified, p.pr. syllabifying], to form 
into syllables. 

syllable ('a-bl), n. that part of a 
word which can be uttered dis- 
tinctly by a single effort of the voice; 
anything proverbially concise. 

syllabub, same as sillibub. 

syllabus ('a-bus), n. a table of con- 
tents; compendium of the heads of 
a discourse; abstract. 

syllogism ('o-jizm), n. an argument 
stated in logical form, consisting of 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SYLLOGISTIC 



860 



SYNCHRONIZE 



three propositions, the first two 
being called the premises and the 
last the conclusion which contains 
the matter to be proved. 

syllogistic (-jis'tik), adj, pertaining 
to, or consisting of, a syllogism. 

syllogistically (-al-li), adv. in a 
syllogistic form. 

sylph (silf), n. an imaginary being 
inhabiting the air; fairy. 

sylvan (sir van), adj, pertaining to, 
inhabiting, or growing in, a wood 
or grove; rustic; woody; shady. 

sym, prefiXy another form of syn. 

symbiosis (sim-bl-o'sis), n. the more 
or less permanent united life of cer- 
tain animal and vegetable organ- 
isms rendering mutual service to 
each other. 

symbiotic (-ot'ik), adj. pertaining to 
symbiosis. 

symbol ('bol), n. an emblem or sign 
representing something else; type; 
mark or character used as an abbre- 
viation; a creed. 

symbolic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, 
serving as, or of the nature of, a 
symbol: n.pl. the study of creeds. 
Also symbolical. 

symbolically (-al-li), adv. by sym- 
bols. 

symbolize (-iz), v.t. to represent by 
a symbol: v.i. to have a typical 
resemblance; agree. 

symbolism ('bol-izm), n. the use of, 
or the being represented by, sym- 
bols; science of creeds. 

symmetrical (-met'ri-kal), adj. hav- 
ing corresponding parts or rela- 
tions; harmonious; proportionate. 
Also symmetric. 

symmetrically (-li), adv. in a sym- 
metrical manner. 

symmetrize ('e-triz), v.t. to make 
symmetrical. 

symmetry ('e-tri), n. the due pro- 
portion of the several parts of a 
body to each other; harmony or 
adaptation of parts to each other; 
proportion. 

sympathetic (-pa-thet'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, expressing, or inducing, 



sympathy; compassionate. Also 
sympathetical. 

sympathetically (-al-li), adv, in a 
sympathetic manner. 

sympathize ('pa-thiz), v.i. to have a ' 
mutual feeling with another; be 
compassionate. 

sympathy ('pa-thi), n. mutual feel- 
ing of pleasure or pain; compas- ' 
sion; reciprocal action of the 
organs of a body. 

symphonic (-fon'ik), adj. agreeing 
in sound; pertaining to a symphony. 
Also symphonious. ' 

symphony ('fo-ni), n. [pi. sympho- 
nies (-niz) ], harmony of sound; a 
musical composition for a full band 
of instruments; instrumental intro- 
duction or ending of a vocal com- 
position. 

symposium (-po'zi-um), n. [pi. sym- 
posia (-a) ], a banquet; a drinking 
together; merry-making; an article 
in a magazine in which various 
writers express their views on some 
given topic. 

symptom (simp'tom), n. that which 
indicates the existence of some- 
thing else of which it is the effect; 
token or sign. 

symptomatic (-to-mat'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to,|serving as, or indicating, 
a symptom. Also symptomatical. 

symptomatically (-al-li), adv. by 
symptoms. 

syn, a prefix meaning withy together, 
as si/nantherous: adj. having sta- 
mens united by their anthers. 

synaeresis (sin-er'e-sis) , n. the con- 
traction of two vowels into one. 

synagogical ('a-goj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to a synagogue. 

synagogue ('a-gog), n. a religious 
assembly of Jews for worship; Jew- 
ish place of worship. 

synchronism (sing'kro-nizm), n. con- 
currence in time of two or more 
events; tabular arrangement of con- 
temporaneous historical events. 

synchronize ('kro-niz), v.t. to cause 
to agree in time v.i. happen simul- 
taneously. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n5rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



SYNCHRONOUS 



861 



SYRIGMUS 



synchronous Ckro-nus), adj. hap- 
pening at the same time. Also syn- 
chronal. 

synclinal ('kli-n^l), adj, noting a 
Hne or axis formed when strata dip 
in opposite directions and meet in a 
common central point or Hne. 

syncopate ('ko-pat), v.t. to contract 
by omitting a letter or letters from 
the middle of (a word); unite (the 
last note of one bar to the first note 
of the next) by a slm*. 

syncopation (-pa'shun), n. the act 
of syncopating. 

syncope ('ko-pe), n. the. omission of 
a letter or letters from the middle of 
a word; fainting caused by interrup- 
tion of the heart's action. 

syncretic (sin-kret'ik), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or characteristic of, syncre- 
tism. 

syncretism Ckre-tizm), n. the at- 
tempt to blend opposite and contra- 
dictory tenets into one system to 
produce union and concord. 

syndic^ ('dik), ri. a government offi- 
cial invested with varying powers 
in different countries; chief magis- 
trate; municipal or other official. 

syndicalism (sin'di-kal-izm), n. a fea- 
ture of recent labor agitation, which 
aims at decentralization, substitutes 
direct for deputed action, approves 
the stnke even if a failure, urges 
the banding of .all producers in 
trades councils, and' looks to the 
aboUtion of all non-producers. 

syndicate ('di-kat), n. a body of 
syndics; a combination of capital- 
ists to promote some special under- 
taking or speculation. 

synecdoche (-ek'do-ke), n. a rhetori- 
cal figure in which the whole is put 
for a part, or a part for the whole. 

synergy Cer-ji), n. correlation be- 
tween different organs. 

synod Cod), n. a council or meeting 
of ecclesiastics for consultation on 
rehgious matters; a church council 
composed of several presbyters. 

synodal ('od-§-l), adj, pertaining to, 
a synod or sj^nods. 



synodic (-od'ik"), adj. pertaining to 
or transacted by, a synod. Also 
synodical. 

synodically (-il-i), adv. by the au- 
thority of a synod. 

synoecious (-e'shus), adj. having 
both male and female flowers on the 
same receptacle. 

synonym ('o-nim), n. a word having 
nearly the same signification as an- 
other. 

synopsis (-op'sis), n. a general or 
collective view of any subject; sum- 
mary. 

synoptic (-op'tik), adj. giving a gen- 
eral view of the whole or principal 
parts of a thing. Also synoptical. 

synoptically (-M-i), adv. in a syn- 
optical manner. 

syntactic (-tak'tik), adj. pertaining 
to, or arranged according to, the 
rules of syntax. Also syntactical. 

syntactically (-S-l-i), adv. in a syn- 
tactical manner. 

syntax ('taks), n. that part of gram- 
mar which teaches of the proper 
construction and arrangement of 
words in a sentence. 

synthesis ('the-sis), 71. {pi. synthe- 
ses (-sez) ], composition or putting 
of two or more things together; op- 
posed to analysis; the method or 
process of deducing and combining 
complex ideas from simple ones. 

synthetic (-thet'ik), adj. pertaining 
to synthesis. Also synthetical. 

synthetically (-M-i), adv. by syn- 
thesis. 

syntonin ('to-nin), n. muscle fibrine. 

syphilis (sif'i-hs), n. venereal disease. 

syphilitic (-ht'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, of the nature of, or affected with, 
syphilis. 

syphiloid ('i-loid), adj. resembling 
syphilis. 

syphon, another form of siphon. 

syren, another form of siren. 

Syriac (sir'i-ak), acf;. pertaining to 
Syria, its inhabitants, or language. 
Also Syrian. 

syrigmus (si-rig'mus), n. an abnor- 
mal sensation of ringing in the ears. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQU. 



SYRINGA 



862 



SZOPELKA 



Syringa (si-ring'g§,), n. Sb genus of 
plants, including the lilac. 

syringe (sir 'in j), n. a small tube 
with a handle and worked like a 
pump: v.L to inject or cleanse with 
a syringe. 

syrup ^ (sir'up), n. a saturated or 
medicated solution of sugar in wa- 
ter; hquid refuse of sugar. 

system ^ (sis'tem), n, combination of 
parts in a whole; orderly arrange- 
ment according to some common 
law; collection of rules and princi- 
ples; connected body of principles 
in science or art; method of trans- 
acting business.^ 

systematic (-at'ik), adj. methodical; 
according to system. Also syste- 
matical. 

systematically (-i-l-i), adv, in a 
systematic manner. 



systematize ('tem-i,-tiz), v.L to re- 
duce to a system. 

system-player (sis'tem-pla'er), n 
one who speculates or gambles in 
accordance with a fixed system. 

systole ('to-le), n. the shortening of 
a long syllable; contraction of auri- 
cles and ventricles of the heart for 
expelling the blood and circulating 
it through the body.^ 

systyle ('til), adj. having columns so 
arranged that they are distant two 
diameters from each other; having 
a row of columns set closely together. 

syzygy (siz'i-ji), n, [pi. syzygies 
(-jiz) ], the point at which the moon 
or a planet is in conjunction with, 
or in opposition to, the sim; times 
of new and full moon. 

szopelka (tzo-perka), n. the Rus- 
sian oboe. 



ate, arm, dsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



T 



T, the twentieth letter in the English 
alphabet. As a musical symbol t 
indicates tempo, 

tab (tab), n. a shoe latchet; tag; 
border of a woman's cap. 

tabard ('^rd), n, a loose garment or 
mantle worn over armor; herald's 
coat. 

tabaret ('§,-ret), n. a strong satin- 
striped silk used in upholstering. 

tabasco (ta-bas'ko), n. a pungent and 
biting sauce made from a variety of 
Mexican pepper. 

tabasheer (-sherO, n. a siliceous 
substance found in the stems of bam- 
boos and certain grasses, used in 
the East as a medicine. 

tabby ('i), adj. brindled; having a 
variegated, wavy, or watery ap- 
pearance: n. a kind of wavy or 
watered silk; mixture of stone or 
shell with mortar; tabby-cat: v.t. 
[p.t, & p.p. tabbied, p.pr. tabbying], 
to water or cause to look wavy. 

tabby-cat ('i-kat), n. a brindled cat. 

tabbying ('i-ing), n. the process of 
passing fabrics under a calender to 
give them a watered, wavy appear- 
ance. 

tabef action (-e-fak'shun), n. the act 
or condition of wasting away. 

tabernacle ^ ('er-nak-1), n. a tempo- 
rary dwelling, movable residence, or 
tent; the human body as the tem- 
porary dwelling of the soul; the 
movable structure or place of wor- 
ship carried by the Israehtes in the 
wildemess; receptacle for the con- 
secrated Host in Roman CathoUc 
Churches; place of worship: v.i. to 
£3Joum; take up a temporary resi- 
dence. 



tabernacle-work (-werk), n. scidp- 
tured tracery or canopy work. 

tabes (ta'bez), n. a gradual wasting 
away of the body; atrophy. 

tabinet (tab'in-et), n. a mixed wool- 
en and silk fabric, used for window- 
curtains, &c. 

tablature ('l§,-tur), n, a painting 
on walls or ceihngs; single piece 
comprehended in one view; division 
of the skull into two tables. 

table (ta'bl), n. a flat smooth board, 
furnished with legs; flat surface; 
persons sitting at a, repast or 
entertainment; fare; supply of food; 
entertainment; tablet; index or 
syllabus: pL collection of many 
particulars brought into one view; 
collection, of numbers or figures 
methodically arranged; the Ten 
Commandments, consisting of two 
tables; Holy Eucharist or Lord's 
Supper; smooth, simple member or 
ornament, usually rectangular: pi. 
backgammon: adj. pertaining to a 
table: v.t. to catalogue or index; 
lay or place on a table (-^s a re- 
port) for future consideration: v,u 
to board. 

tableau (ti,-blo'), n. [pi. tableaux or 
tableaus (ti,-bloz') ], a striking and 
vivid representation. 

tableau vivant (ve-vang'), n. a liv- 
ing picture; a picturesque represen- 
tation by one or more silent and 
motionless performers suitably cos- 
tumed and posed. 

table d'hote (ta'bl-dot), n. a meal 
for several persons at the same hour 
and at a fixed price; ordinary. 

tableland (ta^bl-land), n. a plateau. 

tablet (tablet), n. a small table; medi- 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

f863> 



TABLE-TURNING 



864 



TAFIA 



cine in the form of a small flat disk; 
small flat piece of ivory, &c., for 
memoranda; ancestral monument; 
small flat cake, as of soap, sweet- 
meats, &c. 

table-turning (ta'bl-tern-ing), n. 
the movement of tables said to be 
caused by the agency of spirits. 

tablier (tab-li-a'), n, a kind of large 
apron or small overskirt. 

taboo (ta-boo'), n, a religious rite 
formerly prevalent among the Poly- 
nesians by which persons and things 
were rendered sacred and inviola- 
ble; ban; prohibition: v.t, [pd. & 
p.p, tabooed, p.pr, tabooing], to for- 
bid approach to, or use of. Also 
tabu. 

tabor (ta'ber), n, a small drum, 
beaten with one stick. Also tabour. 

taboret (tab'o-ret), n. a small tabor; 
an ornamental cushioned stool. 

taborine (-rin), n. a side-drum; a 
drum-head in a hoop of wood with 
jingles to increase the noise; tam- 
bourine. 

tabular (tab'u-Er), adj. pertaining 
to, or in the form of, a table; 
formed in plates or laminae; set 
down, computed, or arranged in, ta- 
bles or schedules. 

tabulate ('ti-lat), v t, to reduce to, 
or arrange in, tables or synopses; 
shape wdth a flat surface. 

tacamahac (tak'i;-mS,-hak), n. a kind 
of resin from the balsam poplar. 

tache (tach), n. a button; loop; 
catch, clasp, or other fastening. 

tachometer (t^-kom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring velocity. 

tachymeter (-kim'e-ter), n, a sur- 
veyor's instrument for making yapid 
measurements. 

tacit (tas'it), adj. implied, but not 
expressed verbally. 

taciturn ('i-tern), adj, habitually 
silent. 

taciturnity (i-ti), n. habitual si- 
lence. 

tack (tak), n. a small broad-headed 
nail; supplement or appendage; di- 
rection '^f a vessel in regard to the 



trim of her sails: v.t to fasten with 
tacks; fasten slightly; attach: v.i. 
to change the course of a vessel by 
shifting the position of her sails. 

tackle (1), n. the ropes, rigging, &c., 
of a vessel; apparatus for raising 
or lowering heavy weights consist- 
ing of pulleys and ropes; imple- 
ments or gear: v.t. to harness; seize 
or lay hold of; deal with or attack 
vigorously.^ 

tackling ('ling), n. the furniture of 
the masts and yards of a vessel; in- 
struments of action; gear. 

tact ^ (takt), n. nice discernment and 
delicate skill in saying and doing ex- 
actly what is expedient or suitable 
in given circumstances. 

tactic (tak'tik), adj. pertaining to 
the art of tactics. Also tactical. 

tactician (-tish'^n), n, one skilled in 
tactics. 

tactics ('tiks), n. naval and military 
evolutions; science of disposing and 
maneuvering naval and military 
forces for battle. 

tactile ('til), adj. perceptible by the 
touch; capable of being touched. 

tactility (-til'i-ti), n. perceptibility 
by ihe touch. 

tactual (tak'tu-M), adj. pertaining to 
the organs of touch. 

tactualist (tak'tu-al-ist), n. one who 
holds that the sense of touch is of 
fundamental importance in develop- 
ing conceptions of space. 

tadpole (tad'pol), n. the young 
aquatic larva of an ampnibian, espe- 
cially that of the frog. 

tael (tal), n. a Chinese money of ac- 
count, value about $1.05; a weight 
of 1 1-3 oz. 

tafferel, same as taffraiL 

taffeta (taf'e-t^), n. a fine, thin, 
glossy, silken fabric. Also taffety. 

taffrail ('ral), n. the upper flat part 
of the stern of a ship; rail round a 
ship's stern. 

taffy ('i), n. molasses candy; toffy; 
flattery. 

tafia ('!-§-), n. rum distilled from mo- 
lasses. 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TAG 



865 



TALK 



tag (tag), n. a point of metal at the 
end of a string or a lace; something 
small attached to another; anything 
paltry or mean; a children's game: 
v.L [p.t. & p.p. tagged, p.pr. tag- 
ging], to fix a tag to; append or 
tack on; follow closely and persist- 
ently. 

taglia ^ (tal'y^), ^. a peculiar com- 
bination of pulleys. 

tag-rag (-rag), n, the rabble. 

tahr (tar), n, the Himalayan wild 



tail (tal), n. the end of the backbone 
of an animal's body,^ usually hang- 
ing loose; hinder, or inferior part of 
anything; anything pendant; lumi- 
nous appendage of the nucleus of 
a comet; catkin; limitation: v.i. to 
depart one after another, as a crowd 
{with of). 

tailage ('aj), n. tax or toll. Also 
tallage. 

tailboard Chord), n the movable 
board at the rear of a cart. 

tailing ('ing), n. the part or a pro- 
jecting stone or brick inserted in a 
wall; refuse of stamped ore thrown 
behind the rail of the washing ap- 
paratus: pL chaff. 

tailor Cer), n. one whose business is 
to cut out and make men's clothes 
and ladies' costumes. Feminine tail- 
cress. 

taint (tant), n. corruption; infec- 
tion; spot or stain;- disgrace: v.t. to 
imbue or impregnate with anything 
noxious; infect; corrupt: v.i. to be 
corrupted by incipient putrefaction. 

Taj Mahal (taj mahal'), n. a cele- 
brated mausoleum made of white 
marble, at Agra, India. 

take (tak)j v.t. [p.t. took, p.p. taken, 
p.pr. taking], to lay or seize hold 
of; obtain; receive mentally; cap- 
ture; engage or interest; choose; 
use or require; catch; assume; con- 
duct or lead; transport; tolerate; 
swallow; note or take down; make 
or perform (a journey or walk): 
v.i. to have recourse; have the in- 
tended effect; please: n. the amount 



or quantity received or caught, espe* 
cialiy fish. 

taker ('er), n. one who takes, seizes, 
or captures; one who accepts a 
bet. 

tsJ^ing ('ing), adj. attractive; allur- 
ing; pleasing; infectious: n. the act 
of gaining possession; seizure; agi- 
tation: pi. receipts. 

talapoin (taFa-poin), n. a Buddhist 
monk of Ceylon, Siam, &c.; kind of 
monkey. 

talaria (ta-la'ri-§.), n.pl. the small 
wings attached to the ankles of Mer- 
cury or Hermes, the messenger of 
the gods. 

talbot (tawl^bot), n. a quick-scented 
hunting-dog, with long pendulous 
ears. 

talc (talk), n. a hydrous silicate of 
magnesia occurring in thin flakes. 

tale (tal), n. a narrative or story; 
fable; anecdote; reckoning; number 
reckoned. 

talent (tal'ent), n. among the an- 
cients, a weight, coin, or sum of 
money of varying value; mental ca- 
pacity ;' eminent abihty; skill; clev- 
erness; gift. 

talented ('ent-ed), adj. endowed with 
talents or eminent ability. 

talesman (talz'man), n. one sum- 
moned on the panel of a jury. 

talipes ('i-pez), n. club-foot. 

talipot ('i-pot), n. the gigantic fan- 
palm of 'Ceylon and India. Also 
taliput. 

talisman ('is-m§,n), n. [pi. talismans 
(-manz) ], a magical figure cut in 
metal or stone supposed to possess 
magical virtues in averting evil, 
&c.; something that produces an ex- 
traordinary effect. 

talismanic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or having the properties of, a taUs- 
man; magical. 

talk (tawk), v.i. to utter words; 
speak famiharly; converse; prattle: 
v.t. to utter; make a subject of con- 
versation: n. familiar converse; col- 
loquy; subject of discourse; rumor; 
conference. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bcoii, 
book; hue, hut; think* theiu 

Die. 55 



TALKATIVE 



866 



TAMP 



talkative ('^-tiv), adj. addicted to 
much talking. 

talkatively (-li), adv. in a talkative 
manner. 

talkativeness (-nes), n. the quality 
of being talkative. 

talking ('ing), n. the act of convers- 
ing: adj. loquacious. 

talking-machine (tak'ing ma-shen), 
n. any machine that reproduces 
human speech. 

tall (tawl), adj. high in stature; 
lofty; extravagant. 

tallage^ fe ime as tallage. 

tallow (tal'o), n. the melted fat of 
oxen and sheep; candle-grease: v.t. 
to grease or smear with tallow; fat- 
ten. 

tally ('i), n. [pi. tallies ('iz) ], a 
stick notched to match another stick, 
used for keeping accounts; one thing 
made to match or suit another: v,t. 
to make to correspond: v.i, to be 
fitted; match. 

tally-ho (-ho), inter j. & n. the hunts- 
man's cry to incite his hounds; a 
four-in-hand coach. 

tallyman (-m§,n), n. [pi. tallymen 
(-men) ], one who sells goods to be 
paid for by instalments. 

tally-shop (-shop), n. a shop where 
goods are sold on the tally-system. 

tally-system (-sis-tem), n. the prac- 
tice of selling goods on credit to be 
paid for by instalments. 

talmi-gold ('mi-gold), rie* Abyssinian 
gold; cheap imitation of gold. 

Talmud ('mud), n. the book which 
contains the whole body of the Jew- 
ish civil and canonical laws and tra- 
ditions, with the commentaries and 
speculations of the Rabbis, consist- 
ing of two parts, the Mishnah and 
Gemara, 

Talmudic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or in, the Talmud. Also Talmudi- 
cal, Talmudistic. 

Talmudist ('mud-ist), n. one learned 
in the Talmud. 

talon ('on), n. the claw of a bird of 
prey; an ogee molding. 

talus (ta'lus), n. the ankle-bone; 



sloping part of a work; sloping heap 
of broken rocks accumulated at the 
foot of a cHff. 

tamability (tam-i,'biri-ti), n. the 
state or quahty of bemg tamable. 
Tamableness. 

tamable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing tamed. 

tamale (ta-ma'le)^ n a kind of dump- 
hng, made of minced chicken and 
corn-meal, seasoned with red pepper, 
wrapped in corn-husks, and boiled 
or cooked by steam. 

tamandua (ti,-man'du-a), n. the 
small ant-eater of South America. 

tamarack (tam'a-rak), n. the Amer- 
ican black larch. 

tamarin ('a-rin), n. a South Amer- 
ican monkey with a squirrel-like tail. 

tamarind ('a-rind), n. a leguminous 
and lofty tropical tree, yielding long 
pods which contain a soft acid pulp. 

tamarisk ('a-risk), n. a tree or shrub 
of the genus Tamarix, with small 
pink or white flowers and feathery 
branches. 

tambac. Same as tombac. 

tambour ('ber), n. a drum-Hke frame 
on which a kind of embroidery with 
threads of gold, silver, and silk are 
worked in the figures of flowers, 
&c.; drum; the naked part of cer- 
tain capitals of drum-hke appear- 
ance; enclosure of stockade work: 
v.t. to embroider with, or upon, a 
tambour. 

tambourine (-en'), n. a small hand- 
drum with Httle cymbals inserted in 
the hoop; a spri^tly French stage 
dance. 

tame (tam), adj. domesticated; spir- 
itless; insipid: v.t. to bring from a 
wild to a domesticated state; subdue. 

tameless ('les), adj. wild; not capa- 
ble of being tamed. 

taminy ('i-ni), n. a kind of woolen 
or worsted cloth. 

tamp (tamp), v.t. to block up with 
clay or* similar material the blast- 
hole in a rock to direct the course of 
the explosion; drive in or down by 
repeated gentle strokes. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bofln, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^^n. 



TAMPAN 



867 



TAP 



tampan ('pan), n, a venomous South 
African tick. 

tamper ('per), v.i. to meddle so as to 
injure or alter anything: use brib- 
ery; try small experiments. 

tampion ('i-on), n, sl stopper, espe- 
cisily for the mouthpiece of a can- 
non. Also tompion. 

tam-tam ('tarn). Same as tom-tom. 

tan (tan), n. the bark of the oak or 
other trees bruised and broken by a 
rnill for tanning hides: adj. tan-col- 
ored: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. tanned, p.pr. 
tanning], to convert (a hide) into 
leather by steeping it in an infusion 
of bark or tannin; make brown by 
exposure to the sun; beat: vd, to 
become sunburnt. 

tandem ('dem), adv, with two horses 
or persons one before the other: n. 
a vehicle with two horses harnessed 
one before the other; a bicycle or 
tricycle for two, one riding before 
the other. 

tang (tang), n. a strong taste or 
flavor; something that leaves behind 
a taste peculiar to itself; that part 
of a knife, fork, tool, &c., which is 
inserted into the handle; sound or 
tone: v.i. to make a ringing sound. 

tangency ('jen-si), n. a contact or 
touching. ^ 

tangent Cjent), adj. touching: n. a 
straight line that meets or touches a 
circle or curve,, but when produced, 
does not cut it. 

tangential (-jen'shSJ), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or in the direction of, a tan- 
gent. 

tangentially (-li), adv. in the direc- 
tion of a tangent. 

tangerine (-jer-en'), n. a small orange. 

tanghin (tang'gin), n. a Madagascar 
tree, from the seeds of which a pow- 
erful poison is obtained; the ordeal- 
tree. 

tangibility (tan-ji-biri-ti), n. the 
state or quahty of being tangible. 
Also tangibleness. 

tangible Cji-bl), adj. perceptible to 
the touch; capable of being pos- 
sessed or reaUzed; evident; real. 



tangle (tang'gl), v.t. to interweave so 
as to render difficult to imravel; im- 
phcate; embarrass. 

tango (tang'o), n. one of a score or 
more of modern dances, in syncopat- 
ed time and one-step motion; differ- 
ing in the variety of positions, many 
of which are held to be immodest; all 
placed under a ban by the National 
Association of Masters of Dancing. 

tangram (tan'gram), n. a Chinese 
toy for forming combmations of fig- 
ures by small squares. 

tank (tangk), n. a large cistern or 
reservoir for storing w^ater or other 
liquid; an armored car. 

tankard C^rd), n. a drin king-vessel 
with a lid. 

tannate (tan'at), n. a salt of tannic 
acid 

tanner ('er), n. one who tans hides. 

tannery (-i), n. [pi. tanneries (-iz) ], 
a place where hides are tanned; 
process of tanning. 

tannic Cik), adj. pertaining to, or 
obtained from, bark. 

tannic acid (as'id), n. an astringent 
principle in oak-bark, and gall-nuts. 
Also tannin. 

tanning ('ing), n. the process of con- 
verting hides into leather. 

tansy ('zi), n. a bitter aromatic plant 
with small yellow flowers. 

tantalization (-t^-i-za'shun), n. the 
act of tantalizing; state of being 
tantahzed. 

tantalize ('tM-iz), v.t. to t«ase or 
torment by exciting hopes or fears 
which will not be realized; provoke: 
from the classic fable of Tantalus. 

tantalizing (-ing), adj. teasing or 
tormenting. 

tantamount (-ti,-mount) , adj. equiv- 
alent in value or signification. 

tantivy (-tiv'i), n. a gallop: adv. 
swiftly. 

tantrum ('trum), n. a sudden out- 
burst of temper or passion 

tap (tap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tapped, 
p.pr. tapping], to strike or touch 
lightl}^; broach (a vessel) to let out 
a fluid; put a new sole or heel on; 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



TAPE 



868 



TARPAULIN 



find a new outlet for; bore into: n. 
a gentle blow, or touch; pat; place 
where liquor is drawn and retailed; 
pipe through wiiich hquor is drawn 
from a cask. 

tape (tap), n, a narrow band of linen 
or cotton cloth. 

taper (ta'per), n, small wax candle; 
small Hght: adj, growing smaller or 
regularly narrowed toward the 
point, or from the bottom to the 
top: v.i, to become gradually more 
slender: v.L to narrow to a point. 

tapering (-ing), adj. gradually di- 
minishing toward a point. 

tapestry (tap'es-tri), n, a textile 
fabric of wool or silk ornamented 
with a raised design, ligures, &c., 
used for hangings: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
tapestried, p.pr. ^ tapestrying], to 
hang, or adorn with, tapestry. 

tapestry carpet (kar'pet), n. a 
kind of carpet somewhat resembhng 
Brussels. 

tapeti Cet-i), n. a South- American 
hare. 

tapeworm (tap Verm), n. a flat rib- 
bon-hke intestinal worm (Taenia 
soHum). 

tapioca (tap-i-o^ka), n. a farinaceous 
food obtained from the root of the 
cassava. 

tapir (ta'per), n. a South American 
quadruped allied to the hog, 

tapis (ta-peO, n. a carpet [French]. 

tappet (tap'et), n. a small lever or 
projection for changing or regulat- 
ing motion. 

tapping Cing), n. a tap; act of tap- 
ping; a surgical operation for the 
rehef of dropsy. 

taproot ('root), n, the main root of 
a plant. 

taps (taps), n. the bugle call sounded 
in camp at night, signifying 'lights 
out"; also sounded at a mihtary 
burial. 

tapster ('ster), n. one whose business 
is to draw hquor from a cask. 

tar (tar), n. a thick, dark-brown, oily, 
viscous substance obtained by distil- 
lation from pine, or fir trees, coal. 



&c.; a sailor: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tarred, 
p.pr. tarring], to smear with, or as 
with, tar. 

tarantass (tar-an-tas'), n. a large 
four-wheeled Russian springless car- 
riage. 

tarantella (-an-tel'^.), n. a wild, 
rapid Neapohtan dance; music for 
such a dance. 

tarantula ('tu-li), n. a large spider 
whose bite was formerly supposed 
to produce an irresistible mania for 
dancing. 

taraxacin (-aks'^-sin), n. the bitter 
crystalhne principle of the root of 
the dandeUon. 

tarboosh (tar-boosh'), n. a land of 
red fez with a blue tassel worn by 
Orientals. 

tardily ('di-U), adv, slowly. 

tardiness ('di-nes), n. slowness of 
pace or motion; reluctance. 

tardy ('di), adj. [comp. tardier, su- 
perl, tardiest], moving with a slow 
pace or motion; dilatory; reluctant; 
late. 

tare (tar), n. darnel; weight of the 
cask, package, &c., which contains 
the commodity which is weighed 
with it and for which an allowance 
is made. 

target (tar 'get), n. a small shield; 
butt or mark set up for rifle and 
artillery practice. 

tariff (tar'if), n. a schedule or table 
of dutiable goods, specifying the 
customs rates, &c., to be paid or 
allowed on articles exported or im- 
ported; a duty levied according to 
such a schedule: v.t. to fix a duty on. 

tarlatan (tar la-tan), n. a thin, tran- 
sparent dress-muslin. 

tarn (tarn), n. a small mountain 
lake; marsh. 

tarnish (tar'nish), v.t. to diminish the 
luster of; suUy: v.i. to lose luster;, 
become dull. 

taro ('o), n. a plant of the Arum 
kind, the roots of which are used for 
food by the South Sea Islanders. 

tarpaulin (-paw'lin), n. stout water- 
proof canvas. 



ate, arm, Hsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TARRY 



869 



TAUBE 



tarry (tar'i), v.L [p,L & p.p. tarried, 
p.pr. tarrying], to stay behind; 
delay; linger. 

tarsal (tar'sal), adj. pertaining to 
the tarsus. 

tarsia Csi-a), n. a kind of mediaeval 
Italian wood inlaying. 

tarsus Csus), n. \pl. tarsi ('si) ], the 

' instep, consisting of several bones: 
pi. the connective cartilages oi the 
eyelids; foot of an insect or crus- 
tacean. 

tart (tart), adj. sharp to the taste; 
acid; severe; keen: n. small open 
pie. 

tartan (tar'tan), n. woolen cloth, 
checkered with various colors; 
small Mediterranean coasting ves- 
sel: adj. made from, or like, tartan. 

tartar ('tar), n. the white earthy 
substance deposited on the teeth, &c. 

Tartar, n. an inhabitant of Tartary 
(also Tatar), a person of keen, 
irritable temper. 

Tartarean (-ta-re-an), adj. pertain- 
ing to Tartarus or Hell; infernal. 

tartar emetic (e-met'ik), adj. anti- 
mony combined with potassium 
and tartaric acid. 

tartaric acid (-tar'ik as'id), n. an 
acid found in the juice of grapes, 
berries, &c. ' 

Tartarus, ('ta-rus), n. the deep and 
sunless abyss of the infernal re- 
gions; Hades. - 

tasimeter (ta-sim'e-f er) , n. an elec- 
trical instrument for measuring 
minute variations in temperature, 
moisture, motion, &c. 

task (task), n. business or study im- 
posed by another; usually a definite 
amount; lesson to be learned duty; 
burdensome employment: v.t. to 
impose a task upon; burden. 

tassel ('1), n. a pendent ornament of 
silk, wool, &c.; a male goshawk; 
pendent flower or head of certain 
plants, as maize. 

tasseled ('Id), p.adj. adorned with 
tassels. 

tasset (tas'et), n. armor protecting 
the front of the thigh. 



tastable (tas'ta-bl), adj. savory. 

taste (tast), v.t. to perceive by the 
tongue and palate; obtain pleasure 
from; test by eating or sipping a 
little; participate in; experience: v.i. 
to try by the palate; have a flavor; 
enjoy moderately: n. the sensation 
produced on the tongue and palate 
by something taken into the mouth; 
quality or flavor; relish; trial; ex- ^ 
periment; intellectual relish or dis- ' 
cernment of the sublime or beauti- 
ful; choice of pleasures, pursuits, 
&c.; a sample. 

tasteful ('fool), adj. savory; charac- 
terized by, or showing, good taste. 

tastefully (-li), adv. in a tasteful 
manner. 

tastily Ci-li), adv. with good taste. 

tasty Ci), adj. showing taste; savory. 

tat (tat), n. coarse cloth made from 
jute; pony [East Indian]. 

tatt (tat), v.t. to make by tatting. 

tatter ('er), n. a loose hanging rag: 
pi. rags: v.t. to make ragged; rend. 

tatterdemalion (-ter-de-mal'yun), n. 
a ragged fellow. 

tattie ('i), n. a split bamboo door or 
window screen, over which water is 
made to trickle to cool the air [East 
Indian]. Also tatty. 

tatting ('ing), n. a kind of narrow 
lace for edging, made with a small 
hand-shuttle; art of making such 
kind of lace. 

tattle ('1), v.i. to talk idly or trifling- 
ly; prate; tell tales or secrets: n. 
trifling or idle talk. 

tattoo (-too), n. a beat of drum, es- 
pecially for warning soldiers to 
retire to their quarters; marks or 
figures made by puncturing the skin 
with a needle and rubbing a stain or 
dye into the wounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
tattooed, p.pr. tattooing], to mark 
permanently (the skin) by punctur- 
ing it and staining the wounds. 

tattooing ('ing), n. the operation or 
practice of tattooing the body. 

tau (taw), n. a cross resembling the 
Greek letter T (tau). 

taube (taw'ba), n. [Ger.] an airship 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TAUGHT 



870 



TEAR 



built for dropping explosives; used 
in the European war of 1914-15. 

taught, pX, & 7?.p. of teach. 

taunt (tant or tawnt), adj, lofty: n. 
bitter or sarcastic reproach; scoff; 
insulting invective: v.t, to reproach 
with bitter, sarcastic, or insulting 
language, revile.^ 

tauriform (taw'ri-form), adj. having 
the form of a bull. 

taut (tawt), adj. tight; stretched; 
snug; secure. 

tautog (taw-togO, n, a North Amer- 
ican edible fish. 

tautological (-to-loj'ik-§,l), adj. of 
the nature of tautology. 

tautologically (-h), adv. in a tau- 
tological manner.^ 

tautology (-toro-ji), n. repetition of 
the same thing or idea in different 
words; sameness of words or of 
meaning. 

tavern (tav'em), n. an inn or public- 
house; a hotel. 

taw (taw), v.L to dress (skins) to 
make them into leather: n. a game 
at marbles; a marble to be played 
with. 

tawdrily ('dri-li), adv. gaudily. 

tawdriness ('dri-nes), n. the state 
or quahty of being tawdry. 

tawdry ('dri), adj. showy or fine 
without elegance; gaudily dressed. 

tawniness ('ni-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being tawny. 

tawny ('ni) , adj. ot a yellowish-brown 
color. 

taws (tawz), n.pl. a leathern strap 
with one end cut into fringes, used 
as an instrument of punishment 
[Scotch]. Also tawse. 

tax (taks), n. a rate or duty on income 
or property; excise; impost; bur- 
densome or oppressive duty: v.t. to 
impose a rate or duty upon for state 
or municipal purposes; burden or 
oppress; accuse. 

taxability (-^-bil'i-ti), n, the state 
of being taxable. 

taxable ('§.-bl), adj. subject or hable 
to taxation. 

taxation (a'shun), n. the act of tax- 



ing; rate or tax imposed: system of 
raising revenues. 

taxicab (taks'i-kab), n. an automo- 
bile for rent, that records the time 
and length of trip. 

taxidermist ('i-der-mist), n. one who 
is skilled in taxidermy. 

taxidermy ('i-der-mi), n. the art of 
stuffing and arranging specimens of 
natural history. 

taximeter (-me'ter), n. the record- 
ing device used in a taxicab. 

taxonomy (-on'o-mi), n. that depart- 
ment of natural history which treats 
of the laws and principles of classi- 
fication. 

tazza (tat'sa), n. an ornamental cup 
or vase with a large shallow bowl, a 
foot, and sometimes handles. 

tea (te), n. the prepared leaves of the 
tea plant {Thea Sinensis)) the bev- 
erage obtained by the infusion of 
the dried leaves; afternoon reoast at 
which tea is served; an infusion of 
other substances, as beef: v.i. to 
take tea. 

teach (tech), v.t, {p.t. & p.p. taught, 
y.jpr. teaching], to impart knowledge 
to; instruct; inform; cause to learn 
or acquire skill in: v.i. to give in- 
struction. 

teaching ('ing), n. instruction. 

teak (tek), n. a very hard durable 
timber obtained from an Indian tree. 

teal (tel), n. a species of small, wild, 
fresh-water duck. 

team (tem), n. two or more horses, 
&c., harnessed to the same vehicle 
for drav/ing; litter; brood; number 
of persons associated together to 
form a side in a game, or to perform 
a certain piece of work. 

teamster ('ster), n. the driver of a 
team, 

tear (ter), n, a small drop of the 
watery fluid secreted by the lachry- 
mal gland of the eye; anything tear- 
hke, or shaped like a tear; a rent 
(tar): v.^ (tar) [p.t. tore, p.p. torn, 
p.pr. tearing], to separate by vio- 
lence; rend; disrupt; lacerate: v.i, 
to be rent; rave or rant. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut: think, th&a. 



TEARFUL 



871 



TELEDU 



tearful (ter'fool), at^j. shedding tears. 

tease (tez), v.t. to comb or unravel, 
as wool or fiax; separate the fibers 
of; irritate or annoy; vex by petty 
requests or raillery: n. one who 
teases. 

teasel (1), n. a biennial plant, with 
hooked burrs, which are used for 
raising the nap of woolen cloth. 
Also teazel. 

teaspoon, n, small spoon holding 
about one fluid dram. 

teat (tet), n. the nipple of the female 
breast; mammilla. 

techily (tech'i-h), adv. in a techy 
manner. 

techiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being techy. 

technic (tek'nik), adj. pertaining to 
the mechanical arts; relating to art, 
science, or to a particular profes- 
sion. Also technical: n.'pL those 
branches of learning which relate to 
the arts; doctrine of arts in general. 

technique (-nek'), n, artistic execu- 
tion. 

technological (-no-lojl-ki,!), aJj. per- 
taining to technology. 

technologist (-noro-jist), n. one 
skilled in technology. 

technology ('o-ji), n, the science of 
the industrial arts. 

techy (tech'i), adj. peevish; irritable. 

tectonics (tek-ton'iks), n, the science 
or art of construction. 

ted (ted), y.t. [p.i. & p.p. tedded, 
p.pr. tedding], to turn or spread for 
dr>^ing, as new-mown hay. 

Teddy-bear (ted'i-bar), n, a figure 
of a bear, made as a toy for children. 

tedesco, adj, German, as in reference 
to art. 

Te Deum (te-de'um), n. an ancient 
hymn of the Christian Church sung 
at matins and on occasions of thanks- 
giving: said to have been composed 
by Hilary, Bishop of Aries. 

tedious (te'di-us), adj. wearisome by 
continuance or repetition; tiresome. 

tedium ('di-um), n. wearisomeness. 

tee (te), n. the^ mark aimed at in 
quoits and curling; nodule of earth 



from which the ball is struck at golf; 
umbrella-shaped finial of a Buddhist 
tope; short piece of connective 

teem (tern), v.i. to be proline; be 
full; be stocked to overflowing. 

teeming ('ing), p.adj. prolific. 

teen (ten), n. sorrow: pL years of 
one's age en ling in teen. 

teeth, pi. of tooth. 

teething (te^/i'ing), n. dentition. 

teetotal (te-t5'tal), adj. pertaining 
to teetotalers or teetotalism. 

teetotaler (-er), n. sl total abstainer. 

teetotalism (-izm), n. entire absti- 
nence from intoxicating liquors. 

teetotum (-to'tum), n. a child's toy 
used in games of chance; a kind of 
refreshment house for the working 
classes. 

tegmen (teg'men), n. [pi. tegmina 
('mi-n§,) ], a covering; inner layer 
of the coating of a seed: pi. scaly 
coat of the leaf-buds of trees. 

tegument ('u-ment), n. natural cov- 
ering or envelope; sicin. 

tehee (te-he'), n. a titter: v.i. to titter. 

teil (t^l), n. the linden. 

teinoscope (ti'no-skop), n. a prism 
telescope for the correction of the 
chromatic aberration of fight. 

telamon (ter^-mon), n. [pL tela- 
mones (-mo'nez) ], a figure of a man, 
usually colossal, used as a column or 
pilaster. 

telautograph ^ (tel-aw'to-grif), n. a 
telegraphic instrument for repro- 
ducing writings or drawings at a 
distance. 

telectograph (tel-ek'to-graf), n, an 
apparatus for transmitting pictures 
by wire or by wireless devised by 
T. Thome Baker. 

telectroscope (te-lek'tro-skop), n. an 
imperfectly developed device for 
transmitting visible images to a 
distance by electricity. 

teleclexis (tel-e-klex'is), n. artificial 
or intentional as distinguished from 
natural selection. 

teledu ('e-doo), n. the stinking badger 
of Java and Sumatra. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then* 



TELEGONY 



872 



TELLER 



telegony (te-leg'6-ni), n. the sup- 
posed influence of a first male on 
offspring subsequently borne to a 
second male by a given female. 
The existence of such an influence 
is a moot point among breeders. 

telegram ('e-gram), n, sl telegraphic 
communication. 

telegraph ('e-graf), n. an instrument 
or apparatus for communicating in- 
telligence rapidly between certain 
points, especially by means of elec- 
tricity: v,L to convey by telegraph; 
signal: v,L to send a telegraphic 
message. 

telegrapher (te-leg'ra-f er) , n, one 
who sends telegraphic messages; 
telegraphist. 

telegraphic (tel-e-graf'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, done by means of, or 
communicated by, telegraph. 

telegraphically (-al-i), adv, by tele- 
graph. 

telegraphist (te-leg'ra-fist), n. one 
skilled in telegraphy. 

telegraph-plant (-plant), n. a legu- 
minous East Indian plant, the 
leaves of which have a jerky 
movement. 

telegraphy ('ra-fi), n. the science or 
art of constructing and working 
telegraphs. 

telekino (tel-e-ke'no), n. an elec- 
trical apparatus for the control of 
machinery at a distance without 
conducting wires. 

telelectric (tel-e-lek'trik) , adj. refer- 
ring to a mechanical apparatus for 
producing effects at a distance by 
electrical means. 

telelectroscope (tel-e-lek'tro-skop) , 
n. proposed name of an imperfectly 
developed apparatus for seeing at 
a distance with the aid of electricity, 
usually bythe use of cells of selenium, 
the electrical conductivity of which 
varies under the influence of light. 

teleology (tel-e-ol'o-ji), n. the doc- 
trine of the final causes of things. 

telepathy (te-lep'a-thi), n, the trans- 
ference of thought from one person 
to another bythe exercise of the will. 



telephone (teFe-fon), n, an instru- 
rnent for transmitting sound to a 
distance by means of electricity: v.t, 
& v.i. to communicate by telephone. 

telephonic (-fon'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or conveyed by means of, the 
telephone. 

telephonist (te-lef-o-nist) , n. one 
who is skilled in, or operates, a 
telephone. 

telephony (te-lef 'o-ni) , n. the science 
or art of transmitting sounds at a 
distance. 

telephotography (tel-e-f o-tog'ra-fi) , 
n. reproduction by electricity of 
photographs at a distance. 

telescope (teFe-skop), n. an optical 
instrument for viewing objects at a 
distance: v.t. to drive into one 
another, as railway carriages in 
collision. 

telescopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, visible by, or like, a telescope. 
Also telescopical. 

telescopically (-al-i), adv. by means 
of a telescope. 

telescopist ('e-sko-pist), n. one who 
is skilled in using the telescope. 

telescopy ('e-sko-pi), n. the art or 
science of using or constructing a 
telescope. 

teleseism (tel'e-slsm), n. an earth- 
tremor of remote origin as recorded 
on the seismograph. 

telesis (tel'e-sis), n. progress clearly 
planned and accomplished by con- 
sciously directed effort. 

teletypograph (tel-e-ti'po-graf ) , n. a 
machine telegraph which records its 
message by perforating a tape, 
which serves as a guide for the 
automatic setting of type to print 
the message. 

telic (teFik), adj. noting the final 
end or purpose. 

tell (tel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. told, p.pr. 
telling], to express or make known 
by words; narrate; enumerate; ex- 
plain; communicate; confess: v.t. to 
give an account; report; play the 
iixformer; act effectively. 

teller ('er), n. one who tells, nar- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TELLING 



873 



TEN 



rates, or communicates; a bank 
clerk whose duty is to receive and 
pay money over the counter; one 
of two members of a legislative 
body who count votes on a division 
for each party. 

telling ('ing), n. the act of relating: 
adj, effective. 

telltale ('tal), adj, telling tales: n. 
a person who officiously or mali- 
ciously divulges the private con- 
cerns of others ; an automatic device 
for counting or indicating. 

telluric (tel-u'rik), adj. pertaining 
to, or derived from, the earth or 
the metal tellurium. 

tellurium ('ri-um), n. a rare element 
usually found associated with other 
metals. 

teletype (tel'o-tlp), n. an electric 
telegraph that prints the message. 

telpherage ('fer-aj), n. a system of 
automatic haulage by electricity. 

temerity (te-mer'i-ti), n. foolhardi- 
ness; rashness; precipitancy. 

temper (tem'per), v.t. to modify or 
regulate; qualify; assuage; calm; 
bring to a due proportion; bring to 
a proper degree of elasticity or hard- 
ness: n. due proportion of different 
qualities or ingredients; state of a 
metal as to its hardness or elastic- 
ity; mental disposition; equanimity; 
mood; natural inclinations; heat of 
mind or passion; irritation. 

temperament ('per-a-ment), n. nat- 
ural constitution or organization; 
due mixture of opposite or different 
qualities. 

ternperance ('per-ans), n. modera- 
tion, especially in respect to the 
appetites or passions; patience; 
sobriety; total abstinence. 

temperate ('per-at), adj. moderate; 
not characterized by passion or 
indulgence of the appetites; ab- 
stemious; calm; not liable to excess 
of heat or cold. 

temperately (-li), adv. moderately. 

temperateness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being temperate. 

temperature ('per-a-tur), n. state 



of a body with respect to sensible 
heat; degree of any quahty. 

tempered ('perd), adj. constitution- 
ally disposed; hardened. 

tempest ('pest), n. wind rushing with 
great violence, usually accompanied 
by rain, hail, &c.; hurricane; tumult. 

tempestuous (-pes'tu-us) , adj. very 
stormy; pertaining to, or like, a 
tempest; violent. 

Templar ('pier), n. one of a religious 
and military order, especially in 
the 12th century. 

template ('plat), n. a mold or pat- 
tern used by masons, bricklayers, 
&c., in cutting or setting out their 
work. Also templet. 

temple Cpl), n. an edifice for the 
worship of a deity or deities; resi- 
dence of a divinity; place of public 
worship; the flat part of either side 
of the head above the cheek-bones. 

temporal ('po-ral), adj. pertaining 
to time; secular; measured or re- 
stricted by time; civil or political. 

temporalism (tem'po-ral-izm), n. 
adherence to, or having reference to, 
the temporal power of the Pope. 

temporarily ('p6-ra-ri-li), adv. for a 
time. 

temporariness (-nes), n. the state 
of being temporary. 

temporary (-ri), adj. existing or 
continuing for a limited time or 
some special purpose. 

temporize ('po-riz), v.i. to comply 
with the times; yield to current 
opinion; parley; delay. 

tempt (tempt), v.t. to put to trial; 
test; persuade to evil; defy; allure; 
entice. 

temptation (temp-ta'shun), n. the 
state of being tempted; enticement, 
especially to evil. 

tempter (temp'ter), n. one who 
tempts; the Devil (with the). Fern. 
temptress. 

tempting ('ting), adj. alluring; se- 
ductive. 

ten (ten), adj. one more than 9; 
twice 5: n. the sum of 5 and 5; ten 
units. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TENABILITY 



874 



TENSENESS 



tenability (-i.-biri-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being tenable. Also 
tenableness. 

tenable ('a-bl), adj, capable of be- 
ing held, maintained, or defended. 

tenace ('as), n. in whist, the holding 
by the fourth hand of the best and 
third best of the suit led. 

tenacious (te-na'shus), adj. holding 
fast or firmly; cohesive; tough; ob- 
stinate. 

tenacity (-nas'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being tenacious; cohesive- 
ness; adhesiveness. 

tenancy (ten'an-si), n. [pL tenan- 
cies (-siz) ], the holding of land or 
tenements on certain conditions and 
for a specified time; tenure. 

tenant ('^nt), n, one who holds 
lands or tenements on certain con- 
ditions and for a specified time; oc- 
cupant: v.L to hold as a tenant. 

tenantry (-ri), n. tenants collec- 
tively. 

tench (tench), n. a fresh-water fish 
of the carp kind. 

tend (tend), v.t. to care for; attend; 
watch over or protect; accompany; 
swing at the turn of the tide: said 
of a vessel: v.i. to move in a par- 
ticular direction; be directed to any 
end or purpose; contribute. 

tendency (ten'den-si), n. inclina- 
tion; aim; direction or course. 

tender Cder), adj, easily impressed 
or injured; sensitive; soft; not 
hard; weak and feeble; easily in- 
fluenced by love, pity, &c.; com- 
passionate; pathetic; gentle; care- 
ful: n. a vehicle attached to a loco- 
motive containing coal and water; 
smaller vessel attending a larger 
one; an offer or proposal for ac- 
ceptance; offer of a sum due in 
money under specified legal condi- 
tions: v.t, to offer for acceptance: 
v.i. to make an offer to do certain 
work or supply certain goods for a 
specified price. 

tenderfoot ('der-foot), n. one who 
is new to life in a mining region or 
frontier district. 



tenderling (-ling), n. one of the first l| 
horns of a deer; one made tender ■ 
by excessive care or affection. 

tenderloin (ten'der-loin), n. a certain 
cut of beef, pork, &c.; a name for a 
disreputable district of a city. 

tenderness (-nes), n. kindness; be- 
nevolence; sensibihty; pathos; cau- 
tion; soreness. 

tending (tend'ing), n. the act of at- 
tending; the swinging round of a 
vessel upon her anchor. 

tendinous (ten'din-us), adj. per- 
taining to a tendon; sinewy. 

tendon ('dun), n. the hard bundle of 
fibers which connects the muscles to 
the bones. 

tendril ('dril), n. the slender, twin- 
ing part of a plant which attaches 
itself to a supporting body. 

tenement ('e-ment), n. a house, 
shop, land, &c., held by a tenant; 
dwelHng house; suite of rooms; any 
kind of permanent property, as land, 
rents, &c. 

tenet ('et), n. a doctrine, dogma, 
opinion, or behef held or maintained 
as true. 

tenfold ('fold), adj. & adv. ten times 
as much or as many. 

tennis ('is), n. a game played with 
rackets. 

tenon ('un), n. the end of a timber 
cut wedge-shaped for fitting into a 
mortise in another timber: v.t. to 
form tenons in. 

tenor ('er), n. manner of continuity; 
general tendency or drift; purport 
or substance; exact copy of a writ- 
ing; the highest of adult male voices 
between bass and alto: adj. pertain- 
ing to, or adapted for, tenor. 

tenor-clef (-kief), n. the C clef, when 
placed on the third fine of the staff. 

tense (tens), adj. drawn tightly; 
rigid; not lax: n. a modification in 
the inflection of a verb, expressing 
time of action. 

tensely (li), adv. with tension. 

tenseness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being tense. Also ten- 
sility. 



ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tken. 



TENSILE 



875 



TERMINATION 



tensile (ten'sil), adj, ductile. 

tension ('shun), n. the act of stretch- 
ing or straining; the state of being 
stretched; mental strain; strong ex- 
citement or feeling; expansive or 
elastic force. 

tensor Cser), n. a muscle that 
stretches. 

tent (tent), n. a temporary shelter or 
habitation, usually of canvas, sup- 
ported by poles and ropes; Recha- 
bite lodge; plug or roll of lint for 
dilating a wound, &c.; a variety of 
sacramental wine. 

tentacle^ (ten'ta-kl), n. a process or 
organ in certain invertebrate ani- 
mals used for feeling, prehension, or 
locomotion. 

tentacular (-tak'u-lix), adj. pertain- 
ing to tentacles. 

tentaculum (-tak'u-lum), n, [pi. ten- 
tacula (-1^) ], a tentacle. 

tentative ('ta-tiv), adj, experimen- 
tal. 

tentatively (-h), adv. by experi- 
ment. 

tenter ('ter), ?t. a frame for stretch- 
ing cloth on by hooks; a tenter- 
hook: v.L to tiang or stretch on 
tenters. 

tenter-hook (-hook), n. a sharp, 
hooked nail; anything that painful- 
ly strains. 

tenth (tenth), adj. next in order af- 
ter the ninth; the ordinal of ten. 

tenuity (te-nu'i-ti), n, thinness; rar- 
ity. 

tenuous (ten'u-us), adj. slender; not 
dense. 

tenure ('ur), n. conditions under 
which a tenement is held; right or 
manner of holding real estate; man- 
ner of holding; term of holding. 

tepef action (tep-e-fak'shun), n. the 
act of warming or making tepid. 

tepefy ('e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tepe- 
fied, p.pr. tepefying], to make tepid: 
v.i. to become tepid. 

tepid ('id), adj, moderately warm; 
lukewarm. 

tepidity (te-pid'i-ti), n. moderate 
warmth. Also tepidness. 



ter, a prefix meaning three times, 

teraph (ter'M), n. [pi. teraphim 
Ca-fim) ], a tutelary household god 
or image, consulted by the ancient 
Hebrews as an oracle. 

teratology (-^-tol'o-ji), n, that 
branch of biology which treats of 
malformations or deviations from 
the normal type of animal and plant 
structure. 

terce. Same as tierce. 

tercel (ter'sel), n. the male of the 
falcon. Also tassel. 

tercentenary (-sen'ten-i;-ri), adj. 
comprising 300 years: n. a day or 
function commemorating some event 
occurring 300 years before. 

tercine ('sin), n. the outer coat of 
the ovule of a plant; chorion. 

terebinth ('e-binth), n. the turpen- 
tine-tree. 

terebinthine (-bin'thin), adj. per- 
taining to, of the nature of, or like, 
turpentine. 

tergiversation (-jiv-er-sa'shun), n. 
evasion; subterfuge. 

term (term), n. a limit or boundarj%* 
limited time; subject or predicate of 
a proposition; number of a com- 
pound mathematical quantity; ex- 
pression; condition or arrangement; 
word or expression noting something 
peculiar to an art or science; time 
during which the law courts are 
open; time during which instruc- 
tion is given in universities, schools, 
<fec.; time when rent is paid [Scotch] : 
pi. conditions or stipulations: v.t, 
to name, designate, or express. 

termagant (ter'm§--g§,nt), adj. noisy 
and violent: n. a noisy, violent wom- 
an. 

terminal ('mi-nM), adj. pertaining 
to the end or extremity; arranged 
according to the terminations: n. a 
limit or boundary; end; one of the 
ends of a conducting circuit of a 
dynamo, &c. 

terminate ('mi-nat), v.t. to limit or 
bound; end: v.L to be limited or 
ended. 

termination (-na'shun), n. the act 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TERMINATOR 



876 



TESSERA 



of terminating; a bound or limit; 
end; conclusion or result; final syl- 
lable or letter. 

terminator ('mi-na-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, terminates; the di- 
viding line between the illuminated 
and non-illuminated part of the 
moon. 

terminology (-mi-nol'6-ji), n. the 
definition of technical terms. 

terminus ('mi-nus), n. [pL termini 
(-ni) ], a limit or boundary; station 
at the erd of a railway. 

termite ('mit), n. the white ant. 

tern (tern), n. an aquatic bird allied 
to the gull: adj, arranged in threes. 

ternary (ter'n§,-ri), adj. proceeding 
by, or consisting of, threes: n. the 
number 3. 

Terpsichorean (terp-si-ko-re'^n), 
adj. pertaining to Terpsichore or to 
dancing. 

terra (ter'§,), n. the earth; earth. 

terrace ('as), n. a raised level space 
or platform of earth with sloping 
sides, usually laid with turf; fiat 
roof on an oriental house; large 
open balcony or gallery; row of 
houses: v.t. to form into a terrace. 

terra cotta (kot'^), n. a composition 
of fine clay and sand used for stat- 
ues, &c., and hardened by heat. 

terra Japonica (ji,-pon'i-k^), n. 
pale catechu or gambier. 

terrain, a region; tract of land. 

terralig (ter'a-lig), n. a recent fuel 
product free from smell and smoke. 

terrapin {'k-pin), n. a species of 
fresh-water tortoise, much esteemed 
for food. 

terraqueous (-aTiwe-us), adj. con- 
sisting of land and water. 

terrestrial (-es'tri-M), adj. pertain- 
ing to, existing on, or consisting of, 
earth; belonging to the present 
world; not celestial. 

terrestrially (-i), adv. in a terres- 
trial manner. 

terret ('et), n. one of the rings on 
a harness-pad through which the 
driving reins pass. 

terrible (ter'i-bl), adj. exciting or 



causing fear or awe; dreadful; ex* 
treme; severe. 

terribleness (-nes), n. dreadfulness. 

terribly (-bli), adv. violently; dread- 
fully. 

terrier ('i-er), n. a breed of small 
dogs. 

terrify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p,p. terri- 
fied, p.pr. terrifying], to frighten or 
alarm exceedingly. 

territorial (-i-to'ri-M), adj. pertain- 
ing to a territory; limited to a par- 
ticular district. ^ 

territorially (-U), adv. as regards 
territory. 

territory ('i-to-ri), n. [pi. territo- 
ries (-riz) ], the extent of land with- 
in the jurisdiction of a state, sov- 
ereign, city, &c.; large tract of land. 

Territory, n. an undeveloped region, 
under a temporary government, that 
ultimately may become a state; e. 
g. the United States, and Canadian 
Territories. 

terror C^r), n. extreme fear; fright; 
one who excites extreme fear. 

terrorism (-izm), n. a system of 
government by terror; intimidation. 

terrorist (-ist), n. one who governs 
by terror, especially an agent of the 
revolutionary tribunal during the 
Reign of Terror in France. 

terrorize (-iz), v.t. to intimidate or 
coerce by terror. 

terry ('i), n. a heavy corded pile 
fabric. 

terse (ters), adj. elegantly and forci- 
bly concise. 

tersely ('H), adv. in a terse manner. 

terseness ('nes), n. quahty of being 
terse. 

tertian (ter'sh§,n), adj. occurring, or 
recurring, every third day: n. an in- 
termittent fever the paroxysms of 
which recur every other day. 

tertiary ('shi-§,-ri), adj. of the third 
order, rank, or formation. 

tessellate (tes'el-at), v.t. to lay with 
squares or checkered work. 

tessera Ce-rk), n. [pi. tesserae (-re) ], 
a cube of marble, glass, &c., used in 
mosaic work. 



Bte, arm, 6sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



TEST 



877 



TETRAGRAMMATON 



test (test), n. anything by which the 
nature of a substance is tried; ex- 
amination by a cupel; standard; 
discrimination; proof: v.t. to put to 
the proof; compare with a stand- 
ard; try; refine in a cupel; examine 
or try by means of a reagent. 

testa (tes't^), n. [pi. testse ('te) ], 
the outer integument or covering of 
a seed; shelly covering of certain 
animals. 

testaceous (-ta'shus), adj. consist- 
ing of, or having, a hard shell. 

testacy ('ta-si), n. the state or fact 
of leaving a vahd will. 

testament ('ta-ment), n. a solemn, 
authentic instrument in \vTiting dis- 
posing of the estate of a person 
deceased; will. 

Testament, n. one of the two great 
di\dsions of the Bible. 

testamentary (-men't§--ri), adj. per- 
taining to, bequeathed by, or done 
by, a will. Also testamental. 

testate ('tat), adj, having left a 
will. 

testator (-ta'ter), n. one who makes 
and leaves a will. Fern, testatrix. 

test-bar (test'biir), n. a small sample 
bar of metal to test the quahties of 
the material used to make some com- 
mercial article or implement. 

tester ('ter), n. an old Enghsh coin, 
value 6d.; a flat canopy; one who 
tests. 

testes Ctez), n.pl. the testicles. 

testicle ('ti-kl), n. one of the two 
glands which secrete the seminal 
fluid in males. 

testify Cti-fi), v.i. [p.L & p.p. testi- 
fied, p.pr. testifying], to bear wit- 
ness; make a solemn declaration; 
give evidence: v.t. affirm or declare 
solemnly on oathj bear witness to. 

testily ('ti-li), adv. in a testy manner. 

testimonial (-ti-mo'ni-M), n. a writ- 
ing or certificate bearing testimony 
to character, proficiency, &c.; a 
present given as a token of respect; 
acknowledgment of services ren- 
dered, &c.: adj. pertaining to, or 
containing testimony. 



testimony (-ti-mo-ni), n. [pL testi- 
monies (-niz) ], evidence; proof; 
solemn declaration; profession; the 
two tables of the Law; divine reve- 
lation. 

testiness (test'i-nes), n. peevishness. 

testing Cing), n. the operation of 
refining gold and silver; assay; 
proof; trial. 

testis (tes'tis), n. [pL testes ('tez) ], 
a testicle. 

testudinal (-tu'di-n^), adj. tortoise- 
like. 

testudinate ('di-nat), adj. arched 
hke a tortoise shell. 

testudo (-tu'do), n. [pi. testudines 
('di-nez) ], a protective coveriag 
used by the ancient Roman soldiers 
in besieging a city, by overlapping 
their shields; a screen to shelter 
miners in places likely to cave in; 
an encysted tumor. 

testy (tes'ti), adj. [comp. testier, su- 
perl, testiest], peevish; morose; 
irritable. 

tetanus (tet'^-nus), n. lockjaw. 

tetchy. Same as techy. 

tete-a-tete (tat-a-tat'), 7i. private or 
confidential conversation; a kind of 
settee. 

tete-de-pont (-de-pong'), n. [pi. 
tetes-de-pont], a work thrown up to 
defend the entrance of a bridge. 

tether (te^/i'er), n. a rope for con- 
fining an animal within certain hm- 
its; scope or freedom allowed: v.t. 
to confine, as an animal, within 
certain hmits. 

tetra, prejix meaning four^ as tetra- 
branchiate, adj, having four bran- 
chiae or gills. 

tetrachord (tet'ri-kord), n, half of 
the octave scale [music]; an in- 
strument with four strings. 

tetrad ('rM), n. the number 4; col- 
lection of four things; tetra valent 
radical or element. 

tetragon ('ra-gon), n. sl plane figure 
with four sides and four angles. 

Tetragrammaton (-gram'^-ton). n, 
the mystic number 4 symbolical 
among the ancient Jews of the Deity. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TETRAHEDRAL 



878 



THATCH 



tetrahedral (-he'drM), adj. four- 
sided. 

tetrahedron (-he'dron), n. a solid 
figure bounded by four triangles. 

tetrameter ^ (te-tram'e-ter), n. a 
verse or line consisting of four 
measures. 

tetrapod (tet'r§,-pod), n, a four- 
footed insect. 

tetrarch (te'trark), n. a Roman gov- 
ernor whose jurisdiction extended 
over the fourth part of a province; 
petty prince. 

tetrarchate (-at), n. the office or 
jurisdiction of a tetrarch. Also 
tetrarchy. 

tetrastyle (tet'r^-stil), n. a building 
or portico with four columns in 
front. 

tetter ('er), n. a cutaneous disease 
characterized by itching and red- 
ness; herpes. 

Teuton (tu'ton), n. one of the Ger- 
man race. 

Teutonic ('ik), adj, pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the Teutons or the 
Teutonic languages, Low German, 
Scandinavian, and High German. 

Teutonism ('on-izm) n. a Germanism. 

texas (teks'^s), n. ^ the pilot-house, 
&c., on the hurricane deck of a 
steamer. 

text (tekst), n, that on which a com- 
ment is written; original words of 
an author; verse, &c., of Scripture 
forming the subject of a sermon; 
topic; theme for composition, argu- 
ment, &c.; text-hand. 

text-book^ Cbook), n, a standard 
book of instruction. 

text-hand ('hand), n. a large hand 
in writing. 

textile (teks'til), adj, pertaining to, 
or formed by, weaving; capable of 
being woven. 

textual ('tu-M), adj, pertaining to, 
contained in, or serving for, a text. 

texture (*tur), n. manner of weav- 
ing; web; disposition of the several 
parts of a body in connection with 
each other; filaments or fibers inter- 
woven; tissue. 



thalamus (thal'i-mus), n. the place 
where a nerve originates or is sup- 
posed to originate; receptacle of a 
flower. 

thalassic (th§,-ias'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or formed in the sea. 

thalassography (thal-as-og'ri,-fi), n. 
the science of marine organisms. 

thaler (ta'ler), n. a German silver 
coin, value about 72 cents. 

thallium (thal'l-um), n, a rare me- 
tallic element. 

than {thsin)^ conj, used after the 
comparative degree of adjectives 
and adverbs expressing diversity or 
comparison. 

thanage (than'aj), n. the district or 
jurisdiction of a thane. 

thanatoid (than'^-toid), adj. death- 
like. 

thanatology (-i-toFo-ji), n, a trea- 
tise on, or the doctrine of, death. 

thane (than), n. a title of honor or 
dignity among the ^ Anglo-Saxons, 
held by persons having large terri- 
torial possessions. 

thaneship ('ship), n. the dignity, 
state, or property of a thane. 

thank (thangk), v.t. to express grati- 
tude or obligation to. 

thankful ('fool), adj. grateful. 

thankfully (-li), adv. gratefully. 

thankless^ .(les), adj. ungrateful; 
not obtaining or deserving thanks. 

thanks (thangks), n.pl. an expres- 
sion of gratitude or obligation. 

thanksgriving (thangks-giv'ing), n. 
the act of expressing gratitude for 
favors and mercies; a public cele- 
bration of divine goodness; a day 
so set apart. 

Thanksgiving Day (da), n. a day 
set apart annually, usually the last 
Thursday in November, for thanks- 
giving to God for national mercies. 

that (^/lat), pron. & adj. [pi. those 
(thoz) ], not this but the other: 
conj. because; since. 

thatch (thach), n. straw, reeds, &c., 
used for covering the roofs of cot- 
tages, stacks, &c.: v.t. to cover with, 
or as with, thatch. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&Oi. 



THAUMATROPE 



879 



THEODOLITIC 



thaumatrope (thaw'm^-trop)i n. an 
optical toy for showing the per- 
sistence of an impression on the eye 
after the luminous object is with- 
drawn. 

thaumaturgic (-ter'jik), adj. per- 
taining to, or done by, thaumatur- 
gy: n. legerdemain; magical feats. 

thaumaturgy ('ma-ter-ji), n. the 
act of performing miracles; legerde- 
main; magic. 

thaw (thaw), v.i. to melt or become 
liquid, as ice or snow; become milder 
or more genial: v.t. to dissolve: n. 
the melting of ice or snow by rise 
of temperature. 

the (the), def, art pertaining to a 
particular object, person, or class. 

thea (the'a), n, the tea plant. 

theater^ theatre ('i,-ter), n. a pub- 
lic building where dramatic repre- 
sentations are given; large room 
arranged for lectures, anatomical 
demonstrations, &c. ; scene or sphere 
of action. 

theatrical (-at'ri-kM), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or adapted for, a theater, or 
scenic representations; resemblmg 
the manner of actors; histrionic, 
pompous: n.pl, dramatic perform- 
ances. 

theatrically (-li), adv. in a manner 
adapted for the stage. 

theatrophone ('ro-fon), n. an auto- 
matic telephone connected with a 
theater by which a person may hear 
a dramatic performance while seat- 
ed at home. 

thebaine ('b^-in), n, a poisonous 
alkaloid found in opium. Also the- 
bin. 

Theban ('b§,n), adj. pertaining to 
Thebes, or to its inhabitants. 

Theban Year (yer), n. the ancient 
Egyptian year consisting of 365 
days, 6 hours. 

theca Cka), n. a sheath; seed-case 
of a fern. 

thee (the)f pron, objective case of 
thou. 

theft (theft), n. the act of stealing; 
robbery. 



theine (the'in), n. the bitter and vol- 
atile principle of tea, identical with 
caffeine in coffee. 

theirs (tha,Tz), pron, pi. possessive 
case of they. 

theism (thelzm), n. the belief in the 
existence of a God; opposed to 
atheism. 

theist ('ist), n. one who believes in 
the existence of a God: opposed to 
atheist. 

theistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to the- 
ism or thcists. Also theistical. 

them {theiL.)y pron. che objective case 
of they. 

theme (them), n. the subject or topic 
of a discourse or dissertation; short 
essay on a given subject; radical of 
a noun or verb; series of notes se- 
lected as the subject of a new com- 
position [music]. 

then (then), conj. in consequence; 
therefore; in that case: o^^y. next;at 
that or another time; immediately. 

thence (/Aens), adv. from that place 
or time. 

theobromine (the'o-bro'min), n. an 
alkaloid contained in cacao-beans. 

theocracy (-ok'ra-si), n. the govern- 
ment of a state by the immediate 
direction of God; the state thus gov- 
erned. 

theocrasy ('r^-si), n. a mixture of 
the worship of different deities, as 
of God and idols; the intimate 
union of the soul with God in con- 
templation. 

theocrat ('o-krat), n. one living un- 
der a theocracy. 

theocratic (-krat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to a theocracy; administered by 
the inmaediate direction of God. 

theodicy (-od'i-si), n. a vindication 
of the dealings of divine Providence 
and the freedom of the human will. 

theodolite (-od'o-llt), n. an instru- 
ment for measuring horizontal and 
vertical angles and ascertaining dis- 
tances and heights. 

theodolitic (-lit'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or ascertained by means of, the 
theodolite. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue» hut; think, ^n. 



THEOGONY 



880 



THERMOTROPISM 



theogony (-og'o-ni), n. that branch 
of mythology which treats of the 
origin or genealogy of ancient dei- 
ties; a poem treating of such gene- 
alogies. 

theologian (-o-lo'ji-i,n), n. one versed 
in theology; professor of divinity; 
a divine. 

theological (-loj'i-kil), adj, pertain- 
ing to theology. 

theology (-oro-ji), n. {ph theologies 
(-jiz) ], the science that treats of 
the existence, nature, and attributes 
of God, especially of man's relations 
to God; divinity. 

theophany (-of'a-ni), n. a manifesta- 
tion of God to man by actual ex- 
perience. 

theorbo (-or'bo), n. a kind of large 
lute with two necks. 

theorem ('o-rem), n, a proposition to 
be proved. 

theoretical (-o-ret'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to, or depending on, theory; 
not practical; speculative. Also 
theoretic. 

theoretically (-li), adv. in or by 
theory. 

theoretics ('iks), n.j)!. the specula- 
tive part of a science. 

theorist (-o-rist), n. one who theo- 
rizes; speculatist. 

theorize ('o-riz), v.i. to form a the- 
ory or theories; speculate. 

theory ('o-ri), n. [pi. theories (-riz) ], 
an exposition of the abstract prin- 
ciples of a science or art considered 
apart from practice; hypothesis; 
philosophical explanation of moral 
or physical phenomena. 

theosophic (-o-sof'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to theosophy or theosophists. 
Also theosophical. 

theosophism (-os'o-fizm), n. preten- 
sion to divine wisdom or illumina- 
tion. 

theosophist ('o-fist), n. a behever in 
theosophy. Also theosoph. 

theosophy ('o-fi), n. a system of 
philosophy which professes to inves- 
tigate the unexplained laws of na- 
ture, the powers of man over nature, 



and the direct knowledge of God at- 
tained by extraordinary illumination, 

therapeutic (ther-^-pu'tik), adj. cur- 
ative: n.pl. the art or science of 
curing diseases. 

there (thsir), adv. in that place; at 
that point or stage. 

therefore (^/tar' or ^/ler'for), adv. & 
conj. for that or this reason; for 
that reason or purpose. 

therm, a prefix meaning heat. Also 
thermo. 

thermae (ther'me), n.pl. hot springs 
or baths. 

thermal ('mal), adj, pertaining to 
heat: warm. 

thermanaesthesia (ther'man-es-the'- 
si-a), n. abnormal deficiency of the 
sense of temperature. 

thermetrograph (-met'ro-graf), n. a 
self-registering thermometer. Also 
thermometrograph. 

thermometer (-mom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the degree 
of heat or temperature of bodies. 

thermometric (-mo-met 'rik), adj. 
pertaining to, made, or ascertained 
by, a thermometer. Also thermo- 
metrical. 

thermophone (ther'mo-fone), n. tele- 
phone receiver adapted for use on 
battleships and land. 

thermopile ('mo-pil), n. an instru- 
ment for indicating slight variations 
of temperature. 

thermoscope ('mo-skop), n. an in- 
strument indicating relative differ- 
ences in temperature. 

thermostat ('mo-stat), n. an auto- 
matic apparatus for regulating tem- 
perature. 

thermo tactic (thgr-mo-tak'tik), adj. 
relating to the movement of orga- 
nisms as influenced by heat. 

thermotension (ther-mo-ten'shun) , 
n. tension applied to test tensile 
strength of a substance at a given 
temperature. 

thermotic (-mot'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or produced by, heat: n.pl. the 
science of heat. 

thermotropism ('ro-pizm), n. the 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



THERMOTYPIC 



881 



THIRD 



phenomena exhibited by some plants 
of turning toward the sun or source 
of heat. 

thermotypic (ther-mo-tip'ik), adj. 
relating to the development of a 
printing surface by applying heat. 

thesaurus (the-saw'rus), n. a store- 
house or treasury; lexicon or dic- 
tionary. 

these, pZ. of this. 

thesis (the'sis), n. [pi, theses ('sez) ], 
an essay or dissertation on some 
particular subject; subject set a 
student on which to write prior to 
granting him a degree; the exercise 
itself; in logic, an affirmation.^ 

Thespian ('pi-4n), adj. pertaining to 
Thespis, the founder of Greek 
drama: hence dramatic. 

theta (the'ta), n. the Greek th (0). 

theurgic (-er'jik), adj. pertaining to 
theurgy or supernatural magic. 

thews (thuz), n.'pl. muscles; strength. 

they, 'pl. of he, she, or it. 

thick (thik), adj. not thin; compact; 
dense; not clear or^ transparent; 
misty; muddy; indistinct; dull; 
very intimate; closely set; crowded; 
following in quick succession: adv. 
closely; indistinctly; ^ to a great 
depth; fast: n. the thickest part. 

thicken ('n), v,L to make thick or 
thicker; render dense; inspissate; 
make dark or obscure: v.L become 
thick or thicker. 

thickening ('en-ing)> n. something 
added to a liquid mass to make it 
thicker. 

thicket ('et), n. a close wood or clus- 
ter of trees. 

thickset ('set), adj. closely planted: 
having a thick body: n. a close, 
thick hedge. 

thief (thef), n. \pl. thieves (thevz) ], 
one who takes unlawfully what is 
not his own. 

thieve (thev), v.t. & v.i. to steal. 

thievish Cish), adj. addicted to theft; 
dishonest; obtained by steahng. 

thigh (thi), n. the thick muscular 
part of the leg between the knee and 
the trunk. 



thill (thil), n. the shaft of a cart or 
other vehicle; floor of a coal mine. 

tPiiller ('er), n. the shaft horse. 

thimble (thim'bl), n. a cup-shaped 
metallic protective cover for the fin- 
ger in sewing; anything like a thim- 
ble; an iron ring belonging to a sail, 
fitted to receive a rope. 

thimble-rig ^(-rig), n. a sleight-of- 
hand trick in which a pea is pre- 
tended to be hidden under one of 
three thimbles: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
-rigged, p-pr. -rigging], to cheat by 
means of the thimble-rig trick. 

thin (thin), adj, [comp, thinner, su- 
perL thinnest], having little thick- 
ness; sUm; slender; not dense or 
thick; not close or crowded; poor; 
slight; meager; not ^ full or well 
grown: adv. not thickly: v.t, to 
make thin; attenuate: v.i. to grow 
thin. 

thine (thin), pron. & adj. belonging 
to, relating to, or being the property 
of, thee. 

thing (thing), n. whatever is dis- 
tinct, or conceived to be distinct, 
from on^'s self or other intelligent 
beings; inanimate matter; part or 
portion; an object of pity and con- 
tempt: pL clothes; furniture; lug- 
gage, &c. 

think (thingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
thought, p.pr. thinking], to have the 
mind occupied on some subject; 
form an opinion by reasoning; be- 
lieve; judge; intend or purpose; 
imagine; recollect; consider or re- 
flect; presume: v.t. to imagine. 

thinkable Ca-bl), adj. conceivable. 

thinking ('ing), adj. having the fac- 
ulty of thought; capable of a regular 
train of thought: n. meditation, 
judgment. 

thinness (thin'nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being thin. 

third (therd), adj. the next after the 
second: the ordinal of three; noting 
one of 3 equal parts: n. a third part 
of anything; an interval of three 
diatonic sounds and two intervals 
[music]. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut: think, then. 
Die. 56 J I . 



THIRST 



882 



THRASH 



thirst (therst), n. the sensation of a 
desire to drink; great desire for 
drink; drought; eager desire: v.L to 
be tliirsty. 

thirstily (l-li), adv. in a thirsty 
manner. 

thirstiness ('i-nes), n, the state of 
being thirsty. 

thirsty ('i), adj, [comp, thirstier, sw- 
perl, thirstiest], feeling thirst, 

thirteen (ther'ten), adj, 10 and 3 : n. 
the number of 10 and 3. 

thirteenth ('tenth), adj. next in or- 
der after the twelfth: the ordinal of 
thirteen. 

thirtieth ('ti-eth), adj. next in order 
after the twenty-ninth. 

thirty ('ti), adj. three times more 
than 10: n, the sum of three tens. 

this (^/lis), yron. <fe adj, [pL these, 
0/iez) ], that which is present; that 
which is just now or last mentioned. 

thistle (this'l), n. a plant with a 
prickly stem and leaves, of the genus 
Carduus. 

thither (thi^/i'er), adv. to that place 
or end. 

thole (thol), n. a pin set in the gun- 
wale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum 
for the oar. 

thong (thong), n. a thin leather strap 
or string for fastening something; 
striking part of a whip. 

thoracic (tho-ras'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the thorax. 

thorax ('raks), n. the chest, contain- 
ing the heart, lungs, &c.; breast- 
plate or cuirass. 

thorite (tho'rit), n. an isometric 
mineral; a powerful high explosive. 

thorium ('ri-um), n. a rare metallic 
element. Also thorinum. 

thorn (thorn), n. a prickle or spine; 
prickly tree or shrub; anything that 
troubles or annoys; care. 

thornback ('bak), n. a species of 
spiny ray or skate. 

thorny ('i), adj full of thorns; har- 
assing; annoying. 

thorough (thm-'o), adj. passing 
through or to the end; perfect; fin- 
ished; complete. 



thorough hass (bas), n. the science 
of harmony; an accompaniment to 
a continued bass by means of figures 
[music]. 

thorough-bred (-bred), adj. of pure 
and unmixed breed; completely in- 
structed; accomplished; high-spir- 
ited. 

thoroughfare (-far), n. a passage 
from one street opening to another; 
an unobstructed way for traffic. 

thoroughly (-li), adv, completely; 
fully. 

thorough-paced (-past), adj. going 
all lengths; complete. 

those^ pi. of that. 

thou (f/iou). pron. [pL you], 2 per. 
sing, of I. 

though {iho)y conj. granting, or sup- 
posing that; notwithstanding that; 
if: adv, nevertheless; however. 

thought (thawt), n. the act of thinl^- 
ing; that which the mind thinks; 
meditation; study; care or anxiety: 
p.t. & p.p. of think. 

thoughtful ('fool), adj. full of 
thought; contemplative; attentive; 
considerate for others; anxious or 
careful. 

thoughtfully ('i), adv. in a thought- 
ful manner; with thought. 

thoughtless ('les), adj. unthinking; 
heedless; inattentive; inconsiderate. 

thought-reading ('re-ding), n. the 
act or art of discerning what anoth- 
er person is thinking of; DMnd-read- 
ing. 

thought-reader ('re-der), n. one 
who practices thought-reading. 

thousand (thou'zand), adj. consist- 
ing of 1,000: n, 1,000; a large num- 
ber. 

thousandth ('zandth), adj. next in 
order after 999th: the ordinal of 
1,000. 

thraldom (thrawl'dum), n, serfdom; 
slavery. 

thrall (thrawl), n. a slave; serf. 

thrash (thrash), v.t. to beat out 
(grain) from the husk; beat or flag 
soundly: v.i. to perform the opera 
tion of thrashing; drudge. 



5te, arm, §sk» at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



THRASHER 



THROTTLE-VALVE 



thrasher ('er), n. one who thrashes; 
a species of shark, the sea-fox; a 
thrashings machine. 

thrashing ('ing), n. the operation of 
separating grain from the husk; a 
sound flogging. 

thread (thred), n. a very thin hne or 
cord of flax, cotton, silk, or other 
fibrous substance twisted and drawn 
out; a ■ filament; uniform tenor; 
something continued in a long 
course; spiral part of a screw: v.t. 
to pass through the eye of; pierce 
through. 

threadbare (Hbar), adj. worn to the 
threads; poverty-stricken; hack- 
neyed; dull. 

threat (thret), n. a menace: v,U & 
v.i. to menace. 

threaten ('n), v.i. to use threats: v.t, 
terrify by menaces. 

threatenxng (-ing), n. the act of one 
who tlireatens; menace: adj. indi- 
cating a menace or some impending 
evil. 

three (thre), adj. noting the sum of 
•2 and 1: n. a number the sirni of 2 
and 1. 

threepence (thrip'ens), n. a small 
British silver coin, value 6 cents. 

threnody (thren'o-di), n. a dirge. 

thresh, same as thrash. 

threshold (thresh'old), n. the sill of 
a door; entrance; door; place or 
point of entrance. . 

threw, p.t. of throw. 

thrice (thris), adv. three times; re- 
peatedly. 

thrift (thrift), n. frugahty; econom- 
ical m^magement; good husbandry; 
increase of wealth; profit; a plant. 

thriftily Ci-h), adv. in a thrifty 
manner. 

thriftiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quaHty of being thrifty. 

thrifty ('i), adj. [com-p. thriftier, su- 
perl, thriftiest], characterized by 
economy and good management; 
frugal. 

thrill (thril), v.t. to pierce; cause to 
have a shivering, tinghng, or ex- 
quisite sensation: v.i. to penetrate, 



a^ something sharp; feel a sharp 
tingling or exquisite sensation run- 
ning through the whole body; quiv- 
er: n, a thrilhng sensation; quiver. 

thrive (thriv), v.i. [p.t. thrived, 
throve, p.p. thrived, thriven, p.pr. 
thriving], to prosper by industry, 
economy, and good management; in- 
crease or prosper in business, &c.; 
grow rich; grow vigorously or lux- 
uriantly; increase or flourish. 

thriving ('ing), p. adj. increasing in 
wealth; prosperous or succe^ul; 
growing. 

thro% contr. of through. 

throat (throt), n, the fore-part of 
the neck of an animal containing 
the windpipe and gullet; contracting 
part of a vessel, &c. 

throatiness (l-nes), n. guttural ut- 
terance. 

throaty ('i), adj. guttural. 

throb (throb), v.i. to beat, as the 
pulse, with more than usual force; 
palpitate: n. a strong pulsation. 

throe (thro), n. agony; extreme pain, 
especially in parturition: v.u to be 
in agony. 

thrombin (throm'bin), n. the organic 
ferment that causes the coagulation 
of drawn blood. 

thrombosis (throm-b5'sis), n. the 
obstruction of a blood-vessel by a 
clot of blood. 

throne (thron), n. a chair of state; 
sovereign power and dignity: v.L to 
place upon a throne; exalt. 

throng (thrdng), n. a multitude; 
crowd: v.U to crowd or press to- 
gether; annoy with, numbers: v.i. to 
come in multitudes. 

throstle (throsl), n. the song-thrush; 
a machine for spinning v/ool and 
cotton. 

throstling ('Hng), n. a disease in 
cattle, characterized by a swelling in 
the throat. 

throttle (throt 1), v.t. to strangle or 
choke by pressure on the windpipe: 
n. the Tvindpipe; a throttle-valve. ^ 

throttle-valve (-valv), n. a valve in 
the steam-pipe of a boiler for con- 



ate* arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^/len. 



THROUGH 



884 



THUS 



trolling the flow of steam to any ap- 
paratus. 

through (throo), prep, from end to 
end of; between the sides of; in the 
midst of; among; by the agency of: 
adv, from end to end; from the be- 
ginning to the end. 

throve, p.t. of thrive. 

throw (thro), v.t. [p.t. threw, p.p. 
thrown, p.pr. throwing], to fling or 
hm-l; cast to a distance; cast in any 
manner; propel; overtm*n; put on 
hastily or carelessly; strip; shade 
or form roughly; give utterance to; 
produce; twist or wind: n. the act 
of flinging or hurling; a cast of dice 
distance a missile can be thrown; 
stroke, as of a shde-valve; potter's 
wheel. 

thrum (thrum), n, the end of a 
waver' s thread; coarse yam: v.t. 
{pQt. & p.p. thrummed, p.pr. thrum- 
ming], to fringe or put tufts on; play 
idly or unskilfully on (a stringed in- 
strument) with the fingers: v.i. to 
strum; drum. 

thrush (thrush), n. a sweet-songed 
bird of the genus Morula; a disease 
of infants characterized by minute 
white ulcers in the mouth and 
fauces; an inflammatory and sup- 
purating aflection in the feet of 
horses. 

thrust (thrust), v.t. to push or drive 
with force; urge or impel: v.i. to 
push forward; enter by pushing; in- 
trude; attack with a pointed weapon: 
n. a viplent or sudden push; stab. 

thrusting Cing), n. the act of push- 
ing with force or violence: pi. white 
whey expressed from the curd. 

thud (thud), n. a dull sound produced 
by a body falling on a compara- 
tively soft substance. 

thug (thug), n. one of a fraternity of 
robbers and assassins in India who 
practiced secret murder as an act of 
propitiation to the goddess Kali; a 
ruflSan. 

thuggee (-e'), w. the practice of mur- 
der by the thugs. Also thuggism, 
thuggery. 



Thule (thule), n. the name given by 
the ancient geographers to the most 
northern part of the world as then 
known. 

thumb (thum), n. the short, thick 
digit of the human hand: v.t. to 
handle awkwardly; soil with the 
thumb: v.i. to play awkwardly. 

thumbscrew ('skroo), n. a screw to 
turn with the finger and thumb ; an 
instrument of torture for compress- 
ing the thumb. Also thumbkins. 

thumimim ('im), n.pl. a mysterious 
symbol worn on the breastplate of 
the Jewish high priest signifying 
perfection. 

thump (thump), n. a hard, heavy 
blow: v.t. to strike or beat with dull 
heavy blows: v.i. to fall or strike 
with a dull heavy blow. 

thumper ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, thumps; something huge; 
barefaced lie. 

thunder (thun'der) , n. the noise ac- 
companying a flash of lightning; 
loud noise; an alarming denuncia- 
tion or treat: v.i. to produce thun- 
der; make a loud noise: v.t. to utter 
with a loud and threatening voice. 

thunderbolt (-bolt), n. a shaft of 
lightning; ^ something resembling 
lightning in suddenness and terror; 
dreadful denunciation, especially ec- 
clesiastical censure; daring or irre- 
sistible hero; a belemnite. 

thundering (-ing), adj. emitting, or 
producing a great noise like thun- 
der; very great: n. the report ac- 
companying a discharge of lightning. 

thunderstruck (-struk), p.adj. as- 
tonished or struck dumb by sudden 
amazement, &c. 

thundery (-i), adj. produced by, or 
accompanied with, thunder. Also 
thunderous, 

thurible (thu'ri-bl), n. a censer. 

thurifer ('ri-fer), n. one who attends 
the priest at mass, &c., and carries 
the thurible. 

Thursday (therz'da), n. the fifth day 
of the week. 

thus (thus), adv. in this or that man- 



ate, arm, §<sk, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



THWACK 



885 



TIE 



ner; to this degree or extent; so: 
n, (thus) the resin of the spruce fir. 

thwack (thwak), v.t. to strike with 
something flat and heavy; thiunp: 
n, a heavy blow with something 
blunt and hard; thump. 

thweu't (thwawrt), adj. crosswise; 
obhque: prep. I& adv, across: n. a 
seat in a boat extending from side to 
side: v.t, oppose; run counter to; 
frustrate. 

thy (^/li), "pron. poss. caseoi thou. 

thyine (thi'in), adj, noting a kind of 
wood of the cedar family yielding a 
resin called sandarach. 

thylacine (thira-sin), n. the zebra 
wolf of New Zealand. 

thyme (tim), n. a common aromatic 
herb of the genus Thymus. 

thyrogenic (thi-ro-jen'ik), adj. pro- 
duced by the thyroid gland or as the 
result of an altered secretion of that 
gland. 

thyroid (thi'roid), adj. shield-shaped: 
noting one of the cartilages of the 
larynx. 

thyrsoid (ther'soid), adj, thyrsus- 
shaped. 

thyrsus ('sus), n, pi. thyrsi ('si) ], 
a staff or spear entwined with ivy 
and vine leaves and grapes with a 
cone at the top, carried at the festi- 
vals of Bacchus by his devotees. 

thyself, emphatic for thy.^ 

tiara (ti-a'r§.), n^ the triple crown 
worn by the Pope; a lofty headdress 
worn by the ancient Persians; the 
miter of the Jewish high priest; 
diadem. 

tibia (tib'i-S,), n. the inner and larger 
of the two leg bones; shin-bone. 

tibial ('i-M), adj. pertaining to the tibia. 

tic (tik), n, neuralgia. Also tic-dou- 
loureux. 

tick^ (tik), n. a name for various par- 
asites which infest dogs, sheep, &c.; 
a case for holding feathers, &c., for 
bedding; small mark; small, quick, 
distinct sound or beat; credit: v.i. 
to make a small, quick, distinct 
sound; go on credit: v.t. to mark off 
by a tick. 



ticket ('et), n. a label or card giving 
its possessor some specific right; la- 
bel specifying price, &c., of goods; 
printed Jist of candidates at an elec- 
tion : v.t. to distinguish by, or as by, 
a ticket. 

ticking Cing), n. cloth used for bed- 
ticks. 

tickle (1), v.t. to touch lightly so as 
to produce a thrilling sensation, usu- 
ally accompanied by laughter; grat- 
ify and amuse: v.i. to feel titillation. 

tickler (ler), n. one who, or that 
which tickles; something puzzling or 
difficult. 

ticklish (lish), adj. sensible to slight 
touches; easily tickled; critical; pre- 
carious; difficult; dehcate to handle 
or achieve. 

tickseed ('sed), n. a common name 
for plants of the genera Corisper- 
mum and Coreopsis. 

tidal (tid'kl)f adj. pertaining to the 
tides; ebbing and flowing like the 
tides. 

tide (tid), n, the regular rising and 
falling otthe sea, rivers, &c.; stream; 
time; season; turning point; tenden- 
cy; in mining, period of twelve 
hours: v.t. to drive with the stream: 
v.i, to work in or out of a river or 
harbor by drifting with the tide. 

tidily Ci-li), adv. in a tidy manner. 

tidiness ('i-nes), n. neatness. 

tidings ('ingz), n.pl. news. 

tidology (-oro-ji), n. the science of 
tides. ^ 

tidy ^ ('i), adj, [cornp. tidier, superl. 
tidiest], kept or dressed in proper 
and habitual neatness; trim; neat; 
orderly: n, an ornamental cover for 
the back of a chair, &c.: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. tidied, p.pr. tidying], to make 
neat or tidy; put in proper order. 

tie (ti), n. a Imot or fastening; bond; 
obligation; beam or rod for holding 
two parts together; equahty in num- 
bers; knot of hair; ciu-ved line 
placed over or under two or more 
notes, signifying they are to be 
slurred, or be sounded as oug 
[music]: v.t. to fasten \\ith, or as 



ftte, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thoiu 



TIER 



TIME 



with, a oord; bind; restrict; unite, 

as notes [music]: v,i, to make an 

equal score. 
tier (ter), n. a row or rank, especially 

one of two or more rows placed one 

above the other. 
tierce (ters), n. a cask of 42 gallons; 

sequence of three cards; thrust in 

fencing; a third [musicl, 
tiercel (ter'sel), ?i. a male hawk. 
till (tif), n. a fit of anger; slight 

quarrel; small draught of liquor: 

v.L to be in a fit. 
tiffany ('§,-ni), n, a thin gauze or silk. 
tiffin (tii'in), n. East Indian term for 

a slender repast or luncheon. 
tige (tezh), n. the shaft of a column 

from the astragal to the capital. 
tiger (ti'ger), n. a large, fierce, rapa- 
cious quadruped of the genus Felis; 

a servant-boy in livery. 
tiger-flower (-flou-er), n. a flower 

of the Iris order, spotted yellow and 

orange. 
tiger-lily (-lil-i), n, a handsome lily 

"having flowers spotted with orange. 
tiger-wood (-wood), n, a valuable 

wood yielded by a tree of British 

Guiana. 
tight (tit), adj. not loose; close; 

tenacious; compactly built; fitting 

close to the body; not leaky; taut; 

snug; parsimonious; ill-supplied or 

stringent; drunk: n.pL closely fitting 

underclothing worn by actors. 
tighten ('en), v.t. to make tight. 
tigress (tfgres), n, the female of the 

tiger. 
tigrine ('grin), adj, tiger-like, 
tigrish Cgrish), adj, resembling a 

tiger; fierce. 
tiKde (til'de), n. a mark C) placed 

over n in Spanish words to indicate 

that the vowel following it is to be 

sounded as a y. 
tile (til), fi. a thin slab of baked clay, 

used fur roofing, &c.; hat; door of a 

Masonic lodge: v.t. to cover with 

tiles; guard (the door of a lodge). 
tiler ('er), n. one who roofs houses 

with tiles; door-keeper of a Masonic 

lodge. Tyler. 



tiliaceous (-i-a'shus), adj, allied to, 

or like, the limetree. 
till (til), n. a money drawer in a 
desk or counter; a glacial deposit of 
unlaminated clay, sand, and gravel: 
prep, to the time of: adv. to the time 
when: conj. to the degree that; un- 
til: v.t. to prepare (land) for seed, 
&c.; cultivate. 

tillage ('aj), n. land prepared for 
crops; husbandry; agriculture. 

tiller ('er), n, a husbandman; handle 
or lever for turning the rudder of a 
vessel; a sprout springing from a 
root or stump. 

tilt (tilt), n. a tent; the cloth cover- 
ing of a cart or wagon; cover of a 
boat or stern awning; a thrust; a 
mediaeval military exercise or pa- 
geant in which the combatants on 
horseback attacked each other with 
lances; a tilt-hammer; upheaval of 
strata to a higher angle: v.t. to 
cover with an awning; point or 
thrust with, or as with, a lance; 
forge with a tilt-hammer; raise on 
end; incline: v.i. to run or ride and 
thrust with a lance. 

tilth (tilth), n. cultivated land; til- 
lage ground. 

tilt-hammer (tilt'ham-er), n. a 
heavy hammer used in iron foun- 
dries, worked by steam or hydraulic 
power. 

tilting (''ing), n. the process by 
which blister-steel is rendered duc- 
tile; inclination forward; act of one 
who, or that which, tilts. 

timber (tim'ber), n. the body or stem 
of a tree; wood suitable for build- 
ings, carpentry, shipbuilding, &g.; 
piece of wood for building or al- 
ready framed; wooded land: v.t, to 
furnish or construct with timber. 

timbre ('ber), n. tone or character 
of musical sound. 

timbrel {'brel), n. a kind of drum or 
tabret. 

time (tim), n. measure of duration, 
whether past, present, or future; 
particular period of duration; age 
or period during which anything oc- 



it/e, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TIME-BARGAIN 



887 



TINY 



curred or a person lived; present 
life or existence; season; era; 
epoch; proper time; repetition; leis- 
ure; musical measure or duration of 
sounds; tense; hour of travail: v.t. 
to adapt to the time or occasion; do 
at the proper season; regulate or 
measure: v,i, to keep or beat time. 

time-bargain (-bar-gen), n. an 
agreement to buy or sell at a certain 
time. 

timeisty same as timist. 

timeliness ('U-nes), n, seasonable- 
ness. 

timelock (timlok), n. a lock with 
clockwork attachment set to open 
at a certain time. 

timely ('h), adj, [comp. timelier, su- 
perl, timeliest], being or occurring 
in time; opportune. 

timid (tim'id), adj, wanting in cour- 
age; faint-hearted; fearful. 

timidity ('i-ti), n. want of courage. 

timist (tim'ist), n. one who keeps 
time [music]. 

timorous (tim'er-us), adj, fearful of 
danger; full of scruples. 

timothy grass ('o-thi gris), n. a 
valuable grass used for fodder. 

tin (tin), n. a silvery-white, soft, 
malleable, and fusible metal; thin 
plates of iron covered with tin; a 
cylindrical vessel of tin; money: v.t, 
\j).L & p.p. tinned, p.pr, tinning], to 
cover with tin, or' with tinned iron; 
put into tins for preservation. 

tinamou ('i-moo), n. a South Ameri- 
can bird, resembling the partridge. 

tincal (ting'k§.l), n. crude borax. 

tinctorial (tingk-to'ri-al), o/ij, per- 
taining to, relating to, or imparting, 
a color. 

tincture ('tur), n. a tinge or shade 
of color; shght taste or quaUty; so- 
lution of any medicine in or b}^ 
means of spirits of wine; fine or 
more volatile parts oi a substance: 
v.t, to dye or color; tinge. 

tinder ('der), n. any inflammable 
material used to kindle a fire from a 
spark, as rotten wood or scorched 
linen 



tine (tin), n. a tooth or spike. 

tinfoil (tin'foil), n, tin beaten into 
thin leaf. 

ting (ting), n. a sharp, bell-like 
sound; that part of a Chinese tem- 
ple which contains the idol. 

tinge (tinj), v.t. to stain or color; 
impregnate with something foreign; 
dye : n. a sHght degree of some color, 
taste, or quahty imparted to a sub- 
stance; tint. 

tingle (ting'gl), v.i. to feel a thrill- 
ing sensation, or pain: v.t. to ring; 
cause to tingle: n. a thrilling sensa- 
tion or pain. 

tinker (ting'ker), n. a mender of 
metal pots, kettles, <fcc. : v.t. to patch 
up : v,i, meddle in an officious man- 
ner. 

tinkle ('kl), n. sl small, quick, sharp, 
ringing sound: v.i. to make such a 
sound: v.t, to cause to give out a 
tinkle. 

tinned (tind), adj, covered with tin; 
packed or put up in tins. 

tin-plate ('plat), n. iron-plate coated 
with tin. ' 

tinsel ('sel), n. a kind of cloth over- 
laid or interwoven with gold and 
silver; thin glittering metallic plate; 
anything showy but of little value; 
something superficial and gaudy: 
adj. showy to excess; superficial; 
outwardly fine but really worthless: 
v.t, to decorate with, or as with, 
tinsel ; make outwardly gaudy, while 
valueless in reahty. 

tint (tint), n. sl sUght coloring dis- 
tinct from the principal color; hue 
or shade: v.t. to give a slight color- 
ing to. 

tintinnabula^-ion (tin-ti-nab-u-la'- 
shun), n, a tinkhng sound, as of 
bells. 

tinto ('to), n. a red Madeira wine. 

tintometer (-tom'e-ter), n. an appa- 
ratus for estimating shades of color 
by comparison with standard shades 
or tints. 

tintype, same as ferrotype.^ 

tiny (tl'ni), adj. [comp, tinier, 81^- 
perl, tiniest], very small; puny. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booQi 
book; hue, hut: think. iAen. 



TIP 



888 



TITILLATION 



tip (tip), n, a point or top of any- 
thing small; end; ferrule or nozzle; 
anther; gentle stroke; small pres- 
ent; private hint, especially in bet- 
ting; tilt: v,L&, [p.L & p.p. tipped, 
p.pr. tipping], to form a point to; 
cover the end of; strike Hghtly; give 
private hint to; give a small pres- 
ent to; tilt up. 
tipcat ('kat), n, a game played with 
a small piece of wood pointed at 
both ends. 
tipper ('er), n, a kind of ale. 
tippet ('et), n. a narrow cape, or 
covering of cloth or fur for the neck 
or shoulders. 
tipping ('ing), n. the peculiar artic- 
ulation given to the flute by the 
player's tongue striking the roof of 
the mouth. 
tipple (1), v.i, to^ drink spirits or 
strong liquors habitually; drink fre- 
quently in small quantities: n, 
Uquor. 
tipsily ('si-H), adv, in a tipsy man- 
ner. 
tipsiness ('si-nes), n. the state of be- 
ing tipsy. 
tipstaff ('staf), n. a constable. 
tipster ('ster), n. one who supplies 
private information about race- 
horses, &c. 
tipsy ('si), adj. intoxicated. 
tipsy-cake (-kak), n. sponge cake 
soaked in wine and stuck over with 
almonds. 
tiptoe ('to), n. the end of a toe: adv. 
on tiptoe; stealthily: v.i. to walk or 
stand on tiptoe; be on the strain, or 
alert. 
tiptop ('top), n. the highest point or 
degree; best of anything: adj, most 
excellent. 
tirade (ti-rad'), n. a long, violent, 
declamatory speech; strain of cen- 
sure or reproof; filling of an inter- 
val by the intermediate diatonic 
notes. 
tire (tir), n, a band or hoop of iron 
or rubber binding the felloes of 
wheels: v.t, to exhaust the strength 
of by labor; weary of fatigue; ex 



haust the patience of: v.i. to be- 
come weary or fatigued. 

tiresome ('sum), adj. wearisome; 
tedious; fatiguing; annoying. 

tiresomely (-U), adv, in a tiresome 
manner. 

tiresomeness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being tiresome. 

tirwit (ter'wit), n. the lapwing. 

Tisri (tiz'ri), n. the seventh month of 
the ecclesiastical, and first month of 
the Jewish civil year, corresponding 
to part of September and October. 
Also Tishri. 

tissue (tish'oo), n, a woven fabric, 
especially thin transparent silk used 
for veiling, formerly interwoven 
with gold or silver threads; any thin 
or delicate texture or fabric; thin 
cellular organization of parts, con- 
sisting of forms closely compacted 
and performing special functions; 
connected series: v.t. to form tissue 
of; interweave. 

tissued ('ood), adj. variegated. 

tissue-paper (-pa-per), n. very thin, 
gauze-hke paper. 

tit (tit), n, morsel or bit; small 
horse; titmouse; name for various 
species of small singing birds. 

titanic (ti-tan'ik), adj. pertaim'ng 
to, characteristic of, or like the Ti- 
tans, the fabled giants of classic 
mythology: hence, huge; of enor- 
mous strength. 

titanium (-ta'ni-um), n. a ^rare and 
extremely hard metal, alHed to tin; 
found in combination. 

titbit ('bit), n, a choice morsel. 

tit-for-tat^ (-tat), n. exact equiva- 
lent or fair retaliation. 

tithe (ti^/i), n. the tenth part of any- 
thing, especially the tenth part of 
the annual increase of the profit 
arising from land, stock, &c., allotted 
to the support of the clergy; small 
part: v.t. to tax or levy a tithe of. 

tithing ('ing), n. the taking or levy- 
ing of tithes. 

titillate (tit'i-lat), v.t. to tickle. 

titillation (-la'shun), n. a tickling or 
itching sensation or state of feeling. 



ate, arm« §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



TITIVATE 



TOGGLE-JOINT 



titivate ('i-vat), v,L to make smart 
or adorn. 

titlark ('lark), n. any small singing 
bird of the genus Aathus. 

title (ti'tl), n. an inscription over oi* 
at the beginning of something serv- 
ing to designate it; name; appella- 
tion of dignity, rank, distinction, or 
preeminence; claim of right; presen- 
tation to a curacy as a condition of 
ordination : v.L to entitle. 

title-deed (-ded) n. the instrument 
or written evidence of right of own- 
ership of property. 

titmouse (tit'mous), n. [pi. titmice 
('mis) ], a small, active, perching 
bird. Also tit. 

titrate (tit'rat), v.t. to estimate or 
determine the strength of by volu- 
metric analysis. 

titration (ti-tra'shun), n. volumetric 
analysis. 

titter (tit'er), v.i. to laugh with re- 
straint; giggle; see-saw: n. a re- 
strained laugh. 

tittle (tit'l), n. a small particle; iota. 

tittle-tattle (-tat'l), n. idle, trifling 
talk. 

titular ('u-l^r), adj. existing in name 
or title only; nominal: n. one who 
is invested with a title to an office, 
but does not possess the power and 
authority appertaining to it. 

t. n. t., abbreviation and symbol of 
trinitrotoluol (q.v.). 

to (too), prep, noting motion toward; 
in accordance with. 

toad (tod), n. a batrachian reptile, re^ 
sembhng the frog, of the genus Bufo. 

coadeater ('et-er), n. a sycophant. 

toadfish ('fish), n. a fish with a large 
head and wide mouth, of the genus 
Batrachus. 

toadstone Cston), n. a local name 
for a kind of basaltic or igneous 
rock; bufonite. 

toadstool ('stool), n. a name of nu- 
merous species of fungi of the genus 
Agaricus. 

toady ('i), n. a sycophant: v.t. [p.L 
& p.p. toadied, p.pr. toadyingj, to 
fawn upon as a sycophant: v.i. to 
play the sycophant. 



toadyism (-izm), n. sycophancy. 

toast (tost), n. bread scorched or 
browned before the fire; one who is 
named when a health is drunk: v.t. 
to brown or heat at the fire; show 
honor to in drinking; name when a 
health is drunk. 

tobacco (to-bak'o), n. an American 
plant of the genus Nicotiana, the 
dried leaves of which are used for 
smoking, chewing, or as snuff. 

tobacconist (-nist), n. a dealer in 
tobacco, cigars, (fee. 

tobine ^ (Hbin), n, a stout, twilled, 
dress silk. 

toboggan (-bog'^n), n. a kind of 
sledge in which one or more persons 
sit for shding dovm. snow-covared 
hills or inchnes: v.i. to slide down- 
hill by means of a toboggan. 

toby (to'bi), n. a drinking mug used 
for beer or ale. 

tocsin (tok'sin), n. an alarm-bell. 

toddle (tod'l), v.i. to walk with short, 
tottering steps like a child: n. a tod- 
dling walk. 

toddler ('ler), n. one who toddles; a 
young child. 

toddy ('i), n. a sweet Juice obtained 
from certain palms; mixture of spir- 
it and water sweetened. 

tody (to'di) , n. a small West Indian bird. 

toe (to), n. one of the terminal mem- 
bers of the foot of a man or animal; 
forepart of a horse's hoof ; a projec- 
tion: v.t. to touch, reach, or strike 
w^th the toe or toes. 

toffy (tof'i), n. a sweetmeat; taffy. 

toga (to-g^), n. [pi. togas (g^z), 
togaa Cje)], the loose outer garment 
worn by the ancient Romans. 

toga virilis (vir'il-is), n. the toga 
assmned by Roman youths at the 
age of fourteen. 

together (too-ge^/i'er) , adv. in com- 
pany or association; mutually; in 
union or concert; uninterruptedly. 

toggery (tog'er-i)^ n, clothes; articles. 

toggle (1), n. a small wooden pin taper- 
ing toward both ends and grooved 
round its center; button or frog. 

toggle-joint (-joint), n. an elbow or 
knee joint. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TOIL 



890 



TON 



toil (toil), n. labor oppressive to mind 
or body; fatiguing exertion; snare; 
net: v.i, to labor or work with pain 
or fatigue. 

toilet ('et), n, a covering of linfen, 
silk, &c., spread over a bedroom or 
dressing-room table; dressing-table; 
style or manner of dressing; attire. 

toilinette (-i-nef), n. a cloth the 
weft of which is of woolen yarn and 
the warp of cotton and silk. 

toilsome ('sum), adj, laborious; wear- 
isome. 

toilsomely (~li), adv, in a toilsome 
manner. 

toilsomeness (-nes), n. laboriousness. 

Tokay (to-ka'),n.a rich Hungarian wine. 

token ('kn), n, a mark or sign; me- 
morial of affection, &c.; synibol of 
good faith or authenticity; piece of 
metal not coined by authority, but 
current by sufferance. 

tola Cia\ n. in British India, a weight 
for gold and silver = 180 grains troy. 

told, ^.L & p.-p, of tell. 

Toledo (-le'do), n. a sword or sword- 
blade of the finest temper, made orig- 
inally at Toledo, Spain. 

tolerable (torer-a-bi), acj. endura- 
ble; supportable; fairly good. 

tolerableness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being tolerable. 

tolerably (-bli), adv, passably. 

tolerance ('er-llns), n. endurance; 
toleration. 

tolerant ('er-int), adj, disposed to, 
or favoring, toleration. 

tolerate ('er-at), v.t. to endure; per- 
mit: allow so as not to hinder or 
prohibit. 

toleration (-a'shun), n. the act of 
tolerating; allowance of that which 
is not wholly approved; recognition 
of the right of private judgment in 
reUgious opinions and modes of wor- 
ship differing from those of the es- 
tabhshed Church; freedom from 
bigotry. 

toll (tol), n, the sound of a bell slow- 
ly repeated at short intervals; a 
duty or tax on travelers or goods 
passing along a pubhc road or 



bridge; tax or duty paid for some 
privilege: v.i. to sound or ring slowly, 
as a bell; annul. 

tolu (to'lti), n. a^ balsam produced 
by a South American tree {Myroxy^ 
Ion toluifera), 

tomahawk (tom'a-hawk), n. a hatch- 
et used by the North American In- 
dians in war and the chase: v.t, to 
strike, or kill with a tomahawk. 

toman (to'man), n. a gold coin cur- 
rent in Persia, value about $1.76. 

tomato (to-ma' or to-ma'to), n. [pi. 
tomatoes ('toz)], a plant and its well- 
known fleshy fruit. Also love-apple. 

tomb (toom), n. a grave, or vault; 
monument erected to enclose and 
preserve the memory of the dead: 
v.t. to entomb. 

tombac (tom'bak), n, an alloy of cop- 
per and zinc. 

tomboy ('boi), n. a wild, romping girL 

tom-cat ('kat), n. a full-grown male 
cat. 

tomcod ('kod), n. a small edible fish 
of the cod kind. 

tome (tom), n. a large book. 

tomentose (to-men'tos), adj. covered 
so closely with hairs as to be scarcely 
discernible; nappy. Also tomentous. 

tomentum ('tum), n. the closely 
matted down on the leaves or stems 
of certain plants. 

tomfool Cfool), n. a great fool; silly 
trifler. 

tomfoolery ('er-i), n. nonsense; ab- 
surd trifles or ornaments. 

tomin (to'min), n. a jeweler^s weight 
of 12 grains. 

Tommy Atkins (tom-i afkinz), n. 
popular term for the white private 
soldier in the English Army. 

tompion (tom'pi-on), n. the stopper 
or plug of a cannon; the iron button 
to which a charge of grape-shot is 
affixed. Also tampion 

tomtit ('tit), n the titmouse. 

tom-tom ('tom) n a drum flat at one 
end and convex at the other: used in 
Africa and the East Indies. Also 
tam-tam. 

ton (tun), n. 20 hundredweight; 40 



ate, arm, S^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TONALITY 



891 



TOP-BOOTS 



cubic feet in ship measurement; pre- 
vailing fashion (tong), 

tonality (ton-ari-ti), n. key relation- 
ship; accuracy of pitch. 

tone (ton), n. sound, or character of 
sound; note; accent; quahty of the 
voice; prevaihng style or character; 
state of the body with reference to 
the healthy performance of its ani- 
mal functions; harmony of the col- 
ors of a painting; interval of sound ; 
chant [music]: v,t. to bring to a re- 
quired shade of color; mitigate. 

tongs (tongs), n.pl. a metal instru- 
ment with two jointed limbs for 
grasping anything. 

tongue (tung), n, the chief instru- 
ment of speech, and the organ of 
taste; power of speech, manner of 
speaking; dialect; idiom; discourse; 
mere words; fluency; clapper of a 
bell; anything resembhng a tongue; 
promontory: v.t. to modulate or 
modify with the tongue; scold: v.i. 
talk; prate. 

tonic (ton'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
based on, the key-note; increasing 
tension; strengthening: n. a strength- 
ening medicine. 

tonite (to 'nit), n. a powerful explo- 
sive. 

Tonka bean (tcng'kA ben), n. the 
aromatic kernels of the fruit of a 
shrubby plant of Guiana, used for 
scenting snuff, &c. Also Tonkuin 
bean. 

tonnage (tun'aj), n. the weight of 
goods carried in a boat or ship ; car- 
rying capacity of a vessel; duty or 
toll on vessels; collective shipping of 
any port or country. 

tonneau (tun-o'), n. that part of an 
automobile body behind the 
chauffeur's seat, arranged for pas- 
sengers. 

tonsils (ton'silz), n.pl. two almond- 
shaped dands situated at the two 
sides of the fauces of the throat. 

tonsilitis (-sil-i'tis), n. inflammation 
of the tonsils. 

tonsorial (ton-so'ri-M), adj. pertain- 
ing to shaving or to a barber. 



tonsure ('shur), n. the act of clip- 
ping the hair or of shaving the 
crown of the head; the corona thus 
worn by Roman Cathohc clerics: 
v.i. to give the tonsure to. 

tontine (-ten'), a loan raised on life 
annuities with benefit accruing to 
the last survivor. 

too^ (too), adv, more than enough; 
likewise; in addition; over and 
above; also. 

took, p.t. of take. ^ 

tool (tool), n. an instrmnent of man- 
ual operation; one who acts as the 
instrument of another: v.t. to shape 
with a tool; drive, as a coach. 

tooling Cing), n. workmanship per- 
formed with a tool. 

toon (toon), n. the valuable dark 
wood of a large cedar tree of the 
East Indies and Australia. 

toot (toot), v.t. to sound, as a horn or 
flute: n. a blast on a horn. 

tooth (tooth), n. [pi. teeth (teth) ], 
one of the hard bony processes grow- 
ing in the jaws used for biting and 
chewing; any projection resembling 
a tooth; palate or taste: v.L to in- 
dent or form into teeth. 

toothsome ('sum), adj. palatable. 

toothsomely (-h), adu, palatably. 

toothsomencss (-nes), 7i. the quality 
of being toothsome. 

toothwort ('wert), n. a plant of va- 
rious genera having indented leaves. 

top (top), n, the highest part; sum- 
mit; upper side or surface; highest 
person, place, or rank; crown of the 
head; small platform at the head of 
the lower mast; a child's toy:^ v.t. 
[p.t, & p.p. topped, p.pr. topping], 
to cover or place on the top ; rise to 
the top of; excel; cut off the top of. 

topau (to 'paw), n, the rhinoceros- 
bird. 

topaz Cpaz), n. a crystallized mineral 
of various colors used as a gem. 

topazolite ('o-llt), n. a variety of 
garnet. 

top-boots (top'bootz), n.pl. high 
boots with light colored tops, used 
for riding, &c. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 



TOPE 



892 



TORSION 



tope (top), n. 2L mound-shaped Bud- 
dhist monument containing relics; 
grove of trees [Hindu]. 

topee (to-pe'), n, a cork or pith 
helmet. Also topi. 

toper ('per), n. a drunkard. 

topgallant (top'gal-ant), adj. situ- 
ated above the topmast: n. a top- 
gallant mast or sail. 

tophamper ('ham-per), n. a ship's 
rigging, spars, &c. 

Tophet (to'fet), n, a place situated 
southeast of Jerusalem, in the Val- 
ley of Hinnom, where fire was burnt 
in honor of Moloch: subsequently 
made a burial place: hence hell. 

topic (top'ik),n.a subject of discourse, 
conversation, or argument; theme. 

topical (-al), adj, pertaining to, or 
consisting of, a topic or topics; 
relating to a place; local. 

topically (-i), adv, in a tropical man- 
ner; locally. 

topmast ('mast), n. the second mast 
from the deck of a ship. 

topographer (to-pog'ra-f er) , n. one 
who describes particular places in 
writing. 

topographic (top-o-graf 'ik) , adj. de- 
scriptive of a particular place. Top- 
ographical. 

topographically (-al-li), adv. in a 
topographic manner. 

topography (to-pog'ra-fi), n. the sci- 
entific description of a particular 
place, &c.; the features of a region 
or locality. 

topping (top'ing), adj. rising above; 
surpassing: n. the act of cutting off 
the top. 

topple ('1), v.t. to overturn: v.i. to 
fall forward; tumble down. 

topsail ('sal), n. the sail second from 
the deck. 

topsy-turvy ('si-ter-vi), adv. in an 
inverted position; in confusion: adj. 
disordered; chaotic. 

toque (tok), n. a kind of bonnet. 

tor (tor), n, high pointed hill; jutting 
rock. 

Torah (to'ra), n. the Mosaic law; 
Pentateuch. Also Thorah. 



torch (t5rch), n, a large light formed 
of resinous wood, flax, &c., soaked 
in some inflammable substance, and 
carried in the hand; any light used 
in the manner of a torch; flambeau, i 

tore, p.t. of tear. 

toreador (tor-e-a-dor'), n. a bull ^ 
fighter. 

toreutic (to-roo'tik), adj. pertaining j 
to carved or sculptured work, espe- 1 
cially to metallic work in basso- - 
relievo. 

torment (t6r'ment), n. extreme pain; 
torture; anguish: v.t. (tdr-menf) to , 
put to extreme pain, physical or 
mental; torture; harass. 

tormentil ('men-til), n. an astrin- , 
gent root. 

torn (torn), p.t. of tear. 

tornado (tor-na'do), n. [pi. tornadoes 
('doz] ), a violent tempest or whirl- 
wind. 

torose (to'ros), adj. swelling in knobs; 
uneven. 

torpedo (t6r-pe'do), n. [pi, torpedoes 
('doz) ], a submarine apparatus for 
destroying ships by explosion; kind 
of firework; the cramp-fish: v.t. to 
destroy by a torpedo. 

torpescent (-pes'ent), adj. becoming 
torpid. 

torpid Cpid), adj. numb; inactive. 

torpidity ('i-ti), n. inactivity; in- 
sensibility. 

torpify Cpi-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. torpi- 
fied, p.pr. torpifying], to make tor- 
pid; benumb. 

torpor ('per), n. numbness; inactiv- 
ity. 

torque (tdrk), n. a twisted collar or 
necklace worn by certain ancient 
barbaric nations. 

torrefy (tor're-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
torrefied, p.pr. torrefying], to dry 
by fire; roast (ores). 

torrent ('ent), n. a violent and rapid 
stream; heayj^ fall, as of rain; strong 
current, rising suddenly and rush- 
ing rapidly along. 

torrid ('id), adj. dried with heat 
extremely hot; burning; parching 

torsion (tdr'shun), n, the act of turn- 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TORSO 



893 



TOUGHEN 



ing or twisting; the wrenching or 
twisting of a body by lateral force. 

torso Cso), n, [pi. torsos, torsi ('soz, 
'se)], the trunk of a statue, espe- 
cially one having the head or hmbs 
mutilated. 

tort (tort), n. in law, any wrong, in- 
jury, or damage. 

tortile (tor'til), adj. bent; twisted; 
wreathed. 

tortilla (-tel'ya), n. sl thin unleav- 
ened cake of maize baked on a heated 
iron plate. 

tortoise (tor'tis), n, a reptile of the 
family Testudinidae with a very hard 
shell or test; a testudo. 

tortuous ('u-us), adj. crooked; twist- 
ed; wreathed; underhand; indirect; 
deceitful. 

torture Ctur), n. agony of mind or 
body; excruciating pain; pain in- 
flicted as a punishment or as a 
means of extorting a confession: v.f. 
to punish with, or as with, torture; 
put to the rack; excruciate; vex; 
wrest from the true meaning. 

torus (to'rus), n. a large semi-circu- 
lar molding in the base of a column; 
that part of a flower on which the 
carpels are seated. 

Tory (to'ri), n. [pL Tories ('riz)], in 
English politics, a Conservative : adj. 
pertaining to Conservatives. 

Toryism (-izm), n. the principles of 
the Tories or Conservatives. 

toss (tos), v.t. to' throw with the 
hand; throw upward; jerk; put into 
violent motion; cause to rise and 
fall: v.i. to roll or tumble; be tossed: 
n. a throwing upward or with a jerk. 

tossing Cing), n. the act of throwing 
upward; a rolling or tumbling. 

tot (tot), n. anything small or insig- 
nificant; a term of endearment: pi. 
a series of figures in column form to 
be added up as an exercise in rapid 
calculation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. totted, 
p.pr. totting], to add; count up. 

total (to'til), adj. whole; complete; 
full; not divided: n. the whole sum 
or amount; completeness. 

totality (-tari-ti), n. the state or 



quaUty of being total; entire quan- 
tity, amount, or sum. 

totally ('tal-i), adv. entirely; fully. 

tote (tot), v.t. to carry. 

totem (to'tem), n. an animal used as 
the symbol or name of a tribe or 
clan. 

totter (tot'er), v.i. to shake as if 
about to fall; be unsteady; stagger; 
reel. 

tottery ('er-i), adj. shaking as if 
about to fall; unsteady. 

tottlish Clish), adj. unsteady. 

toucan (too-kan'), n. a fruit-eating 
tropical bird with a long curved beak. 

touch (tuch), v.t. to come in contact 
with; perceive by feeling; handle 
slightly; play; reach; attain to; 
meddle with; treat of in a superfi- 
cial manner; add a Hght stroke to; 
affect the senses or sensibilit}' of; 
injure or hurt: v.i. to be in contact; 
call in at a port: n. the act of touch- 
ing; state of being touched; con- 
tact; sense of feeling; action of the 
hand on a musical instrument; tried 
qualities; emotion or affection; sin- 
gle stroke on a painting, &c. 

touch-down (tuch'down), n. a pomt 
scored in football by carrying the 
ball across opponents' goal line; the 
act of making such a point. 

touchily Ci-liT, adv. peevishly. 

touchiness ('i-nes), n. irritability. 

touching Cing), adj.. pathetic: n. the 
act of coming in contact with: prep. 
with respect to; concerning. 

touchstone ('ston), n. Lydian stone or 
basanite, used for testing the purity 
of gold and silver: hence a criterion. 

touchwood ('wood), n. dried fungus 
or deca^'ed wood which easily ignites 
and burns slowly. 

touchy ('i), irritable; peevish. 

tough (tuf), adj. flexible without be- 
ing brittle; not easily broken; or 
fractured; able to endure hardship; 
strong; firm; tenacious; viscous; 
difficult; not easy to masticate: »• 
a rough. 

toughen ('n), v.i. to grow or become 
tough; t'.^. to make tough. 



5te, ana, i.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TOUGHISH 



894 



TRACHEAL 



toughish ('ish), adj, somewhat tough. 

toupee (too-peO, n, a «maU wig, or 
curl. 

tour (toor), n. a circuitous journey; 
excursion; trip: v.i. to make a tour: 
v.t. to make a tour or circuit of : as, 
to tour the country. 

tourbillion (-biryun), n. an orna- 
mental rotating firework. 

touring car (toor'ing-kar), n. an 
automobile of relatively large size, 
suitable for making long trips in the 
country.^ 

tourist ('ist), n. excursionist. 

tourmaline ('ma-lin), n. a transpar- 
ent aluminous mineral of various 
colors, some varieties of which are 
used as gems. 

tournament ('na-ment), n. a mock 
fight by knights on horseback; con- 
test of skill. Also tourney. 

tourniquet ('ni-ket), n. a surgical 
instrument for compressing an ar- 
tery and arresting hemorrhage. 

tousle or touzle (touzl), v,t. to pull 
or tear; worry; put in disorder. 

tout (tout), v.i, to look out for custo- 
mers: n. one who secretly watches 
racehorses in^ training, in order to 
give private information to his cli- 
ents to guide them in betting; a 
to.uter. 

tout-ensemble (too-tang-sam'bl), n, 
the general effect of a work of art, 
costume, &c., regarded as a whole. 

touter (tout'er), n. one who hangs 
about to secure the custom of tour- 
ists for a particular hotel, &c. 

tow (to), n. the coarse part of flax or 
hemp: v.t. to drag as a vessel 
through the water by means of a 
rope. 

towage Caj), n. the act of towing; 
price paid for towing. 

toward (to'erd), prep, in the direc- 
tion of; with a tendency to; with re- 
spect to: adv» near; at hand. Also 
towards. 

towel (tou'el), n. a cloth for wiping 
the hands, &c., after washing. 

toweling (-ing), n. cloth for towels. 

tower (tou'er), n, a lofty building. 



square or circular, usually flat on 
the top; fortress; high headdress 
worn by women in the 17th century; 
v.i. to raise to a great height; soar. 

towering ('er-ing), adj. very high; 
soaring; violent; outrageous.^ 

town (toun), n, any collection of 
houses larger than a village, es- 
pecially one having a market, and 
not being a city; the inhabitants of 
a town; township. 

town-hall (toun-hawl), n. a building 
or place wherein the town officers 
transact their business. 

township ('ship), n. the district or 
territory into which many of the 
States are divided and subordinate 
to the county. 

toxemia, toxaemia (toks-e'mi-§,), n, 
blood poisoning. 

toxic Cik), adj. poisonous. 

toxicologist (-i-koFo-jist), n, one 
skilled in toxicology. 

toxicology Co-ji), n. the science that 
treats of poisons, their effects, anti- 
dotes, &c. 

toxicomania (-ko-ma-ni'^), n. a 
mania for intoxicating or poisonous 
drugs, as opium. 

toxin (toks'in), n. a poison produced 
by the action of bacteria upon or- 
ganic matter. 

toy (toi), n. a child's plaything; 
something of no real value; bauble; 
plaything: v.i. [p.t. p.p. toyed, 
p.pr. toying], to dally amorously; 
trifle. 

trace (tras), n. a mark left by any- 
thing passing; footprint; small quan- 
tity: pi. the straps, &c. by which a 
vehicle is drawn by a horse: v.t. to 
dehneate by marks; follow by tracks 
or footsteps; follow exactly. 

traceable C§--bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing traced. 

tracery ('er-i), n. architectLiral orna- 
mentation in Gothic structures. 

trachea (tr^-ke'^), n. the windpipe: 
pi. the air-tubes in the bodies of in- 
sects (tracheae). 

tracheal ('ke-^), adj. pertaining to 
the trachea. 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, th^n. 



TRACHEOTOMY 



895 



TRAGACANTH 



teacheotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the surgi- 
cal operation of making an opening 
into the windpipe. 

trachitis (-ki'tis), n. inflammation of 
the trachea. Also tracheitis. 

trachyte (trak'it), n. a term applied 
to the feldspathic class of igneous 
rocks. 

trachytic (tra-kit'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, consisting of, or resembling, 
trachyte. 

tracing (tra'sing), n, the act of one 
who traces; regular path; mechan- 
ical copy by marking on thin paper 
over the original. 

track (trak), n. a mark or impres- 
sion left by the foot; beaten path; 
course or way; course for racing; 
permanent way of a railroad: v,U to 
pursue by following the footprints 
or marks left behind. 

trackage Caj), n» towage. 

tract (trakt), n, a short treatise, 
usually on some rehgious subject; 
region of indefinite extent; expanse. 

tractability (-^-bil'i-ti), n. docility. 

tractable C^-bl), adj. docile; easily 
instructed or managed. 

Tractarian (trak-ta'ri-an), adj. re- 
lating to a system of religious 
principles published in pamphlet 
form about 1840, in England. 

tractate (trak'tat), n. a small book 
or treatise. 

tractile ('til), adj. ductile. 

traction ('shun), n. the act of draw- 
ing; state of being. drawn; attrac- 
tion. 

tractive ('tiv), adj. serving, or used, 
to draw along; pulling. 

tractor (ter) , n. that which draws. 

trade-acceptance (trad-ak-sep'tans) , 
n. a draft or bill of exchange drawn 
by the seller on the purchaser of 
goods sold and accepted by such 
purchaser, payable at a specified 
future time, 

trade (trad), n. commerce; business; 
buying and selling for money; deal- 
ing by way of sale or exchange; 
traffic; persons engaged in a particu- 



lar business' adj. pertaining to, car- 
ried on by, or characteristic of, a 
trade: pi the trade winds: v.i. to 
carry on commerce; buy and sell; 
traffic: v.t to sell or exchange in 
commerce. 

trade-mark ('mark), n. a distin- 
guishing device affixed by a mer- 
chant to his goods to show his ex- 
clusive right, or as a guarantee of 
genuineness. 

trade-price ('pris), n. price of an 
article as charged to the retailer. 

trader ('er), n. one engaged in trade 
or commerce; merchant; shopkeep- 
er; vessel engaged in any particular 
trade. 

trades-union (-z'un-yun), n. an or- 
ganized combination of workmen for 
the protection of their interests in 
any particular trade or industry. 

trades-unionism (-izm), n. the prm- 
ciples and practices of trades-unions. 

trades-unionist (-ist), n. a member 
of a trades-union. 

trade-winds ('windz), n.pl. certain 
ocean winds in or near the torrid 
zone which blow steadily from the 
same quarter periodically. Also 
trades. 

trading ('ing), adj. pertaining to 
trade. 

tradition (tra-dish'un), n. the oral 
transmission of events, opinions, 
doctrines, practices, &c., through 
successive generations without writ- 
ten memorials; that which is so 
handed down; ancient custom. 

traditional ('un-M), adj. pertaining 
to, derived from, or handed down by 
tradition. 

traditionally ('un-M-i), adv. in a 
traditional manner. 

traduce (tr§.-dus'), v.t. to slander. 

traffic (traf'ik), n. business or trade; 
commerce ; transportation of persons 
or goods on a railway, vehicle, ship, 
&c.; intercourse: v.i. to trade; bar- 
gain: v.t. to barter. 

tragacanth (trag'^-kanth), n. a gum 
obtained from various species of 
Astragalus. 



ate> arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hu6| hut; think> tk^u. 



TRAGEDIAN 



896 



TRANQUIL 



tragedian (tra-je'di-an), n, an actor 
or writer of tragedies. 

tragedienne (-zhe-dyen' or-je'di-en), 
11. an actress of tragedy. 

tragedy (traj'e-di), n. [pi. tragedies 
(-diz) ], a dramatic poem of elevated 
style, representing some event or 
series of events in the life of a per- 
son or persons and having usually a 
fatal ending; a melancholy and fatal 
event; an event in which human 
lives are lost by murderous violence 
or some catastrophe. 

tragic ('ik), adj. pertaining to trag- 
edy; calamitous; fatal; terrible. 
Also tragical. 

tragically (-al-i), adv. in a tragic 
manner. 

trail (tral), v.t. to draw or drag 
along the ground; hunt or follow by 
tracking; v.i. to be drawn out in 
length; fall or hang down; grow or 
climb at great length: n. the track 
followed by a hunter; scent left by 
a track; anything drawn out in 
length; the entrails of birds and 
fishes served up for the table. 

train (tran), n. a series of railway 
carriages or trucks coupled togeth- 
er; something drawn or dragged be- 
hind as the skirt of a robe, &c; ret- 
inue; procession; connected series; 
suite; process; line of gunpowder 
laid to fire a charge; a heavy kind 
of Canadian sledge: v.t. to instruct 
by exercise; drill; educate; draw 
along; form to a proper shape; dis- 
cipline or tame for use; prepare for 
athletic contests or horse-racing; 
trace (a lode) to its head. 

trainer ('er). n. an instructor, espe- 
cially one who prepares men or 
horses for exercises of skill, races, 
&c. 

train-oil ('oil), n. oil obtained by 
boiling whale's blubber. 

trait (trat), n. a peculiar feature or 
characteristic; touch. 

traitor (tra-ter), n. one who is guilty 
of treason or the betrayal of his 
country to an enemy by breach of 
trust; one who betrays any confi- 



dence; a deceiver. Feminine trai- 
tress or traitoress. 

traitorous ('ter-us), adj. guilty of 
treason; perfidious. 

trajectory (tra-jek'to-ri), n. [pi. tra- 
jectories (-riz) ], the curve described 
by a body in space, under the action 
of certain forces, as a comet, or 
stone thrown upwards. 

tram (tram), n. one of the rails of a 
tramway; a tramway; tramway- 
car; shaft of a cart; v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
trammed, p.pr. tramming], to travel 
by tram-car [English]: v.t. to trans- 
port on a tramway. 

tramble^ ('bl), v.t. to wash (ore) in 
a particular manner. 

trammel ('el), n. a net used for 
fowling or fishing; shackle for 
horses; anything that impedes prog- 
ress, action, or freedom: v.t. to im- 
pede or hinder; shackle. 

tramontana (tra-mon-ta'na), n. a. 
cold, blighting north wind peculiar 
to the Mediterranean. 

tramp (tramp), v.t. to tread upon 
forcibly and repeatedly; travel over 
on foot: v.i. to wander: n. a vagrant 
foot traveler; journey on foot; 
sound of tramping. 

trample Cpl), v.t. to tread under the 
feet; prostrate by treading; treat 
with insult or contempt: v.i. to 
stamp rapidly and repeatedly with 
the feet; tread roughly. 

trampoose (tram-poos'), v.i. to 
tramp; walk heavily; wander about. 

tramway ('wa), n. a street railway; 
metal tracks for wagons or trucks. 
Tramroad. 

trance (trans), n. a state in which 
the soul appears to be absent from 
the body or rapt in visions; tempor- 
ary suspension of sensation and 
volition while the heart and lungs 
continue to act; swoon; catalepsy; 
v.t. to place in, or as in, a state of 
trance. 

traneen (tra-nen'), n. crested dog's- 
tail grass. 

tranquil (trang'kwil) , adj. calm; 
quiet; undisturbed; not agitated. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TRANQUILLITY 



897 



TRANSFUSE 



tranquillity (l-ti), n, calmness: 
quiet. 

tranquilize ('kwil-iz), v,L to make 
tranquil or quiet. 

tranquilly ('kwil-i), adv. in a tran- 
quil manner. 

trans, a prefix, meaning over, across, 
beyond, through, on the other side. 

transact (trans-aktO, v.t. to man- 
age, as business; carry through; ne- 
gotiate. 

transaction (-ak'shun), n. the man- 
agement of any business or affair; 
that which is done or performed; a 
proceeding; affair: pt. report of a 
scientific or learned society. 

transactor ('ter), n. one who trans- 
acts. 

transatlantic (trans-at-lan'tik), adj, 
lying or existing beyond the Atlantic 
ocean. 

transcend (tran-send'), v.t. to rise 
above; surpass; surmount; excel; 
exceed. 

transcendency fen-si), n. the state 
or quality of being transcendent; 
supereminence. Also transcendence. 

transcendent fent), adj. surpassing 
others in excellence; noting, in the 
Kantian philosophy, speculations 
concerning matters outside the range 
of the human intellect or experience. 

transcendental fal), adj. noting 
that which lies beyond the limits of 
experience or external to the senses; 
speculative; metaphysical; vague; 
supereminent. 

transcendentalism ('al-izm), n. the 
Kantian philosophy which afl^rms 
that the primary principles of 
knowledge are ascertained by the in- 
vestigation of that which is a priori, 
or independent of experience; a re- 
ligious movement in the United 
States, 1839, associated with Emer- 
son and Channing. 

transcribe (-skribO, V.t, to copy. 

transcript ('skript), n. a written 
copy from an original. 

transcription (-skrip'shun), n. a 
copy. 

transept ('sept), n. that part of a 



church at right angles on either side 
to the chancel. 

transfer (trans-fer), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
transferred, p.pr. transferring], to 
convey from one person or place to 
another; convey, as a right, title, 
&c. ; produce by impression, as an 
engraving from a lithographic stone: 
71. (trans'fer), conveyance of a right, 
title, property, &c., from one person 
to another; deed by v/hich such a 
transfer is executed; removal; a sol- 
dier transferred from one troop or 
company to another; drawing or 
writing printed off from one surface 
to another. 

transferability (-a-biri-ti) , n. the 
quality of being transferable. 

transferable fa-bl), adj. capable of 
being transferred. Also transferri- 
ble. 

transferee (-fer-e'), ri. the person to 
whom anything is transferred. 

transferrer (-fer'er), n. one who 
makes a transfer. 

transfiguration (-fig-u-ra'shun), n. 
a change of form or appearance, es- 
pecially the supernatural change in 
the personal appearance of Jesus 
Christ on the Mount. 

transfigure (-fig'ur), v.t. to change 
the outward form or appearance of. 

transfix (-fiksO, v.t. to pierce through. 

transfixion (-fik'shun), n. the act of 
transfixing; state of being trans- 
fixed. 

transform f-fdrm'), v.t. to change 
the shape or appearance of: con- 
vert or change the character of; 
transmute; metamorphose; change 
the form of (an algebraic equation) 
into another of different form with- 
out altering its value. 

transformation f-forma'shun), n. 
the act of transforming; state of be- 
ing transformed; transmutation; 
metamorphosis; change of character; 
conversion. 

transformer (-fdrm'er), n. an in- 
duction coil for raising or lowering 
electric pressure. 

transfuse f-fuzO, v.t. to pour out of 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TRANSFUSION 



898 



TRANSPIRE 



one vessel into another; instil; 
transfer, as blood, from the veins of 
a person or animal to those of an- 
other. 

transfusion (-fu'zhun), n. the act 
of transfusing; state of being trans- 
fused. 

transgress (-gres'), v.i, to offend by 
the violation or infraction of any 
law, rule, &c.; sin: v.t, break or vio- 
late. 

transgression (-gresh'un), n. the 
act of violating any law or rule of 
moral duty; fault; offense; sin. 

transgressor (-gres'er), n, an of- 
fender. 

transient (tran'shent), adj, fleeting; 
brief. 

transit (tran'sit), n, a passage 
through or over; passage of a heav- 
enly body across the meridian of a 
place; passage of an inferior planet 
across the sun's disc. 

transition (-sish'un), n.. the passage 
from one place or state to another: 
change, as of key in music or of the 
subject of discourse. 

transitional (-sish'un-M) , adj. in- 
volving or denoting transition. 

transitive ('si-tiv), adj. noting an 
action passing from a subject to 
an object. 

transitively (-li), adv. in a transi- 
tive manner. 

transitiveness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being transitive. 

transitorily ('si-to-ri-li), adv. with a 
short continuance. 

transitoriness (-nes), n. shortness 
of duration. 

transitory ('si-to-ri), adj. continuing 
but a short time; evanescent; fleet- 
ing; unstable. 

translate (trans-laf), v.t. to render 
from one language into another; in- 
terpret; remove to another place or 
position; remove to heaven without 
dying. 

translation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
translating; that which is trans- 
lated; removal; version; removal of 
a bishop from one see to another. 



translator ('ter), n. one who trans- 
lates. 

translucent (-Iti'sent), adj. semi- 
transparent. 

transmigration (trans-mi-gra'shun), 
n. migration from one place to an- 
other; the passing of the soul from 
one body to another after death; 
metempsychosis. 

transmissibility (-mis-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being transmissible. 

transmissible ('i-bl), adj. that may 
be passed from one to another, or 
through a body or substance. 

transmission (-mish'un), n. the act 
of transmitting; the things trans- 
mitted; passage through. Also 
transmittal. 

transmit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
transmitted, p.-pr. transmitting], to 
cause or suffer to pass over or 
through; send from one place or 
person to another. 

transmitter ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, transmits; a telegraphic 
or telephonic sending instrument. 

transmutation (-mti-ta'shun), n. 
change from one form, nature, sub- 
stance, or species, into another. 

transmute (-muf), v.t. to change 
from one form, nature, substance, 
or species into another. 

transom (tran'som), n. a cross-beam 
over a door or over the sternpost of 
a vessel; horizontal mulhon or 
crossbar in a window. 

transparency (trans-par'en-si), n. 
[pi. transparencies (-siz) ], the state 
or quahty of being transparent; a 
picture painted on a semi-transpar- 
ent material through which a light 
shines. 

transparent ('ent), adj. having the 
property of transmitting rays of 
light; clear. 

transpiration (-pi-ra'shun), n. ex- 
halation through the pores of the 
skin. 

transpire (-pir'), v.i. to be excreted 
through the pores of the skin; be 
exhaled; become known; come to 
pass; occur: v.t. to perspire; exhale. 



&te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then- 



TRANSPLANT 



899 



TRAVEL 



transplant (-plant'), v.L to remove 
and plant in another place; remove 
and establish. 

transplantation (-plan-ta'shxin), n. 
the act of transplanting. 

transport (-port'), v.t. to cany 
across or from one place to another; 
banish as a criminal; cany away by 
violence of passion, or pleasure: n. 
(trans'port) conveyance for bag- 
gage or stores; a vessel employed 
for carrying troops, stores, &c., from 
one place to another; violent mani- 
festation of anger; rapture; ecstasy. 

transportation (-por-ta'shun), n. 
banishment for crime; conveyance. 

transporting (-port'ing) , adj, ravish- 
ing; ecstatic. 

transpose (-poz'), v.t, to change the 
place or order of, by putting each in 
the place of the other; change the 
key of; change (a term) from one 
side of an equation to the other by 
changing the sign. 

transposition (-po-zish'un), n. the 
act of transposing; state of being 
transposed. Also transposal. 

transubstantiation (tran-sub-stan- 
shi-a'shun), n. the doctrine that after 
consecration the elements in the 
Eucharist are converted into the 
veritable body and blood of Christ. 

transude (-sudO, v.i. to pass or ooze 
through the pores or interstices of 
a substance. 

transverse (trans-vers'), odj, lying 
or being across or crosswise; broad- 
er than long. 

transversely ('li), adv. in a trans- 
verse direction. 

trap (trap), n. an instrument shut- 
ting suddenly with a spring for snar 
ing game, vermin, and other ani 
mals; snare; ambush; stratagem; a 
game played with a bat, ball, and 
shoe-shaped block of wood: a car- 
riage on springs; contrivance for 
preventing the escape^ of foul air 
from a drain; heavy igneous rock 
composed of feldspar, hornblende, 
&c.: pi. baggage; portable articles: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trapped, p.pr. trap- 



ping], to catch in, or as in a trap; 
ensnare; take by stratagem; furnish 
with a trap: v.i. to set traps for 
game. 

trapeze (tr§,-pezO, n. a swinging 
horizontal bar suspended at each 
end by a rope, used by gymnasts. 

trapezium (-pe'zi-mn), n. a plane 
figure bounded by 4 right Hues, of 
which no two are parallel; the out- 
ermost bone of the second row of 
the carpus. 

trapezoid (trap'e-zoid), n. a plane 
figure -with. 4 sides, having 2 sides 
parallel to each other. 

trapper ('er), n. one who traps ani- 
mals, especially to obtain the fur. 

trappings ('ingz), n.pl. ornamented 
articles of dress; superficial decora- 
tions; ornaments for horses. 

trappist (trap'ist), n. sl member of 
a monastic order founded in the 
12th centur>\ 

trash (trash), n. refuse; worthless 
or useless matter; rubbish; decayed 
leaves and stems of the sugar-cane. 

trashily (l-h), adv. in a trashy manner. 

trashiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being trashy. 

trashy ('i), adj. [comp. trashier, sur 
perl, trashiest], worthless; useless. 

trass (tras), n. a tufaceous alluvium 
or volcanic earth, used as a hy- 
drauhc cement. Also terras. 

traumatic (traw-mat'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, apphed to, suitable for, 
or produced by, wounds. 

travado (tri-va'do), n. a sudden 
squall accompanied with Hghtning 
and rain [Spanish]. 

travail (trav'il or 'al), n. labor with 
pain; severe toil; parturition: v.i. 
to siiffer the pains of childbirth. 

trave (trav), n. a wooden frame for 
confining a horse while being shod. 

travel (trav'el), v.i. to journey, espe- 
cially to foreign or distant places; 
proceed; move: v.t. to journey 
over: n. the act of journeying, espe- 
cially to foreign or distant places: 
pi. an account of occurrences and 
things seen during a journey. 



ate, arm, isk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TRAVELED 



900 



TREAT 



traveled ('eld), p. adj. having made 
journeys: hence experienced. 

traveler ('el-er), n. one who travels; 
one who journeys from place to 
place to solicit custom for a mercan- 
tile house; a ring that sHdes along 
a rope or spar. 

traverse Cers), adj. lying or being 
across: adv. athwart; crosswise: n. 
a cross piece; something lying or 
placed across something else; a gal- 
lery or loft of commxmication in a 
church or large building; formal de- 
nial of the pleadings of the opposite 
party in a lawsuit; parapet and 
trench across a ditch; the turning 
of a gun to command different 
points: v.t. to lay or place in a cross 
direction; thwart; multiply; travel 
or pass over; survey carefully; turn 
to one side or the other and point, 
as a piece of ordnance; plane across 
the grain; deny formally: v.L to 
turn as on a pivot; move round; 
tread or move crosswise. 

travesty ('es-ti), n, [pL travesties 
(-tiz)], a burlesque or parody: v.t, 
[p.t. & p.p. travestied, p.pr, trav- 
estying], to burlesque or parody. 

trawl (trawl), n. a large net of pe- 
cuUar construction used in deep-sea 
fishing: v.i. to fish with a trawl. 

trawler Cer), n. one who trawls; a 
fishing vessel used in trawhng. 

trawling ('ing), n. the act or pro- 
cess of fishing with a net which 
drags along the bottom of the sea. 

tray (tra), n, [pL trays ^ (traz)], a 
broad, flat vessel for holding or car- 
rying dishes, glasses, &c.; salver. 

trayful ('fool), n. [pi. trayfuls ('foolz)] 
as much as a tray will contain. 

treacherous (trech'er-us), adj. be- 
traying a trust; perfidious; faith- 
less. 

treachery ('er-i), n. [pi. treacheries 
(-iz)], treasonable or perfidious con- 
duct; perfidy; violation of allegi- 
ance or faith; treason. 

treacle (tre'kl), n, a syrup drained 
from sugar in the process of refining; 
molasses. 



tread (tred), v.i. [pL trod, p.p. trod* 
den, p.pr. treading], to step or walk, 
especially to walk with a more or 
less stately or measured step; copu- 
late, as birds: v.t. to walk on; crush 
under the feet; subdue or vanquish. 

tread (tred), n. of an automobile, the 
part of the wheel that comes in con- 
tact with the ground. 

treadle (1), n. that part of a loom 
or other machine moved by the foot. 

treadmill ('mil), n. a large wheel 
driven by persons treading on the 
steps of the periphery. 

treason (tre'zn), n. the offense of 
betra3dng the state or subverting the 
government of the state to which 
the offender belongs; rebellion. 

treasure (trezh'ur), n. accumulated 
wealth; abundance; plenty; some- 
thing highly valued: v.t. to lay up 
or collect for future use; hoard; ac- 
cumulate; value highly. 

treasurer (-er), n. one who has the 
charge of a treasure; a public officer 
who receives the money collected 
from taxes, duties, &c. ; one who has 
charge of collected funds. 

treasureship (-ship), n. the office 
of a treasurer. 

treasury ('ur-i), n. [pi. treasuries 
(-iz) ], a place or building where the 
pubhc revenues are deposited and 
the pubhc debts discharged; that 
department of a government which 
has charge of the finances; the offi- 
cials constituting such a department; 
collection of valuable information or 
facts. 

treasury note (not), n. a demand 
note issued by the United States 
treasury, and by law made a legal 
tender for all debts, public and priv- 
ate, except duties on imports and 
interest on the pubhc debt. 

treat (tret), v.t. to handle or manage 
in a particular manner; behave to- 
ward; entertain with food or drink 
without cost to the guests; discourse 
on; manage in the application of 
remedies: v.i. to discuss; negotiate; 
agree; give a gratuitous entertain- 



&te, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TREATISE 



901 



TREPIDATION 



ment: n. an entertainment given as 
an expression of regard; something 
which affords great pleasure. 

treatise ('is), n. a 'vvTitten composi- 
tion on some particular subject, in 
which its principles are discussed or 
explained. 

treatment ('ment), n. act or man- 
ner of treating; usage; manage- 
ment; manipulation. 

treaty ('i), n. [pi. treaties (-iz) ], 
the act of treating for the adjust- 
ment of differences or for forming an 
agreement; league or agreement be- 
tween two states, &c.; negotiation. 

treble (trebl), adj. threefold; triple; 
pertaining to the highest vocal or 
instrumental part [music]: n. the 
highest vocal or instrumental part; 
soprano: v.t. to make threefold: v.i. 
to become threefold. 

tree (tre), n. any woody plant hav- 
ing a single trunk and branches; 
anything resembling a tree; a piece 
of timber; cross: v.t. to drive to a 
tree; place in difficulty: v.i, to take 
refuge in a tree. 

trefoil ('foil), n. any plant of the 
genus Trifolium, including the clo- 
vers; an ornamental foliation used 
in architecture resembhng three- 
leaved clover. 

treenail ('nal), n. a cylindrical wooden 
pin used for securing the planks 
of a ship to jbhe timbers. Also 
trenail. 

trek (trek), v.i. to travel by wagon, 
especiall}'' in search of a new settle- 
ment: n, a journey by wagon [South 
Africa], 

trellis (trel'is), n. a structure or 
frame of lattice-work for supporting 
vines, &c. 

'trellis- work (-werk), n. small bars 
nailed together crosswise. 

tremble (trem'bl), v.i. to shake in- 
voluntarily, as with fear, cold, weak- 
ness, &c.; shudder; totter; quaver, 
as sound: n. an involuntary shak- 
ing; shiver. 

trembling Cbling), adj. shaking as 
with fear; quivering. 



tremendous (tre-men'dus), adj, ex- 
citing fear or terror; dreadful; ter- 
rible; terrific; marvelous. 

tremolite (trem'o-lit), n. a white va- 
riety of hornblende. 

tremolo (trem'o-lo), n. a tremulous 
or fluttering effect in vocal or instru- 
mental music; mechanical device in 
an organ by which a tremolo is pro- 
duced. 

tremor (trem'er), ?i. an involuntary 
trembling; quivering or vibratory 
motion. 

tremulous ('u-lus), adj. trembling; 
quivering; shaking; affected with 
fear or timidity; vibratory. 

trench (trench), n. a long, narrow 
cut or ditch excavated in the earth; 
open ditch for draining; an excava- 
tion made to interrupt the advance 
of an enemy, or to cover the advance 
of troops to a besieged place: v.t. to 
form a ditch in; dig or cultivate 
deeply: v.i. to encroach. 

trenchant ('ant), adj. sharp; keen; 
severe. 

trencher ('er), n. one who trenches; 
a large ^'ooden plate; trencher-cap. 

trencher-cap (-kap), n, sl college 
cap. 

trend (trend), n. inclination in a 
particular direction; general tend- 
ency; v.i, to have a particular di- 
rection; tend; stretch. 

trepan (tre-pan'), n. a cylindrical 
saw of peculiar construction used in 
the operation of trepanning: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. trepanned, p.pr. trepan- 
ning], to perform the operation of 
trepanning: v.t. to perforate with a 
trepan. 

trepanning Cing), n. the surgical 
operation of making a perforation 
in the skull and taking out a piece 
to remove pressure on the brain. 

trepang (tre-pang'), n. the beche-de- 
mer. 

trephine (tre-fin'), n. a surgical in- 
strument for remo^dng a disk of 
bone from the skull: v.t. to operate 
on with a trephine; to trepan. 

trepidation (trep-i-da'shun), n. an 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TRESPASS 



902 



TRIBUTARY 



involuntary trembling; state of ter- 
ror or alarm; confused haste. 

trespass (tres'pas), v.i. to commit 
any offense; sin; enter unlawfully 
upon the land of another; intrude; 
violate any recognized rule of duty 
or social hfe: n, the act of trespass- 
ing; any offense or injury done to 
the person or property of another; 
transgression: sin. 

tress (tres), n. a braid or lock of 
hair. 

tressel, same as trestle. 

trestle (tresl), n. a movable form 
for supporting anything; frame of a 
table. 

trestle-board (-bord), n. a draught- 
man's designing board. 

trestle-bridge (tresl-brij), n. a 
bridge made of trestle-work. 

trestle-tree (-tre), n, one of two 
stout bars of timber secured hori- 
zontally to a mast to support the 
cross-trees. 

trestle-work (-werk), n. a viaduct, 
pier, or scaffold supported on trestles 
connected together with cross-beams 
and braces. 

trey (tra), n. a 3 at cards or dice; 
card with 3 spots. 

tri, a prefix meaning three, threefold y 
as ^nangled, adj. having 3 angles. 

triable (trfa-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing tried or subjected to test. 

triad (tri'ad), n. a union of 3; an 
element which can replace or direct- 
ly unite with 3 atoms of hydrogen 
or similar monatonic element; the 
common chord of a tone with its 
third and fifth [music]. 

trial (tri'al), n. an attempt or en- 
deavor; examination by test or ex- 
perience; test of virtue, &c., by suf- 
fering or temptation; proof; verifi- 
cation; state of being tried; judicial 
examination. 

triandrian (tri-an'dri-an), adj. hav- 
ing 3 equal and distinct stamens. 
Also triandrous. 

triangle ('ang-gl), n, sl plane figure 
bounded by 3 Imes, and having 3 
angles; a frame of 3 halberds to 



which offenders against military dis- 
cipline were secured to be flogged; a 
musical instrument of steel in the 
form of a triangle, sounded by being 
struck with a rod. 

triangular (-ang'gu-lar), adj. hav- 
ing 3 angles; shaped Uke a triangle. 

triangulated ('gti-lat), v.t. to divide 
into triangles; survey by means of 
triangles. 

triangulation (-la 'shun), n. the act 
of triangulating; the division of a 
district or a country into triangiilar 
portions, as in a trigonometrical 
survey. 

tribal Cbal), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, a tribe. 

tribalism (-izm), n. the state of ex- 
isting in tribes; tribal characteris- 
tics or feeling. 

tribasic (-ba'sik), adj. noting an acid 
in which 3 equivalents of hydrogen 
have been replaced by a metal. 

tribe (trib), n. a family, race, or 
class, constituting a distinct portion 
of a people; a family or series of 
generations descended from a com- 
mon ancestor, but kept distinct; na- 
tion of imcivilized people under one 
chief; a group of animals or plants 
intermediate between an order and 
a genus. 

tribrach (tri^brak), n. sl poetic foot 
of 3 short syllables. 

tribulation (trib-u-la'shun) , n. severe 
affliction; deep sorrow; acute trial. 

tribunal (tri-bu'nM), n. the seat of 
a judge; court of justice. 

tribune (trib'un), n. an ancient Ro- 
man official elected by the people to 
safeguard their liberties; a bench or 
elevated place: raised stand or ros- 
trum from which speeches are deliv- 
ered. 

tribuneship (-ship), n. the office or 
authority of a tribune; period dur- 
ing which a tribune held office. 

tributary (trib'u-ta-ri), adj. paying 
tribute; yielding supplies; contrib- 
uting to make up a greater object of 
the same land: n. a state or govern- 
ment which pays tribute to a supe- 



^te, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TRIBUTE 



903 



TRIG 



rior; a stream or river flowing into 
a larger one. 

tribute ('ut), n. an annual or stipu- 
lated sum of money, &c., paid by 
one state to another; personal con- 
tribution made in token of services 
rendered or acknowledgment due. 

trice (tris), n. an instant: v.t. to haul; 
hoist and secure with a small rope. 

tricentenary, same as tercentenary. 

triceps (tri'seps), n. the great three- 
headed extensor muscle of the arm. 

trichina (tri-ki'na), n. [pi. trichinae 
('ne) ], a nemotoid parasitic worm, 
which infests the muscles of swine 
and human beings. 

trichinosis (trik-i-no'sis), n. the dis- 
ease produced by the presence of 
trichinae in the muscles and intes- 
tines. Also trichiniasis. 

trichology (tri'koro-ji), n. the sci- 
entific study of the hair, especially 
for the cure of baldness. 

trichord (tri'kord), n. a three-stringed 
instrument; a piano having three 
strings to each key for the greater 
part of its compass. 

trichroism ('kro-izm), n. the prop- 
erty of certain crystals of transmit- 
ting various colors in three different 
directions. 

trick (trik), n. a stratagem or arti- 
fice; wile; vicious habit or practice; 
deception; imposition; legerdemain; 
clever contrivance to puzzle, amuse, 
or annoy; whole number of cards 
falling to the winner in one round: 
'pl, frolic: v.t. to cheat; impose 
upon; deceive; delineate without 
color; decorate or set off (with out). 

trickery Cer-i), n. deception; cheat- 
ing; fraud; imposture. 

trickily ('i-li), adv. in a tricky manner. 

trickiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being tricky. 

trickle ('1), v.i. to flow gently down 
or in a small stream; run down in 
drops: n. a small gentle stream. ^ 

trickster ('ster), n. a cheat; deceiver. 

tricksy ('si), adj. full of tricks; pretty. 

tricktrack ('trak), n. an old game 
resembhng backgammon. 



tricky ('i), adj. given to tricks; 
knavish; shifty; artful; cunning. 

triclinic (tri-klin'ik), adj. having 3 
unequal axes intersecting at oblique 
angles. 

triclinium (-klin'i-um), n. [pi. tri- 
chnia (-a) ], a couch, usually ac- 
commodating 3 persons for reclin- 
ing at meals; a dining-room fur- 
nished with couches on 3 sides. 

tricolor ('kul-er), n. a national flag 
of 3 colors arranged in equal stripes. 

tricontahedral (-kon-ta-he'dral), adj, 
having 30 sides. 

tricuspid (tri-kus'pid), adj. three- 
pointed. 

tricycle (trrsi-kl), n. a three-wheeled 
modernized form of velocipede: v.L 
to ride on a tricj^cle. 

trident ('dent), n. a scepter or spear 
with 3 prongs, especially the scepter 
of Neptune: hence sovereignty of 
the sea. 

tridentate (-den 'tat), adj. having 3 
teeth or prongs. 

tried (trid), p. adj. proved; tested; 
trustworthy; faithful. 

triennial, (tri-en'i-^1), adj. occurring 
in, or continuing for, three years. 

triennially (-i), adv. once in 3 years. 

trier ('er), n. one who tries or makea 
experiments; a judge; test. 

trifid ('fid), adj. three-cleft. 

trifle^ ('fl), n. anything of little value 
or importance; a fight kind of dish 
made of sponge-cakes soaked in 
sherry and covered with jam, cream, 
&c.: v.i. to act or talk with levity; 
indulge in fight or frivolous amuse- 
ments: t;.^. to waste or fritter away. 

trifling ('fling), adj. of small value 
or importance. 

trifoliate (-fo'li-at), adj. three-leaved. 

triforium ('ri-um), ii. the open gal- 
lery or arcade above the arches of a 
church, separating the nave arches 
from the aisles. 

trifurcate (-fer'kat), adj. three- 
forked. 

trig (trig), adj. trim; neat: v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. trigged, p.pr. trigging], to 
skid or stop (a wheel) : n. a skid. 



ate, arm^ &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo6n, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TRIGGER 



904 



TRIPLE ALLIANCE 



trigger ('er), n, a catch which, when 
pulled, releases the hammer of a 
gun. 

triglyph (tri'glif), n. an ornament 
of the Doric frieze placed directly 
over each column and at equal dis- 
tances. 

trigonal (trig'o-nal), adj, three-cor- 
nered. 

. trigonometric (-o-no-met'rik) , adj. 
pertaining to, or done by, trigonome- 
try. Trigonometrical. 

trigonometrically (-al-i), adv. by 
trigonometry. 

trigonometry (-nom'e-tri), n, the 
science of measuring the sides and 
angles of triangles, and ascertaining 
the relations between them by cer- 
tain parts which are given. 

trihedral (-he'dr^l), adj. having 3 
sides. 

trihedron ('dron), n. a figure having 
3 sides. 

trilateral (-lat'er-al), adj. three- 
sided. 

trilaterally (-i), adv, with 3 sides. 

trilinear (-lin'e-ar), adj. three-lined. 

trilith ('lith), n. a monument formed 
by three stones, two upright and one 
across the others. Also trihthon. 

trill (tril), n, a shake or quaver of 
the voice: v.t, to sing with a quaver: 
v.i, to quaver. 

trillion (tril'yun), n. in the French 
system of numeration, followed in 
the United States, a unit with 12 
ciphers annexed; in the English sys- 
tem, a imit with 18 ciphers annexed. 

trilobite (tri'lo-bit), n. a fossil crus- 
tacean of the PaliEozoic period. 

trilogy (triro-ji), n. a series of three 
dramas each complete in itself, but 
forming one poetical and historical 
picture 

trim (trim), adj. [comp. trimmer, 
superl. trimmest], neat; compact; 
in good order or service: v.t. [p.L & 
p.p. trimmed, p.pr. trimming], to 
decorate or adorn; make trim; ad- 
just; make smooth: v.i. to balance 
or fluctuate between parties. 

trimmer ('er), n. one who trims; 



time-server; joist into which others 
are framed. 

trimorphism (tri-mor'fizm), n. the 
property ot crystaUizing in three 
forms; co-existence among individ- 
uals of the same species of 3 distinct 
forms, unconnected by intermediate 
gradations. 

Trinitarianisnri (-izm), n. the doc- 
trine that there are three Persons in 
the Trinity. 

trinitrotoluol (tri-ni'tro-toru-ol), n. 
a modern explosive for shells, com- 
posed of nitric acid and toluol, used 
in the European war; abbreviated 
T, N. T. 

Trinity ('i-ti), n. the union of the 
Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost 
in one Godhead: one God as to sub- 
stance, three Persons as to individ- 
uahty. 

Trinity Sunday (sun'da), n, the 
Sunday next after Whitsunday. 

trinket (tring'ket), n. anything small 
and of little value; small ornament 
or jewel. 

trinomial (tri-no'mi-^l), adj. con- 
sisting of 3 terms, connected by the 
sign X or — . 

trio (tre'o), n. a set of 3; 3 united; 
composition for 3 voices or instru- 
ments. 

trional (tri'o-nal), n. a crystalline 
product of coal tar used in medicine. 

trip (trip), v.i, [p.t. & p.p. tripped, 
p.pr, tripping], to run or step hght- 
ly or nimbly; take short, quick 
steps; stumble; err; take an excursion 

tripartite (trip'ar-tit or tri-par'tit), 
adj, divided into 3 parts. 

tripe (trip), n. the large stomach of 
a ruminating animal prepared for 
food. 

triplane (tri'plan), n, an aeroplane 
of three planes or sustaining sur- 
faces, the lowest bearing the aviator. 

triple ('1), adj. threefold; consisting 
of 3 united; 3 times repeated. 

triple alliance (trip'l al-i'ans), n, 
originally the compact between 
Austria-Hungary, Germany, and It- 
aly, for defensive purposes; made 



ate, arm, S,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TRIPLE ENTENTE 



905 



TROMOMETER 



dual alliance by the withdrawal of 
Italy at outbreak of the European 
war of 1914. 

triple entente (trip'l an-tant'), 'i}- the 
alliance between Great Britain, 
France, and Russia, for defensive 
purposes. 

triplet ('let), n, 3 united: pi, 3 chil- 
dren of one birth. 

triplicate ('li-kat), adj, threefold. 

tripod (tri'pod), n. a three-legged 
stool or table; the seat supported by 
3 legs on which the pythoness sat 
when giving responses at the Del- 
phic oracle. 

tripoli (trip'o-li), n. an earthy sub- 
stance consisting of siliceous shells 
of diatoms. 

triptych ('tik), n, a writing-tablet in 
3 parts; a panel, usually an altar 
piece, consisting of 3 compartments, 
two of them folding over the middle 
one which is fixed. 

trireme (tri'rem), n. an ancient gal- 
ley with three banks of oars. 

trisect (tri-sekf), v.t, to divide into 
three equal parts. 

trisection (-sek'shun), n, division 
into 3 parts, especially an angle into 
3 equal parts. 

trisyllable (tri-sira-bl), n. a word 
of three syllables. 

trite (trit), adj. worn out; stale. 

tritely ('li), adv. in a trite manner. 

triteness ('nes), n, the quality of 
being trite. ^ - 

Tritheism (tri'the-izm), n. the doc- 
trine that the three Persons in the 
Trinity are distinct Gods. 

Triton (trl'ton), n, one of the sea- 
gods of Greek mythology, son of 
Neptune and Venus. 

triturate (trit'u-rat), v.t. to rub, 
grind, or bruise to powder. 

trituration (-ra'shun), n. the act of 
triturating or reducing to powder. 

triumph (tri-umf), n. a grand pro- 
cession in honor of a general who 
has gained a decisive victory; state 
of joy at success; victory; conquest: 
v.L to rejoice over success; obtain a 
victory. 



triumphal (-um'fal), adj, pertaining 
to, indicating, or in honor of, a tri- 
umph. 

triumphant ('fant), adj, rejoicing 
for victory; victorious. 

triumvir (-um'ver), n, [pi, triumviri 
Cvi-ri)', one of three men united in 
office. 

triumvirate ('vi-rat), n, a coalition 
of three men in office or authority. 

triune Cun), adj. 3 in one. 

trivalent (triv'a-lent), adj. capable 
of being combined with, or replaced 
by, 3 atoms of hydrogen. 

trivet Cet), n. a stand for holding a 
kettle, &c., near the fire. 

trivial ('i-al), adj. trifling; common- 
place. 

triviality (-ari-ti), n. [pi, triviali- 
ties (-tiz)], the state or quahty of 
being trivial. 

trocha (trot'sha), n. a military high- 
road. 

trochee (tro'ke), n, a medicinal 
lozenge. 

trochee Cke), n. a metrical foot of 2 
syllables: the first long, the second 
short. 

trochlear (trok'le-ar) , adj. pulley- 
like: said of certain muscles. 

trod, p.t. of tread. 

troglodyte (trog'lo-dit), n. a cave 
dweller: said of certain tribes. 

Trojan (tro'jan), adj. pertaining to 
Troy 

troll (trol), n. a giant or giantess of 
supernatural powers; sorceress; a 
kind of song; reel on a fishing-rod: 
v.t. to sing the parts of in succes- 
sion: v.i. to fish, as for pike, with a 
rod and line running on a reel. 

trolley ('i), n. a kind of truck; a 
grooved metal wheel traveling in 
contact with a live electric wire. 

trolley car (kar), n. a car propelled 
by means of a trolley and an electric 
motor. 

troppop Cup), n. a slattern. 

trombone (trom'bon), n. a large 
brass instrument of the trumpet 
kind. 

tromometer (tro-mom'e-ter), n, an 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TROOP 



906 



TRUCULENT 



instrument for measuring earth tre- 
mors. 

troop (troop), n. a multitude; small 
body of cavalry, usually 60; soldiers 
collectively; company of performers: 
v.i, to march in a body; collect in 
crowds. 

trooper ^ ('er), n, a cavalryman; 
troopship. 

trope (trop), n. a word or expression 
used in a sense different from its 
usual signification; figurative word. 

trophy ('fi), n. [pi. trophies ('fiz)], 
a memorial of a victory; memento. 

tropic (trop'ik), n. one of the two 
small circles of the celestial sphere, 
situated at each side of the equator, 
at a distance of 23° 28' and parallel 
to it, within the hmits of which the 
sun moves in his yearly course; re- 
gion between the tropics. 

tropical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated within, the tropics; fig- 
urative. 

tropically (-i), adv. figiuratively. 

trot (trot), 2;.i. [p.t. & p.p. trotted, 
p.pr. trotting], to move faster than 
a walk: v.t. to cause to trot: n. the 
pace of a horse a little faster than a 
walk; jogging pace; term of endear- 
ment. 

troth (troth), n, betrothal; fidelity. 

trotter (trot'er), n. a trotting horse; 
sheep's or pig's foot. 

trotyl (tro'til), n. popular name of a 
highly explosive compound used in 
bombs and mines in recent warfare. 

troubadour (troo'ba-door), n. one of 
a class of lyric poets who flourished 
in the south of France and north of 
Italy 11th- 13th centuries. 

trouble (trub'l), n. mental agitation, 
distress, or worry; fault or interrup- 
tion in the stratum of a mine: v.t. 
to agitate, distress, or worry; give 
occasion of labor to. 

troublesome (-sum), adj. causing 
trouble. 

trough (trof), n, a long, hollow ves- 
sel for holding a liquid, food, &c.; 
anything hollowed out. 

trounce (trouns), v.t. to beat soundly. 



trouncing ('ing), n. a severe beating. 

troupe (troop), n. a company of per- 
formers. 

trousers (trou'zerz), n.'pl. a garment 
worn by men and boys, from the 
waist to the ankles, and covering 
each leg separately. 

trousseau (troo-so'), n. [pi. trous- 
seaux (-soz')], a bride's outfit. 

trout (trout), n. a fresh-water fish 
allied to the salmon, but smaller. 

trove (trov), n. that which is found 
unexpectedly; used generally w^ith 
the word ^'treasure," as, ^'treasure 
trove." 

trover (tro'ver), n. the gaining pos- 
session of goods by finding or other 
means; an action at law for goods 
found and not delivered on demand. 

trow (trou) , v.i.io believe ; trust. 

trowel ('el), n. a flat, triangular tool 
used for spreading mortar; a gar- 
dener's tool. 

troyweight (troi'wat), n. a weight 
of 12 ounces to the pound, used by 
goldsmiths and jev/elers. 

truancy (troo'an-si), n. playing tru- 
ant. 

truant ('i,nt), n. one who absents 
himself from school without leave; 
one who idles away from duty or 
business; loiterer: adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of a truant; 
idle. 

truce (troos), n. a temporary peace 
or cessation of hostihties; brief ces- 
sation. 

truck (truk), n. a wheeled vehicle for 
carrymg goods; small wooden wheel; 
small wooden cap on the top of a 
flagstaff, &c.; barter; garden vegeta- 
bles: v.t. to send by truck; peddle; 
hawk: v.i. to exchange commodities; 
barter; negotiate. 

truckle (1), n. a small wheel or cas- 
ter: v.t. trundle; move on rollers: 
v.i. to yield obsequiously to another's 
will. 

truckle-bed (-bed), n. a trundle-bed. 

truculence ('u-lens), n. ferocity. 

truculent ('u-lent), adj. ferocious; 
of fierce aspect. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TRUDGE 



907 



TRY 



trudge (truj), vd. to travel on foot, 
especially with labor or fatigue. 

true (troo), adj, [coiwp. truer, superl. 
truest], comformable to fact; faith- 
ful or loyal; genuine; rightful; cor- 
rect. 

true-blue Cbloo), ad';, of inflexible 
honesty and fidelity. 

truffle (truf'l), n. a fleshy under- 
ground fungus much esteemed as a 
table dehcacy. 

truism (troo'izm), n. a self-evident 
truth. 

truly (1i), adv. in agreement with 
truth or fact; precisely; sincerely; 
honestly. 

trump (trump), n. sl trumpet; a win- 
ning card; one of the suit of cards 
that takes any of the other suits; a 
genuine good fellow: v.t. to take 
with a trump card: v.i. to play a 
trump card. 

trumpery ('er-i), n. worthless finery; 
rubbish: adj. worthless; insignifi- 
cant. 

trumpet ('et), n. a metal wind in- 
strument formed of a single curved 
tube; an organ stop: t; J. to publish 
by^ or as by, the sound of trumpet; 
noise abroad; praise extravagantly. 

trumpeter ('er), n. one who sounds 
a trumpet; one who proclaims; self- 
flatterer; a variety of pigeon; an 
American swan. 

truncal (trung'kil), adj. pertaining 
to the trunk. 

truncate ('kat), adj. appearing as 
if cut off at the tip: v.t. (trung-kaf) 
to lop. 

truncated Cka-ted), adj. cut off 
short. 

truncheon (trun'chun), n. a short 
staff or cudgel; baton or staff of au- 
thority: v.t. to beat with a trun- 
cheon. 

trundle ('dl), v.t. to roll along; roll, 
as on small wheels: n. a Httle wheel; 
truck. 

trundle-bed Cbed), n. a low bed 
that runs on casters. 

trunk (trungk), n. the stem of a 
tree; body of an animal, as distin- 



guished from the head and limbs; 
main body of anything; elephant's 
proboscis; large traveling box or 
chest; shaft of a column. 

trunk-hose Choz), n. large breeches 
reaching to the knees. 

trunnion (trun'yun), n. one of the 
two bosses which project from the 
opposite sides of a cannon. 

truss (trus), n. a surgical apparatus 
for the relief of hernia; a bundle or 
package; timbers fastened together 
for the support of a roof; rope or 
iron for keeping the center of the 
lower yard to the mast; tuft of flow- 
ers formed at the top of the main 
stalk or stem of certain plants: v.t. 
to bind or pack close; seize and 
carry off; skewer; make fast. 

trust (trust), n. confidence; faith; 
credit; special reliance on presumed 
integrity; combination of capitahsts 
to secure a monopoly; an estate held 
for the benefit of another: v.t. to 
place confidence in; rely upon; cred- 
it; sell upon credit to: v.t. to have 
trust in: adj. held in trust. 

trustee -(trus-te'), n. a person to 
whom property or the management 
of property is committed for the 
benefit of others. 

trusteeship (-ship), n. the office or 
functions of a trustee. 

trustful (trust'fool), adj. full of 
trust; faithful. 

trustfully (-i), adv. in a trustful 
manner. 

trustiness ('i-nes), n. the quality of 
being trusty. 

trusty ('i), adj. [comp. trustier, SU" 
perl, trustiest], justly deserving con- 
fidence, faithful. 

truth (trooth), n. [pi. truths], agree- 
ment with reaUty; eternal principle 
of right, or law of order; veracity; 
fidelity; fact. 

truthful ('fool), adj. according to, 
adhering to, or speaking, the truth; 
rehable. 

truthfully (-i), adv. in a truthful 
manner. 

try (tri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tried, p.pr. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TRYING 



908 



TUMEFY 



trying], to prove by experiment; 
test or prove; examine; purify or 
refine; subject to severe trial; ex- 
amine judicially; subject to strain: 
n, an attempt or experiment. 

trying ('ing), adj. afflictive; difficult. 

trypanosome (tri-pan'o-som), n. a 
protozoal disease germ, of which 
there are various species, including 
the microbe of sleeping-sickness. 

try-sail ('sal), n. a sail set on the 
fore and main masts, rigged with a 
boom and gaff. 

tryst (trist), n, a rendezvous; place 
of meeting; appointment to meet; 
meeting in accordance with appoint- 
ment. 

tsar, another form of czar. 

tsarina, same as czarina. 

tsetse fly (set'se-fii), n. an African fly 
with biting mandibles that transmit 
the germs of protozoal diseases, in- 
cluding sleeping-sickness. 

T-square (te'skwar), n, a draughts- 
man's ruler. 

tuatera (too-i-ta'r§,), n. a New Zea- 
land carnivorous lizard. 

tub (tub), n. a small cask; sponge 
bath: v.t. [p.t. & p.p, tubbed, p,pr, 
tubbing], to place in a tub: v.i. to 
take a sponge bath. 

tubby Ci), adj. tub-shaped. 

tube (tub), n. a hollow cylinder for 
conveying fluids; pipe: v.t. to fur- 
nish with a tube. 

tuber (tu'ber), n. sl thickened, round- 
ish, underground stem. 

tubercle (-kl), n. a small hard local 
tumor; httle tuber. 

tubercular ('ku-ler), adj, full of 
small knobs or tubercles. 

tuberculin (tu-ber'ku-hn), n. a fluid 
derived from several cultures of the 
bacillus of tuberculosis. 

tuberculosis (-15 'sis), n. 2b disease 
accompanied by the formation of 
small tubercles in the tissues. 

tuberous ('ber-us), adj. consisting 
of roundish fleshy tubers. 

tuberose ('ber-os), n. an odoriferous 
plant with a tuberous root and hha- 
ceous flowers. 



tubing ('bing), n. material for tubes. 

tubular ('bu-l^r), adj. tube-shaped; 
consisting of a tube or tubes. 

tuck (tuk), n. a fold in a dress; roll 
of a drum: v.t to thrust or press 
in; gather, or turn up; fold under. 

tuck-a-hoe ('^-ho), n. a curious veg- 
etable production somewhat resem- 
bling the truffle; Indian bread. 

tucker ('er), n. ornamental frilling 
or article of dress for shading the 
bosom of a woman. 

tucum (too'kum), n. a South Ameri- 
can palm, yielding a valuable fiber. 

Tuesday (tuz'da), n. the 3rd day of 
the week. 

tufa (too 'fa), n. friable volcanic rock 
or scoriae; soft or porous stone 
formed by the deposition of carbon- 
ate of lime from water. Tuff. 

tuft^ (tuft), n. a collection of small 
things forming a knot or bunch: v.L 
to separate into, or adorn with, tufts. 

tuft-hunter (-hun'ter), n. one who 
courts the acquaintance of persons 
of rank. 

tug (tug), n. a pull with great effort; 
steam towing vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
tugged, p.pr. tugging], to pull or 
draw with continued effort; tow: 
v.i. to strain in labor. 

tuition (tu-ish'un), n. act or busi- 
ness of teaching; instruction; fee for 
instruction. 

tulip ('lip), n. a liliaceous plant with 
bell-shaped flowers. 

tulle (tool), n. a dehcate silk lace or 
netting. 

tumble (tum^Dl), v.i. to fall suddenly 
and violently; roll about: v.t. to 
throw down; turn over: n. a fall; a 
rolling over. 

tumbler ('bier), n. one who tumbles; 
posture maker; a kind of drinking- 
glass; variety of pigeon. 

tumbrel ('brel), n. a cart that may 
be tilted up; two-wheeled covered 
cart for conveying tools, ammuni- 
tion, &c., in a miUtary train. Also 
tumbril. 

tumefy (tu'me-fi), v.t. to make to 
swell; v.i. to swell. 



Bte, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not: boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TUMID 



909 



TUREEN 



tumid ('mid), ad[/. swollen; distended; 
bombastic; pompous. 

tumidity ('i-ti), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being tumid. 

tumor Cmer), n. a morbid swelling 
or enlargement of any part of the 
body. 

tum-tum (tum'tum), n. a West In- 
dian dish of boiled plantain. 

tumult (tti'mult), n. the commotion 
of a number of people; noisy con- 
fusion; riot. 

tumultuous (-murtti-us), adj. char- 
acterized by, or full of, tumult; dis- 
orderly; agitated. 

tumiulus ('mu-lus), n. [pi. tumuli 
(-11)], an artificial hillock raised 
over a grave. 

tun (tun), n. a large cask; measure 
of wine = 252 gallons; fermenting 
vat of a brewery. 

tunable (tun'§--bl), adj. capable of 
being tuned; harmonious; melodi- 
ous. 

tundra (toon'drli), n. a stretch of 
mossy, marshy, flat land in Northern 
Siberia. 

tune (tun), n. a series of musical 
notes with unity of key-note; mel- 
ody; short musical composition; 
just intonation; fit disposition or 
right mood: v.t. to cause to produce 
the proper sounds; harmonize. 

tuneful Cfool), adj. musical; har- 
monious. 

tunefully (-h), adv. harmoniously. 

tuner ('er), n. one who tunes musical 
instruments. 

tungsten (tung'sten), n. a rare, 
heavy, greyish- white metal. 

tungstic acid ('stik as'id), n. an 
acid of tungsten consisting of 1 
equivalent of tungsten and 3 of oxy- 
gen. 

tunic (tu'nik), n. an undergarment 
worn by both sexes of the ancient 
Romans; loose kind of frock worn 
by women and boys; military coat; 
membrane covering some organ; cov- 
ering, as of a seed. 

tunicated ('ni-ka-ted), adj. covered 
with a membrane. 



tunicle (tun-i-kl), n. a small tunic; 
a close-fitting vestment worn by Ro- 
man Catholic bishops and sub-dea- 
cons. 

tuning-fork (tu'ning-fork), n. a me- 
talUc instrument with prongs, which, 
when rapped or struck, vibrate 
regularly, giving a tone of a certain 
pitch. 

tunnel (tun'el), n. a vaulted under- 
ground passage cut through a hill or 
under a river; funnel; shaft of a 
chimney ; net wide at the mouth and 
ending in a point: v.t. to form a 
tunnel through or under. 

tunny ('i), n. [pi, tunnies ('iz) ], a 
large marine fish aUied to the mack- 
erel. 

tupelo (tu-pe-lo), n. a North American 
tree with red berries and a very 
hard wood. 

turacine (too'r§,-sin), n. a red pig- 
ment. 

Turanian (tu-ra'ni-§-n) , adj. noting 
generally those languages and peo- 
ples not included in the Aryan and 
Semitic famihes. 

turban (ter'b§,n), n. the headdress 
worn by Orientals, consisting of a 
cap around which a sash is wrapped. 

turbary ('b^-ri), n. right of digging 
turf on the land of another; place 
where turf is dug. 

turbid Cbid), adj. muddy; thick. 

turbine ('bin), n. a wheel turning on 
a vertical axis and driven by steam 
or water. 

turbit ('bit), n. a variety of pigeon. 

turbot Cbot), n. a large flat fish. 

turbulence ('bu-lens), n. disorder; 
agitation. 

turbulent Cbu-lent), adj. tumultu- 
ous; agitated; insubordinate; riot- 
ous. 

Turco Cko), n. an Arab sharpshooter 
in the French army. 

Turcophile ('ko-fll), n. a supporter 
of the Turks in their domination 
over the Slavonic Christians. Also 
Turcophil. 

tureen (tu-ren'), n. a deep table-ves- 
sel for holding soup. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue. hut; think, th&n. 



TURF 



910 



TUSSOCK 



turf (terf), n. the grassy surface of 
untilled land; race-course; occupa- 
tion of racing (with the): vd. to 
cover with turf. 

turfiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being turfy. 

turfing ('ing), n. the laying down of 
turf. 

turfite ('it), n. one who makes his 
living by, or is devoted to, horse- 
racing. 

turfy Ci) , adj. abounding in, or like turf. 

turgescence (-jes'ens), n. inflation. 

turgescent ('ent), adj. growing in- 
flated. 

turgid Cjid), adj. distended beyond 
the natural size; inflated; bombastic. 

turkey (terk'i), n. a large fowl whose 
flesh is much prized by Americans; 
usually selected for feast-days such 
as Thanksgiving and Christmas. 

turkey-trot, n. a modern one-step, 
syncopated-time dance; named from 
the high, single steps or trot of the 
turkey; accompanied by eccentric 
and sensational motions and posi- 
tions; widely prohibited as immod- 
est. See tango. 

Turkish ('ish), n. the language of 
the Turks: adj. pertaining to Turkey 
or the Turks. 

Turkish-bath, (-bath), n. a hot air 
bath. 

turmeric (ter'mer-ik) , n. the root- 
stock of an East Indian plant, yield- 
ing a yellow color used in dyeing. 

turmoil ('moil), n. harassing labor; 
worrying confusion; noise. 

turn (tern), v.t. to cause or make to 
go round; change the direction of; 
change from one state to another; 
reverse; convert; transform; trans- 
late; bend back; blunt; make giddy; 
nauseate; expel: vd. to have a cir- 
cular motion; be changed; move as 
on a pivot; recoil: n. the act of 
turning; movement in a circular 
direction; bend or curve; change of 
direction; opportunity; good or evil 
act; short spell; form or cast; fright 
or shock; single twist or bend of a 
rope. 



turncoat (tern'kot), n. one who 

deserts his party or his cause; a 

renegade. 
turndun ('dun), n. a flat piece of 

wood shaped like a fish which when 

whirled in the air makes a roaring 

noise: used by certain savage races. 
turner ('er), n. one who turns; one 

who turns articles in a lathe; a kind 

of pigeon. 
turnery ('er-i), n. articles made in 

the lathe. 
turning ('ing), n. the act of one who, 

or thao which., turns; deviation; 

a winding. 
turnip Cip), n. a well-known plant 

with a solid bulbous root. 
turnkey ('ke), n. a prison warder. 
turnpike Cpik), n. a gate or bar to 

stop vehicles, and sometimes foot 

passengers, &c., until toll is paid. 
turpentine ('pen-tin), n. the resin- 
ous or viscid juice of pine and fir 

trees. 
turpitude ('pi-ttid), n. moral de- 
pravity. 
turquoise (ter'kois), n, a precious 

stone. 
turret (tur'et), n. a small tower; 

cylindrical rotary iron tower on a 

man-of-war. 
turreted (-ed), adj. furnished with 

turrets.. 
turtle (ter'tl), n. a large edible sea- 
tortoise; the turtle-dove. 
turtle-dove (-duv), n. a species of 

dove, noted for its gentleness and 

tenderness. 
Tuscan Order (tus'kan dr'der), n. 

the most simple of the 5 orders of 

classic architecture. 
tush (tush), inter j. an expression of 

contempt, rebuke, or silence. 
tusk (tusk), n. the long, pointed 

tooth on each side of the upper jaw 

of certain mammals. 
tussah (tus'a), n. an inferior kind 

of silk. Also tussore, tusseh. 
tussle ('1), n. a scuffle: v.i. to scuffle 

or struggle. 
tussock Cok), n. a tuft, clump, or 

small hillock of grass; a species of 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TUT 



911 



TWITTER 



tuffy grass, valuable for fodder. 
Also tussac. 

tut (tut), inierj. hush! be quiet! 

tutelage (tti'te-laj), n. gua^'dianship. 

tutelary ('te-la-ri), adj. protecting. 

tutenag ('te-nag), n. Chinese copper. 

tutor ('ter), n. a teacher; guardian: 
v.t. to instruct; train or discipline. 

tutorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or exercised by, a tutor or instructor. 

tutorship ('ter-ship), n. the office of 
a tutor; guardianship. 

tuttifrutti (tut-i-frut-i), n. a con- 
fection of several kinds of preserved 
fruits. 

tuxedo (tuxs-e'do), n. a sack coat 
used in heu of a full-dress coat on 
semi-formal occasions. 

twaddle (twod'l), n. silly talk: v.t. 
to talk in a silly or weak manner. 

twain (twan), ii. & adj. two. 

twang (twang), n. a sharp, quick, 
vibrating sound; affect-ed nasal tone 
of voice: v.t. & v.i. to sound with a 
sharp pull or pinch. 

tweed (twed), n. a soft, woolly cloth 
material. 

tweezers (tweezers), n.pl. small pinch- 
ers for pulUng out hairs. 

twelfth (twelfth), adj. next in order 
after the eleventh: n. one of 12 
equal parts. 

Twelfth Day (da), n. Epiphany. 

twelvemo (twelv'mo), n, duodecimo. 

twentieth (twen'ti-eth), adj. the or- 
dinal of 20: n. one of 20 equal parts. 

twenty ('ti), adj. tvv^ice 10: n. the 
number which is one more than 19; 
a score. 

twice (t\sis), adv. two times; doubI5^ 

twiddle (twidl), v.t. to twirl in a 
hght manner; touch lightly: v.t. to 
move with a quivering motion: n. a 
twist of the fingers. 

twig (twig), n. a sma shoot or 
branch: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. twigged, 
p.pr. twigging], to notice; under- 
stand; v.i. to comprehend. 

twilight (twi'lit), n. the faint light 
before sunrise and after sunset; 
partial illumination: adj. obscure; 
shaded. 



tv/ilight sleep (twi'lit slep), n. a con- 
dition of partial narcosis induced by 
the drugs morphine and scopolamin 
admin istereed according to a method 
devised at Freiburg and designed 
to make childbirth painless. 

twill (twil), n. an appearance of 

. diagonal lines in textile fabrics; 
fabric woven ^with a twill: v.t. to 
weave, as a fabric, with diagonal 
lines. 

twin (twin), adj. double; closely re- 
sembling: n. one of two born at a 
birth; any person or thing very like 
another. 

twine (twin), v.t. to twist; wind 
round; unite closely: v.i. to be close- 
ly united by twisting: n. a twist; 
strong thread. 

twinge (twinj), v.t. to affect with a 
sudden sharp pain; twitch: v.i. to 
suffer a twinge: n. a sudden sharp 
pain. 

twinkle (twingid), n. a quick mo- 
tion of the eye; short, tremulous 
light; an instant: v.i. to open and 
shut the eyes rapidly; blink; shine 
with a tremulous, sparkling hght; 
quiver. 

twirl (twerl), v.i. to move or turn 
round rapidl}-; whirl: v.i. to rotate 
rapidly: n. a quick, circular mo- 
tion; convolution. 

twist (twist), v.t. to unite or form 
by winding together; wind spirally; 
interlace; writhe or contort; cause 
to turn from a direct line: v.i. to b^ 
contorted; move in a curve: n. the 
act of t\sTisting; convolution; man- 
ner of twisting; cord or thread; 
kind of roll tobacco. 

twit (twit), v.t. [p.t. & -p.p. twitted 
p.pr. twitting], to annoy by remind- 
ing of a fault, &c.; upbraid. 

twitch (twich), v.t. to pull with a 
sudden jerk: v.i. to contract or move 
quickly or spasmodically: n. a sud- 
den jerk QT pull; short spasmodic 
con^nllsion. 

twitch-gras Cgri-s), n. couch-grass. 

twite (twit), n. the mountain linnet. 

twitter (twit'er), v.i. to make a sue- 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



TWO 



912 



TYRANNICAL 



cession of small, tremulous sounds, 
as a bird; feel a tremulous, nervous 
motion: n, a small, tremulous noise; 
slight nervous agitation. 

two (too), adj. one and one: n, the 
number of one and one. 

twopenny (tup'en-i), adj. of the value 
of twopence; trumpery; vulgar; 
worthless. 

twoply (too'pli), adj. of two thick- 
nesses. 

tycoon (ti-koon'), n, the title for- 
merly assumed by the commander- 
in-chief of the Japanese army. 

tying (tl'ing), p.pr, of tie: n, the 
process of washing ores. 

tyler, same as tiler. 

tympan (tim'pan), n. the parchment- 
covered frame on which sheets are 
laid to be printed. 

two-step (too-step), n. a simple 
modern dance that for a time super- 
seded the waltz in popular favor. ^ 

tympanic (-pan'ik), adj. pertaining 
to a tympan or tympanum. Also 
tympanal. 

tympanum ('pa-num), n. the mem- 
branous wall which separates the in- 
ternal from the external ear; the 
drum of the ear; flat triangular part 
of a pediment; hollow drum-shaped 
wheel. 

type (tip), v.t. to typify; reproduce 
by a typewriter: n, an emblem, sign, 
or symbol; figure or design stamped 
on coin; distinguishing mark; gen- 
eral form or structure; original de- 
sign; a letter in metal or wood for 
printing from. Different sizes of 
printing types are indicated by dis- 
tinguishing names and by means of 
a unit of type measurement, which 
in the United States is one-twelfth 
of a pica. 

SIZES OP TYPE 

BiOUaafc es 3>(^ point. 
Biamond ^ 4 point. 

Pearl = 5 point. 
Agate = 5>^ point. 
Nonpareil = 6 point. 
Minion = 7 point. 
Brevier = 8 point. 



Bourgeois = 9 point. 
Long Primer = 10 point. 
Small Pica = 11 point. 
Pica= 12 point 
English = 14 point. 

ColumMaii=16 point. 

Gt.Primer=18point 

type-metal ('met-M), n. an alloy of 

lead, antimony and tin for casting 

type. 
typewriter ('ri-ter), n. a mechanical 

contrivance for producing letters 

by means of an 'nked ribbon and 

types; a typewriting-machine; an 

operator of a typewriting machine. 
typhoid (tl'foid), adj. pertaining to, 

or like, typhus: n, an enteric fever 

occasioned by defective drains, &c. 
typhoon (-foon'), n. a violent torns^ 

do in the Chinese and Japanese 

seas. 
typhus ('fus), n. a contagious fever 

often occurring as an epidemic. 
typical (tip'i-k^l), adj. figurative. 
typically (-i), adv. figuratively. 
typify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. t5T)ified, 

p.pr. typifying], to represent by an 

image or emblem; foreshadow. 
typist (tip'ist), n. one who operates 

a typewriting machine. 
typographer (ti-pog'ri-fer), n. a 

printer. 
typographical (-p6-graf 'i-k&l) , adj. 

pertaining to the art of printing. 

Also typographic. 
typographically (-i), adv. by means 

of type; employed in printing. 
typography (-pog'r^-fi), n. the art 

of printing. 
typogravure (tip'o-gra-vur'), n. a 

half-toned photo-engraved block for 

simultaneous printing with printing 

with type matter. 
typology (-poro-ji), n. the doctrine 

of Scripture types or figures. 
typothetse (ti-poth'e-ta), n. printers; 

typesetters. 
tyrannical (-ran'i-kM), adj. pertain- 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut: think, then. 



TYRANNICALLY 



913 



TYROTOXIN 



ing to, or characteristic of, a tyrant; 
despotic; cruel. Also tyrannic. 

tyrannically (-i), adv. in a tyrannical 
manner. 

tyrannize (tir'an-iz), v.i. to act like 
a tyrant; rule with oppressive se- 
verity. 

tyrannous ('an-us), adj. arbitrary; 
tyrannical. 

tyranny Can-i), the government or 
conduct of a tyrant; ^ severity; 
absolute monarchy imperiously ad- 
ministered. 



tyrant (ti'rant), n, an oppressor; 

despot. 
Tyrian (tir'i-an), adj. pertaining to 

ancient Tyre; of a rich purple color. 
tyro (ti'ro), 72. a beginner; novice. 
Tyroiese (tir-o-lez'), adj. pertaining 

to the Tyrol or its natives. 
tyrolienne (-o-le-en'), n. a popular 

song of the Tyroiese mountaineers, 

accompanied with dancing. 
tyrotoxin (ti-ro-tok'sin), n. a toxin 

producing the sjTuptoms spoken of 

as cheese-poisoning. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tb^n. 



Dlo. 08 



u 



U, the twenty-first letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet; a chemical symbol for 
uranium. 

ubiquitous (u-bik'wi-tus) , adj, ex- 
isting everywhere; omnipresent. 

ubiquity ('wi-ti), n, omnipresence. 

udder (ud'der), n. the^ glandular 
organ of a mammal which secretes 
the milk. 

uglily (ug'li-li), adv. in an ugly man- 
ner. 

ugliness (-nes), n. total absence of 
beai^ity ;deformity,physical or moral. 

ugly (li), adj. [comp. uglier, superl. 
ugliest], that which is offensive to 
the eye; deformed. 

uhlan (u'lan), n. one of a light 
cavalry in the German^ army. 

ukase (-kas'), '?^. a Russian imperial 
decree having the force of a law. 

ukelele (ti-ka-la-le) , n. Hawaiian 
musical instrument. 

ulcer (uFser), n. a sore, attended 
with a secretion of pus. 

ulcerate (-at), v.t. to affect with an 
ulcer: v.i. to be formed into an ulcer. 

ulceration (-a'shun), n. the process 
of forming into an ulcer. 

ulcerous ('ser-us), adj. ulcer-like. 

ule (til), n. a Mexican tree which 
yields caoutchouc. 

ulna (/na), n. the larger of the two 
bones that form the fore-arm. 

ulnar Cner), adj. pertaining to the ulna. 

ulster (ul'ster), n. a long, loose over- 
coat of coarse cloth. 

ulterior (-te'ri-er), adj. lying beyond 
or on the further side; more distant; 
beyond something else either ex- 
pressed or implied. 

ultima Cti-ipia), n. the last syllable 
of a word. 



ultimate ('ti-mat), adj. being the 
last; utmost; furthest; extreme; 
final. 

ultimately (-li), adv, finally. 

ultimatum (-ti-ma'tum), n. [pi. ulti- 
mata, ultimatums ('ta, 'tumz) ], 
final conditions offered as the basis 
of an agreement prior to the declara- 
tion of hostilities. 

ultimo Cti-mo), adv. in the month 
preceding the present. 

ultra ('tra), adj. extreme. 

ultramarine (-ma-ren), n. a beauti- 
ful, permanent, blue pigment, orig- 
inally obtained from lapis-lazuli. 

ultramontane (-mon'tan), adj. be- 
ing beyond the mountains (the 
Alps); pertaining to, or character- 
istic of, ultramontanism. 

ultramontanism (-izm), n. extreme 
views of the Pope's authority and 
infallibility. 

ultramontanist (-ist), n. a sup- 
porter of ultramontanism. 

ultra-violet rays (uFtra-vi-o-let ras), 
n. the very short rays beyond the 
violet of the visible spectrum. These 
rays have strong actinic and bac- 
tericidal power and they are used 
in the treatment of superficial germ 
diseases. 

ululation (ul-u-la'shun), n. a howl- 
ing like a dog. 

umbel (um'bel), n. a fan-like inflo- 
rescence radiating from a common 
center. 

umbelliferous (-if'er-us), adj. pro- 
ducing or bearing umbels. Umbel- 
late, umbellated. 

umber ('ber), n. a brown pigment; 
the grayling: adj. of an olive-brown 
color. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; mie, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 

(-914) 



UMBILICAL 



916 



UNCLE 



umbilical (-bil'i-ki,l), adj. pertaining 
to, or formed like, the navel. 

uinbles Cblz), n.pl, a deer's entrails. 

umbo Cbo), n. the boss of a shield; 
point of a bivalve-shell immediately 
above the hinge. 

umbra Cbra), n. the dark cone of 
a shadow projected from a planet or 
satellite on the side opposite to the 
sun; the dark central part of a sun- 
spot. 

umbrage Cbraj), n. screen of trees 
or foliage; offense. 

umbrageous (-bra' jus), adj, shady. 

umbrella (-brel-^), n, a covered sHd- 
ing frarqe carried in the hand as a 
screen against the rain or sun. 

umlaut (oom'lout), n, the change of 
a vowel in one syllable through the 
influence of a vowel in the succeed- 
ing syllable. 

umpire (um'pir), n. a third party to 
whom a dispute is referred for set- 
tlement; one chosen in a game to 
see that its rules are observed: v.i. 
to act as umpire. 

unabated (un-a-ba'ted) , adj, undi- 
minished; not lessened or decreased. 

unabridged (un-a-brij'd), adj. not 
shortened or condensed; in size 
like the original form. 

unadorned (un-a-dornd') , ddj, with- 
out adornment; plain; simple. 

unadulterated (un-a-durter-a-ted), 
adj. unmixed; unalloyed. 

unanimity (u-n^-nim'i-ti), n. agree- 
ment in opinion. 

unanimous (-nan'i-mus), adj agree- 
ing in opinion. 

unapproachable (un-a-proch'a-bl) 
adj. that which cannot be approached. 

unarm (un-arm'), v.t. to disarm. 

unassuming (un-a-sum'ing), adj. 
without pretense; modest. 

unau (u'naw), n. the two-toed sloth. 

unbalanced (un-bal'anst), adj. out 
of balance; unsound in mind. 

unbar (un-bar'), v.t. to take away the 
bars; to remove the fastenings. 

unbearable (un-bar'a-bl), adj. not to 
be endured. 

unbecoming (un-be-kum'ing), adj. 



ill-suited; not worthy of; not be- 
coming. 

unbelief (im'be-lef), n, skepticism. 

unbend (-bend'), v-t. [p.t. & p.p. un- 
bent, p.pr. unbending], to free from 
flexure; relax; unfasten from the 
yards and spars: v.i. to become re- 
laxed; act with freedom or conde- 
scension. 

unbiased (im-bi'ast), adj. unpreju- 
diced; not favoring either side or 
party, or opinion. 

unbidden (im-bid'n), adj. uninvited; 
unasked. 

unbleached (un-blechf), adj, not 
whitened; not bleached. 

unblemished (un-blem'isht), adj. 
pure; without stain or blemish. 

unblushing (un-blush'ing), adj, un- 
ashamed; without modesty. 

unbosom (un-booz'um), v.t. to confess; 
to tell one's secrets. 

unbounded (un-bound'ed), adj, un- 
hraited; boundless. 

unbridled (un-brl'dld), adj, imre- 
stniined; unhampered. 

unbroken (un-bro'kn), adj. whole; 
untame'd; not interfered with. 

uncalled (un-kawld'), adj. not sum- 
moned; not chosen. 

uncanny (-kan'i), adj, weird; mys- 
terious; dangerous; unpropitious 
[Scotch]. 

unceasingly (un-se'sing-li), adj, con- 
tinuous; without end. 

uncertain (un-ser'tn), adj. doubtful; 
not sure; subject to change. 

unchain (un-chan'), v.t. to loosen 
from chains or bonds. 

unchancy (-ch^n'si), adj. unlucky; 
perilous. 

uncharitable (un-char'i-ta-bl), adj. 
without charity; unkind. 

unchaste (un-chasf), acZ;. immodest; 
not chaste. 

unchecked (un-chekf), adj. without 
restraint; unhindered. 

uncivil (un-siv'il), adj. rude; im- 
polite. 

unclasp (un-klaspO, v.t. to undo 
the clasp of; to loosen. 

uncle (ung'ki), n. the brother of one's 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



UNCLEAN 



916 



UNDERMINE 



father or mother; husband of one^s 

aunt; pawnbroker. 
unclean (un-klen'), adj, not clean; 

impure. 
uncomfortable (un-kum'f 6r-ta-bl) , 

adj, without comfort; uneasy. 
uncommon (un-kom'un), adj, not 

common; rare; unusual. 
uncompromising (un-kom'pro-mi- 

zing), adj. imyielding; firm. 
unconcerned (un-kon-sernd'), adj, 

not interested in; indifferent. 
unconditional (un-kon-dish'im-al), 

adj. without condition. 
unconquerable (un-kong'ker-a-bl) , 

adj. not to be overcome. 
unconscionable (un-kon'shun-^-bl) , 

adj. out of all reason or expectation. 
unconscious (un-kon'shus) , adj, 

without consciousness. 
unconstitutional (un - kon - sti - tu' - 

shun-al), adj. in conflict with a 

constitution; unlawful. 
uncontrollable (un - kon - trol'a - bl) , 

adj. not to be controlled. 
unconventional (un-kon-ven 'shun- 
al), adj, not according to form or 

custom. 
uncouple (un-kup'l), v.t, to loosen the 

bonds or links; to disconnect. 
uncouth (un-kooth'), adj, cJumsy; 

awkward in appearance or benavior. 
uncover (un-kuv'er), v.t. to take away 

the cover of; to expose or bring to 

light. 
unction (ungk'shun), n. the act of 

anointing as a symbol of consecra- 
tion; ointment* anything soothing; 

sham fervor or suavity. 
unctuous ('shus), adj. oily; sooth- 
ing; lenitive; extremely bland. 
undaunted (un-dan'ted), adj, bold; 

fearless; unafraid. 
undecagon (un-dek'i,-gon), n. a plane 

figure with 11 sides or 11 angles. 
undeceive (un-de-sev'), v.t. to tell 

the truth about; to remove deception. 
undecennary (un-de-sen'a-ri), adj. 

once in eleven years; occurring every 

eleventh year. 
undecided (un-de-si'ded), adj, not 

decided; without resolution. 



undefiled (un-de-fild'), adj, unstained', 

pure; spotless. 

undefined (un-de-find'), adj, without 
definition ; unexplained . 

undemonstrative (un-de-mon'-stra- 
tiv), adj. not showing one's feelings; 
phlegmatic. 

undeniable (un-de-ni'a-bl), adj. not 
to be denied; beyond dispute. 

under ('der), prep, beneath; subordi- 
nate to; in subjection to; less than; 
during the time of. 

underbid (un-der-bid'), v.t. to offer 
less than another. 

underbred (un-der-bred'), adj. with- 
out breeding or refinement. 

underbrush (un'der-brush), n. un- 
dergrowth; small trees or shrubs 
growing closely together. 

undercurrent (un'der-kur-ent), n, a 
current flowing under the surface of 
water; a general feeling among 
people not expressed openly. 

undercut (un-der-kuf), v.t. to cut 
under; to strike from beneath; in 
golf, to hit the ball in such a way 
that it rises high in the air, and has 
a reverse rotation that prevents it 
rolling far after landing. 

underestimate (un-der-es'ti-mat), 
V. t. to estimate at too low a value. 

underfed (un-der-fed'), odj. not suffi- 
ciently fed. 

undergo \rgo') , v.t. to pass through or 
experience; suffer. 

undergraduate (-grad'ti-at), n. a 
member of a university who has not 
taken his first degree. 

underground (un'der-ground), adj, 
under the surface of the ground. 

underhand (-hand'), adj. done by 
meanness or fraud; clandestine. 

underlay (un'der-la), n. a layer of 
paper to raise the matter to be 
printed to a proper level. 

underlie (un-der-h'), v.t. to He beneath. 

underline (un-der-lin'), v.t, to make 
a line under words. 

underling (un'der-ling), n. B. servant; 
a subordinate employe. 

undermine (un-der-min'), v.t, to dig 
imder; to weaken by secret tunnels. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



UNDERNEATH 



917 



UNEFFACED 



underneath (iin-der-neth'), odv, be- 
neath. 

underpay (un-der-pa'), v.U to pay 
insufficiently. 

underpin (un-der-pin'), v.t. to prop 
by placing supports underneath. 

underrate (un-der-raf) , v.L to esti- 
mate below the true value. 

understand (-der-standO, v.t to per- 
ceive by the mind; be informed of; 
assume or imply; know by experi- 
ence: v.i. to have understanding; be 
informed. 

understanding ('ing), n. the ra- 
tional faculties; intellect; intelH- 
gence; wisdom; skill. 

understudy (un'der-stud-i), n. an 
actor who learns a part to be pla3^ed 
by him in the absence or disabihty 
of another actor. 

undertake (-tak'), v.t. [t).L&, p.p. 
undertook, p.pr. . undertaking], to 
take under one's management; as- 
sume; attempt; answer for: v.i. to 
take upon one's self; guarantee. 

undertaker ('der-tak-er), n. one who 
undertakes to perform any office or 
business; one who manages funer- 
als. 

undertaking ('ing), n. any business 
or project a person engages to per- 
form. 

undertone (un'der-ton), n. a subordi- 
nate tone or color. 

undertow (un'der-to), n. a current 
under the surface flowing in opposite 
direction to the surface current or 
tide. 

undervalue (un-der-varti), v.t. to 
underrate; to value at less than the 
real worth. 

under-world (un'der-werld), n. the 
criminal classes of society. 

underwrite (-rU/), v.t. [p.t. under- 
wrote, p.p. underwritten, p.pr. un- 
derwriting], to subscribe one's name 
to (a policy of marine insurance): 
v.i, to follow the calhng of an un- 
derwriter. 

underwriter ('der-rit-er), n. one who 
subscribes his name to a policy of 
marine insurance. 



underwriting (-ing), n. the calling 
of an underwriter; marine insurance. 

undesirable (un-de-zi'ra-bl), adj. not 
to be desired. 

undignified (un-dig'ni-fid), adj. with- 
out dignity. 

undine (un-den'), n. a water-nymph. 

undo (un-doo), v^t. to loosen; to do 
away with that which has been 
done. 

undress (un-dres'), v.t. to disrobe; to 
remove the clothing: adj. an in- 
formal dress; a costume worn by 
soldiers when not on duty. 

undue (un-du'), adj. improper; ex- 
cessive; not legal. 

undulate ('du-lat), v.t. & v.i. to 
wave, or move Uke waves; vibrate. 

undulation (-la'shun), n. sl wa\ing 
motion or vibration. 

undulatory ('du-li-to-ri), adj. undu- 
lating; vibratory. 

undulatory theory (the'o-ri), n. the 
theory that light is caused by vibra- 
tions transmitted through an ethe- 
real medium in wave-like undula- 
tions. 

unduly t'li)? adv. excessively; im- 
properly. 

undutiful (un-du'ti-fool), adj. diso- 
bedient. 

undying (un-di'ing), adj. imperish- 
able; possessing immortality. 

unearned increment (-ernd' inTcre- 
ment), n, the increase of the value 
of land or property without labor or 
expenditure on the part of the pro- 
prietor. 

unearth (un-erth'), v.t. to drive from 
cover; to dig out. 

unearthly (un-erthli), adj. inhu- 
man; blood-curdling. 

uneasy (un-e'zi), adj, without ease; 
anxious; unquiet. 

uneatable (un-e'ta-bl), adj. not edi- 
ble; not worthy of eating. 

uneclipsed ^ (un-e-klipsf), adj. not 

eclipsed ; inobs«"ured . 
unedifying (un-ed'i-fi-ing), adj. not 

edifying; not enUghtening. 
uneffaced (un-ef-fasf), adj. not ef- 
faced; not rubbed out or removed. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



UNEMANCIPATED 



918 



UNFIT 



unemancipated (un-e-man'ci-pa- 
ted), adj. not freed from slavery. 

unembarrassed (un-em-bar'rast) , 
adj. not embarrassed; free from con- 
fusion or difficulty;. free from en- 
tangling alliance. 

unemotional (un-e-mo'shun-al), adj. 
not motional; not giving vent to 
one's feelings. 

unemployed (un-em-ploidO , adj, not 
employed; not occupied; not in 
use. 

unended (un-end'ed), adj. not ended. 

unendowed (un-en-doud') , ad;, with- 
out endowment; not supplied with. 

unenervated (un-en'er-va-ted) , adj. 
not weakened. 

unenlightened (un-en-lit'nd) , adj. 
not enlightened; left in ignorance. 

unenterprising (un-en'ter-prlz-ing) , 
adj. not enterprising; not industri- 
ous; not ambitious. 

unenumerated (un-e-nu'mer-a-ted) , 
adj, omitted from list; not num- 
bered or mentioned. 

unenvied (un-en'vid), adj. not excit- 
ing the envy of others. 

unequal (-e'kwal), adj. not equal; 
not regular or uniform; ill-matched; 
disproportionate; insufficient. ^ 

unequipped (un-e-kwipf) , adj. not 
furnished or supplied with. 

unequivocal (un-e-kwiv'o-kal), adj. 
clear; not ambiguous; unmistak- 
able. 

unerring (un-er'ing), adj. making no 
mistake; without error. 

unessential (un-es-sen'shal), adj. not 
entirely necessary; not of greatest 
importance. 

unevaporated (un-e-vap'or-a-ted), 
adj. not evaporated. 

uneven (un-e'vn), adj. rough; not 
equal. 

uneventful (un-e-vent'fool), adj. un- 
important; without event. 

unexaggerated (un-egz-aj 'er-a-ted) , 
adj. not overdrawn in statement. 

unexampled (un-egz-am'pld), adj. 
without precedent or parallel. 

unexemplary (un-egz'em-pla-ri), adj. 
not following a rule or example. 



unexpected (un-ek-spek'ted) , adj. 
not looked for; sudden. 

unexpended (un-ek-spen'ded), adj. 
not spent. 

unexplained (un-ek-spland) , adj. 
without explanation. 

unexplored (un-ek-splord'), adj. not 
seen or examined; unknown. 

unfading (un-f adding) , adj. not losing 
color; not dimmed. 

unfair (un-far), adj. showing preju- 
dice; without fairness. 

unfaithful (un-fath'fool), adj. diso- 
bedient to promise or dijty; betray- 
ing trust or confidence. 

unfaltering (un-fawFter-ing), adj. 
not faltering; unhesitating. 

unfamiliar (un-f a-miFyar) , adj. un- 
common; strange. 

unfashionable (un-f ash'un-a-bl) ,adj. 
not in accordance with the dictates 
of fashion. 

unfasten (un-fas'tn), v.t. to loosen; 
to untie. 

unfathomable (un-fath'um-a-bl), 
adj. not to be measured in depth. 

unfavorable (un-f a' ver-a-bl) , adj. 
not favorable; of discouraging as- 
pect. 

unfeatured (un-fe'turd), adj. with- 
out feature; without special notice. 

unfeigned (un-f and'), adj. genuine; 
not feigned. 

unfelt (un-f elf), adj. not felt; unper- 
ceived. 

unfenced (un-fensf), adj. not fenced; 
without enclosure. 

unfermented (un-fer-men'ted), adj. 
not fermented; without fermenta- 
tion. 

unfertile (un-f er'til) , adj. not fertile; 
not productive. 

unfetter (un-fet'er), v.t. to loosen 
from shackles; to free; to place at 
liberty. 

unfilial (un-firyal), adj. undutiful to 
a parent. 

unfilled (un-ffid'), adj. not filled; 
unsupplied. 

unfinished (un-fin'isht), adj. not fin- 
ished; incomplete. 

unfit (un-fitO, adj. not fit: unsuited. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



UNFIX 



919 



UNHARASSED 



unfix (un-fiksO, v.L to detach from a 
fastening. 

unflagging (un-flag'ing), adj. not 
drooping; unwearied. 

unflattering - (un-flat'ter-ing), adj. 
not flattering; - stating the truth 
plainly ; unfavorable . 

unflinching (un-flinsh'ing), adj. not 
flinching; unshrinking. 

unfold (un-fold'), v,t. to open any- 
thing folded; to disclose at length. 

unforbidden (un-for-bid'n), adj. not 
forbidden; not prohibited. 

unforced (un-forsf), adj. not forced; 
uncompelled; of an easy natural- 
ness. 

unfordable (un-ford'a-bl), adj. not 
fordable; that which cannot be 
waded. 

unforeseen (un-for-sen'), adj. not 
foreseen; not anticipated. 

unforgetful (un-for-get'fool), adj. 
not forgetful. 

unforgivable (un-for-giv'a-bl), adj. 
not to be forgiven. 

unforgotten (un-f6r-got'n), adj. not 
forgotten; held in the memory. 

unformed (un-formd'), adj. without 
deflnite shape. 

unforsaken (un-f 6r-sak'n) , adj. not 
deserted. 

unfortified (un-for-ti-fid), adj. not 
fortified; not prepared for attack. 

unfortunate (im-for'tti-nat), adj. un- 
lucky. 

unfounded (un-foun'ded), adj. with- 
out foundation. 

unframed (un-framd'), adj. without 
frame; not made or constructed. 

unfrequented (un-fre-kwen'ted), adj. 
not 'frequented; not inhabited. 

unfriendly (un-frend'h), adj. not 
friendly; not favorable to. 

unfrock" (un-frok'), v.t. to undress; 
to remove the orders of a priest. 

unfruitful ^ (un-f root 'fool), adj. bar- 
ren of fruit; not prolific; unpro- 
ductive. 

unfulfilled (un-fool-fild'), adj. not 
fulfilled; unaccompHshed. 

unfurl (un-ferlO, adj. unwrapped; 
unfolded. 



unfurnish (un-fer'nish), v.t. to divest 

of furniture. 
ungainly (un-gan'H), adj. clumsy or 

awkward in appearance or action. 
ungarrisoned (un-gar'i-sund), adj. 

divested of troops. 
ungear (un-ger'), v.t. to divest of gear. 
ungenerous (un-jen'er-us), adj. il- 

Mberal; mean; ignoble. 
ungently (un-jent'h), adv. rudely; 

with harshness. 
ungifted (un-gift'ed), adj. without 

gifts as to endowment or faculties. 
ungilded (un-gild'ed), adj. not cov- 
ered with gilt; not varnished. 
ungird (un-gerd'), v.t. to loosen from 

a belt or girdle. 
ungirt (un-gertO, adj. unbelted. 
unglaze (un-glaz'), v.t. to remove the 

glass from frame or pane. 
ungloved (un-gluvd'), adj. without 

gloves. 
ungodliness (un-godli-nes), n. neg- 
lect of divine commands or worship; 

impiety; irreverence toward the 

Deity. 
ungoverned (un-guv'emd), adj. not 

governed; unrestrained. 
ungraceful (un-gras'fool), adj. not 

graceful ; awkward . 
ungrammatical (un-gram-at'i-kal), 

adj. not in accordance with the rules 

of grammar. 
ungrateful (un-grat-fool), adj. with- 
out gratitude; unpleasing. 
ungratified (un-grat'i-fid), adj. not 

gratified; not satisfied. 
ungrudged (un-grujd'), adj. not 

grudged; willingly jaelded. 
ungual (ung'gwil), adj. pertaining 

to, or having, a nail, claw, or hoof. 
unguent^ Cg^vent), n. an ointment; 

lubricating substance. 
unguided (un-gid'ed), adj. not 

guided; not conducted. 
ungulate ('gii-lat), adj. hoof -shaped. 
unhallowed (un-harod), adj. not 

hallowed; profane; wicked. 
unhappy (un-hap'i), adj. not happy; 

wretched; unlucky. 
unharassed (un-har'ast), adj. not 

troubled; unvexed. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



UNHARMED 



920 



UNITARIAN 



unharmed (un-harmd'), odj, unin- 
jured; without hurt. 

unharness (un-har'nes), v.t, to re- 
move the harness from; to take off 
armor. 

unhatched (un-hatcht'), adj. not 
hatched; not matured. 

unhealihful (un-helth'fool), adj, not 
healthful; sickly; subject to disease. 

unheard (un-herd^, acZy. not heard; 
not perceptible to the ear. 

unheedful (un-hed'fool), adj, in- 
cautious; not attentive. 

unhelpful (un-help'fool), adj, not 
giving in help. 

unhesitating (un-hez'i-tat-ing), adj. 
not hesitating; ready. 

unhindered (un-hin'derd), adj. not 
hindered; not prevented from. 

unhinge (un-hinjO, v.t. to remove 
from the hinges; to loosen; to remove 
reason from the mind. 

unholy (un-ho'h), adj. not holy; 
profane; not hallowed or conse- 
crated; unsanctified. 

unhoped (un-hopf), adj. not hoped 
for; unlooked for. 

uni, a prefix, meaning one, or produc- 
ing one, as i^mcellular: adj. formed 
of one cell. ^ 

unicorn (u'ni-korn), n. a fabled ani- 
mal resembling a horse, but with a 
straight horn projecting from the 
forehead. 

unicycle (u-ni-si'kl), n. a vehicle with 
but one wheel, usually usfd by trick 
performers. 

uniform ('ni-form), adj. having only 
one form; consistent with itseK; 
same in form, manner, or character; 
equable: n. an official or regulation 
dress. 

uniformity ('i-ti), n. resemblance; 
conformity to one pattern; accord. 

unify ('ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. unified, 
p.pr. imifying], to form into one; 
make a unit of. 

unilateral (-lat'er-al), adj. one-sided. 

unilocular (-lok'u-ler), adj. one- 
celled. 

unimaginable (un-i-maj'i-na-bl), adj. 
not conceivable. 



unimpassioned (un-im-pash'und), 
adj. without passion; cold in dehvery 
or demeanor. 

unimpeachable (un-im-pech'a-bl), 
adj. not impeachable; free from accu- 
sation or blame. 

unimportant (un-im-p6r'tant), adj. 
not important. 

unimposing (un-im-poz'ing), adj. 
not imposing; not such as to induce 
respect. 

uninEuenced (un-in'flti-ensd), adj. 
not influenced; unbiased by othei 
persons or considerations. 

uninjured (un-in'joord), adj. not in- 
jured; not impaired. 

uninsured (un-in-shurd'), adj. not 
insured, especially against the loss 
of life or property .^ 

unintelligent (un-in-tel'i-jent), adj. 
without intelHgence; without under- 
standing. 

unintentional (un-in-ten'shun-al), 
adj. not intentional; without design. 

uninured (un-in-uid) , adj . not inured; 
not accustomed by wont or practice. 

uninvested (un-in-vest'ed), adj. not 
invested; not exchanged for income- 
bearing property. 

uninvited (un-in-vit'ed), adj. not 
invited; not asked; unsolicited. 

union (tin'yun), n. the act of uniting, 
or making one; combination; coali- 
tion; concord; conjunction; agree- 
ment between parts; harmony in 
color; trades-union. 

unionism (-izm), n. trades-unionism. 

unionist (-ist), n. a trades-unionist. 

union- jack • (-jak), n. the national 
flag of Great Britain and Ireland. 

uniped (u'ni-ped), adj. one-footed. 

unique (-nek'), adj. without another 
of the same land; unparalleled. 

unison ('ni-sun), n. ' accordance of 
sound; concord; harmony. 

unit ('nit), n. one; a single person or 
thing; standard amount or quantity. 

Unitarian (-ni-ta'ri-an), n. one who 
denies the doctrine of the Holy 
Trinity, regarding the Godhead as 
uni-personai: adj. pertaining to Uni- 
tarians. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book: hue. hut: think. ^Aen. 



UNITARIANISM 



921 



UNREMITTING 



Unitarianism (-izm), n. the doc- 
trines of the Unitarians. 

unite (-nitO, v.t. to incorporate into 
one; make to agree or adhere; join 
by a legal or moral bond: v.i. to be- 
come one; combine; commingle. 

United Brethren ('ed-bre^/i'ren), 
n.'pl. the Moravians. 

unity ('ni-ti), n, the state of being 
one; concord; uniformity; agree- 
ment; harmony. 

universal (-ni-ver'sal), adj. all-per- 
vading; embracing or comprehend- 
ing the whole; general: n. in logic, 
a proposition which affirms the pred- 
icate to belong to the whole of the 
subject. 

Universalism (-izm), n. the doctrine 
that all mankind will ultimately be 
saved, together with Satan and the 
fallen angels. 

Universalist (-ist), n, a believer in 
Universalism. 

universality (-sal'i-ti), n, the state 
or quahty of being universal. 

universally ('sal-i), adv. without ex- 
ception. 

universe ('ni-vers), n. the whole sys- 
tem of created things; world. 

university (-ver'si-ti), n, [pi, imi- 
versities (-tiz) ], an assemblage of 
colleges or incorporated institutions 
for instruction in the higher branches 
of art, science, &c., and empowered 
to coilfer degrees, in the several arts 
and faculties. 

unjust (un-jusf), adj. not just; imfair. 

unkempt (un-kemptO, adj. un- 
combed; rough. 

unlawful (un-law'fool), adj. in viola- 
tion of law. 

unlearned (un-lernd'), adj, ignorant; 
uneducated. 

unless (-les'), conj. except; if not. 

unlimited (un-lim'i-ted), adj. with- 
out limit; boundless. 

unlucky (un-luk'i), adj. unfortunate; 
subject to bad luck. 

unman (-man^, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. un- 
manned, p.pr. unmanning], to de- 
prive of courage or fortitude; emas- 
culate. 



unmanageable (un-man'aj-a-bl),a<ij*^ 

beyond control. 
unmarried (un-mar'id), adj. not 

married; unwedded. 
unmentionable (un-men'shun-a-bl), 

adj. not to be mentioned. 
unmitigated (un-mit'i-ga-ted), adj. 

unabated. 
unnatural (un-nat'u-ral), adj. not 

in accordance with the laws of 

nature. 
unnerve (-nerv'), v.t. to deprive of 

strength or power; weaken. 
unobtrusive (un-ob-troo'siv), adj. not 

obtrusive; modest. 
unparalleled (un-par'a-leld), adj. 

without parallel; unrivalled. 
unplaced (-plast'), adj. not placed; 

not holding a governmental office; 

not among the first three at the end 

of a race. 
unprecedented (un-pre'se-den-ted), 

adj. \sithout precedent. 
unpremeditated (un-pre-med'i-ta- 

ted), adj. not arranged or thought of 

beforehand. 
unpretentious (un-pr e-ten'-shus) , 

adj. without pretense; modest in 

action or demeanor. 
unprincipled (un-prin'si-pld), adj. 

with no principles; without scruple. 
unprofessional (un-pro-fesh'un-al), 

adj. not according to the ethics of a 

profession. 
unpropitious (un-pro-pish'us), adj. 

not propitious; unfavorable. 
unpublished (un-pub'lisht), adj. not 

printed or pubhshed; still in manu- 
script. 
unquenchable (un-kwen'sha-bl) , adj. 

that which cannot be subdued or ex- 
tinguished. 
unravel (un-ravl), v.t. to ravel out; 

to divest of myster3\ 
unredeemable (un-re-dem'a-bl), adj. 

incapable of redemption. 
unregenerate (un-re-jen'er-at), adj. 

not born anew; unconverted. 
unrelenting (un-re-lent'ing), adj, not 

relenting; determined. 
unremitting (un-re-mit'ing), adj. 

continuous; without interruption. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



UNRESERVED 



922 



UP 



unreserved (un-re-zervd'), adj. unre- 
strained; without reserve. 

unrighteous (un-rit'yus), adj, un- 
holy; sinful. 

unrivalled (un-ri'vald), adj. without 
a rival; alone in a class. 

unroll (un-rol') yV.t.to roll out or uncoil. 

unrufRed (un-ruf' Id), adj, not ruffled; 
reserved. 

unruliness (-rtili-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being unruly. 

unruly (-ru'li), adj, disregarding re- 
straint or authority; ungovernable; 
turbulent. 

unsavory (un-sa'vor-i), adj. displeas- 
ing to the taste or smell. 

unscathed (im-skathd'), adj. unin- 
jured; without harm. 

unscrupulous (un-skroo'pu-lus), adj. 
without principle or scruple. 

unseal (un-sei'), ^-i- to remove or 
destroy the seal of; to open that 
which is sealed by destroying the 
seal. 

unseemly (un-sem'li), adj. not seem- 
ly; unbecoming. 

unsettle (un-set'l), v.t. to cause un- 
certainty: v,i. to become unsettled 
or confused. 

unsex (-seks'), v.t. to deprive of the 
characteristic qualities of a woman. 

unshackle (un-shak'l), v.t. to remove 
the bonds from; to give freedom to. 

unsheathe (un-sheth'), v.t. to remove 
from scabbard or sheath. 

unshorn (un-shorn'), adj. that which 
is not sheered or clipped. 

unsightly (un-sit'h), adj. unpleasant 
to the eye; disagreeable in appear- 
ance. 

unsophisticated (un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted) , 
adj. untrained; without experience; 
innocent. 

unspeakable (un-spek'a-bl), adj. not 
to De mentioned or spoken of; in- 
capable of description. 

unstable (un-sta'bl), adj. not firm; 
not reliable. 

unstudied (un-stud'id), adj. without 
study; without preparation. 

unsuitable (un-su'ta-bl), adj, not 
suited to; inadequate. 



unsuspected (un-sus-pek'ted), adj. 
not suspected; not foreseen. 

untamable (un-tam'a-bl), adj, wild; 
that which cannot be tamed. 

untarnished (un-tar'msht), adj. not 
dulled or tarnished. 

untenable ^ (un-ten'a-bl), adj, not 
tenable; incapable of defense. 

until (un-til'), prep, till; as far as; 
as long as. 

unto Ctoo), prep, to. 

untoward (un-to'erd), adj. obstin- 
ate; ungraceful; unlucky. 

untrimmed • (un-trimd'), adj, with- 
out trimming or adornment. 

untruth (-trooth'), n. a falsehood. 

untutored (un-tu'terd), adj, un- 
taught; ignorant. 

unutterable (un-ut'er-a-bl), adj. that 
which cannot be uttered or expressed 
in language; ineffable.^ 

unvarnished (un-var'nisht), adj. not 
varnished; without embellishment. 

unveil (un-val'), v.t, to take the veil 
from; to cause to be revealed. 

unwarranted (un-wor'an-ted), adj. 
without warrant; unauthorized; un- 
guaranteed. 

unwary (un-wa'ri), adj. incautious; 
careless. 

unwelcome (un-welHium), adj. not 
welcome. 

unwholesome (un-hol'sum), adj. not 
wholesome; unhealthy; detrimental. 

unwieldy (un-werdi), adj. difficult to 
move; awkward. 

unwitting (un-wit'ing), adj. not 
aware; without knowledge of. 

unwomanly (un-woom'an-li), adj. 
not becoming the female sex. ^ 

unwonted (un-wun'ted), adj. not 
common; strange; unaccustomed. 

unworldly (un-werld'h), adj. unsel- 
fish; beyond worldly consideration. 

unwritten (un-rit'n), n. not written; 
not statutory. 

unyielding (un-yeld'ing), adj. not 
yielding; obstinate. 

unyoke (un-yok'), v.t. to remove the 
yoke from; sever. 

up (up) , adv. on high ; above the hori- 
zon ; from a lower to a higher position. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



UPAS 



923 



URIM 



upas (u'pis), n, a tree, common in 
Java, with a poisonous juice. 

upbraid (up-brad'), v.t, to reproach. 

upbringing (up'bring-ing), n, bring- 
ing up; raising; rearing. 

upcast ('kast), adj, directed up- 
wards: n, the ventilating shaft of a 
mine through which the air passes 
after circulating below. 

upheaval (-hev'al), n. a lifting from 
below; a lifting of strata by some 
internal force. 

upheave (-hev'), v,L to lift up from 
beneath. 

upholster (-hol'ster), v.t. to supply 
with house-furnishings. 

upholsterer (-er), n, one who sup- 
plies upholstery. 

upholstery ('ter-i), n. the business 
of an upholsterer; articles of house- 
furnishing. 

upland-cotton (land-kot-un), n. 
cotton with a short fiber. 

uplift (up-liff), v.t, to hft up or ele- 
vate: 71. (up'lift), spiritual elevation. 

upon (-on'), prep, on; resting on the 
top or surface; relating to; noting 
assumption, security, or time. 

upper Cer), adj, higher in place, 
rank, or dignity. 

uppish Cish), adj, arrogant; assum- 
ing. 

upright ('rit), adj, erect; just; hon- 
est; equitable; elevation of a build- 
ing; timber supporting a rafter. 

uprising (up-rlz'ing), n. a popular 
movement against authority; a ris- 
ing up. 

uproar ('ror), n. noisy disturbance; 
bustle and clamor. 

uproarious (l-us), adj, making great 
noise and tumult. 

uproot (up-rootO, v.t. to take up by 
the roots; to eradicate. 

upset (-set'), v.t. to overthrow; put 
out of normal condition: n. (up'set) 
the act of upsetting; state of being 
upset: adj. fixed. 

upshot ('shot), n. final result. 

upstart ('start), n. one who suddenly 
rises from a humble position to 
wealth or influence: adj. suddenly 



raised to a position of wealth and 
influence. 

up-to-date (up-too-daf) , adj. in ac- 
cordance with the latest custom or 
fashion. 

uptown ^ ('toun), adj. situated in, or 
living in, the upper part of a town. 

upturn (-tern'), v.t. & v.i. to turn up. 

upwards ('werdz), adv. toward a 
higher place or source. Also up- 
ward. 

uraemia^ same as luremia. 

ursemic, same as uremic. 

uranin (u'ra-nin), n. a brownish-red 
dye. 

uranium (-ra'ni-um), n, a metallic 
element. 

uranography (-ra-nog'ra-fi), n. a 
description of the heavens, and the 
character and relation of the fixed 
stars; the construction of celestial 
maps, globes, &c. 

urao (oo-ra'o), n. a name for natron 
found in South America. 

urate ('rat), n. a salt of uric acid. 

urban (er'ban), adj. pertaining to a 
city or town. 

urbane C-ban'), adj. polite; refined. 

urbanity (-ban'i-ti), n. pohteness; 
refinement. 

urceolate (er'se-o-lat), adj. urn- 
shaped. 

urchin ('chin), n. a small boy; hedge- 
hog. 

urea (u're-§,), n. the chief soHd con- 
stituent of the urine of mammals. 

uremia (u-re'mi-^), n. poisoning of 
the blood by the presence of urea 
and other hurtful substances. 

uremic (-re'mik), adj. pertaining to 
uremia. 

urge (erj), v.t. to incite; impel; pro- 
voke: v.i. act with earnestness; in- 
sist upon; allege proofs. 

urgency ('en-si), n. pressure of ne- 
cessity; importunity. 

urgent Cent), adj. pressing; calling 
for immediate attention. 

uric acid (as 'id), n. a peculiar and 
characteristic substance found in 
urine. 

urim ('rim), n.pl. a mystic ornament 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think. th&iL, 



URINAL 



924 



UTOPIAN 



worn by the Jewish high priest, con- 
stituting, with the thummim, the 
oracle by which Jehovah declared 
his will. 

urinal ('ri-nal), n. a place of conven- 
ience. 

urinary ('ri-na-ri), adj, pertaining to, 
or like urine. 

urine Crin), n. the excretion from 
the kidneys. 

urinoscopy (u'ri-no-sko-pi), n. the 
diagnosis of disease by examination 
of the patient's urine. 

urn (ern), n. a roundish vessel of va- 
rious materials bulging in the middle, 
usually with a foot or pedestal; a 
vessel m which the ashes of the dead 
are preserved. 

urasol (u'ra-sol), n. common name of 
a specific for rheumatism, composed 
of sahcylic acid, acetic acid, and 
formaldehyde. 

urophanic (u--ro-f an'ik), ac^j. appear- 
ing in the urine. 

urosepsis (u-ro-sep'sis), n. a morbid 
condition resulting from the infil- 
tration of urine into the tissues. 

ursiform (er 'si-form), adj. bear-like. 

ursine ('sin), adj, pertaining to, or 
resembling, a bear. 

urubu (oo'roo-boo), n, the black vul- 
ture of Central America. 

us (us), pron. objective of we. 

usable (tiz'a-bl), adj, that can be 
used. 

usage ('aj), n. mode of using; treat- 
ment; habitual or long continued 
use or custom. 

usance ('ans), n. the time fixed for 
the payment of a bill of exchange. 

use (us), n. the act of using; applica- 
tion oi anything to a particular pur- 
pose; employment; custom or prac- 
tice; treatment: v.t.^ (uz) to make 
use of; employ; avail one's self of; 
possess or enjoy for a time; habitu- 
ate: vd, to be accustomed. 

useful ('fool), adj. full of use, profit, 
or advantage; oeneficial. 

usefully (-i), adv. in a useful manner. 

useless ('les), adj, having, or being 
of, no use. 



usher (ush'er), n. a doorkeeper; an 
officer who introduces strangers or 
walks before persons of rank; as- 
sistant master: v.t. to introduce or 
escort (with in or forth) . 

usual (u'zhu-al), adj, habitual; cus- 
tomary. 

usually (-i), adv. ordinarily. 

usufruct ('zu-frukt), n. the tempo- 
rary use and enjoyment of lands and 
tenements belonging to another. 

usurer ('zhur-er), n. one who lends 
money at an exorbitant rate of in- 
terest. 

usurious (-zhoo'ri-us), adj, practic- 
ing usury. 

usurp (-zerp'), v.t. to take possession 
of by force, or without right; applied 
to seizure and use of office, functions, 
powers, rights, &c. 

usurpation (-zer-pa'shun), n. the act 
of usurping, especially the unlawful 
seizure of regal power. 

usurper (-zerp'er), n. one who usurps. 

usury ('zhu-ri), n. interest on money 
beyond the current rate of interest; 
practice of lending money at exorbi- 
tant interest. ^ 

utensil (-ten'sil), n. an implement, 
especially one used for domestic or 
culinary purposes. 

uterine ('ter-in), adj, pertaining to 
the womb ; born of the same mother, 
but by a different father. 

uterus ('ter-us), n, the womb. 

utilitarian (-til-i-ta'ri-an), adj, per- 
taining to, or aiming at, utility: n. 
one who holds the doctrine of utili- 
tarianism. 

utilitarianism (-izm), n, the doc- 
trine that virtue is defined and en- 
forced by its tendency to promote 
the highest happiness of mankind. 

utility (-tiri-ti), n. usefulness; in- 
trinsic value. 

utilize ('til-iz), v.t, to make useful or 
profitable. 

utmost (ut'most), adj. in the greatest 
degree; most distant; furthest; ex- 
treme: n. the extreme Hmit or extent. 

Utopian (u-to'pi-an), n. pertaining 
to the imaginary island, described by 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



UTOPIANISM 



925 



UXORIOUS 



Sir Thomas More in his ^TTtopia," 
where the most perfect system of 
laws and institutions existed: hence 
ideal; visionary. 

Utopianism (-izm), n, ideal schemes 
for social happiness or perfection. 

utter (ut'er), adj. entire; absolute; 
unqualified; total: v.t. to speak; pro- 
nounce; pubhsh abroad; circulate, 
especially counterfeit coins or notes. 

utterance (-ans), n. vocal expression; 
speech; style of speaking. 

uttermost ('er-most), adj. extreme; in 
the furthest, greatest, or highest de- 
gree: n. the furthest extent or degree. 



uvea (u've-a), n. the posterior, darfe- 

colored layer of the iris. 
uvula ('vu-1^), n. the fleshy, conical 

body, attached to the soft palate, 

hanging at the back part of the 

tongue. 
uvular ('vu-li;r), adj, pertaining to 

the uvula. 
uvulitis (u-vu-li'tis) ^ n. inflammation 

of the uvula or soft palate. 
uvulotomy (u-vti-lot'o-mi), n. the 

operation of removing the uvula 

wholly or in part. 
uxorious (uk-so'ri-us), adj. foolishly 

or excessively fond of a w^ife. 



ate, arm, Ssk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, th&ou 



V 



V, the twenty-second letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet; the chemical symbol 
for vanadium. 

vacancy (va'Mn-si), w. [pi, vacan- 
cies (-siz) ], state of being vacant or 
empty; listlessness; unoccupied of- 
fice; open or unoccupied space. 

vacant ('kant), adj. empty; free from 
thought or reflection; not occupied. 

vacate ('kat), v.t. to make vacant; 
annul; give up the possession of. 

vacation (-ka'shun), n. the act of 
vacating; intermission of a stated 
employment, or judicial proceed- 
ings; school holidays. 

vaccinal ^ (vak'si-nal), adj. pertaining 
to vaccine or vaccination. 

vaccinate ('si-nat), v.t. to inoculate 
with vaccine matter as a protection 
against smallpox. 

vaccination (-na'shun), n. act of 
vaccinating. 

vaccinator ('si-na-ter), n. one who 
vaccinates. 

vaccine ('sin), adj. pertaining to, or 
obtained from cows; caused by the 
cowpox: n. a liquid taken from the 
udder of a cow affected with cow- 
pox; a therapeutic virus prepared by 
cultivating disease-germs and then 
killing them with heat: the method 
is largely due to Sir Almorth Wright, 
and his anti-typhoid vaccine is a 
typical example. 

vaccinetherapy (vak'sin-ther'a-pi) , 
n. the treatment of disease for pre- 
vention or cure by the modern vac- 
cine method. 

vacillate (vas'il-at), v.i. to fluctuate in 
mind or opinion; be unsteady; waver. 

vacillation (-a'shun), n. fluctuation 
of mind; unsteadiness. 



vacuity (v§,-ku'i-ti), n. emptiness; 

vacant state of mind or expression. 
vacuole (vak'u-ol), n. a small cell or 

cavity in the interior of organic cells 

or protoplasm. 
vacuous ('us), adj. empty; vacant. 
vacuum ('u-um), n. a space devoid 

of all matter; void. 
vade mecum (va'de me'kum), L. go 

with me. 
vagabond (vag'a-bond), adj. without 

fixed habitation; roaming; idle: n. 

a vagrant; scamp. 
vagary (va-ga'ri), n. {pi. vagaries 

('riz) ], a wild freak; whim. 
vagina (-ji'na), n. the canal which 

leads from the external orifice to the 

uterus; sheath. 
vaginal (vaj'i-nal), adj. pertaining 

to, or hke, a vagina or sheath. 
vaginate ('i-nat), adj. invested with 

a sheath. 
vagrancy (va'gran-si), n. a state of, 

wandering without a settled home; 

habits and life of a vagrant. 
vagrant ('grant), adj. wandering 

from place to place without a settled 

home: n. a tramp. 
vague (vag), adj. indefinite; unset- 
tled. 
vaguely ('li), adv. in a vague man- 
ner. 
vagueness ('nes), n. the state or 

quality of being vague. 
vails (valz), n.pl. gratuities given to 

servants. 
vain (van), adj. [comp. vainer, su- 

perl, vainest], empty; unreal; de- 
ceitful; producing no good results; 

conceited; ostentatious. 
vainglorious (-glo'ri-us), adj. elated 

by one's achievements; boastful. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(926) 



VALANCE 



927 



VANE 



valance (val'ILns), n. hanging dra 
pery for a bed, window, &c. 

vale (val), n, a tract of low land be- 
tween hills; valley. 

valedictory (-dik'to'ri), adj, bidding 
farewell. 

valence (valens), n, the degree of 
combining power of an atom. 

Valenciennes (va-len-si-enz'), Ti, a 
rich kind of lace. 

valentia (-len'shi-S,), n. a waistcoat 
material. Also Valencia. 

valentine (val'en-tin), n. a sweet- 
heart chosen on St. Valentine's day; 
love missive sent on February 14th. 

valerian (va-le'ri-i,n), n. a plant of 
the genus Valeriana, with a valua- 
ble medicinal root. 

valet (vaFa), n. a servant who at- 
tends on a gentleman's person: v.t, 
to act as valet to. 

valetudinarian (-e-tu-di-na'ri-in) , 
adj. sickly; seeking to recover 
health: n, an invahd. 

Valhalla (-hal'^), n. in Scandina- 
vian mythology, the palace of immor- 
tahty, in which the souls of heroes 
slain in battle dwell. 

valiant ('y^t), adj. brave; heroic. 

valid ('id), adj, having legal force; 
not weak or defective; soimd; well- 
grounded. 

validity (v§rlid'i-ti), n. legal force; 
soundness; strength; justness. 

valise (vales'), n. small portman- 
teau. 

vallation (-la'shun), n. a rampart. 

valley (vaFi), n. [pL valleys (Iz) ], a 
tract of land situated between ranges 
of hills or mountains, usually trav- 
ersed by a river. 

vallisneria (-is-ne'ri-§,), n. a fresh- 
water plant. 

valonia (v^-lo'ni-§,), n. a trade name 
for the large acorn-cups of two 
kinds of oak. 

valor (val'er), n. bravery; intrepid- 
ity. 

valorous ('er-us), adj. brave; in- 
trepid. 

valuable (fu-h-hl), adj. possessing 
useful qualities; having value or 



worth; costly: n. ?. thing or posses- 
sion of value. 

valuate (val'u-at), v.t. to appraise as 
to value. 

valuation (-u-a'shun), n. the act of 
valuing; estimated worth or price; 
estimation. 

value Cu), n. that which renders 
anything useful or estimable; price; 
importance; excellence: v.t, to esti- 
mate the worth of; appraise; es- 
teem. 

valued ('ud), adj. highly esteemed or 
prized. 

valve (valv), n. a Hd or cover open- 
ing in one direction and shutting in 
another; one of. the divisions of a 
shell. 

vamose (v^-mos'), v.i. to decamp. 

vamp (vamp), n. the upper leather of 
a boot or shoe; a piece added to 
something old to give it a new ap- 
pearance; an improvised accom- 
paniment: v.t. to furnish with an 
upper leather; patch (with tip); im- 
provise an accompaniment to. 

vampire (vam'pir), n. a fabled de- 
mon or gnost that sucks the blood of 
persons asleep; a kind of bat. 

van (van), n. the front of an army or 
fleet; a large covered wagon for 
moving household goods, &c. 

vanadium (v^n-ad'i-um), n. a rare 
metallic element. 

vanadium steel (van-ad 'i-um-st el), 
n. a kind of steel in which the metal 
vanadium takes the place of carbon 
wholly or in part. 

Vandal (van'dal), n. one of a Teu- 
tonic race inhabiting the south 
shores of the Baltic, noted for their 
fierceness and destruction of works 
of art, when plundering Rome, 5th 
century. 

vandal (van'dal), n. one who is hos- 
tile to art or literature; one who 
ruthlessly destroys what is artistic 
or venerable. 

vandalism (-izm), n. hostility to 
works of art or literature; wanton 
destruction of what is artistic, &c. 

vane (van), n. a weather-cock. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, norths not; boon> 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



VANG 



928 



VASCULAR 



vang (Vang), n. a rope for steadjdng 
the extremity of the peak of a gaff 
to the side of a ship. 

Vanessa (va-nes'sa), n, one of a spe- 
cies of handsome butterflies. 

vanguard (van'gard), n> the advance 
guard of an army. 

vanilla (va-nii'a), n. the dried fruit 
of an orchid, used for flavoring. 

vanish (van'ish), v.i, to disappear. 

vanity ('i-ti), n. [pL vanities (-tiz) ], 
love of indiscriminate admiration; 
empty pride or conceit; fruitless de- 
sire or endeavor; idle show; empti- 
ness. 

vanning ('ing), n. a method of 
cleansing ore. . 

vanquish (vang'kwish),^ v.L to con- 
quer; subdue; refute in argument. 

vantage ('taj), ?i. advantage; in lawn 
tennis, the first point after deuce. 

vapid (vap'id), adj, duU; insipid. 

vapidity (v§,-pid'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being vapid. 

vapor (va'per), n. the gas into which 
most liquids and solids are converted 
by heat; steam; mist; whim: pi, 
hysteria; melanchoha: vd, to pass 
off in vapor; bully. 

vapor-dust (va'por-dust), n, infini- 
tesimal globules of water in the air 
not visible as a fog or haze. 

vaporize (va'per-iz), v,L to convert 
nto vapor. 

vapor- jacket (va'por-jak'et), n, a 
glass jacket about the bulb of a gas 
thermometer for testing the prop- 
erties of liquids at definite tempera- 
tures. 

vaporous ('per-us), adj. full of, or 
like, vapor; unreal. 

vapory (-i), adj. full of vapors. 

vaquero (va-ka'ro), n. a herdsman 
[Mexican]. 

variability (va-ri-^-biri-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being variable; 
changeableness. Also variableness. 

variable ('ri-a-bl), adj. changeable; 
inconstant; fickle. 

variably (-bli), adv, in a variable 
manner. 

variance ('ri-^ns), n. difference; quarrel. 



variant ('ri-§,nt), adj. variable; dif- 
ferent: n. a different form of sub- 
stantially the same thing. 

variate ('ri-at), v.t. to diversffy. 

variation (-ri-a'shun), n. partia- 
change; difference; inflection; devi- 
ation of the magnetic needle from 
the true north; tendency in organt 
isms produced by the same parenls 
to vary slightly. 

varicella (var-i-sera), n. chicken- 
pox. 

varicocele ('i-ko-sel), ?i. a swelling 
of the veins of the scrotum or of the 
spermatic cord. 

varicose ('i-kos), adj. abnormally 
swollen or enlarged: said of veins. 

varied (va'rid), adj. altered; partial- 
ly changed; various. 

variegate (va'ri-e-gat), v.t. to mark 
with different colors or tints; di- 
versify. 

variegation (-ga'shun), n. diversity 
of colors. 

variety (-ri'e-ti), n, [pi. varieties 
(-tiz) ], intermixture or succession 
of different things; variation; di- 
versity; change; subdivision or pe- 
culiar form of a species. 

variola (va-ri'o-1^) , n. smallpox. 

variorum (va-ri-o'rum), adj. noting 
an edition of a book with the notes 
of various commentators. 

various ('ri-us), adj. different; sev- 
eral. 

varix ('riks), n. dilatation of a vein. 

varlet (var'let), n. formerly a serv- 
ant, footman or page; a scoundrel. 

varnish ('nish), n. a viscid, resinous 
liquid used for giving a gloss to 
wood or metal work: v.t. to cover 
with varnish; give a gloss to or 
over; palHate. 

varus (va'rus), n. a variety of club- 
foot. 

vary (va'ri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. varied, 
p.pr, varying], to change; make of 
different kinds; alter: v.i. to under- 
go a change; alternate; swerve; dis- 
agree. 

vascular (vas'ku-ler), adj. consisting 
of, or containing, vessels as part of a 



ate, arm, i,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



VASE 



929 



VEHICLE 



structure of animal and vegetable 
organisms. 

vase (vas or vaz), n. sl vessel for va- 
rious purposes, especially one of an- 
tique or ornamental pattern. 

vasectomize (va-sek'to-miz), v.t. to 
render sterile by an operation that 
does not involve castration. 

vasectomy (va-sek'to-mi), n. excision 
of the sperm duct to produce ster- 
ility, an operation sometimes per- 
formed on habitual criminals or de- 
fectives to present them from 
breeding. 

vaseline (vas'e-lin), n, petroleum jelly. 

vasoconstriction (vas'o-kon-strik' 
shon), n, contraction of the blood 
vessels. 

vasodilation (vas'o-dil-a-ta'shon), n. 
dilatation of the blood vessels. 

vassal CM), n. a feudal tenant; 
bondman: adj. servile. 

vassalage (-aj), n. the state of being 
a vassal; political servitude; vassals 
collectively; territory held in vassal- 
age. Also vassalry. 

vast (v^st), adj. of great extent; 
great in number or degree; ver>^ spa- 
cious; immense: n. boundless space; 
empty waste; sea. 

vat (vat), n. a large tub or vessel, es- 
pecially one used for brewing or 
leather making. 

Vatican ('i-k^n), n. the palace of 
the Pope at Rome; the Papal au- 
thority. 

Vaticanism (-izm),n. ultramontanism. 

vaudeville (vod'vil), n. a light, gay, 
or topical song; a short drama with 
comic songs; miscellaneous theatri- 
cals. 

vault (vawlt), n. an arched roof; cel- 
lar; prison; cavern; tomb of ma- 
sonry; sky; leap: v.t. to shape as a 
vault; arch: v.i. to leap, spring, or 
bound; exhibit feats of leaping. 

vaulted ('ed), adj arched; concave. 

vaunt (vant or vawnt), v.i. to boast: 
v.t. to brag of; display boastfully: 
n. a boast; vain display. 

vaunting ('ing), n. vainglorious 
boasting. 



vauntlay (la), n. hounds suddenly 
turned off to precede the rest of the 
kennel. 

Veadar (ve'&-dar), n. the 13th or 
intercalary month of the Jewish 
calendar. 

veal (vel), n. calf s flesh. 

vector (vek'ter), n. a directive quan- 
tity, as a straight line, force, or 
velocity. 

Veda (va'd^), n. [pi. vedas ('diz) ], 
one of the four oldest sacred books 
or collection of hymns of the Hin- 
dus, of great antiquity, the basis of 
Brahmanism. 

Vedanta (-dan'tS.), n. a Hindu sys- 
tem of philosophy based on the Vedas. 

vedette (ve-def), n. a mounted senti- 
nel. Also vidette. 

veer (ver), v.i. to change direction, as 
the wind; wear: v.t. to turn; direct 
to a different course. 

vegetable (vej'e-t^-bl), adj. pertain- 
ing to, having the nature of, pro- 
duced by, or consisting of, plants: 
n. a plant deriving its nourishment 
from the earth by means of roots; 
a plant or root cultivated for the 
table, &c. 

vegetarian (-ta'ri-in), n. one who 
abstains from a meat diet and lives 
on fruit, vegetables, or farinaceous 
food: adj. pertaining to vegetarians 
or vegetarianism. 

vegetarianism (-izm), n. the theory 
and practice of hving as a vegeta- 
rian. 

vegetate ('e-tat), v.i. to grow as a 
plant; live a useless, indolent life. 

vegetation (-ta'shun), n. plants or 
vegetables collectively. 

vegetative ('e-ta-tiv), adj. growing 
or having the power of growing, as 
plants. 

vehemence (ve'he-mens), n. impetu- 
osity; violent ardor; animated fer- 
vor. Also vehemency. 

vehement ('he-ment), adj. very vio- 
lent or forcible; passionate; ardent; 
energetic. 

vehicle (ve'hi-kl), n. any kind of 
carriage or conveyance; a medium 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then, 

D Ic. 59 



VEHICULAR 



930 



VENGEANCE 



vehicular (-hik'u-l^r), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or serving as, a vehicle. 

veil (val), n. a covering more or less 
transparent for the face; curtain or 
covering for concealment:^ v.t, to 
cover with, or as with, a veil; hide; 
conceal. 

vein ^ (van), n. one of the vessels 
which convey blood from the arteries 
to the heart; branching rib of a 
leaf; seam of rock filled with me- 
tallic or mineral matter ;^ train of 
thought; particular disposition, 
genius, or style: v.t, to fill or cover 
with, or as with, veins. 

velnous ('us), ac^y. full of or pro- 
vided with veins. 

velarium (ve-la'ri-um), n, the great 
awning stretched over open theaters 
in ancient Rome. Also velum. 

veldt (velt), n. open coimtry [South 
Africa]. ^ Also veld. 

vellum (vel'um), n, fine parchment. 

velocipede (ve-los'i-ped), n. a light 
carriage propelled by the feet: the 
original form of the bicycle. 

velocity ('i-ti), n. [yl. velocities 
(-tiz) ], speed; rate of movement of 
a body. 

velodrome (vel'o-drom) , n. a race- 
course, usually for bicycles; also 
a hollow cone in which to exhibit 
feats of bicycle riding. 

velograph (vel'o-graf), n. a speedom- 
eter that also records the number 
and duration of stops of the vehicle. 

veloure (vel-oor'), n, a dress fabric 
similar to plush, but with shorter nap. 

veloute (ve-loo'ta), n. a rich white 
sauce. 

velutinous (-lu'ti-nus), adj, velvetv; 
soft. 

velvet (vel'vet), n. a silk fabric with 
short, close, soft nap; fine down on 
the horns of young deer. 

velveteen (-en'), n. imitation velvet. 

venal (ve'n§,l), adj. that may be 
bought, or bribed; mercenary; of or 
pertaining to the veins. 

venality (-nal'i-ti), n, prostitution of 
talents or services for money or re- 
ward. 



venation (ve-na'shun), n. the ar- 
rangement of veins in a leaf, or in- 
sect's wing. 

vend (vend), ?;.^. to sell; offer for sale. 

vendace (ven'das), n. a small sal- 
monoid fish. 

vendee (-de'), n. the buyer. 

Vendemiaire (vang-de-mi-ar'), n. a 
month in the calendar of the French 
Revolution, covering a period from 
September 22 to October 31. 

vendetta (ven-det'^), n. a kind ot 
blood-feud. 

vendible (ven'di-bl), adp, salable. 

vendor ('der),n. the seller. Also vender. 

veneer (ve-ner'), v.t, to overlay with 
a thin slice of ornamental or more 
valuable wood: hence give a gloss to : 
n. a thin strip of superior wood for 
overlaying; outside show; pretense. 

venene (ve-nen'), n, the active toxin 
of snake venom. Also spelled venine. 

venenific (ven-e-nif'ik), adj, relating 
to the production of poison. 

venerable (ven'er-i-bl), adj, worthy 
of being venerated or reverenced; 
rendered sacred by religious or lofty 
associations; title of an archdeacon. 

venerate ('er-at),^ v.t, to esteem as 
sacred; regard with the highest re- 
spect; revere. 

veneration (-a'shun), n, the highest 
degree of respect and reverence; re- 
spect associated with awe. 

venereal (ve-ne're-M), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or arising from, sexual inter- 
course; aphrosidiac. 

venery (ven'er-i), n. sexual inter- 
course; hunting. 

venesection (ve-ne-sek'shun), n, the 
operation of opening a vein; phle- 
botomy. 

Venetian (-ne'shdn), adj, pertaining 
to Venice or its inhabitants. 

Venetian-blind (-bhnd), n. a win- 
dow-blind formed of long thin slats 
of wood. 

Venetian-door (-dor), n, a door with 
long narrow side-lights. 

vengeance (venj'ans), n. the inflic- 
tion of pain on another for an in- 
jury received. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



VENGEFUL 



931 



VERGE 



vengeful ('fool), adj. vindictive; re- 
tributive. 

vengefully (-i), adv, in a vengeful 
spirit. 

venial (ve'ni-M), adj. pardonable. 

venially (-i), adv. pardonably. 

venison (ven'zn), n. deer's flesh. 

venom ('um), n. poison introduced 
into the system by a bite or sting; 
spite. 

venomous (-us), adj. full of venom; 
poisonous; malignant; spiteful. 

venous (ve'nus), adj. pertaining to, 
contained in, or consisting of, veins. 

vent (vent), n. a small opening for 
the escape of air, &c.; chimney-flue; 
outlet; rectum; utterance: v.t. to 
give an opening to. 

ventilate (ven'ti-lat), v.t. to open to 
the free passage of air; expose to 
free discussion. 

ventilation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
ventilating; state of being venti- 
lated; free discussion. 

ventilator ('ti-la-ter), n. a contriv- 
ance for regulating the free admis- 
sion of air. 

Ventose (vang-tosO, n. a month in the 
calendar of the French Revolution 
extending from Feb. 19 to March 20. 

ventral (ven'trM), adj. pertaining to 
the belly. 

ventricle ('tri-kl), n. a small. cavity 
in an animal body. 

ventriloquism (-triFo-kwizm) , n. the 
act or art of speaking as from 
another source than the voice. 

ventriloquist (-kwist), n. one who 
practices ventriloqiusm. 

venture ('tur), n. an undertaking of 
chance or danger; risk; speculation: 
v.t. to risk; send on a venture: v.i. 
to dare. 

venturesome (-tur'sum), adj. in- 
trepid; rash. Also venturous. 

venturesomeness (-nes), n. intre- 
pidity; rashness. 

venturine (vent'ur-in), n. a powder 
made of fine gold wire: used for 
japanning. 

venue (ven'u), n. the place where an 
action in law is laid. 



veracious (ve-ra'shus), adj. truth* 
ful; true. 

veracity (-ras'i-ti), n. truthfulness; 
truth. 

veranda (-ran 'da), n. a kind of cov- 
ered balcony or open portico sup- 
ported by Hght pillars. Also veran- 
dah. 

verb^ (verb), n. that part of speech 
which signifies to be, to do, or to 
suffer. 

verbal ('il), adj. expressed in words; 
oral; literal: n. a noun derived from 
a verb. 

verbalism (-izm), n. something ex- 
pressed verbially. 

verbally (-i), adv. oraUy; verbatim. 

verbatim (ver-ba'tim) , adv. word for 
word. 

Verbena (-be'ni), n. a genus of orna- 
mental fragrant plants. 

verbiage ('bi-aj), n. verbosity. 

verbose (-bos'), adj. wordy; prolix. 

verbosely ('h), adv. with verbosity. 

verbosity (-bos'i-ti), n. the use of 
more words than are necessary. Also 
verboseness. 

verdancy' ('d&n-si), n. greenness; in- 
experience. 

verdant ^ ('dS.nt), adj. green; fresh; 
inexperienced; gullible. 

verd-antique (verd-an-tek'), n. a 
green incrustation on ancient copper 
and brass corns; a beautiful mottled 
marble. 

verderer (ver'der-er), n. an English 
official who has charge of the royal 
forests. 

verdict ('dikt), n. the finding of a 
jury on a trial; judgment; decision. 

verdigris ('di-gres), n. the blue-green 
substance which forms on copper or 
brass: used as a pigment. 

verditer ('di-ter), n. a blue or green 
pigment. 

verdure ('dur), n. freshness of vege- 
tation. 

verge (verj), n. a rod, mace, &c., car- 
ried as an emblem of authority; 
shaft of a column; spindle of a 
watch-balance; border or limit: v.i. 
to approach or come near. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



VERGER 



932 



VERTU 



verger ('er), n. a sword or mace 
bearer; an official who has care of 
the interior of an English cathedral. 

verifiable (ver'i-fi-a-bl), adj. capable 
of being verified. 

verification (-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
act of proving to be true; confirma- 
tion; state of being verified. 

verify ('i-fi), v.L [p.L & p,p, verified, 
p.pr, verifying], to prove to be true; 
fulfil. 

verily ('i-li), adv. in truth; certainly. 

verisimilitude (-i-si-miri-tud), n. 
the appearance of truth; probability. 

veritable ('i-ta-bl), adj. true; genuine. 

verity ('i-ti), n, [pi. verities (-tiz) ], 
agreement with fact; truth; reality. 

verjuice (ver'joos), n. an acid liquor 
expressed from unripe grapes, ap- 
ples, &c.: hence sourness; tartness. 

vermicelli (-mi-seri), n. the stiff 
paste or dough of fine flour made 
into tubes. 

vermicular (-mik'u-lar), adj. worm- 
like. Also vermiform. 

vermifuge (^mi-fuj), n. a medicine 
or substance to expel or destroy 
worms from or in the body. Also 
vermicide. 

vermilion (-mil'yun). n. a brilliant 
red pigment: v.t. to color or dye with 
vermihon, ^ 

vermin ('min), n. noxious small ani- 
mals or insects, as rats, fleas, &c.; 
low, despicable persons. 

vermuth ('mooth), n. a liqueur of 
absinthe, aromatic herbs, &c., for 
creating an appetite. 

vernacular (-nak'u-ler), adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, one's 
native country or language: n. na- 
tive idiom. 

vernal ('nal), adj. pertaining to, or 
appearing in, the spring. 

vernier ('ni-er), n. a graduated scale 
that subdivides the smallest divi- 
sions on a straight or circular scale. 

veronal (ver'o-nal), n. a product of 
coal-tar used in medicine. 

versatile ('sa-til), adj. turning with ease 
from one thing, subject, or opinion 
to another; many-sided; variable. 



versatility (-til'i-ti), n. quality of 

being versatile. 

verse (vers), n. a measured line of 
poetry; stanza; poetry; short divi- 
sion of any composition, especially 
of the chapters of the Bible; part of 
an anthem for performance by a 
single voice to each part. 

versed (verst), adj skilled; convers- 
ant. 

versicle (ver'si-kl), n. a little verse; 
short verse or text sung by priest 
and people alternately. 

versification (ver-si-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the art or practice of composing 
metrical verses. 

versifier ('si-fi-er), n. a composer of 
verses. 

version ('shun), n. a translation from 
one language into another; particular 
account or description. 

verst (verst), n. the Russian mile = 
3,500 EngUsh feet. 

versus (ver'sus), prep, against [Latin]. 

vertebra ('te-bra), n. [pi. vertebras 
(-bre) ], a single bone of the spinal 
column. 

vertebral ('te-bril), adj. pertaining 
to, or forming part of, the vertebrae. 

Vertebrata (-bra'ta), n.pl. one of 
the great divisions of the animal 
kingdom, including those ^ animals 
which have a bony or cartilaginous 
backbone. 

vertebrate ('te-brat), adj. belonging 
to the Vertebrata: n. one of the 
Vertebrata. 

vertex ('teks), n. [pi. vertices ('ti- 
sez) ], the top, summit, or crown; 
apex; zenith; point in any figure, 
opposite to, and most distant from, 
the base. 

vertical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated at, the vertex; directly 
overhead ; perpendicular to the plane 
of the horizon. 

vertically (-i), adv. perpendicularly. 

verticil ('ti-sil), n. a whorl. Also 
verticel. 

vertigo ('ti-go), n. giddiness. 

vertu ('too), n. artistic skill: hence 
works of art, curios, &c. (Italian). 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



VERVAIN 



933 



VIATICUM 



vervain (Van), n. a plant of the 
genus Verbena: formerly supposed 
to possess magical properties and 
used in medicine. 

verve (verv), n. the enthusiasm which 
animates a poet or artist; spirit; 
energy. 

very (ver'i), adj, [comp. verier, su^ 
perL veriest], real; actual; true: 
adv, extremely. 

vesication (ves-i-ka'shun), n. the 
process of raising blisters on the skin. 

vesicatory ('i-kirto-ri), adj. raising 
bhsters. 

vesicle ('i-kl), n, a bladder-like vessel 
or ca^dty; cyst; sac. 

vesicular (-ik'u-ler), adj, consisting 
of vesicles; full of interstices. 

Vesper Cper), n, the evening star; 
Venus when appearing after simset; 
evening. 

vespers (ves'perz), n.pl. the 6th hour 
of the Roman Breviary; evening 
songs. 

vessel ('el), n. a utensil for holding 
something, esoecially liquids; hollow 
structure made to float on water; 
ship; tube or canal in which the 
fluids of a body are contained; in- 
strument; recipient. 

vest (vest), n. waistcoat; body gar- 
ment, usually with short sleeves: 
t.t, to clothe with, or as with, a gar- 
ment; invest closely; give fixed right 
of possession. 

vesta (ves't^), n. a ^n^x match. 

vestal Ct&l), adj, pertaining to, or 
sacred to, the Roman goddess Vesta; 
chaste; pure: n, a virgin; nun. 

vestal virgins (ver'jinz), n.pl. the 6 
virgin priestesses who tended the 
sacred fire on the altar of the temple 
of Vesta, at Rome. 

vested (ves'ted), adj, clothed; fixed. 

vestibule^ ('ti-bOl), n. porch or en- 
trance into a house; small bony 
cavity of the ear. 

vestige ('tij), n, a mark left in pass- 
ing; track; remains of something 
pre-existent. 

vestment (vest'ment), n, a garment, 
especially a priestly garment; dress. 



vestry (ves'tri), n. [pi. vestries ('triz) ], 
a room in a church where ecclesias- 
tical vestments, &c., are kept and 
parochial meetings held; meeting of 
parishioners for parish business. 

vestryman (-man), n. [pi. vestry- 
men (-men) ], a member of a vestry 
elected by the parishioners. 

vesture ('ttir), n. clothing; covering. 

vetch (vech), n. a common name for 
leguminous plants used for green 
fodder, as tares. 

veteran (vet'er-an), adj. long exer- 
cised or experienced, especially in 
military life : n. one thus experienced. 

veteranize (-iz), v.i. to re-enhst. 

veterinarian (vet-er-i-na'ri-an), n. 
one who practices the art of heahng 
diseases and injuries of domestic 
animals. 

veterinary ('er-i-na-ri), a^j. pertain- 
ing to the art of healing the diseases 
of domestic animals, as horses, &c. 

veto (ve'to), n. [pi. vetoes (-toz) ], 
the right of stopping or preventing 
the enactment of a law; authorita- 
tive prohibition: v.t. to reject by 
veto; refuse assent to; prohibit. 

vex (veks), v.t. to irritate by small 
annoyances or provocations; harass; 
tease; agitate. 

vexation (-a 'shun), n. the act of vex- 
ing; state of being vexed; annoy- 
ance; worry. 

vexatious ('shus), adj. causing vex- 
ation; annoying; troublesome; har- 
assing. 

vexed (vekst), adj. much debated or 
contested, but not settled. 

vexing ('ing), p. adj. annoying; pro- 
voking. 

via (vi'^), adv. by way of [Latin]. 

viaduct ('i-dukt), n. an arched struc- 
ture for conveying a railway, road, 
&c., over low ground. 

vial C^), n. a small glass bottle or 
vessel: v.t. to put in a vial. Also 
phial. 

viands ('andz), n.pl. dressed meat; 
food. 

viaticum (-at'i-kum), n. the Euchar- 
ist administered in the Roman 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



VIBRANT 



934 



VIEW 



Catholic Church to a person in 
danger of death. 

vibrant ('brant), adj. vibrating; res- 
onant. 

vibrate ('brat), v.i, to move back- 
wards and forwards; oscillate; shake; 
quiver; swing; waver: v.L to cause 
to quiver. 

vibration (-bra'shun), n. the act of 
vibrating; oscillation; resonance. 

vibratory ('bra-to-ri), adj, consisting 
in, or causing, vibrations. 

vicar (vik'er), n, a deputy; incum- 
bent of an appropriated benefice, 
who receives the small tithes. 

vicarage (-aj), n. the benefice, or 
residence, of a vicar. 

vicar-apostolic (ap-o-stol'ik), n. in 
the Roman Catholic Church a mis- 
sionary bishop with powers direct 
from the Pope. 

vicar-general (-jen'er-al), n. the as- 
sistant of a bishop, who assists him 
in ecclesiastical suits and visitations. 

vicarious (vi-ka'ri-us), adj. substi- 
tuted, or performed, in the place of 
another. 

vice (vis), n. a fault, defect, or blem- 
ish; immoral practice or habit; de- 
pravity; immorality; a vise. 

vice, yrefix meaning in place of, 
second in rank. 

vicegerent (-je'rent), n. one deputed 
by superior authority to exercise the 
functions of another. 

vice-president (vis-prez'i-dent), n. 
one who acts in place of a president 
in case of the absence, death or dis- 
abiHty of the latter. 

viceregal (-re'gal), adj. pertaining to 
a viceroy. 

viceroy ('roi), n. a governor of a 
country ruling in the name and by 
the authority of the sovereign. 

viceroyalty ('al-ti), n. the office, dig- 
nity, or jurisdiction of a viceroy. 

vice versa (vi'se-ver'sa), adj. phrase 
from the Latin meaning "to the 
contrary''; conversely. 

Vichy water (ve'shi waw'ter), n. a 
mineral effervescent water. 

vicinage (vis'i-naj), n. a neighborhood. 



vicinity (-vis-in'i-ti), n. neamess in 
place; proximity. 

vicious (vish'us), adj. characterized 
by vice or blemish; faulty; corrupt 
in moral principles or conduct; un- 
ruly; spiteful. 

vicissitude (vi-sis'i-tud), n. change. 

victim (vik'tim), n. a living being, 
usually some animal, sacrificed to a 
deity; some person or thing de- 
stroyed or injured in the pursuit of 
some object, or by some accident; 
dupe. 

victimize (-iz), v.t. to make a victim 
of; swindle. 

victor Cter), n. conqueror; one who 
wins or gains an advantage. FemV' 
nine victoress. 

victoria (-to'ri-S.), n. a kind of car- 
riage for two persons. 

victorine (-to-ren'), n. a small fur 
tippet. 

victorium (-to'ri-um), n. a recently 
discovered element. 

victorious (-to-ri-us), adj. having 
conquered in battle or contest; em- 
blematic of victory; triumphant. 

victory ('to-ri), n, [pi. victories 
(-riz) ], the defeat of an enemy in 
battle, or an antagonist in a 
contest. 

victual (vitl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vict- 
ualed, p.pr. victualing], to supply 
or store with provisions for food: 
n.pl. food; meat. 

victualer ('l-er), n. one who provides 
food; the keeper of a house of enter- 
tainment. 

vicuna (vi-koon'y^), n. an animal of 
Mexico and Chili, allied to the llama, 
furnishing a fine, long, reddish wool. 

vide (vi'de), v.t. see [Latin]. 

videlicet (vi=del'i-set), adv. to wit* 
namely [Latin]. 

vidette, same as vedette. 

vie^ (vi), v.i. to strive for superiority; 
rival; endeavor. 

Viennese (ve-en-ez), adj. pertaining 
to Vienna or to its inhabitants. 

view (vu), v.t. to look upon; see; re- 
gard attentively; survey mentally; 
examine intellectually; consider: n. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, tken* 



VIGIL 



935 



VIN-ORDINAIRE 



the act of seeing; prospect; survey; 
purpose; mental or intellectual per- 
ception; sketch or picture; judg- 
ment; opinion. 

vigil (vij'il), n, sl watching; devotion 
in the usual hours of sleeping; eve 
preceding a feast of the Church. 

vigilance (^i-lans), n, watchfulness; 
caution. 

vigilance committee (kom-it'e), n. 
an organization of men banded to- 
gether for purposes of protection to 
property and life in a new commu- 
nity where the law is inoperative. 

vigilant ('i-lant), adj, attentive to 
discover and avoid danger; alert; 
cautious. 

vignette (vin-yef), n, a small en- 
graving not enclosed by a definite 
border; a portrait of the head and 
bust only. 

vigor ('er), n, physical or mental 
strength and energy; force. 

vigorous ('er-us), adj, full of physi- 
cal or mental strength and energ^^; 
robust; forcible. 

vihara (vi-ha'ra), n. a Buddhist tem- 
ple or monastery. 

viking (vi'king), n. one of the old 
Scandinavian pirates, who (8th to 
10th centuries) ravaged the coasts 
of Europe. 

vile (vil), adj, worthless; despicable; 
morally base or. impure; wicked. 

vilely {'\i)j adv, in a vile manner. 

vileness (/nes), n. baseness. 

vilifier (viri-fl-er), n. a defamer. 

vilify ('i-fi), 2;J. [p.t» & p.p. vihfied, 
2).pr. vilifying], to defame; debase 
by slander. 

villa Ca), n. a country seat; subur- 
ban residence. 

village Caj), n. a small assemblage 
of houses, less than a town but larg- 
er than a hamlet. 

villager (-er), n. an inhabitant of a 
village. 

villain ('in or 'an), n, originally a 
serf or feudal tenant of the lowest 
class; scoundrel. 

villainous (-us), adj. characterized 
by extreme depravity; vile; mean. 



villainy (-i), n, extreme depravity; 
atrocious wickedness. 

villanage (-aj), n, the state or con- 
dition of a serf. Also villeinage. 

villein, same as villain. 

villi ^ (1), n.pl. long) straight, soft 
hairs on plants; velvet-like hairs set 
closely together. 

villous ('us), adj, covered with long, 
thin, soft hairs; downy; shaggy. 

vinaceous (vi-na'shus), adj, pertain- 
ing to, or like, grapes or wine; wdne- 
colored. 

vinaigrette (vin-a-gretO, n. a small 
perforated box of gold, &c., for hold- 
ing aromatic vinegar or smelling- 
salts. 

vincible (vin'si-bl), adj, capable of 
being conquered or overcome. 

vinculum (\dng'ku-lum), ?i. a bond 
of union; tie; horizontal bar placed 
over several algebraical quantities to 
indicate they are to be treated as one. 

vindicate (\in'di-kat), v.t. to prove 
to be vahd; defend successfully; as- 
sert a right to; justify. 

vindication (-ka'shun), n. justifica- 
tion against denial, censure, or op- 
pression; defense; support by proof. 

vindicator ('di-ka-ter), n. one who 
vindicates. 

vindicatory (-to-ri), adj. serving to 
vindicate, justify, or punish. 

vindictive (-dik'tiv), adj. given to, 
or prompted by, revenge. 

vindictively (-h), adv. in a vindic- 
tive manner. 

vine (vin), n. any woody, chmbing 
plant of the genus Vitis, especially 
the common grape. 

vinegar (\dn'e-ger), n, an acid ob- 
tained by fermentation from \\dne, 
beer, &c. : hence anything sour, actu- 
ally or metaphorically. 

vinery (\in'er-i), n. Sb place where 
^ grapes are ^ cultivated artificially. 

vineyard (vin 'yard), n. a plantation 
of vines producing grapes. 

vinic (\i'nik), adj. pertaining to wine. 

vin-ordinaire (vang-or-de-nar'), n. 
a kind of claret: the common wine 
of France. 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ikeu. 



VINOUS 



936 



VISCOUNT 



vinous (vi'nus), adj, pertaining to, 
having the qualities of, or hke, wine. 

vintage (vin'taj), n. the yearly crop 
or produce of the grape; wine pro- 
duced in one season. 

vintner (vint'ner), n. wine merchant. 

viol (vi'ol), n. a four-stringed musical 
instrument played with a bow. ^ 

viola (ve-ola), n. the tenor violin. 

violable (vi'o-la-bl), adj. capable of 
being violated or broken. 

violate ('o-lat), v.t. to transgress; 
break forcibly; injure; ravish; out- 
rage; desecrate; treat with irrever- 
ence; disturb. 

violation (-la'shun), n. the act of 
violating, infringing, or injuring: 
rape; outrage; act of irreverence or 
profanation. 

violator ('o-la-ter), n. one who vio- 
lates. 

violence ('o-lens), n. physical^ or 
moral force; vehemence; unjust 
strength or power applied to any 
purpose; assault; outrage; crime; 
rape; eagerness; infringement. ^ 

Violent ('o-lent), adj. urged or driven 
by force; vehement; impetuous; 
forcible; furious; severe. 

violet ('o-let), n. a plant of the genus 
Viola; a color like that of the- violet. 

violin (-6-linO, n. a four-stringed mu- 
sical instrument, played with a bow. 

violinist ('ist), n, a performer on the 
violin. 

violoncellist (ve-6-lon-chel'ist), n. a 
performer on the violoncello. 

violoncello (-chero), n. a large four- 
stringed instrument of the viol class. 

violone (ve-o-lo'na), n, a double-bass 
viol [music]. 

viper (vi'per), n. a venomous serpent 
of various species; a crafty, malig- 
nant person. 

viperous (-us), adj. viper-Hke; ma- 
lignant. 

virago (vi-ra'go), n, a bold, turbulent 
woman. 

virgin (ver'jin), n. a woman who has 
preserved her chastity; maiden: the 
Virgin Mary (with the): adj.^ per- 
taining to, or becoming, a virgin; 



chaste; modest; pure; new; un- 
mixed. 

virginal (-al), adj, maidenly; chaste: 
n. a 16th century musical instru- 
ment. 

virginity ('i-ti), n. the state of a 
virgin; maidenhood; virgin purity. 

virile (vir'il), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, mature manhood; 
masculine; manly; procreative. 

virility (-il'i-ti), n. manhood; power 
of procreation. 

virtu, same as vertu. 

virtual (ver-tu-al), adj, in essence or 
effect, though not in fact; having the 
efficacy without the material or sen- 
sible part. 

virtually (-li), adv, practically. 

virtue ('tu), n. rectitude; strength; 
efficacy; valor; chastity; legal force. 

virtuoso (-tu-5'so), n, [pi, virtuosi 
('se) ],^ one skilled in the 'fine arts, 
antiquities, &c.; a skilled performer 
on a musical instrument. 

virtuous ('tu-us), adj, possessing, or 
exhibitmg, virtue; moral; chaste. 

virulence (vir'u-lens) , n. the state or 
quality of being virulent; extreme 
bitterness. 

virulent ('u-lent), adj, very poison- 
ous or venomous; actively injurious 
to life or health; bitter in enmity; 
malignant. 

virus (vfrus), n, organic, contagious, 
or poisonous matter, by which dis- 
ease or poison is introduced into the 
system; something that acts as a 
moral poison. 

vis (vis), n, power; force. 

visage (viz'aj), n. the countenance. 

vis-a-vis (ve-za-ve'), n. one who is 
face to face with another: adv, face 
to face. 

viscera (vis'er-a), n.pl, the intestines. 

visceral ('er-al), adj, pertaining to 
the viscera. ^ , 

viscid ('id), adj, sticky; glutinous. 

viscidity ('i-ti), n. stickiness; glu- 
tinousness. Also viscosity. 

viscount (vi'kount), n, a nobleman 
next in rank below an earl. Fem- 
inine viscoimtess. 



ate, arm,»lsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite^ mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



VISCOUS 



937 



VITRIFIED 



viscous (vis'kus), adj. adhesive or 
glutinous. 

viscus ('kus), n. an entrail. 

vise (vis), n. a two-jawed instrument 
for holding work. 

Vishnu (vish'nu), n, one of the early 
gods of the Hindus; later, their 
Supreme Being. 

visibility ( viz-i-biri-ti) , n, percepti- 
bility. Also visibleness. 

visible ('i-bi), adj. perceptible by the 
eye, in view; obvious; apparent. 

Visigothic (-i-goth'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to the Visigoths, a branch of the 
Goths that settled in Southern 
France and Spain. 

vis inertiae (vis in-er'shi-e) , n. in- 
herent resistance in a body to change 
its state, either to motion or rest. 

vision (vizh'un), n. the act or sense 
of seeing; sight; object of sight; 
divine revelation; apparition; crea- 
tion of the imagination. 

visional (-al), adj. pertaining to 
vision. 

visionary (-a-ri), adj. existing only 
in the imagination; unreal: n. an 
unpractical schemer. 

visit (viz'it), n. the act of calling to 
see another: brief stay of friendship, 
courtesy, or business; official inspec- 
tion: v.t. to call upon; inspect offi- 
cially; overtake or chastise: v.i. to 
be in the habit of making calls; 
maintain social intercourse. 

visitant ('i-tant), n. a visitor. 

visitation (-i-ta'shun), n. the act of 
visiting; official visit; infliction of 
good or evil; retributive affliction. 

visite (ve-zetO, n. a light lace or silk 
cape for summer wear. 

visitor (vis'i-ter), n. one who visits; 
official inspector. 

visor. See vizor. 

vista (vis'ta), n. [pi. vistas ('taz) ], 
n. a view, especially through an 
avenue; the trees forming such an 
avenue. 

visual (vizh'u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or used in, sight. 

visualize (-iz), v.t. to make visible; 
see in fancy. 



vitagraph (vit'a-graf), n. one form 
of cinematograph. 

vital (vi'tal), adj. pertaining to, sup- 
porting, or necessary to, life; mor- 
tal; essential. 

vitalism (-izm), n. the theory which 
refers vital phenomena to a vital, as 
distinct from a merely physical,f orce. 

vitality ('i-ti), n. vital force. 

vitalize ('tal-Iz), v.t. to endow with 
life; animate. 

vitally (-i), adv. essentially. 

vitals ('talz), n.pl. the organs of the 
body essential to life, as the heart, 
lungs, &c. 

vitamine (vit'am-in), n. a substance 
of unknown chemical composition 
that exists in the covering of cereal 
grains, in milk, in meats, and in 
various other foods, and which 
appears to be an absolutely essen- 
tial element in the diet; a diet of 
polished rice, for example, produces 
the disease beri-beri because of the 
absence of vitamine. 

vitascope (vfta-skop), n. an appa- 
ratus for projecting kinetographic 
pictures 'in life size upon a canvas. 

vitellin f-tel'in), n. the albumenoidal 
substance in the yolk of eggs. 

vitellus ('us), n. the yolk of an egg. 

vitiate (vish'i-at), v.t. to render 
faulty or defective; taint; deprave; 
annul ."^ 

viticulture (vit'i-kul-tur), n. vine 
culture. 

vitreo a prefix meaning pertaining 
to, or like glass, as t;i^reo-electric, 
exhibiting positive or vitreous elec- 
tricity. 

vitreous (vit're-us) adj. consisting 
of, like, or obtained from, glass. 

vitrescence (vi-tres'ens), n. the qual- 
ity of being vitrescent. 

vitrescent Cent), adj. capable of 
being turned into or becoming like 
glass. 

vitric (vit'rik), adj. glass-like. 

vitrif action (-ri-fak'shun), n. the 
art or process of vitrifying. 

vitrified ('ri-fid), adj. converted into 
glass. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



VITRIFORM 



938 



VOLCANIC 



vitriform (-form), n. having the 
form or appearance of glass. 

vitrify ('ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vitri- 
fied, p.pr. vitrifying], to convert by- 
heat and fusion into glass: v.i. to be 
converted into glass. 

vitriol Cri-ol), n. the popular name 
for sulphuric acid. 

vituperate (vi-tu'per-at), v.t. to cen- 
sure abusively. 

vituperation (-a'shun), n, abusive 
censure. 

vituperative ('per-a-tiv), adj. char- 
acterized by, or containing, abuse. 

viva (veVa), inter j. hurrah! [Italian]. 

vivacious (vi-va'shus), adj. lively; gay. 

vivacity (-vas'i-ti), n. Hveliness; ani- 
mation. 

vivarium (vi-va'ri-um), n. a place 
for the artificial keeping of animals 
in their natural state. 

viva voce ('va vo'se), orally [Latin]. 

vive (vev), inter j. long life or suc- 
cess to [French]. 

vivid (viv'id), adj. life-like; realis- 
tic; forming brilliant images. 

vivify (viv'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vivi- 
fied, p.pr. vivifying], to endue with 
life; quicken. 

viviparous (vi-vip'a-rus), adj. pro- 
ducing young ahve. 

vivisect (viv-i-sekf), v.t. to dissect 
the living body of. 

vivisection (-sek'shun), n. the dis- 
section of a living animal for scien- 
tific study. 

vivisectionist (-sek'shun-ist), n. one 
who practices or upholds vivisection. 
Also vivisector. 

vixen (viks'n),^ n. a female fox; 
quarrelsome, - ill-tempered woman. 

viz. (viz), \adv. namely.^ 

vizier (vi-zer'), n. a high officer or 
councilor of state in Mohammedan 
countries. 

vizor (vi'zer), n. the upper movable 
part of a helmet; the fore-piece of a 
cap. 

vocable (vo'k§,-bl), n. a word; term. 

vocabulary (-kab'u-li--ri), n. [pi. vo- 
cabularies (-riz) ], a collection of 
words of a language, science, &c.. 



arranged alphabetically and ex- 
plained; words used. 

vocal (vo'k^l), adj. pertaining to, full 
of, or endowed with, voice or speech; 
oral; having a vowel character; pro- 
duced in the larynx. 

vocalist (-ist), n. a singer. 

vocalize (-iz), v.t. to form into voice; 
utter distinctly. 

vocally (^kal-i), adv. with the voice. 

vocation (-ka'shun), n. calling; oc- 
cupation. 

vocative (vok'§,-tiv), adj. noting the 
case of a noun, adjective, or pro- 
noun in which a person or thing is 
addressed: n. the vocative case. 

vociferate (vo-sif'er-at), v.i. to 
clamor; bawl: v.t. to utter with a 
loud voice. 

vociferation (-a'shun), n. violent 
outcry. 

'Vociferous ('er-us), adj. clamorous; 
noisy. 

vodka (vod'ka), n. a Russian intoxi- 
cant distilled from rye. 

voe (vo), n. a fiord; creek. 

vogue (vog), n, fashion. 

voice (vois), n. sound uttered by the 
mouth, especially by a human being; 
utterance or mode of utterance: fac- 
ulty of speech; language; expressed 
opinions; vote or 'suffrage: v.t. to 
give utterance or expresssion to. 

void (void), adj. empty; • wanting: 
v.t. to nullify; declare vacant; quit; 
to emit or send out: n. a vacuum. 

voile (voil), n. a thin dress fabric of 
cotton, wool or silk. 

volant (vo'lant), adj. flying; nimble. 

Volapuk (-la-puk'), n. a system of 
universal language for commercial 
intercourse. 

volatile ('a-til), adj, easily passing 
into the aeriform state; diffusing 
freely; lively; sprightly; fickle. 

volatilize ('a-til-iz), v.t, to render 
volatile; evaporate. 

volatility ('i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being volatile. 

volcanic (-kan'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, proceeding from, or produced by, 
a volcano. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. ' 



VOLCANIZE 



939 



VORTEX-ATOM 



volcanize Ckan-iz), v.t. to subject to 
volcanic action. 

volcano (-ka'no), n. [pi. volcanoes 
('noz) ], a conical hill or mountain 
from which the products of volcanic 
action are ejected with, great heat in 
the form of lava, &c. 

volition (vo-lish'un), n. the act or 
power of willing or exerting choice. 

volitive (vori-tiv), adj. pertaining 
to, or having the power of, will. 

volley Ci), n. [pi. volleys ('iz) ], the 
simultaneous discharge of a number 
of small-arms; explosive burst; re- 
turn of a ball at tennis before it 
reaches the ground; bowling a ball 
full to the top of the wicket: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. volleyed, p.pr. volleying], 
to discharge with, or as with, a vol- 
ley: v.i. to be thrown out at once. 

volplane (voFplan), v.i. to descend 
in an aeroplane from a great height 
without motor power or with the 
motor shut off. 

volt (volt), n. the circular tread of a 
horse; sudden leap to avoid a thrust 
in fencing; standard unit of electro- 
motive force. 

voltaic (vol-ta'ik), adj. pertaining to 
electricity generated by chemical ac- 
tion or galvanism. 

voltameter (-tam'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the work of 
a voltaic current. 

volubility (-u-bil'i-ti), n. excessive 
fluency of speech. 

voluble Cu-bl), adj. fluent in speech. 

volume Cum), n. a single book; 
space occupied, measured in cubic 
units; mass or bulk; quantity or 
fullness of voice or tone. 

volumetric (-u-met'rik), adj. meas- 
m*ed by volume. 

voluminous ('mi-nus), adj. exten- 
sive; copious; consisting of, or hav- 
ing produced, many books. 

voluntarily ('un-ta-ri-li), adv. spon- 
taneously. 

voluntariness (-ri-nes), 7i. spon- 
taneousness. 

voluntary ^ ('un-ta-ri), adj. acting 
from choice or free will; spontane- 



ous; designed; gratuitous: n. an 
organ solo played before, during, or 
after, a church service. 

volunteer (-un-ter'), n. one who en- 
ters into any service of his own free 
will, especially military ser^dce; a 
foreigner who gives • his services in 
exchange for board and residence: 
v.i. to offer one's services • volunta- 
rily, especially for mihtary ser^dce: 
v.t. to offer or bestow without con- 
straint or compulsion. 

voluptuary (vo'lup-tu-a-ri), n. one 
given to sensual enjoyments orluxury : 
adj. devoted to luxury or pleasure. 

voluptuous Ctu-us), adj. given to the 
enjoyment of sensual pleasures orlux- 
iu"y; sensual, exciting sensual desires. 

volute (vo-lut'), n. a spiral scroll 
forming the chief feature of the 
Ionic capital. 

voluted ('ed),ac/y. having a spiral scroll. 

vomer (vo'mer), n. the thin, slender 
bone forming the partition between 
the nostrils. 

vomica (vom'i-k^), n. an abscess in 
the lungs. 

vomit (It), v.i. to eject the contents 
of the stomach by the mouth: v.t. 
to throw up from the stomach; dis- 
charge with violence: ?i. matter 
ejected by the stomach; an emetic. 

vomiting- (-ing), n. the act of eject- 
ing matter from the stomach. 

vomitoi (vo-me'to), n. yellow fever in 
its most acute form [Spanish]. 

voodoo (voo-dooO, ^- a system of 
magic and superstitious rites, said 
to be ( accompanied with cannibal- 
ism and human sacrifices, prevalent 
among certain negro races. 

voracious (vo-ra'shus), adj. greedy 
in eating; ravenous; rapacious. 

voracity (-ra^'i-ti), ?i. the quahty of 
being voracious. 

vorant (vo'rant), adj. devouring or 
swallowing. 

vortex (vor'teks), n. [pi. vortices 
Cti-sez) ], the hollow and circular 
form assumed by a liquid when set 
in rotation; whirlpool. 

vortex-atom (vor-teks-at'om), n. a 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



VORTICITY 



940 



VYING 



supposititious whirl in the ether 
conceived by Lord Kelvin as the 
possible basis of all tangible matter. 

vorticity ^ (vor-tis'i-ti), n, the state 
'or condition of a fluid in which a 
whirlpool or vortex motion occurs. 

votary (vo'ta-ri), n. [yl, votaries 
(-riz)], one addicted to some par- 
ticular pursuit or condition of life; 
one consecrated by a vow. 

vote (vot), n. an expression of choice 
or preference for some particular 
candidate for an office, &c., by ballot 
or other method of suffrage; decision 
by the majority: v.t, to choose by 
suffrage; characterize: v,i. to give 
a vote. 

voter Cer), n, an elector. 

voting Cing), n, expression of opin- 
ion or preference by suffrage. 

voting-machine (vo^ting-ma-shen), 
n. a machine working on the prin- 
ciple of a cash register which counts 
and registers the votes at an election. 

votive Civ), odj, given, consecrated, 
or promised by vow. 

vouch (vouch) jV.t.lo attest ; guarantee. 

voucher ('er), n, one who gives at- 
testation or witness; a document 
guaranteeing the accuracy of ac- 
counts. 

vouchsafe (-saf), v,t, to condescend 
to grant; concede, 

voussoir ^ (voo-swar'), n. one of the 
wedge-like stones forming the arch 
of a bridge. 

vow (vou), 71. a solemn promise or 
pledge to fulfil^ some engagement 
hereafter, especially one made^ to 
God; pledge of fidelity or affection: 
vd» to promise solemnly; consecrate 
to God : v.i, to make a solemn promise. 

vowel ('el), n, a simple vocal sound; 
a letter representing such a sound: 
adj, vocal. 

voyage (voi'aj), n, a journey by 
water from one country or place to 
another: ^;.^. to make a voyage: v.t. 
to travel or pass over. 

voyager ('er), n. a traveler by water. 

voyageur (vwa-y§;-zher'), w. a Cana- 
dian boatman. 



vraisemblance (vra-sang-blangs')j ©• 
an appearance of truth. 

vulcanite (vul'kan-it), n. vulcanized 
india-rubber. 

vulcanize (-iz), v.t, to change the |i 
properties of (india-rubber) by com- ' 

• bination with sulphur, white lead, 
and other substances, rendering it 
hard and non-elastic. 

vulgar Cger), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or used by, the 
multitude or common people; com- 
mon; general; vernacular; plebeian; 
unrefined; coarse; mean: n. the un- 
educated or unrefined class. 

vulgar fractions (frak'shunz), n,pl, 
common fractions; expressed by 
placing the numerator above the de- 
nominator, with a horizontal or ob- 
lique fine between. 

vulgarian (-ga'ri-an), n* a rich per- 
son with vulgar ideas. 

vulgarism ('ger-izm), n, a vulgar 
phrase or expression. 

vulgarity (-gar'i-ti), n, coarseness 
of manners or language. 

Vulgate Cgat), n. an ancient Latin 
version of the Scriptures in use in 
the Roman CathoHc Chiu*ch, made 
originally by St. Jerome: adj, per- 
taining to, or contained in, the vul- 
gate. 

vulnerability (vuI-ner-§.-biri-ti), n, 
the quality of being vulnerable. 
Also vulnerableness. 

vulnerable ('ner-^-bl), adj, capable 
of being wounded; susceptible of 
wounds or injury. 

vulpine ('pin), adj, pertaining to, 
like, ^ or characteristic of, a fox; 
cunning, 

vulpinite ('pin-It), n, a variety of 
gypsum susceptible of a fine polish. 

vulture Cttir), n,^ a large, carnivo- 
rous, voracious bird of prey. 

vulturine (-in), adj, vulture-like. 

vulva (vul'va), n, the external parts 
of the female sexual organs. 

vulviform ('vi-form), adj. like a cleft 
with projecting edges. 

vying (vi'ing), p. ddj. competing; em- 
ulating. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



w 



W, the twenty-third letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet; the symbol in chem- 
istry for tungsten or wolfram, 

Waac, n, EngUsh women in khaki. 

wabble, same as wobble. 

wacke (wak'e), n. a German miner's 
name for a soft earthy variety of 
trap-rock. 

wad (wod), n, a mass of soft or flex- 
ible material used for stuffing gar- 
ments; small mass of tow, &c., used 
for keeping the powder &c., in place 
in a gun; a kind of plumbago :^ v.t. 
[p t. & p.p. wadded, p.pr. wadding], 
to form into, or stuff with, a wad. 

waddle ('i), n. a thick chib used by 
the Austrahan aborigines. Also 
waddy. 

wadding ('ing), ?i. a soft stuff of 
loose texture used for stuffing gar- 
ments, &c. 

waddle CI), v.i. to move from side to 
side in walking.^ 

waddler Cler), n, one who waddles. 

wade (wad), v.i, to walk through any 
substance that yields to the feet, as 
water, snow, &c.: v.t. i:o ford. 

wady ('i), n, the channel of a water- 
course which is dry except in the 
rainy season. Also wadi. 

wafer (wa'fer), n. a small colored 
paste disk for securing letters, &c.; 
small disk of unleavened bread used 
in the Eucharist in the Roman 
CatHolic Church. 

wafHe (wof'l), n, a soft indented 
cake, baked in an iron utensil over 
a flame or coals. 

waft (waft), v.t. to bear along on a 
buoyant med* m: v.i. to float. 

wag (wag), v.i, [p.t, & p.p. wagged, 
p.pr. wagging], to move backwards 



and forwards: v.t, to cause to oscil- 
late: n. the act of wagging; a droU, 
humorous fellow. 

wage (waj), v.t,^ to engage in, or 
carry on, especially war; venture: 
n. payment for service rendered; hire 
(usually pL), 

wagen-boom (va 'gen-boom), n. a 
South African tree yielding a tough 
wood, used for wagon wheels. Also 
wagon-tree. 

wager (waj'er), n. a subject on which 
bets are laid; something staked on 
an issue: v.t, to hazard; to stake: 
v.i. to bet. 

waggery (wag'er-i), n. mischievous 
merriment; tricks of a wag; good- 
humored sarcasm. 

waggish ('ish), adj, humorous, sport- 
ive. 

waggle (1), v.i, & v.t. to move from 
side to side: n, sl movement from 
side to side. 

wagon ('im), n. a four-wheeled heavy 
vehicle for carrying goods, agricul- 
tural produce, &c. 

wagoner (-er), n. the driver of a 
wagon. 

wagonette (-ef), n. a light, open, 
four-wheeled pleasure carriage. 

wagtail Ctal), n. a small bird. 

waif (waf), n, anything found ^dth- 
out an o^Tier; a homeless wanderer. 

wail (wal), v.t. to lament: v.i. to ex- 
press sorrow audibly: n. loud lamen- 
tation. Also waihng. 

wain (wan), n. a wagon. 

wainscot ('skut), n. paneled wooden 
lining on walls: v.t, to line with 
paneled boarding. 

wainscoting (-ing), n. material used 
to wainscot a house. 



ate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then, 

(941) 



WAINWRIGHT 



942 



WANE 



wainwright ('rit), n, a maker of 
wagons. 

waist (wast), n. the narrowest part 
of the body just below the ribs; 
middle part. 

waistcoat (wasfkot or wes'kut [col- 
loquial] ), n. a short, sleeveless men's 
garment covering the chest and 
waist. 

wait (wat), v.i. to stay in expecta- 
tion; lie in ambush; watch; remain 
quiet; follow someone; attend: v.i. 
to await; postpone. 

waiter ('er), n. a servant in attend- 
ance at table; salver or tray. Fem- 
inine waitress. 

waiting ('ing), ac^j. serving; attendant. 

waits (watz), n.pL nocturnal musi- 
cians who perform in the streets of 
Enghsh towns at Christmastide.^ 

waive (wav), v.t, to give up a claim 
to; forego. 

wake (wak), v.i, {p.t. & p.p, waked 
or woke, p.pr. waking], to be awake; 
be roused from sleep; cease to sleep; 
be active: v.t. to rouse from sleep; 
revive; watch: n. a vigil; watching 
of a dead body prior to burial; track. 

wakeful ('fool), adj, watchful. 

waken y same as wake. 

wale (wal)j n, a mark left by the 
stroke of a whip, &c.: v.t, to mark 
with a wale. 

walk (wawk), v.i, to advance by al- 
ternate steps; go at a moderate 
pace; take exercise; go restlessly 
about; pursue a certain course of 
hfe or action: v.t. to traverse; cause 
to walk: n. act or manner of walk- 
ing; step or pace; road; place for 
pedestrian exercise; course of life 
or action; deportment; frequented 
track. 

walkist ('ist), n. a professional pe- 
destrian. 

wall (wawl), n, a structure of stone, 
brick, &c.; side of a building; ram- 
part; means of protection: v.t. to 
enclose with or as with, a wall; 
defend or protect. 

wallaba {'k-hk), n. a tree of Guiana, 
yielding a valuable deep-red timber. 



wallet (wol'et), n. a bag or knap- 
sack; a pocketbook. 

wall-eye (wawl'i), n, an eye, the iris 
of which is white: said of horses. 

wallflower ('fiou-er), n. a plant of 
the genus Cheiranthus with sweet- 
scented flowers; one who, at a ball 
or party, takes no part. 

Walloon (wal-oon'), n. one of a people 
dwelling in the southeastern part of 
Belgium, of Latin, Celt and Teuton 
ancestry. 

wallop (wol'up), v.i, to boil with a 
continued bubbling: v.t, to beat 
soundly: n, a blow; gallop [Scotch], 

wallow Co), v.i. to roll one's body in 
the mire; tumble or roll in anything 
soft; live in vice or filth: n, a kind 
of rolHng walk; a place to which an 
animal resorts to wallow. 

walnut (wawl 'nut), n. a tree of the 
genus Juglans, yielding an edible 
fruit and valuable wood. 

Walpurgis Night (val-poor'gis nit), 
n, the eve of May Day, when witches 
are supposed to hold high revelry. 

walrus (wol'rus), n, a large, carniv- 
orous, marine mammal with power- 
ful tusks. 

waltz (wawltz), n. a kind of dance; 
music for such a dance: v.i. to dance 
a waltz. 

wampee (wom-pe'), n. a fruit much 
esteemed by the Chinese. 

wampum (wom'pum), n. beads jaade 
of shells, used by the North Ameri- 
can Indians as money and for orna- 
mental belts. 

wan (won), adj, pale; sickly. 

wand (wond), n. a long, slender rod; 
staff of authority. 

wander (won'der), v.i. to ramble 
about aimlessly; stroll; depart from; 
be delirious. 

wanderlust (wand'er-lust), n, love of 
constant travel. 

wanderoo (-oo'), n, a large bearded 
monkey of Southern India. 

wane (wan), v.i. to grow less; de- 
crease: said of the illuminated part 
of the moon; fail: n. the decrease of 
the illuminated part of the moon. 



Bte, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



WANGHEE 



943 



WARRANTY 



wanghee (wang-he'), n. a bamboo 
imported from Japan and China, 
used for walking-sticks, &c. 

wanness (won'nes), n. wan condition. 

want (wawnt), n. absence or scarcity 
of what is needed or desired; defi- 
ciency; necessity; penury: v.t. to be 
destitute of; have need of; desire: 
v.i. to be deficient; not to be present; 
come short. 

wantage (want'ag), n. the empty 
space in a partially filled cask or 
receptacle of hquor. 

wanting ('ing), adj. deficient; ab- 
sent. 

wanton (won'tun), adj. licentious; 
lustful; unrestrained; roving; sport- 
ive; luxurious; trifiing: n. a lasciv- 
ious man or woman. 

wapiti (wop'i-ti), n. the Amencan elk. 

war (wawT), n. a contest between 
states carried on by force; armed 
conflict; state of hostility; enmity: 
v.i» [p.t. & p.p. w^arred, jy.pr. war- 
ring], to make war; fight; strive 
violently. 

warble (wawr^bl), v.t. & v.i. to sing 
in a trilling or quavering manner; 
sing, as birds; utter musically: n. a 
soft, sweet flow of melodious sounds; 
carol. 

warbler Cbler), n. one who warbles; 
a singing-bird. 

war-brides (war'brids), n. speculative 
securities based on European war 
contracts. 

war-cry (war'-kri), n. the distin- 
guishing shout of a tribe as a sum- 
mons to battle or engaged in actual 
conflict. 

ward (wa-;\Td), v.t. to guard; defend 
from danger; turn aside (with off): 
v.i. to be vigilant; act on the de- 
fensive: n. guard; defense; particular 
division of a city or town; custody; 
person entrusted to the care of a 
guardian. 

warden ('en), n. a guardian; keeper; 
head oiEcial; churchwarden. 

warder ('er), n. keeper; guard. 

wardrobe ('rob), n. portable closet 
for clothes; w^earing apparel. 



wardroom ('room), n. a cabin for 
naval heutenants. 

warehouse (war'hous), n. a building 
for storing goods: v.t. to deposit in 
a warenouse. 

wares (warz), n. merchandise; goods. 

warfare (wa^T^far), n. hostflities; 
war; contest; military life or service. 

warily (warl-h), adv. cautiously. 

wariness ('i-nes), n. caution. 

warlock (wa\\Tlok), n. a wizard. 

warm (wawTm), adj. ha^^lng heat in 
a moderate degree; subject to heat; 
zealous; excited; passionate; well- 
off: v.t. to make warm; excite: v.i. 
to become warm. 

warm-blooded (-blud'ed), adj. de- 
noting animals whose temperature 
ranges 98° to 112° Fahr. 

wzirm colors (kul'erz), 7i.pl. colors 
ha\'ing yellow or red for their basis. 

warmth ('th), n. moderate heat; 
earnestness or irritability; anima- 
tion; glowing effect produced by the 
use of warm colors. 

warn (wawTn), v.t. to give notice of 
possible danger; caution; expostu- 
late; summon by authority. 

warning ('ing), n. caution against 
danger; previous notice; notice to 
quit. 

warp (wawrp), n. the threads which 
extend lengthwise in the loom, and 
are crossed by the woof; towing- 
rope; a i^\\si out of the true shape: 
v.t. to turn or twist out of shape; 
pervert; arrange (yarns) on a warp 
beam ; tow or move (a vessel) witl a 
warp attached to some fixed object; 
run, as yarn, off the winches into 
hulks to be tarred: v.i. to swerve or 
deviate. 

warping ('ing), n. preparation of 
the warp; fertihzation of estuary 
land by flooding it with water. 

warrant (wor'ant), v.t. to guarantee; 
give assurance to; authorize; mam- 
tain; mark as safe; assure: n. a 
commission giving authority; writ 
for arresting a person; voucher; 
security. 

warranty (-i), n. guarantee; security. 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; booo, 
book; hue, hut; think, thQU. 



WARREN 



944 



WATERING-PLACE 



warren ('en), n, an enclosure for 
protecting game or animals, espe- 
cially rabbits; fish preserve. 

warrior (wawr'i-er), n, a soldier; 
fighter. 

wart (wart), n. a dry excrescence on 
the human skin and certain animals. 

wary (wa'ri), adj, [comp, warier, su- 
perL wariest], cautious; circum- 
spect. 

was, p.t. of be. 

wase (waz), n, a circular straw head- 
covering used by porters when 
carrying loads. 

wash (wosh), v.L to cleanse with 
water; cover with water; overlay 
with thin metal; cover with a thin 
coat of color; cleanse from moral 
pollution: v.L to cleanse by wash- 
ing: n, the act of washing; waste 
liquor; alluvial matter; shallow 
part of an arm of a sea or of a river; 
bog or marsh; cosmetic lotion. 

washer ('er), n, one who, or that 
which, washes; ring of metal; leath- 
er, &c., used to secure the tightness 
of a joint, screw, &c. 

washing ('ing), n. the act of cleans- 
ing with water; clothes washed at 
one time. 

washout (wash'-owt), n. a ditch or 
chasm caused by a violent current 
of water. 

wasp (wosp), n, a winged insect with 
a sharp sting; peevish, irritable 
person. 

waspish ('ish), adj. ^ petulant and 
irritable; slender-waisted. 

wassail (wos'el), n. a merry-making 
accompanied with drinking, especi- 
ally at Christmas-time; liquor of ale, 
apples, and sugar: v.i. to carouse. 

waste (wast), v.L to destroy wan- 
tonly; diminish; squander; impair: 
v.i. to be diminished: adj. lying un- 
used; unproductive; devastated; un- 
tilled: n. the act of wasting; dissipa- 
tion of property; useless expendi- 
ture; uncultivated country; refuse. 

wasteful ('fool), adj. causing waste; 
spending property extravagantly or 
uselessly. 



wastefully (-i), adv. in a wasteful 
manner. 

wastrel (wast'rel), n. a shiftless per- 
son; a spendthrift; a vagabond. 

watch (woch), n. close observation; 
guard; vigilance; sentry; attendance 
without sleep; watchman; division 
of the night; period during which 
part of a crew are on duty on deck 
(4 hours); pocket timepiece: v.i. to 
be or keep awake; keep guard; act 
as an attendant: v.L to tend; guard; 
keep in view. 

watchful ('fool), adj. vigilant; wary. 

watchfully (-i), adv. in a watchful 
manner. 

watchword ('werd), n. a password. 

water (waw'ter), n. a colorless, in- 
odorous, transparent fluid, consist- 
ing of 2 volumes of hydrogen to one 
of oxygen; rain; sea; any collection 
of water; luster of a diamond; 
urine; stock issued without provi- 
sion for the payment of interest: v.t. 
to supply with water; irrigate; wet 
with water; dilute: v.i. to get or 
take in water; have a longing desire. 

watercourse (waw'ter-kors), n. a 
channel or bed for running water. 

water-cure (ktir), n. the cure of 
disease by water treatment, ex- 
ternally or internally. 

water-cooled (wa'ter-koold), adj. 
cooled by contact with circulating 
water, as in case of an automobile 
engine. 

watered ('terd), adj. supplied with 
water; sprinkled; having a wavy 
appearance. 

watered stocks (stoks), n.pL shares 
of stock added to the capital stock 
without cash or property added to 
the assets of the company. 

waterfall (waw'ter-fawl), n. water 
falling perpendicularly; a cascade; 
a cataract. 

water-gauge (waw'ter-gaj), n. a 
contrivance to measure the volume 
of water. 

wateriness ('ter-i-nes), n. watery 
condition. 

watering-place (waw'ter-ing-plas) ,n. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



WATER-LEVEL 



945 



WEAK 



a resort for bathing in or drinking 
waters of a medicinal value; a 
pleasure resort, 

water-level (waw'ter-lev-el), n. a 
level determined by the surface of 
smooth water; an instrument for 
ascertaining levels by means of 
water enclosed in a glass tube. 

water-line (waw'ter-lin), n, a line to 
which the water rises on the hull of 
a ship; a water mark. 

water-logged (waw'ter-logd), adj, 
saturated with water so as to be 
unmanageable; usually referring to 
a ship. 

watermain (waw'ter-man), n. a pipe 
or tube under the ground ^ which 
supphes water to a town or city. 

water-mark (waw'ter-mark), n. a 
mark showing the highest or lowest 
point to which water has risen dur- 
ing a certain period; translucent 
lines in writing paper indicating the 
trade mark of the maker. 

water-power (waw'ter-pou-er), n, 
power used to drive machinery by 
utilizing the weight or force of 
water. 

waterproof (waw'ter-proof), adj, im- 
pervious to water; a rain-coat. 

water-shed (waw'ter-shed), n. the 
division between streams of waters 
flowing in opposite directions. 

waterspout (waw'ter-spout), n. a 
column of water moving with great 
fbrce and violence over the surface 
of the sea. 

watery ('ter-i), adj. pertaining to, or 
like, water, transparent or thin; 
tasteless; tearful. 

watt wot), «. an electrical unit of 
power. 

wattage (wot-age), n, electric power 
expressed in watts. 

wattle CI), n. a twig or flexible rod; 
a hurdle of interwoven rods; fleshy 
lobe under the throat of a fowl, tur- 
key, &c. ; kind of acacia, 
wattles. 

wattlebird (-berd), n. an Australian 
honey-bird. 

waul (wawl), n. the cry of a cat. 



wave (wav), n. the alternate rising 
and falling of water above its na1> 
ural level; undulation; state of 
vibration propagated through a sys- 
tem of particles or elastic medium; 
signal made by waving: vd, to move 
like a wave; play loosely; undulate: 
v.t, to brandish; beckon; raise into 
inequahties of surface. 

waver Cer), v.i. to move to and fro; 
vacfllate; hesitate or be undeter- 
mined. 

wavering (-ing), adj, hesitating; im- 
decided. 

waveson ('sun), n. goods floating on 
the waves after shipwreck. 

waviness ('i-nes), n. the stata or 
quality of being wavy. 

wavy ('i), adj, rising and swelling in 
waves; full of waves; undulating. 

wax (waks), n. beeswax; any tena- 
cious substance like beeswax; ceru- 
men of the ear; rage: v.t, to smear, 
rub, or join, with wax: vd, to in- 
crease in size; become. 

waxbill Cbil), n. a finch with a red 
conical bill resembhng wax. 

waxen (^en), adj. made of, like, or 
consisting of, wax. 

waxiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being waxy. 

waxwing ('wing),^ n. a small bird 
the secondary quills of whose wings 
are tipped with small horny appen- 
dages resembling sealing-wax. 

waxy ('i), adj, consisting of, or like, 
wax; adhesive; aagry. 

way (wa), n, a road; route; progres- 
sion; motion; course; length of 
space; distance; relative position or 
motion; tendency; advance in life; 
manner; will; plan. 

waylay ('la), v.i, [p.t, & p.p. way- 
laid, p.pr. waylaying], to beset by 
the road or in ambush. 

wayward ('werd), adj, perverse; fro« 
ward. 

we (we), Trron.y pi, of L ^ 

weak (wek), adj, wanting strength, 
vigor, spirit, discernment, or wis- 
dom; feeble; soft; pliant; unforti- 
fied; vacillating. 



fite, arm, Ssk, at, awl*; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^^n. 

Dlc60 



WEAKEN 



946 



WEDGEWOOD WARE 



weaken ('n), v.L to make weakj re- 
duce in quality or strength: v.i, to 
become weak. 

weakling (wekling), n, a person weak 
in moral or physical strength. 

weak verb (verb), n, a verb the p.t, 
& p.p, of which are formed by add- 
ing ed or d. 

weal (wel), n, welfare; prosperity; 
mark of a stripe; v.L to mark with 
stripes. 

weald (weld), n. a wood or forest; 
wold. 

wealth (welth), n, riches; affluence. 

wealthily ('i-li), adv. richly. 

wealthiness ('i-nes), n. opulence. 

wealthy ('i), adj, [comp, wealthier, 
superl. wealthiest], rich; affluent. 

wean (wen), v.L to accustom and 
reconcile to a want or deprivation of 
the breast; alienate the affections 
from any object or habit. 

weapon (wep'n), n. any instrument 
of offense or defense. 

wear (war), v.L [p.L wore, p.p, worn, 
p.pr, wearing], to impair or waste by 
time, usage, friction, &c.; carry as 
covering on the body; put (a vessel) 
on another tack; bear or carry: v.i. 
to be wasted or worn by friction or 
usage; last under use: n. the act of 
wearing; state of being worn. 

wearily (wer'i-li), adv. in a weary 
manner. 

weariness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being wearied. 

wearisome ('i-sum), adj. fatiguing; 
tedious.^ 

weary ('i), adj, [comp. wearier, su- 
perl, weariest], worn out physically 
or mentally; having the patience ex- 
hausted; causing weariness; irk- 
some: v.L [p.L & p.p, wearied, p.pr^ 
wearying], to wear out or make 
weary; harass by something irk- 
some: v.i, to become weary, tired or 
fatigued; become impatient. 

weasand (we'zi^nd), n. the windpipe. 

weasel ('zel), n. a small carnivorous 
animal with short legs and a long 
body. 
weathey (we^Ti'er), n. the state of 



the atmosphere with respect to cold, 
heat, wet, dryness. &c.: v.t, to ex- 
pose to, or season by exposure to, 
the air; sail to the windward of; 
endure or resist bravely: v.i, to un- 
dergo change by the action of the 
weather. 

weather-cock (-kok), n, a vane, 

weather-gage (-gaj), n, the situa- 
tion of a vessel when to the wind- 
ward of another. 

weather-helm (-helm), n, a term 
applied to a vessel when she is in- 
clined to come near to the wind. 

weather-side (-sid), n, that side of 
a vessel under sail on which the 
wind blows. 

weave (wev), v.L to twist or inter- 
lace, as threads, together; form, as 
cloth, in a loom; compose or fabri- 
cate: v.i, to practice weaving; work 
with a loom. 

weazen (we'zn), n, sharp and thin; 
withered. 

web (web), n. texture of threads, or 
thread-like materials; anything care- 
fully contrived; tissue or texture; 
large roll of paper for newspapers; 
membrane uniting the fingers and 
toes in many water-birds and am- 
phibians: v.L [p.L & p.p, webbed, 
p.pr, webbing], to unite or surround 
with, or as with, a web ; entangle. 

webbing ('ing), n, a narrow woven 
fabric of cotton or flax. 

wed (wed), v.L [p.t, & p.p, wedded 
or wed, p.pr, wedding], to marry; 
unite together: v.i, to contract mar- 
riage. 

wedding ('ing), n, marriage; nup- 
tial ceremonies or festivities. 

wedge (wej), n, a piece of wood or 
metal, thick at one end and thin at 
the other, used for rending or com- 
pressing, &c.; one of the mechanical 
powers; mass of metal: v.L to 
cleave, force, drive, or fasten, with 
a wedge; press closely. 

Wedgwood ware ('wood war), n. 
a superior kind of semi-vitrified pot- 
tery, invented by Josiah Wedgwood 
(1730-95). 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; booDr 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



WEDLOCK 



947 



WELSH-RABBIT 



wedlock (lok), n. matrimony. 
Wednesday (wenz'da), 7i, the fourth 

day of the week. 

wee (we), adj. very small. 

weed (wed), n. any plant growing 
uncultivated or noxious to cultivated 
crops; anything useless or trouble- 
some: pL a widow's mourning gar- 
ments; a cigar or tobacco: v.L to 
free from weeds, or anything offen- 
sive or hurtful. 

weediness ('i-nes), n, the state of 
being weedy. 

weedy ('i), adj. pertaining to, or 
consisting of, weeds; long-legged, 
thin, and lank. 

week (wek), n. a period of seven 
days. 

weekday ('da), n. any day of the 
week except Sunday. 

week-end (wek'end), n. a social 
gathering at country homes during 
the last days of the week; also week- 
end visits to resorts. 

weekly ('U), adj. continuing for, or 
produced within, or happening in, a 
week: adv. once a week: n. [pi. 
weekhes ( iiz) ], a periodical issued 
once a week. 

ween (wen), v.i. to think; fancy. 

weep (wep), v.i. to express grief by 
shedding tears: v.t. to lament; pour 
forth. 

weeping ('ing), fi. the act of shed- 
ding tears; discharging a liquid in 
small drops. 

weever (we'ver), n. a kind of fish. 

weevil (we'vl), n. a small beetle, the 
larvae of which are very destructive 
to grain, &c. 

weft (weft), n. the woof or piling of 
cloth crossing the warp. 

wehrwolf, same as werewolf. 

weigh (wa), v.t. to ascertain the 
weight of; examine by the balance; 
reflect on carefully: v.i. to have 
weight; bear heavily: n. a certain 
quantity by weight. 

weight (wat), n. the quality of being 
heavy; gravity; quantity of matter 
as ascertained by the balance; a 
definite mass of metal for ascertain- 



ing the weight of other bodies; 
mass; something oppressive; pres- 
sure; power; importance. 

weightily ('i-li), adv. in a weighty 
manner; heavily; impressively. 

weigh tiness (1-nes), n. heaviness: 
importance; force. ^ ^ - 

weighty (1), adj. [comp. weightier, 
superl. weightiest], having w^eight; 
heavy; ponderous; momentous; im- 
portant; serious. 

weir (wer), n. a dam across a stream 
to raise the level of the water; en- 
closure of twigs, &c., for catching fish. 

weird (werd), adj. pertaining to, or 
connected with, fate or destiny; su- 
pernatural; caused by magical influ- 
ence: n. a spell or charm. 

welcome (weFkum), adj. received 
\\dth gladness or hospitahty; pro- 
ducing gladness; free to enjoy gra- 
tuitously: n. land reception to a 
guest or newcomer: v.t. to salute 
with kindness; receive with hospi- 
tahty. 

weld (weld), v.t. to unite together by 
hammering or fusion, as two pieces 
of heated iron. 

welfare (weFfar), n. prosperity; hap- 
piness. 

welkin ('kin), n. the sky. 

well (wel), n. a spring or fountain; 
shaft sunk to reach a supply of 
water or other liquid; something re- 
sembling a well in shape : v.i. to flow 
or issue forth: adv. right; justly; 
suitably; adequately; favorably; 
far; not a httle: adj. good in condi- 
tion or circumstances; fortunate; 
sound in body; healthy; safe. 

well-bred ('bred), adj. refined in 
manners; cultivated. 

Wellingtonia (-ing-to'ni-d), n. a 
name for the big trees of California, 

Wellingtons ('ing-tunz), n.pl. long- 
legged boots. 

Welsh (welsh), adj. pertaining to 
Wales, its inhabitants, or language: 
n. the people of Wales collectively; 
the language of Wales. 

Welsh-rabbit (-rab'it), n. melted 
cheese spread upon toast. 



atei amii ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booi^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



WELT 



948 



WHEEL 



welt (welt), n, a narrow strip of 
leather around a shoe between the 
upper leather and sole: v,U to fur- 
nish with a welt. 

welter ('er), v.t to roll in mud or 
foul matter; wallow: v.L to cause 
to rise and fall, as waves: n, that in 
which any person or animal welters: 
adj, pertaining to, or noting, the 
most heavily weighted race of a 
meeting. 

welwitschia (-wich'i-a), n. an African 
plant producing only two large leaves. 

wen (wen), n, a fleshy and movable 
tumor. 

wench (v/ench), n, a young girl or 
maiden: usually in an invidious or 
bad sense; female colored servant. 

wend (wend), v.i. to gD; pass: v,U to 
direct (one's way or course). 

went, p.t, of go. 

wept, p.t, & p.p, of weep. 

were, pi. pL of be. 

werewolf^ ('woolf), n, a person trans- 
formed into a wolf in form or appe- 
tite, either permanently or at cer- 
tain periods. Also werwolf. 

wert, 2 per. sing, of were. 

Wesleyan (wesli-an), adj, pertain- 
ing to John Wesley or to Wesleyan- 
ism: ?:. a Wesleyan Methodist. 

Wesleyanism (-izm), n, the doc- 
trines and church polity of the sect 
of Arminian Methodists, founded by 
John Wesley, 1739; Methodism. 

west (west), n. one of the 4 cardinal 
points, exactly opposite the east; 
point where the sun appears to set: 
adj. pertaining to, situated at, lying 
toward, proceeding toward, or com- 
ing from, the west: adv, toward the 
west. 

West, n, the Occident; country or re- 
gion lying west of any particular 
place. 

western ('ern), adj, tending to, or 
passing toward, the west. 

Western, adj. of or pertaining to the 
Occident or to a western region or 
country. 

westward ('werd), adv. toward the 
west. Also westwards. 



wet (wet), v,L {p.t, & p.p. wetted or 
wet, p.yr, wetting], to make wet; 
saturate or moisten with water or 
some other Hquid: n. water; mois- 
ture; rainy or misty weather; a 
drink: adj. containing, consisting of, 
or soaked with, water or some other 
hquid; very damp; rainy or misty, 

wether (we^/i'er), n. a castrated ram. 

wetness (wet'nes), n, the state or 
quahty of being wet; humidity; 
moisture. 

wet-nurse ('ners), n. a nurse who 
suckles the child of another. 

wey (wa), n. a unit of weight or 
measure, varying with different arti- 
cles. 

whack (hwak), n, a smart resounding 
blow; large piece: v.t. to strike with 
a smart, resounding blow. 

whacker^ Cer), n. one who whacks; 
something very large, especially a he. 

whale (hwal), n. a large mammal of 
the Cetacea, many species of which 
yield oil and whalebone; a fish of 
great size. 

wharf (hwawrf), n. [pi. wharfs or 
wharves (hwawrf s, hwawrvz) ], a 
quay or erection on the shore of a 
harbor, river, &c., for discharging or 
taking in cargoes, passengers, &c. 

wharfinger ('in-jer), n. the owner 
of a wharf. 

what (hwot), pron, that which; the 
thing that; how great; something: 
adj, of what sort, character, &c. 

whatnot ('not), n, an article of fur- 
niture with shelves for books, orna- 
ments, &c. 

wheal (hwel), n, a weal. 

wheat (hwet), n. an annual cereal 
grain from which flour is manufac- 
tured. 

wheatear ('er), n, a small migratory 
singing bird, with a conspicuous 
white patch at the base of its tail. 

wheaten ('n), adj. made of wheat. 

wheedle (hwe'dl), v.t. to entice with 
flattering words: cajole; coax. 

wheel (hwel), n. a circular frame or 
soUd piece of wood or metal turning 
on its own axis; any wheel-shaped 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



WHEELBARROW 



949 



WHINING 



nftechanical contrivance; an old in* 
Rtrument of torture; a circular re- 
/olving firework: v.t. to cause to 
rotate; convey on wheels: v.i. to 
turn on, or as on, an axis. 

wheelbarrow (hwerbar-o), n. a bar- 
row, usually with one wheel and two 
handles for carrying hght loads. 

wheeler Cer), n. one who w^heels; 
the horse nearest to the wheels of a 
carriage. 

wheelman ('m§;n), n. [pi. wheelmen 
('men) ], a cyclist; a steersman 

wheelwright ('rit), n. Sb maker of 
wheels and wheeled carriages. 

wheeze (hwez), v.i. to breathe hard 
and audibly: n. a puffing or blowing, 
as in labored breathing. 

wheezing Cing), n. the act of breath- 
ing hard and audibly. 

wheezy ('i), adj. affected with wheez- 
ing. 

whelk (hwelk), n. a large marine 
gasteropod. 

whelm (hwelm), v.t. to overwhelm. 

whelp ^ (hwelp), n. the young of a 
dog, lion, fox, &c.; cub: v.i. to bring 
forth young: said of the female of 
certain animals, as the dog. 

when (hwen), adv. at, or after, the 
time that; at what time; although. 

whence (hwens), adv. from what 
place, source, or origin; how. 

where (hwar), adv. at w^hich place 
or places; whither. 

whereas (-az'), adv, when in fact or 
truth; since. 

wherefore ('for), adv, for which or 
what reason; why. 

wherry (hwer'i), n, a light, shallow 
boat, sharp at both ends; small- 
decked fishing-vessel; liquor made 
from the juice of crab-apples after 
the verjuice is expressed. 

whet (hwet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. whetted, 
p.pr, whetting], to sharpen, especially 
by rubbing or friction; stimulate. 

whether (hwe^/i'er), pro7i, which of 
two: conj. which of two alterna- 
tives (followed by or). 

whetstone (hwet'ston), n. a stone 
for sharpening edged tools, &c. 



whey (hwa), n. the thin, sweet, 
watery part of milk, after separa- 
tion from the curd. 

which (hwich), pro7i. Sb word of in- 
terrogation in all genders; the rela- 
tive serving as the neuter of ivho. 

whiff (hwif), n, a sudden breath of 
air, smoke &c., as from the mouth; 
light puff; kind of outrigged boat: 
v.t. to puff or emit in whiffs. 

whiffle (1), v.i. to veer about like 
the wind; be fickle or unsteady; 
prevaricate. 

whiffletree, same as swingletree. 

whiffling (ling), ?i. evasion; prevar- 
ication. 

Whig (hwig), n. one of a political 
party in the United States that fa- 
vored a protective tariff, and was 
succeeded by the present Repubhcan 
party; one of a pohtical party 
which originated in the 17th century, 
now called the Liberal party: adj, 
pertaining to Whigs. 

while (hwil), n. space of time; dura- 
tion: conj. during the time that: 
v.t. to cause to pass; spend: usually 
followed' bj^ away. 

whilom (hwi'lom), adv. formerly; 
long ago. 

whilst (h\\ilst), adv. while. 

whim (hwim), n. a capricious fancy; 
freak; i.tion. 

whimper ^ Cper), v.t. to utter in a 
low, whining or crying tone: v.i. to 
cry with alow, whining, broken voice, 

whimsical ('zi-kal), adj. full of 
whims; fantastical; odd in appear- 
ance. 

whimsically (-i), adv. in a whimsi- 
cal manner. 

whin (hwin), n. a wild, prickly plant 
of the genus Ulex; furze. 

whin-chat ('chat), n. sl small sing- 
ing bird. 

whine (hwin), v.i. to express sorrow 
by a plaintive cr^^; murmur in an 
unmanly manner: n. a plaintive 
tone; mean or affected complaint. 

whining ('ing), adj. expressing mur- 
murs by a mean, plaintive, or cant- 
ing tone. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, m.et; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



WHINNY 



950 



WHITE HOUSE 



whinny (hwin'i), v.i, to utter a 
sound like the cry of a horse: n, the 
act of whinnying: adj, abounding in 
whins or furze. 

whinstone (hwin'ston), n, a miner's 
term for hard, resisting rock. ^ 

whip (hwip), v.t. [p,t. & p.p, whipped, 
or whipt, p.pr, whipping], to strike 
or punish with a lash or some other 
instrument of punishment or correc- 
tion; flog; lash with sarcasm; beat 
into a froth; beat out; sew lightly; 
fish in with a rod and artificial fly: 
v.i. to move nimbly;^ start suddenly 
and run: n, an instrument for 
driving horses or other animals or 
for correction; coachman or driver; 
whipper-in; endless fine used for 
saving life in shipwreck; small 
tackle with a single rope for hoist- 
ing; a member of the British Parlia- 
ment whose duty it is to summon 
the members of his party to impor- 
tant divisions; the summons issued. 

whipper ('er), n, one who ^ whips, 
especially an officer who inflicts the 
penalty of legal flogging; coal- 
whipper. 

whipper-in (-er-in'), n. a huntsman 
who keeps the hounds in restraint. 

whipping ^ Cing), n, the act of pun- 
ishing with the lash or rod. 

whippoorwill (hwip'per-wil), n. a 
small American bird, named from 
its cry. 

whir (hwer), v.i, [p.t. & p.p. whirred, 
p.pr. whirring], to revolve quickly 
v/ith a whizzing noise: n. a whiz- 
zing noise. 

whirl (hwerl), v.t, to turn round 
rapidly: v,i, to turn or move round 
with velocity; move along swiftly: 
n. a tinrning with velocity; rapid ro- 
tation or whirling motion. 

whirligig ('i-gig), n. a child's toy 
which is whirled or spun round. 

whirlpool (pool), n, a body of 
water moving with a circular motion 
forming a vortex or gulf. 

whirfwind ^ ('wind), n, a violent 
wind moving spirally; sudden vio- 
lent rush. 



whisk (hv/isk), v,L to sweep or slir 
rapidly; move, or carry off, nimbly: 
v.i, to move rapidly and nimbly: n, 
the act of whisking; small bundle , 
of grass, hair, &c., used as a brush; I 
small instrument used for beating or ■ 
whisking, especially eggs. 

whiskers ('erz), n.pl, the hair on a 
man's cheeks; the bristly hairs on 
the upper lip of a cat, &c. 

whisky (hwis'ki), n, an intoxicant 
distilled from barley, rye, &c. Also 
whiskey. 

whisper ('per), v.i. to speak in a low 
voice or as not to be overheard: v.L 
to say under the breath: n. a low, 
soft tone of voice audible only to the 
listener; suggestion or insinuation. 

whist (hwist), n. a card game: in- 
terj, hush! 

wjiistie (hwisi), v.i, to make a shrill 
sound by forcing the breath through 
the contracted lips; utter a shrill 
sound: v.t. to call or signal by a 
whistle: n, the shrill noise of one 
who whistles; small wind-instru- 
ment; throat. 

whistler ('ler), n. one who whistles; 
broken-winded horse; one who keeps 
an unUcensed dram-shop. 

whit (hwit), n. the smallest particle. 

white (hwit), adj, being without color 
or of the hue of pure snow: hence 
pin-e; innocent; having silvery hair; 
hoary: n, a white man; albumen of 
an egg: v.t. to whitewash. 

whitebait ('bat), n» a small, delicate 
fish. 

white book, n. official name of col- 
lections of diplomatic messages is- - 
sued by England and Germany just 
before the European war of 1914. 

whitecap ('kap), n, a redstart; one 
of a self-constituted tribunal of per- 
sons who visit the houses of offend- 
ers against moraUty and punish 
them by whipping. 

white-feather ('fe^^-er), n. cow- 
ardice. 

white friar (fri'er), ». a Carmelite 
monk. 

White House (hous), n, the official 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not;; bo5n, 
book: hue, hut; think, then. 



WHITE-LIE 



951 



WHORTLEBERRY 



residence at Washington of the 
^United States President. 

white-lie ('H), n, a polite or light false- 
hood 

white-livered (liv-erd), adj, cow- 
ardly. 

whiten ('en), v,U to make white; 
blanch. 

white-precipitate (-pre-sip'i-tat), n, 
ammonia compoimded with corrosive 
sublimate. 

white-pyrites (-pi-ri'tez), 71. a sul- 
phm'et of iron. 

white-smith ('smith), n, a tinsmith. 

white-squall ('skwawl), n. a squall 
not preceded by clouds. 

white-swelling ('swel-ing), n. a scrof- 
ulous inflammation about the joints. 

white-throat ('throt), n, a small 
migratory singing-bird. 

white-vitriol ('vit-ri-ol), n. sulphate 
of zinc. 

whitewash (Vosh),^ n. a composi 
tion of lime, whiting, size, vrater, 
&c., for whitening ceilings, &c.: v.t, 
to whiten with whitewash; clear 
from imputation or disgrace; clear 
(a bankrupt) from his obUgations 
by judicial process. 

white- wine ('win), n. a name for 
wines of a clear, transparent color. 

whitewood ('wood) , 7i, tulip-tree wood. 

whither (whi//i'er), adv. to what 
place ; to what ; how far. 

whiting (h^^itmg), n. pulverized 
chalk cleansed from impurities; an 
edible fish. 

whitlow (h'^dt'lo), 7i. a sore about the 
quick of the nail; felon; a foot disease 
in sheep. 

Whitsun ('sun), adj, pertaining to, 
or observed at, Whitsuntide, or the 
season of Pentecost. 

Whitsunday ('sun-da), n. the sev- 
enth Sunday after Easter, commem- 
orating the day of Pentecost. 

whittle (hwit'l), v.t. to cut, dress, or 
sharpen with a knife; reduce bit by 
bit. 

whiz (hmz), v.i, {p.t. & p.p. whizzed, 
p,pr, whizzing], to make a humming 
or hissing noise: n. a humming or 
hissing noise. 



who (hoo), pron. referring to one or 
more persons s used relatively and 
interrogatively. 

whoa (hwo), interj, a word used by 
drivers of horses or oxen, meaning 



"stop!" 

whoever (-ev'er), pron, every one 
who; whatever person. 

whole (hoi), adj, containing all; 
complete; not defective; hale and 
sound; unbroken. 

wholesale ('sal), n, sale of goods by 
the piece or in large quantity: adj. 
buying or selling in large quantities. 

wholesome ('sum), adj. sound; pro- 
moting or favoring morals, religion, 
or prosperity; salubrious; salutary. 

wholesomely (-h), adv. in a whole- 
some manner. 

wholesomeness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being v/holesome. 

wholly (ho'h), adv. entirely; exclu- 
sively. 

whom (hoom), pron. objective of who. 

whoop (hoop), v.i. to utter a loud, 
shrill, and prolonged cry; shout: ?i. 
a loud shout of, or as of, pursuit or 
attack. 

whooping-cough ('ing-kof), n. a 
violent, convulsive cough, character- 
ized by its whooping sound. 

whop (hwop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
whopped, p.pr. whopping], to thrash 
or beat: v.i. to fall down suddenly: 
n. a blow or fall. 

whopper ('er), n. something imusu- 
ally large; a monstrous He. 

whore (hor), n. a female who prosti- 
tutes her body for hire; prostitute; 
adulteress: v.i. to fornicate; practice 
idolatry. 

whoredom ('dum), n. fornication; 
idolatry. 

whorl (hwerl or whorl), n. any set 
of organs or appendages arranged in 
a circle round an axis, as flowers or 
leaves; turn of the spire of a uni- 
valve shell; fly of a spindle. 

whorled (hvrerld), adj. furnished 
with whorls. 

whortleberry (hwer'tl-ber-i), n. small 
shrub and its edible blue fruit. 



ate, arm, i.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, theu^ 



WHOSE 



952 



WIMPLE 



whose (hooz), yron, poss. of who or 
which. 

why (hwi), adv, for what cause, rea- 
son, or purpose: inter j, used em- 
phatically: n, the reason or cause. 

wick (wik), n. the cotton or sub- 
stance of a candle or lamp which 
supphes the flame. 

wicked ('ed), adj. evil in principle 
or practice; sinful; immoral; rogu- 
ish. 

wicker ('er), n. a pliant osier: adj. 
made of plaited osiers. 

wicket Cet), n. a small gate; the 
three upright stumps in cricket at 
which the ball is bowled. 

wick-i-up (wik'i-up), n. another 
name for wigwam or tepee. 

wide (wid), adj. extended far each 
way; broad; vast; very capacious; 
failing to hit the mark: adv. to a 
great distance; far apart: n. a ball 
bowled outside the bowling-crease. 

widely ('h), adv. extensively. 

widen ('en), v.t. to make wide; throw 
open: v.i. to enlarge. 

wideness Cues), n. width; breadth. 

widgeon (wij'un), n. a species of 
duck. 

widow (wid'o), n. a woman bereaved 
of her husband and remaining un- 
married: v.t. to bereave of a hus- 
band. 

widower (-er), n. a man bereaved of 
his wife and remaining unmarried. 

width (width) n. extent of a thing 
from side to side. 

wield (weld), v.t. to use or employ 
with the hand; control or sway; 
handle. 

wife (wif), n. [pi. wives (wivz) ], a 
woman united in lawful wedlock to 
a man; woman in some humble em- 
ployment. 

wifely (li), adv. like, or becoming, a 
wife. 

wig (wig), n, false hair worn on the 
head. 

wigan ('an), n, a kind of canvas-Kke 
cotton fabric. 

wigged (wigd), adj. wearing a wig. 

wigging (wig'ing), n. a scolding. 



wiggle, same as wriggle. 

wight (wit), n. a human being. 

wigwag (wig'wag), n. a signaling Jj 
flag: v.t. & v.i. to communicate by ■' 
means of a wigwag; to wave to and 
fro. 

wigwam (wigVawm), n. an Indian 
tent. 

wild (wild), adj. living in a state of 
nature; untamed; uncultivated; na- 
tive; savage; violent; passionate; 
unreasonable; disorderly; reckless; 
n. a desert. 

wilderness (wil'der-nes), n. a region 
or tract of land uncultivated and un- 
inhabited; desert. 

wildcat (wlld'kat), adj. unsafe; spec- 
ulative; running without control. 

wile (wil), n. a sly artifice; trick; 
v.t. to cause to pass pleasantly (with 
away); cajole [Scotch]. 

wilful ('fool), adj. governed by the 
will without regard to reason; stub- 
born; inflexible. 

wilfully (-i), adv, stubbornly; on 
purpose. 

will (wil), n. the faculty of the mind 
by which one chooses or determines; 
command; pleasure; divine deter- 
mination; choice; desire; feeling 
toward; legal disposition of one's 
property at death: v.i. to exercise 
the will; decree: v.t. to determine 
in the mind; command; direct; be- 
queath. 

willet ('et), n, a bird alhed to the 
snipe. 

willing ('ing), adj. inclined to do or 
grant; complying spontaneous; vol- 
untary. 

will-o'-the-wisp (wil-o-^Ae-wisp'), n. 
an ignis fatuus; a deceitful object 
luring to a vain pursuit. 

willow ('o), n. a tree of the genus 
Salix. 

wilt, 2 per. sing, of will. 

Wilton carpet (wil'tun kar'pet), n. 
a kind of imitation Brussels. 

wily (wi-li), adj. cunning; crafty. 

wimple (wim'pl), n. a kind of silk or 
Hnen headcovering formerly worn by 
women, and still retained by nuns. 



ate, arm, §;sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; thinks ^Aen. 



WIN 



953 



WINTER 



win (win), v.t, [p.i, & p.p, won, p.pr. 
winning], to gain by superiority in 
a contest or competition; gain or 
obtain; bring over to one^s party; 
render friendly or favorable: v.i, to 
be successful; triumph. 

wince (wins), v.i, to twist or turn as 
in pain or uneasiness; shrink; kick: 
n. the act of wincing. 

wincey (win'si), n. linsey-woolsey. 

winch (winch), r. the crank of a 
wheel or axle. 

Winchester (win'ches-ter), n. a light 
repeating rifle. 

wind ^ (wind), n. air in perceptible 
motion; lungs; power of respira- 
tion; breath; flatulence; anything 
insignificant or light as wind; idle 
words: v.L to ventilate; scent with 
the nose, as hounds; render scant of 
breath; allow to rest, as a horse, in 
order to let him recover breath: v.i, 
(wind) to turn round something; 
twist; meander: v.t, to coil or en- 
circle. 

windage (wind'aj), n, the difference 
between the diameter of the bore of 
a gun and of a shot or shell; deflec- 
tion of a missile caused by the wind. 

windfall ('fawl), n. fruit blown down 
by the wind; unexpected good for- 
tune. 

windflower ('flou-er), n, the anem- 
one. 

windhover ('hov-er), n. the kestrel. 

windiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being windy; flatulence; 
verbosity. 

winding (wind'ing), n. turning; 
twisting. 

winding sheet (-shet), n. a cere- 
ment. 

windlass (wind 'las), n. a horizontal 
cylinder or roller by means of which 
heavy weights, &c., are raised. 

windmill (wind'mil), n. a structure 
containing sails or contrivances to 
be revolved by the wind, thereby 
furnishing power for various uses, 
such as grinding, raising water, &c. 

window (win'do), n. an ^ aperture, 
usually glazed, in a building to ad- 



mit light; frame in such an opening; 
anything resembling a window. 

windpipe (wind'pip), n. the trachea. 

wind-shield (wind'sheld), n, a framed 
glass placed in front of an auto- 
mobile to ward off the wind. 

windward (wind'werd), n. the direc- 
tion from w^hich the wind blows: 
adv. toward the ^\dnd: adj. on the 
side toward the point from which 
the wind blows. 

windy ('i), adj. [comp. windier, su- 
perl, windiest], pertaining to, like, 
or consisting of, wind; boisterous; 
windward; exposed to the wind; 
flatulent; empty. 

wine (win), n. the fermented juice of 
grapes; liquor made from the juice 
of certain fruits; intoxication; wine 
party. ^ 

wing (wing), n. one of the two an- 
terior hmbs of a bird, or insect, by 
which it flies; anything resembling a 
wing; passage by the wing; flight; 
sia of a building, army, fleet, &c.; 
care or protection: v.t. to furnish 
with, or as with, wings; transport 
by flight; supply with side-pieces; 
w^ound in the wing: v.i. to fly. 

wink (wingk), v.i. to close and open 
the eyehds with a quick motion; 
hint by the motion of the eyehds; 
connive; tolerate: n. act of winking; 
hint given. 

winking ('ing), n. the act of shut^ 
ting and opening the eyes rapidly; 
act of conniving. 

winner (win'er), n. one who wins. 

winning (ing), adj, adapted to gain 
favor; attractive; charming: n.pl. 
money gained in any contest or game. 

winnow ('o), v.t. to separate and 
drive the chaff from (grain) by the 
wind; fan; sift or examine: v.i. to 
separate chaff from grain. 

winsome ('sum), adj, attractive; 
pretty. 

winter ('ter), n. the cold season of 
the year; period or condition re- 
sembhng winter: v.i. to pass the 
winter; hibernate: v.t. to feed or 
maintain during the winter. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



WINTER-SOLSTICE 



954 



WITHIN 



winter-solstice ('ter-sol-stis), n, the 
solstice when the sun enters Capri- 
corn, about December 21. 

wipe (wip), v.t. to rub or dust the 
surface of with something soft; dry- 
by rubbing; cleanse, as from abuses; 
obliterate (with ^ out) : n, act of 
cleansing by rubbing; blow or crush- 
ing repartee; the lapwing. 

wire (wir), n, a metallic thread of 
uniform diameter; telegraph wire; 
telegram: v.t. to bind, or snare, with 
wire; telegraph: v.u to send a tele- 
gram, 

wire-binder (wlr-bm'der), n, a har- 
vesting machine that cuts the grain 
and binds the sheaves with wire; 
or the mechanism that does the 
binding. 

wireless telegraphy (wir'les te-leg'- 
r§,-fi), n, any form of telegraphic 
communication effected by means of 
electricity without the use of wire 
circuits. 

wireless telephony (te-lef'o-ni), n. 
the art of telephoning without wire. 

wire-pulling ('pool-ing), n. secret 
influence or intrigue, especially for 
political purposes. 

wire-tapper (wir-tap'er), n. one who 
iUicity intercepts telegraph or tele- 
phone messages by * ^tapping'' the 
wire. 

wiry ('i), adj, made of, or like, wire; 
strong and flexible; lean and sinewy. 

wisdom (wiz'dom), n, knowledge 
practically applied to the best ends; 
natural sagacity; prudence; skill in 
affairs; piety. 

wisdom-tooth (-tooth), n. the name 
popularly given to the third molar 
in each jaw, appearing between the 
ages of 17 and 25. 

wise (wTz), ^ adj. Judging correctly 
from experience; possessing wisdom; 
skilful; learned; discreet; contain- 
ing, or directed by, wisdom: suffix 
denoting manner or mode of acting. 

wiseacre ('a-ker), n. a would-be wise 
person; pretender to learning. 

wisely ('li), adv. in a wise manner. 

wish (wish), v,i. to have a strong de- 



sire: v.t. to desire or long for; ex- 
press desire for: n. strong or eager 
desire; thing desired. 

wishing ('ing), n. a wish. 

wishing-bone (-bon), n. the merry- 
thought. Also wishbone. 

wish-wash ('wosh), n» thin, weak 
hquor. 

wisp (wisp), n. a handful or small 
bundle, as of straw or hay. 

wistful (wist'fool), adj, sadly long- 
ing; pensive. 

wistfully (-i), adv. in a wistful man- 
ner. 

wistiti (wis'te-tS), n. the marmoset. 

wit (wit), v.i. to know: n. knowledge; 
intellect or mental faculties; sagac- 
ity; talent J ingenuity; power of 
combining ideas with ludicrous ef- 
fect; one who possesses wit; humor- 
ist. 

witch (wich), n. a woman supposed 
to have formed a compact with evil 
spirits, by whose means she possessed 
supernatural powers; sorceress; fas- 
cinating young woman: v.t, to be- 
witch; enchant. 

witchcraft ('krMt), n. the practice 
of witches; supernatural or magical 
powers. 

witchery ('er-i), n. witchcraft; fas- 
cination. 

witch-hazel (^ha-zel), n. a shrub or 
small tree of the genus Hamamelis. 

witching, same as bewitching. 

with (wi^/i), prep, denoting nearness 
or connection: prejix meaning oppo- 
sitiony departure, privation, as with- 
stand, withhold, &c. 

withal (with-aV)y adv. also; likewise; 
in addition to. 

withe (with), n. a tough flexible twig, 
especially of willow; band of twigs 
twisted together. 

wither (wi^/i'er), v.t. to cause to fade 
and become diy; decay: v.i. to be- 
come sapless. 

withers (with'erz), n.pl. the highest 
part of a horse's back, between the 
shoulder-blades. 

within ('in), prep, inside; in reach 
of: adv. inwardly. 



ate, arm, §,sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then* 



WITHY 



955 



WOODCUT 



withy (with'i), n, a large species of 
willow; twig: adj, flexible and tough. 

witless (witles), adj, stupid; without 
sense. 

witness (wit'nes), n. attestation of a 
fact or event; testimony; evidence: 
n. one who sees or has personal 
knowledge of anything; one who at- 
tests: v.t, to have direct knowledge 
of; see; give testimony to; see the 
execution of (a document) and sub- 
scribe it: v.i, to give evidence. 

witted (wit'ed), p.adj, having wit or 
understanding. 

witticism ('i-sizm), n, sl witty re- 
mark. 

wittiness ('i-nes), n. the quaUty of 
being witty. 

wittingly ('ing-H), adv. with knowl- 
edge. 

witty ^ ('i), adj. [comp. wittier, superL 
wittiest], smartly or cleverly face- 
tious; characterized by or possessed 
of, wit; satirical. 

wive (wiv), v.t. to provide with a 
wife: v.i. to marry. 

wizard (wiz'erd), n. one supposed to 
possess supernatural powers, usually 
from the Evil One; enchanter; sor- 
cerer; conjurer. 

wizen Cen), adj. dried up; shriveled: 
v.i. & v.t. to dry up or shrivel. 

woad (wod), n. a plant yielding a 
blue dye. 

Woden (w6'den),'n. one of the gods 
of the Scandinavians; the English 
word * Wednesday^' is derived from 
the name, and means * 'Woden's 
day." 

woe (wo), n. sorrow; grief; misery. 

woful ('fool), adj. full of, or express- 
ing, woe; sad; mean. Also woeful. 

wofully (-i), adv. in a woful manner. 

wold (wold), n. a forest or wood; 
plain or open country: pi. a hilly 
district. 

wolf (woolf), n. [pi. wolves (woolvz)], 
a fierce carnivorous animal of the 
dog kind: hence a person noted for 
rapacity or cruelty. 

wolfish Cish), adj. like a wolf; rav- 
enously himgry. 



wolf's-bane (wooKs^ban), n, aconite. 

wolf's-foot ('foot), n. club-moss. 

wolverene (wool-ver-en'), n. a car- 
nivorous quadruped; the glutton. 
Wolverine. 

woman (woom'an), n. [pi. women 
(wim'en)], an adult person of the 
female sex; female attendant; wife. 

womanhood (-hood), n. the state, 
character, or collective qualities of a 
woman. 

womanish (-ish), adj. suitable to, 
characteristic of, or ha^ang the qual- 
ities of, a woman; effeminate. 

womankind (-kind), n. women col- 
lectively; women of one's household. 

woman suffrage (woo'man-suf'raj), n. 
women's right to vote. 

womb (woom), n. the uterus of a fe- 
male; place where anything is pro- 
duced; large or deep cavity: v.t. to 
breed in secret. 

wombat (wom'bat), n. a nocturnal, 
burrowdng, Australian marsupial. 

won, p.t. & p.p. of win. 

wonder (\\nin'der), n. the state of 
mind produced by anything new, 
strange, unexpected, or surprising; 
astonishinent; cause of wonder; mar- 
vel; miracle; prodigy: v.i. to feel 
wonder; be astonished at. 

wonderful (-fool), adj. exciting won- 
der; strange. Also wondrous. 

wonderfully (-i), adv. in a wonder- 
ful manner. 

wonder-sphere (-sfer), n. a large 
silver ball inclosed in crystal, which 
reflects all the life around it, every- 
thing that comes within its range. 

wonted ('ed), adj. habitual; usual. 

woo (woo), y.^. to soHcit in love; in- 
vite with importunity: v.i. to court. 

wood (wood), n. a large and thick 
collection of gro\\ing trees; soUd 
part of trees; trunk of trees sawn 
for use. 

Woodburytype (-ber-i-tip), n. a 
photo-mechanical process for print- 
ing pictures from blocks. 

woodcock ('kok), n. a wild fowl al- 
Hed to the snipe. 

woodcut (wood'cut), n. a block of 



ate, arm, ^k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



WOODEN 



956 



WORLD 



hard wood on which is engraved a 
design or picture. 

wooden ('n), adj, made, or consist- 
ing of, wood; produced as from 
wood; stiff; awkward; expressionless. 

woodiness (1-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being woody. 

woodman ('man), n. a forest officer; 
forester; one who fells timber; a 
hunter. 

woodpecker ('pek-er), n. a bird that 
taps the trunks of trees to discover 
insects. 

wood-pulp (wood-pulp), n, pulp for 
paper-making prepared by mechani- 
cal and chemical treatment of wood- 
fiber. 

woodruff ('ruf), n, an herb. 

wood-spirit (wood-spirit), n. a very 
poisonous form of alcohol distilled 
from wood; methyl alcohol. 

woody ('i), adj, abounding in woods; 
consisting of, or composed of, or 
Uke, wood. 

wooer (woo'er), n. one who woos. 

woof (woof), n, the weft or cross- 
threads in weaving; texture. 

wooing (woo'ing), adj, courting: n, 
the act of sohciting in love. 

wool (wool), n. the soft fine hair 
which covers sheep, goats, &c.; fine 
fiber resembling wool; soft, thick 
hair. 

wool-gathering (-ga//i'er-ing), adj, 
indulgence of idle fancies. 

woolen ('en), adj. made of wool: n, 
cloth made of wool: pZ. woolen goods. 

woolliness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being woolly. 

woolly {'i),adj. consisting of, like, or 
clothed with, wool. 

wool pack Cpak), n, a bale of wool, 
240 lbs. 

woolsack ('sak), n. a sack of wool; 
the Lord Chancellor's seat in the 
British House of Lords. 

wool-staple ('sta-pl), n, the city or 
town where wool used to be brought 
to the king's staple to be sold. 

wool-stapler ('sta-pler), n, a dealer 
in wool. 

wootz (wootz), n, a very fine kind of 



steel imported from India, used fo 

edged tools. 

word (werd), n. an articulate sound, 
or combination of sounds expressing 
an idea; constituent part of a sen- 
tence; tidings; message or commu- 
nication; declaration; promise: pi. 
language; speech; conversation; dis- 
pute: v.t, to express in words; 
phrase. 

Word, n, the Son of God; Holy Scrip- 
ture. 

word-book ('book), n. a vocabulary. 

word-building ('bil-ding), n, the 
formation or composition of words. 

worded ('ed), adj, expressed in words. 

wordiness (1-nes), n, verbosity. 

wording Cing), n. the manner in 
which anything is expressed in 
words. 

word-painting ('pant-ing), n. the 
description of an event, &c., in vivid, 
realistic language. 

wordy ('i), adj, pertaining to, con- 
sisting of, or containing many, 
words; verbose. 

wore, y.t. of wear. 

work (werk), n, physical or intellec- 
tual effort directed to some end; re- 
sult of work; labor; employment; 
duty; a production of an art or sci- 
ence; causing of motion against a 
resisting body: pi, moving parts of a 
mechanism; industrial manufactur- 
ing establishment; structures in civil 
or military engineering; moral du- 
ties as external to faith: v.i, to be 
occupied in business or labor; per- 
form; act; be in a state of severe 
exertion; ferment: v.t, to make by 
labor; influence or effect; excite; 
manage or carry out; sew or em- 
broider. 

workhouse ('hous), n. a poorhouse; 
a house where convicts are confined 
to labor. 

workman (werk'man), n, a laborer; 
a craftsman. 

workmanship (werk'man-ship), a. 
skill; quality of work produced. 

world (werld), n, the earth and its 
inhabitants; whole system of created 



ate, arm, ^sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



WORLDLINESS 



957 



WRAITH 



things; universe; present state of 
existence: people generally; public 
life or society; secular life; sphere 
or domain; very much. 

worldliness ('li-nes), n. the state of 
being addicted to gain and temporal 
pleasures. 

worldling (ling), n. one who is de- 
voted to the pleasures and advan- 
tages of the present. 

worldly ('li), adj. pertaining to, or 
devoted to, this life and its enjoy- 
ments and advantages. 

worm (werm), n. any small creep- 
ing animal entirely destitute of feet, 
or having very short ones; anything 
that gnaws or torments the mind; 
thread of a screw; spiral pipe in a 
still or condenser; a groveling, de- 
based creature: v.i. to work slowly, 
secretly, and gradually: v.t. to un- 
dermine by slow and secret means. 

worm-wheel ('hwel), n. a wheel 
working into the spiral of a screw. 

wormwood ('wood), n. the bitter 
plant Absinthium, used as a power- 
ful tonic; source of bitterness. 

worn, p.p. of wear. 

worried (wur'id), adj. harassed; tired. 

worrier ('i-er), n. one who worries. 

worriment ('i-ment), ?i. anxiety; 
trouble. 

worrisome ('i-sum), adj. causing worry. 

worry ('i), v.t. [j[Lt. & p.p. worried, 
p.pr. worrying], to tear or mangle 
with the teeth; harass with anxiety 
or care; vex or annoy; tease: v.i. to 
feel or express undue anxiety: be 
fretful; fight, as dogs: n. harassing 
trouble; anxiety; perplexity. 

worse (wers), adj. [comp. of bad]: n. 
loss; defeat; inferior state or con- 
dition: adi bad in a greater degree. 

worship (wer'ship), n. in England, a 
title of honor used in addressing cer- 
tain magistrates, especially mayors; 
act of paying divine honor to God: 
v.t. to pay divine honors, or religious 
service, to; reverence with great re- 
spect: v.i. to perform acts of hom- 
age or adoration, especially religious 
service. 



worshipful (-fool), adj, claiming or 
worthy of respect or honor: a term 
of respect. 

worshiper (-er), n. one who wor- 
ships. 

worst (werst), adj. [superl. of bad], 
bad or evil in the highest degree; 
most severe or dangerous: adv. 
worse than all others: n. the most 
evil or calamitous state: v.t. to get 
the advantage of in a contest; over-» 
throw; defeat. 

worsted (woos'ted), n. twisted thread 
spun out of woolen yam: adj. made 
of worsted. 

wort (wert), n. the saccharine infu- 
sion of malt which ferments and 
makes beer; an herb. 

worth (werth), 71. value; price; moral 
excellence: adj. equal in value to; 
having estate or wealth to the value 
of; deserving of. 

worthily (wer'^/a-li), adv. in a wor- 
thy manner; justly. 

worthiness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being worthy; excellence. 

worthless (werth'les), adj. having 
no value> virtue, or excellence; mor- 
ally bad; contemptible. 

worthy ('//u), adj, [comp. worthier, 
superl. worthiest], having worth or 
excellence; estimable: n. a man of 
eminent worth. 

would, p.t. of will. 

would-be (wood 'be), adj. pretending 
or desirous of being thought to be: 
n. a vain pretender. 

wound (woond or wound) , n. a breach 
of the skin and flesh given to an ani- 
mal body by violence; hurt; injury; 
v.t. to make a wound in; lacerate; 
injure; hurt the feeUng of: p.t, & 
p.p. of wind (wound). 

wove, p.t. of weave. 

woven, p.p. of weave. 

wow-wow (wou'wou), n. a Japanese 
ape. 

wrack (rak), n. seaweed cast ashore; 
ruin; destruction; a thin, flying 
cloud. 

wraith (rath), n. the supposed ghost 
of a person in his exact likeness seen 



ate, arm, §.sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



WR.\NGLE 



958 



WRITE 



immediately before, or at the time of 
his death [Scotch]. 

wrangle (ran'gl), v.i, to dispute an- 
grily or noisily: n, an angry or noisy 
dispute. 

wrangler Cgler), n, one who wran- 
gles; an angry or noisy disputant. 

wrap (rap), v.L [p.t, & p.p. wrapped 
(wrapt), p.pr. wrapping], to roll or 
wind together; cover with something 
roUed around; involve; conceal by 
enveloping: n, a wrapper, shawl, or 
rug. 

wrapper ('er), n, one who, or that 
which, wraps; that in which any- 
thing is inclosed or wrapped; loose 
over or upper garment. 

wrasse (ras), n. a bony, brightly col- 
ored fish of the genus Labrus. 

wrath (rath), n. violent anger; in- 
dignation. 

wrathful ('fool), adj, violently an- 
gry. 

wrathfully (-i), adv, in a wrathful 
manner. 

wreak (rek), v.t, to execute in ven- 
geance or passion; inflict. 

wreath (reth), n. anything curled or 
twisted; garland or chaplet. 

wreathe {reth), v.t. to twist into a 
wreath; intertwine: v.i» to be inter- 
woven. 

wreck (rek), n. the destruction of a 
ship by being driven ashore, or on a 
rock, &c. ; ruins of a ship so destroy- 
ed; remains of anythiag ruined; 
destruction: v.t. to destroy or cast 
away, as a ship, by violence; ruin 
or destroy. 

wreckage ('aj), n, remains of a 
wrecked vessel; act of wrecking; 
state of being wrecked. 

wrecker ('er), n, one who plunders, 
or causes, wrecks; one who removes 
the cargo from a wrecked vessel. 

wren (ren), n, a small insessorial 
bird. 

wrench (rench), v.t. to wring or pull 
v/ith a twist; strain: n. a violent 
twist; sprain; instrument for exert- 
ing a twisting strain. 

wrest (rest), v.t. to twist, wrench, or 



force from by violence; distort; turn 
from^ its natural meaning; pervert; 
n. violent pulling or twisting; per- 
version. 

wrester ('er), n. one who wrests. 

wrestle ^ (res'l), v.i. to contend, by 
grappling with, or striving to trip or 
throw down, another; strive earnest- 
ly: n, the act of one who wrestles; 
struggle. Also wrestling. 

wrestler (ler), n, one who wrestles. 

wretch (rech), n. a despicable or 
worthless person; one simk in the 
deepest woe. 

wretched ('ed), adj. miserable; un- 
happy; sunk in deep misery or woe; 
worthless; of- miserable quality or 
character. 

wriggle (rig'l), v.i. to twist to and 
fro: v.t. to move by, or as by, wrig- 
iing: n. a wrigghng motion. 

wriggler (ler), n. one who wriggles. 

wright (rit), n. one occupied in some 
mechanical operation; artificer; car- 
penter [Scotch]. 

wring (ring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wrung, 
p.pr, wringing], to twist; 'turn and 
strain; force or compress; extort: 
n. a forcible twist. 

wringer ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, wrings. 

wrinkle (ring'kl), n. a small ridge or 
furrow on a smooth surface; crease; 
useful hint or idea: v.t. to form or 
cause wrinkles; crease: v.i. to be- 
come wrinkled. 

wrist (rist), n. the joint uniting the 
hand to the arm. 

wrist-reflex (rist re'fleks), n. an in- 
voluntary jerk of the wrist caused by 
tapping the tendons, to test muscu- 
lar and nervous conditions. 

writ (rit), n. anything written; a 
written document to enforce obedi- 
ence to an order of a court of justice. 

write (rit), v.t. [p.t. wTote, p.p. writ- 
ten, p.pr. writing], to form wdth a 
pen or similar instrument on paper, 
&c.; express in writing; engrave; 
produce, as an author: v.i. to form 
letters with the pen; send letters; 
compose books. 



f 



ate, arm, 4sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, then* 



WRITER 



959 



WYCLIFITE 



writer ('er), n, one who, or that 
which, writes; clerk or amanuensis; 
author; journahst. 

writhe (ri^/i), v.t. to twist with vio- 
lence; pervert: v.i. to contort the 
body. 

writing (rit'ing), n. the act of form- 
ing letters with a pen, &c. ; composi- 
tion, manuscript, or book; legal in- 
strument. 

written (writ'n), odj. reduced to 
writing. 

written law (la'^)* ^- statute law. 

wrong (rong), adj. not morally right; 
false; unjust; mistaken; not fit or 
suitable; incorrect: adv. unjustly; 
erroneously. Also wrongly. 

wrongful ('fool), adj.^ contrary to 
moral law or justice; injurious. 

wrongfully (-i), adv. in a wrongful 
manner. 

wrote, p.t. of write. 

wroth (rawth), adj, much exasper- 
ated. 



wrought (rawt), v.t. & p.p. of work. 

wrought-iron ('i-em), n. malleable 
iron; iron capable of being welded. 

wrung, p.t. & p.p. of wring. 

wry (ri), adj. distorted; twisted; 
turned to one side; perverted; false; 
showing distaste, disgust, impa- 
tience, &c. 

wryly (li), adv. in a wry manner. 

wryneck ('nek), n. a migratory bird, 
allied to the woodpecker : a distorted 
neck. 

wryness ('nes), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being \\Ty or distorted. 

wulfenite (wul'fen-it), n. a mineral 
named after the Austrian geologist 
Wulfen, belonging to the chromium 
group. 

wych (wich), n. a brine pit. 

wych-elm ('elm), n. a species of elm. 

Wyclifite (wi'klif-it), n. one who be- 
lieves in the tenets of John Wickhf, 
the first translator of the Bible 
into English. 



ate, arm, dsk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



X 



X, the twenty-fourth letter of the 
English alphabet; an algebraic sym- 
bol indicating an unknown quantity; 
a chemical symbol indicating xenon; 
in the wireless telegraphic code 
represents a false signal. 

xanthein (zan'the-in), n. the yellow 
coloring matter of certain plants and 
flowers; a whitish powder, alhed to 
uric acid, obtained from urine or 
guano. Also xantliin. 

xanthic ('thik), adj. tending to a 
yellow color. 

xanthic acid (as 'id), n. a heavy, 
colorless, oily liquid consisting of bi- 
sulphuret of carbon, water, and an 
oxide of ethyl. 

Xanthippe (zan-tip'e), n, a scolding 
woman: from the termagant wife of 
Socrates, 

xantho, a prefix, meaning yellow, as 
a:a?i^/iocarpous: adj, having yellow 
fruit. 

xanthophyll ('tho-fil), n. the yellow 
coloring matter of withering leaves. 

xanthous ('thus), adj, yellow; not- 
ing races having browm, flaxen, or 
red hair and blue eyes. 

xebec (ze'bek), n, a small three- 
masted vessel with lateen and square 
sails. 

xenia (ze'ni-a), adj. the immediate in- 
fluence of pollen on the fruit, as when 
corn of a white-eared strain produces 
ears bearing yellow kernels, proving 
pollenation by a yellow-eared race. 

xenium (ze'ni-um), ^ n. in ancient 
Greece, a present given to a guest 
or foreign ambassador. 

xeno, (a prefix, meaning a stranger, as 
xenogenesis, heterogenesis. 



xenobiosis (zen'6-bi-o'sis), n. a form 
of communal life among ants when 
two colonies of different species live 
together on friendly terms for mutual 
protection or benefit. 

xenon (ze'non), n. a newly discover- 
ed gas, associated with argon. 

xenoparasite (zen-o-par'a-sit) , n, a 
parasitic fungus that can grow on 
its host plant only when the host 
is injured or diseased. 

xerasia (ze'ra'si-a), n. a disease of 
the scalp, characterized by dryness.' 

xeres (zer'es), n, sherry. 

xeroderma (ze-ro-der'm§.), n. a dis- 
ease of the skin characterized by 
dryness. 

xerophthalmia (-rof -thal'mi-a) , n. 
abnormal dryness of the eyeball, ac- 
companied by redness and irritation. 

xerostatic (ze-ro-stat'ik), adj, grow- 
ing under practically uniform con- 
ditions of dryness of soil and climate. 

xerotropic (ze-ro-troplk), adj. in- 
duced by sudden change from moist 
to dry conditions of climate and soil. 

xiphoid (zl'foid), adj. sword-shaped. 

X-rays (eks'raz), the Roentgen rays. 

xylene (zi'len), n. a colorless oily 
liquid found in coal and wood tar. 
Also xylol. 

xylite Cht), n. a kind of asbestos. 

xylo, a prefix, meaning wood, 

xylobalsamum (zi-lo-barsa-mum), n. 
a balsam obtained from the dried 
wood of the balsam-tree. 

xylogen ('lo-jen), n. lignin. 

xylograph (lo-grM), n. an engraving 
on wood; an impression from such 
an engraving. 

xylographic (-grM'ik), adj. pertain- 



Ste, arm, §sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(960) 



XYLOGRAPHY 



961 



XYSTOS 



ing to xylography or wood engrav- 
ing. 

xylography (-log'r§,-fi), n. the art or 
process of making prints from the 
natural grain of wood; a kind of 
decorative painting on wood. 

xyloid (zi'loid), adj, like wood. 

xyloidin (-loid'in), n. an explosive 
compound produced by the action of 
nitric acid on starch. 

xylol, same as xylene. 

xylonite ('lo-nit), n. a kind of com- 
pressed gun-cotton, resembhng ivo- 



ry, used for making various articles, 
as combs, &c. 

xylophone ('lo-f on) , n. a musical in- 
strument consisting of a graduated 
series of wooden bars, and sounded 
by means of small wooden hammers. 

Xyris (zi'ris), n. a genus of tiopical 
sedge-hke plants. 

xyster (zis'ter), n. a surgical instru- 
ment for scraping bones. 

xys tos Ctos), n. a long covered por- 
tico for athletic exercises. Also 
xystus. 



ate, arm, dsk^ at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, i/ien. 



Die. 61 



Y 



Y, the twenty-fifth letter of the Eng- 
hsh alphabet; a chemical symbol for 
yttrium; an algebraic symbol for the 
second of two unknown quantities, 
X being the first. 

yacare (yak'&-ra), n, a South Amer- 
ican crocodile. 

yacca-wood ('§,-wood), n. the wood 
of atree of Jamaica, used for cabi- 
net-work. 

yacht (yot), n. a light and quick- 
sailing vessel used for pleasure or 
racing: v.i. to sail or cruise about 
in a yacht. 

yachting ('ing), adj, pertaining to a 
yacht: n, the practice of sailing a 
yacht. 

yachtsman (yots'man), n. {pi. 
yachtsmen ('men), ] the owner or 
sailer of a yacht. 

yager, same as jager. 

yahoo (ya-hoo'), n, a savage: from 
the race of brutes in ^^GulUver's 
Travels." 

yak (yak), n. a kind of ox. 

yak-lace Clas), n, sl coarse lace. 

yaksha ('sh§,), n. a Hindu gnome. 

yam (yam), n. sl large edible tuber of 
various climbing plants of the genus 
Dioscorea. 

yank (yangk), v,t. to jerk or twist: v.i. 
to work cleverly and pushingly: n. 
a jerk or twist. 

Yankee ('e), n. the popular name of 
New England Americans: used gen- 
erally for citizens of the United 
States: adj. pertaining to, or charac- 
teristic of, citizens of the United 
States. 

Yankee-Doodle (-doo'dl), n. a pop- 
ular melody of the United States. 



Yankeeism (-izm), n. a Yankee id- 
iom, practice, or custom. 

yanking ('ing), adj, active; pushing. 

yanolite (yan'o-lit), n, a kind of gar- 
net. 

yaourt (yourt), n. a fermented liqour 
prepared from milk, similar to kou- 
miss. 

yap (yap), v.u [p.L & p.p. yapped, 
p.pr. yapping], to yelp or bark, as a 
dog: n. a yelp or bark. 

yapock^ (yap'uk), n. a South American 
aquatic opossum. 

yapon (yaw'pun), n. a kind of holly, 
the leaves of which are used as tea; 
South Sea tea. 

yappy (yap'i), a. inclined to yelp or 
bark. 

yard (yard), n. a standard measure 
of length = 3 ft.; a long piece of 
timber on a mast for spreading 
square sails; an enclosure adjoining 
or attached to a house, or where 
some manufacture is carried on. 

yard-arm (yard'arm), n. one of the 
two ends of a ship's yard. 

yardstick (yard'stik), n. a measur- 
ing stick of three feet in length. 

yarn (yarn), n. spun thread; one of 
the threads of a rope; a sailor's 
story, especially one of doubtful ve- 
racity: v.i. to tell a story. 

yataghan (yat'^-gan), n. a dagger- 
like, double-curved saber. 

yaup (yawp), n. the blue titmouse. 

yaw (yaw), v.i. to steer wildly; devi- 
ate from the right course: said of a 
ship; rise in blisters or white froth. 

yawl (yawl), n. a light, decked, two- 
masted boat; jolly-boat: v.i, to 
howl. 



ate, arm, i-sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 

book; hue, hut; think, then. 

(962) 



YAWN 



963 



YOKE 



yawn (yawn), n. an involuntary open- 
ing of the jaws through drowsiness, 
&c.: v.L to gape involuntarily. 

yawning Cing), adj. gaping; drowsy. 

yawp (yawp), same as yelp. 

yclad (e-klad), adj. clothed. 

ycleped ('klept), adj. called. Also 
yclept. 

ye (ye), pron. nom. pL of thou. 

yea (ya), adv, yes; truly. 

yean (yen), v.t. & v.L to lamb. 

yeanling ('ling), n. sl lamb.^ 

year (yer), n. the period during which 
the earth makes one complete 
revolution round the sun (3653^ 
days): pL age; old age. 

yearbook (yer'book), n. a book pub- 
lished at the end of t)ae year, filled 
with statistic^ and information re- 
garding the precedingtwelvemonths. 

yearn (yem), v,i. to feel an earnest 
desire; be filled with eager longing 
or desire. 

yeast (yest), n. the barm or ferment 
of beer or other liquor in fermenta- 
tion; froth; any preparation for 
raising dough. 

yeastiness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quahty of being yeasty. 

yeasty ('i), adj. pertaining to, like, 
or containing, yeast. 

yeggman (yeg'man), n. a burglar; a 
safe-blower. 

yelk, same as yolk. 

yell (yel), n. a sharp, discordant cry, 
as of agony: v.t. to scream: v.i. to 
utter a sharp, discordant cry. 

yellow Co), adj. of a bright, pure 
color resembling gold; jaundiced. 

yellow book, n. official name of a col- 
lection of diplomatic messages 
issued by France just before the 
European war of 1914. 

yellow-fever (feVer), n. a dangerous 
fever often epidemic in hot coun- 
tries along the coast, where sanitary 
rules are not observed. 

yellowish ('ish), adj. somewhat yel- 
low. 

yelp (yelp), v.i. to utter a sharp 
bark: n. a sharp bark. 

yeoman (yo'man), n. [pi. yeomen 



('men) ], in England a man pos- 
sessed of a small landed estate; 
farmer; freeholder; an officer of the 
Royal household; in the United 
States navy, a petty officer in charge 
of stores. 

yeomanry (-ri), n. yeomen collective- 
ly; volunteer cavalry. 

yerba (yer'ba), n. Paraguay tea. 

yerk (yerk), v.t. to jerk; thrust sud- 
denly; lash [Scotch]: v.i. to kick: 
n. a sudden, smart thrust. 

yes (yes), adv. yea: opposed to no. 

yesterday ('ter-da), n. the day last 
past; recent time: adv. on the day 
last past. 

yet (yet), adv. in addition; still; more- 
over: conj. nevertheless; however. 

yew fyoo), n. a large evergreen tree 
of the genus Taxus: adj. pertaining 
to yew trees. 

yewen ('en), adj. made of yew. 

Yiddish (yid'ish), n. a kind of com- 
posite language spoken by foreign 
Jews in England. 

yield fyeld), v.t. to submit; produce; 
concede: v.i. to assent; comply; give 
way; cease opposition; give a return 
or produce: n. product; return. 

yielder ('er), n. one who yields. 

yielding ('ing), adj. inclined to give 
way or comply; accommodating: n. 
the act of producing; submission; 
compliance. 

yl, a suffiXy meaning basis: used as a 
characteristic termination of chemi- 
cal radicals. 

yield-point (yeld'point) , n. the 
amount of load or stress that will 
produce permanent injury through 
deformation or rupture of a ductile 
material, as a steel or iron girder. 

Y-level (wi'lev-el), n. an instrument 
for measuring heights and distances. 

yodel, same as jodel. 

yogi (yo'ge), n. one of a religious 
order in India, popularly supposed 
to have occult powers; an ascetic. 

yojan Cjan), n. in the East Indies, a 
measure of length = 5 miles. 

yoke (yok), n. a piece of hollowed 
timber for connecting two draught 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



YOKEL 



964 



YULE-TIDE 



oxen together; a frame of wood fitted 
to a person's shoulders for carrying 
a pail, &c., suspended to each end; 
bond, tie, or link; pair or couple; 
service; mark of slavery; bar at- 
tached to the rudder-head to which 
the steering lines are fastened: v.t. 
to join together; couple; place a 
yoke upon; enslave; confine. 

yokel (yo'kl), n, a rustic. 

yolk (yok), n, yellow part of an egg; 
vitellus, the oily secretion from the 
skin of a sheep which renders the 
wool soft and pliable. 

Yom-Kippur (yom-kip'er), n. the 
Jewish day of atonement. 

yonder (yon'der), adj, at a distance, 
but in view: adj. being at a distance, 
but in view. Also yon. 

yore (yor), adv, an old time; long 
ago. 

you (u), pron, nom, & ohj, pi. of 
thou: now used for thou and thee. 

young (yung), adj. being in the early 
part of life or growth; inexperienced; 
not matured; raw; vigorous; fresh; 
pertaining to youth; of youthful 
appearance: n. offspring collectively. 

youngish ('ish), adj, somewhat 

■ young. 

youngster ('ster), n. a young per- 
son; lad. 

younker ('ker), n. a young fellow; 
stripling. 

your (yoor), pron. poss. pi. of thou or 
you. Also yours. 

yourself (-self), pron. - [pi. your- 
selves (-selvz')], you in your own 
person. 



yourts (yoorts), n. the underground 
dwellings of the Eskimo. 

youth (yooth), n. [pi. youths' 
(yooths)], early life; a young per- 
son; young persons collectively; 
condition of being young. 

youthful Cfool), adi. pertaining to 
youth or the early part of life; 
fresh; vigorous. 

youthfully (-i), adv. in a youthful 
manner. 

yowl (youl), n. sl howl: v.i. to howl 
or yell. 

yttria (it'ri-a), n. the oxide of yttri« 
um. 

yttrium ('ri-mn), n. the metallic 
base of yttria. 

yttrocerite (-ro-se'rit), n. a mineral 
of violet-blue color. 

yucca (yuk'a), n. sl sub-tropical Amer- 
ican plant characterized by its stiff 
lanceolate leaves; Adam's needle. 

yufts (yults), n. a kind of Russian 
leather. 

yufu (yu'foo), n. a crude fabric made 
from the bark of the paper-mulberry 
tree, 

yuga (yoo'ga), n. according to the 
Hindu belief one of the four ages of 
the world. 

yulan (yoo'lan), n. a Chinese flower of 
the magnolia species; a species of 
magnolia with snow-white flowers. 

Yule (yool), n. Christmas. 

Yule-log C'log), n. a large block of 
wood formerly put upon the hearth 
on Christmas eve to form the basis 
of the Christmas fire. 

Yule-tide ('tid), n. Christmastide. 



ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



z 



2, the twenty-sixtjb and last letter of 
the English alphabet. An algebraic 
sign for a third unknown quantity, 
X and y standing^ for the other two. 

zaffre (zaf'er), n. impure oxide of co- 
balt, of an intensely blue color, used 
in enameling, pottery, &c. Also 
zaffer. 

zaim (za'im), n. a Turkisk military 
chief. 

zamang (zi^mang'), n. a huge legu- 
minous tree, the sweet pulpy pods of 
which are used for feeding cattle. 

zamouse (zl,-moosO, ^. a West Afri- 
can buffalo, with hair-fringed ears 
and without a dewlap. 

zany (za'ni), n. a buffoon; merry- 
andrew. 

zaptiah (zap'ti-§,) n. a Turkish po- 
liceman. 

zealot (zel'ot), n. an enthusiast; fa- 
natic. 

Zealoty n, one of a fanatical sect of 
Jews which carried oa a desperate 
struggle with the Romans until the 
fall of Jerusalem (70 A.D.). 

zealous ('us), adj. ardent in the pur- 
suit of an object; enthusiastic. 

zebecy same as xebec. 

zebra (ze'br&), n. a wild animal of 
Africa of the ^ genus^ Equus, with 
black and white stripes; a wood 
much used in cabinet-making. 

zebu ('bu), n. the Indian ox or cow, 
with long pendulous ears, and large 
prominent hump on the shoulders. 

zechstein (zek'stin), n. magnesium 
limestone. 

zeeman effect (ze'man ef-fekt), n. 
a distortion of spectral lines due to 
the influence of a magnetic field on 



the source of light, as discovered by 
Prof. Zeeman of Amsterdam. 

Zemstvo (zemstVo), n, a popularly 
elected prov. or dist. administrative 
assembly in Russia in pre war time. 

zenana (ze-na-n§,), n. in India, that 
part of a house reserved exclusively 
for women. Also zanana. 

Zend (zend), n. the Iranian language 
of ancient Persia. 

Zend-Avesta (-S--ves'ta), n, the sa- 
cred writings of the Zoroastriana 
ascribed to Zoroaster. 

zendik ('dik), n, in the East, a name 
for an imbeliever. 

zenith (ze'nith), n. the point in the 
heavens directly over the head of the 
spectator; greatest height. 

zeolite (ze'o-lit), n. an extensive 
group of minerals, consisting of hy- 
dratcd silicates; so called from their 
frothing when under the blowpipe. 

zephyr (zef'er), n. the west wind; 
soft, gentle breeze. 

Zeppelin (zep'e-lin), n, a dirigible, 
passenger-carrying airship, named 
after its inventor. 

zero (z'ro), n. a cipher; nothing; 
neutral point (°) between any as- 
cending or descending scale or series; 
the theoretical point, at 272 degrees 
of the Centigrade scale, at which 
temperature ceases to exist, is called 
the absolute zero. 

Zero-Hour, n. the exact time to 
auLaciL. 

zest (zest), n. relish; keen enjoyment. 

zeugma (zug'ma) , n. sl figure in gram- 
mar by which a verb, adjective, or 
other part of speech, relating to 
one noun is referred to another. 



ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, ^^en. 

(965> 



ZIF 



966 



ZOO 



Zif (zif), n. the second month of the 
Jewish ecclesiastical year (part of 
May- June) and eighth of the civil 
year. 

zigzag (zig'zag), adj. having short, 
sharp turns: n, something with 
short, sharp turns. 

zimb (zimb), n. a dipterous insect re- 
sembling the tsetse. ^ 

zinc (zingk), n. a bluish-white metal. 

zincic (zin'sik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, zmc. Also zincky, zinky, 
zinckico 

zincode (zingk'od), n. the negative 
pole of a voltaic battery. 

zincograph ('o-graf), n. an impres- 
sion from a zinc plate. 

zincography (-og'ra-fi), n. the art of 
drawing upon, or printing from, zinc 
plates. 

zincoid ('oid), adj, zinc-Kke. 

Zingaro (thing-ga'ro), n. Spanish 
term for gipsy. 

zingel (zing'el), n. a perch found in 
the Danube. 

zinkenite (zingk'en-it), n. a steel- 
grey mineral, a sulphide of antimony 
and lead. 

Zion (zi'un), n. a hill in Jerusalem, 
the royal residence of King David 
and his successors: hence the 
Church of God. 

Zionism (-izm), n. a project for the 
reestablishment of the Jews as a na- 
tion in Palestine. 

zircon (zer'kon), n. a heavy, hard, 
sparkling mineral. 

zirconia (-ko'ni-^), n, the oxide of 
zirconium. 

zirconium ('ni-um), n. a rare metal- 
lic element. 

zither (zith'er), n. a stringed musical 
instrument, consisting of a sounding 
box and 28 to 31 strings. 

zoanthropy (zo-an'thro-pi), n. a kind 
of mania, in which the patient be- 
lieves himself to be transformed into 
an animal. 

zobo Cbo), 71. an ox-hke animal of 
India. Also zobu. 

zodiac ('di-ak), n. an imaginary 
broad belt in the heavens, contain- 



ing the 12 constellations or signs of 
the zodiac which the sun traverses 
annually. 

zodiacal (-di'a-kil), a^j. pertaining 
to, or situated within, the zodiac. 

zodiacal light (lit), n. a luminous 
tract of the sky of triangular shape, 
its base being on the horizon: seen 
in the evening at twihght, and be- 
fore dawn. 

zoetrope ('e-trop), n. an optical in- 
strument by means of which figures, 
&c., on a circular card appear to 
be in active motion when viewed 
through slots in the upper side. 

zofra {'fra), n, sl Moorish carpet. 

zoidogamous (zo-i-dog'a-mus), adj. 
fertilized by motile male cells com- 
parable to those of animals, as in 
case of certain flowerless plants. 

Zolaism ('li,-izm), n. excessive real- 
ism in the Hterary treatment of the 
worse side of human life or nature: 
from Emile Zola, the French realis- 
tic novehst. 

zollverein (tsol'fer-in), n. the Ger- 
man customs union, formed 1827 and 
further extended in 1867 to estab- 
lish uniform rates; a customs union. 

zonal (zo'nM), adj. pertaining to, or 
formed of, a zone or zones. 

zone (zon), n. one of the 5 great belts 
into which the surface of the earth 
is divided with respect to latitude 
and temperature; that belt or dis- 
trict within which certain animal or 
plant forms of life are confined: a 
girdle or belt: v.t, to encircle with, 
or as with, a zone. 

zoned (zond), n. wearing a belt or 
girdle; having zones; striped. 

zone-plate (zon'plat), n, a plate con- 
sisting of alternate series of opaque 
and transparent concentric rings 
which brings light to a focus by 
diffraction. 

zonophone (zo'no-fon), n, a kind of 
phonograph record. 

zoo, a prefix meaning animal y as zoo- 
chemistry, animal chemistry. 

zoo (zoo), n. a park or other large in- 
closure in which live animals are 



ate, arm, i<sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, thf^u. 



ZOOCENTRIC 



967 



ZWIEBACK 



kept for public exhibition; zoolog- 
ical garden. 

(zoocentric (zo-o-sen'trik) , adj. relat- 
ing to the theory that the world was 
intelligently designed as the home 
of conscious beings. 

zoochore (zo'o-kor), n. a plant dis- 
seminated with the aid of animals, 
as when_burrs are carried in the wool 
of a sheep. 

zoocurrent (zo'o-kur-ent), n. an 
ocean current carrying living or- 
ganisms. 

zoogene (zo'o-jen), adj. 'of animal 
origin, as coral islands, or beds of 
hmestone. 

zoogenic ^ (z6'5-jen'ik), adj. of animal 
as^ distinguished from vegetable, 
origin. 

zoogenous (z6-oj'e-nus), ad[;. of ani- 
mal origin; acquired by man from 
the lower animals, as in case of cer- 
tain diseases. 

zoogeography (zo-o-je-oc'r5.-fi), n. 
the study of the geograpiiical dis- 
tribution of animals. 

zoogeographical (-o-graf 'i-kM) , adj. 
pertaining to zoogeography. 

zoogloea (-o-gle'a), n. a mass of 
bacteria inclosed in a viscous, 
gelatinous substance. 

zoographic (-grM'ik), adj. pertaining 
to zoography. 

zoography (-og'r^-fi), n. the descrip- 
tion of animals, their forms and 
habits. 

zooid^ ('oid), n. an animal in one of 
its inferior stages of development; 
an individual of a compound or co- 
lonial animal organization. 

zoolatry (-ora-tri), n. animal-wor- 
ship. 

zoological (-o-loj'i-kM), adj. pertain- 
ing to zoology. 

zoologically (-li), adv. according to 
the principles of zoology. 

zoologist (-oro-jist), n. one skilled in 
zoology. 

zoology (-ol'o-ji), n. that part of bi- 
ology that treats of animals, their 
structure, classification, habits, and 
distribution. 



zoomechanics (zo-o-me-kan-iks), n. 
the theory that all vital processes 
are expHcable in terms of matter 
and motion. 

zoomorphism (-mor'fizm), n. the 
representation of a deity in the form 
or with the attributes, of an animal. 

zoon ('on), n. an animal which is the 
sole product of a single o\aim. 

zoophilist (-of'i-hst), n. a lover of 
animals. 

zoophysiologfy (-o-fiz-i-oFo-gi), n. 
ph^'siology of the lower animals. 

zoophyte ('o-fit), n. an animal of low 
organization, bearing some external 
resemblance to a plant. 

zoosperm ('5-sperm), n. the male 
seed-cell. 

zoospore ('o-spor), n. the active 
spores of certain algae endowed with 
motion by means of ciliated processes. 

zootomist (-ot'o-mist), n. a compara- 
tive anatomist. 

zootomy ('o-mi), n. the dissection or 
anatomy of animals. 

zorilla (zo-ril'a), n. a kind of skunk. 

Zoroastrian (-ro-as'tri-S.n), adj. per- 
taining to Zoroaster, the reputed 
founder of the Parsi religion, or to 
his doctrines. 

Zoroastrianism (-izm), n. the reli- 
gious system, contained in the Zend- 
Avesta, said to have been founded 
by Zoroaster, the legislator and 
prophet of ancient Persia. 

zouave (zoo-av') n. a soldier of a 
light infantry corps of the French 
army, wearing an Arab dress. 

zuchetto (tsoo-kat'o), n. a skull-cap 
covering the tonsure and worn un- 
der the biretta. Also zuchetta. 

Zulu (zoo'loo), n. one of the war- 
like tribe of Kaffirs, north of Natal. 

zumbooruk (zum'boo-ruk), n. a 
small swivel cannon fired from the 
back of a camel. 

Zuni (zoo'nye), n. one of a tribe of 
Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. 

zweibund (tsvfboont), n. a dual 
alliance of nations. 

zwieback (tsve^bach), n. a form of 
bread baked in crisp slices. 



Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ 
book; hue, hut; think, ihQn. 



ZYGOMA 



968 



ZYTHUM 



zygoma (zi-go'mi,), n. the cheek- 
bone. 

zygomorphous (zig-o-mor'fus), adj. 
shaped Uke a yoke. 

zygote (zl'got), n. the hving product 
of the union of two germ cells wheth- 
er animal or vegetable. 

zygotic (zi-got'ik), adj, relating to 
zyotes or fertilized egg-cells. 

zyme (zim), n. the germ supposed to 
be the poisonous cause of zymotic 
diseases. 

zymic (zim'ik), adj, produced by fer- 
mentation. 

zymocyte (zi'mo-sit), n. a micro-or- 
ganism that produces fermentation. 

zymogen (zi'mo-jen), n. any sub- 
stance that by internal changes gives 
rise to a ferment. Also zymogene. 

zymologist (-mol'o-jist), n, one 
skilled in zymology. 

zymology ('o-ji), n. the doctrine of 
fermentation. Also zumology. 

zymolysis (zi-mori-sis), n. normal di- 
gestion as produced by non-living 
ferments. 

zymometer (-mom'e-ter), n, an in- 
strument for ascertaining the degree 



of fermentation in different liquids, ^ 
Zymosimeter. 

zymophore (zi'mo-for), adj, bearing 
a toxin or poison. 

zymophyte (zi'mo-fit), n. a bacteroid 
ferment. 

zymosis (zi-mo'sis), n. a fermenta- 
tion. 

zymotic (-mot'ik) , adj, producing fer- 
mentation, or a disease in which a 
virus works through the body Uke a 
ferment, as cholera. 

zymotic diseases (dis'ez-ez), n, a, 
class of contagious or epidemic dis- 
eases, supposed to be produced by a 
virus or organism which acts like a 
ferment. 

zymoticcally (-al-i), adv. in a zy- 
motic manner. 

zymurgy (zi'mer-ji), n. that branch 
of industrial chemistry which deals 
vfith the processes of fermentation 
in brewing, wine-making, &c. 

Zyrian (zir'i-an), n. sl member of a 
race of people living in north east- 
ern Russia. 

zythum ('thum), n. an ancient bev- 
erage made from malt and wheat. 



ate, arm, fek, at, awl^ me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, 
book; hue, hut; think, then. 



ADDITIONAL HELPS 

TO 

The Study and Use of 
To-day's English 



MORE than a list of words is needed 
by those who wish to keep pace with 
the growth of our language. The preceding 
vocabulary is the newest and most usable 
list of. words and word information to be 
found in any Dictionary. 

Added to this, the following pages contain 
dramatic accounts of how our language 
grew, stories of word building, a section de- 
voted to information daily used, and a classi- 
fied Supplementary Dictionary of sporting, 
technical, professional and political terms. 



969 



THE EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES 



By JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D. 

Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, Meiviber of the 
National Academy of Social Science 



The Dictionary is our most general and most helpful book of reference. 
Few homes are without some one of its manifold forms, and it is appealed to 
as an authority on the correct spelling of words, their pronunciation, and their 
exact shades of meaning. In the larger dictionaries, and to some extent m 
their abridgements, we expect to find also the derivation of words, as well as a 
certain amount of encyclopedic information, frequently made clearer by ap- 
propriate illustrations. There is commonly an Appendix too, containing a 
variety of miscellaneous information, judiciously selected and conveniently 
arranged. In short, if one were for any reason limited to a single book of ref- 
erence, one's choice would ordinarily, and quite naturally, be the Dictionary. 

The evolution of so convenient and comprehensive a manual has been the 
result of a long process of development, extending over many centuries. Its 
course is marked by a relatively small number of epoch-making works, each of 
which held the field, directly or indirectly through revisions and imitations, 
for long terms of years. Like so many other of our institutions, its origin and 
growth cannot clearly be understood without going back to those peoples to 
whom we owe so much that they must always hold a prominent place in any 
sounded ucational system, the Greeks and Romans. 

The name '^dictionary,'' from dictionarius {Uher) or dictionarium, origi- 
nally meant a "word-book." It had as rivals numerous other terms, such as 
lexicon (the Greek form of "word-book"), glossary, vocabulary, and the like. 
Its victory over all of them has been so complete, that "dictionary" is not only 
the most common designation of a word-book, but is extended to other hand- 
books alphabetically arranged, such as dictionaries of antiquities, of quota- 
tions, of biography, and similar works. Even the alphabetical order, or "dic- 
tionary order" as it is sometimes called, which seems to us so obviously the best, 
had a long contest with the arrangement by subjects or classes, and was not 
universally adopted until ^ toward the end of the sixteenth century. The 
alphabetical arrangement itself passed through various stages, beginning with 
lists of words having the same initial letter but not otherwise differentiated, 
passing to hsts alphabetized by the first two letters, and culminating in our 
present system. 

Dictionaries are in general of two kinds: those in which the words of one 
language are defined in terms of another, and those in which the words of a 
language are explained or defined in the same tongue. The former become 
necessary when foreign languages are studied, the latter when a speech has 
reached such a stage of development as to contain words which are not readily 
understood by the general pubHc. 

The first word-books were the glossaries used by the Greek schoolboys of 
the fifth century before our era, to master the meanings of the obsolete and 
poetic words in their national reading-book, the poems of Homer. These 
glossaries were gradually expanded and amplified until Philetas of Cos, who 

970 



The Evolution of English Dictionaries 

lived between 325 and 265 B. C, compiled what might be called the first Ho- 
meric Lexicon. As time went on, other special lexicons were made, and finally, 
toward the end of the first century of om* era, the first general Greek Diction- 
ary was begun by Zophyrion and completed by PampMus of Alexandria. 

^ Similar educational conditions existed among the Romans, and the glos- 
saries made to explain unfamiliar words led at last to the great dictionary of 
Verrius Flaccus, of the time of Augustus. This lexicon was so large that it was 
twice abridged, b}^ Festus and Paulus Diaconus. Only the latter has been 
peserved, along with some portions of the earher epitome of Festus. Verrius 
illustrated the meaning and use of words by quotations, which give the work 
its principal value for modem scholars, and also introduced some encyclopaedic 
matter. It will be seen that much of the ground gained in the course of so 
many centuries* was lost during the Dark Ages, and that our English dic- 
tionaries practically began again at the beginning and passed through the same 
stages of growth, although at last they far outstripped their prototypes in the 
ancient world. 

After lexicography had lain dormant for some time, it was given a fresh 
impulse by the Revival of Learning and the use of Latin as a means of com- 
munication among educated men of different nationahties. Vocabularies be- 
came necessary, which at first explained the meaning of words in simpler Latin, 
but tended more and more to use the vernacular. Li England the making 
of such word-books began between 600 and 700 A. D., but their development 
was retarded for more than three centuries by the Norman conquest, since 
it was not until the close of the fourteenth century that EngUsh finally gained 
the ascendancy over French and became the recognized language of the 
schools. 

The period which followed the victory of the mother tongue is marked by 
the appearance of a great number of Latin-EngU'sh word-books, not yet called 
dictionaries, but bearing various fanciful titles, such as Medulla Grammatices, 
or *'Marrow of Grammar,'' Ortus (i. e. Hortus) Vocabulorum, or '^Garden of 
Words,'' and the Uke. A second stage is represented by the Promptorium Par- 
vvlorumy the '^Children's Storehouse," which contained about 10,000 Enghsh 
words with their Latin equivalents. The first work of the kind to be termed a 
"Dictionary" was that of Sir Thomas Elyot, Knight, issued in 1538. The num- 
ber of Latin-Enghsh,and EngHsh-Latin lexicons is very large and^ they show 
a consistent improvement. Space does not permit an enumeration even of 
those of epoch-making importance; it may merely be remarked that owing to 
the high demands made by the modern science of lexicography, we have as 
yet no dictionary either of Greek or of Latin which is regarded as adequate. 
In the case of Latin the deficiency is gradually being supphed bjr the Thesaurus 
Linguae Latinae J pubHshed with the support of five great -A cademies of Germany 
and Austria. The printing of this mammoth work began in 1900, and it has 
so far covered the first four letters of the alphabet. 

The next forward Step was made by Richard Howlet, whose Ahecedarium, 
issued in 1552, besides giving the Latin equivalents for a large number of Eng- 
lish words, also gave English definitions of some of the more difficult terms. 
Next, the dying out of Latin as a means of communication led to a more gen- 
eral study of the modem languages. Dante had long since made an appeal for 
greater attention to ItaUan in his De Vvlgari Eloquio, but it was not until the 
early part of the sixteenth centmy that Dictionaries of English in connection 
with a modern language were put forth. One of the earliest was the Esctarcisse' 
ment de la Langue Francoyse (1530), which was soon followed by dictionaries 
of Spanish and Itahan, and shortly afterwards by a polyglot lexicon in eleven 
languages, called the Ditctor inLinguas^ or ^ 'Guide into Tongues." 

971 



The Evolution of English Dictionaries 

Dictionaries of Greek, Latin and the modern foreign languages had an 
obvious practical purpose, but the necessity for an English dictionary did not 
suggest itself until the end of the sixteenth century, when it was brought to 
mind by the introduction into our tongue of many learned or ''book'* words, 
the meaning of which could not be grasped in the ordinary way, but required 
definition by specialists.^ Thus English dictionaries had in the beginning the 
same aim as the glossaries of the Greeks and Romans; that is, the defimtion 
of the ''hard" words of the language. 

This is explicitly set forth in the title of Robert Cawdrey's Table Alpha-' 
heticall of Hard Words, published in 1604, in which he explains the meaning of 
about 3,000 such terms. His work passed through three editions and then 
gave place to the English Expository or Exposition of Hard Words, of John Bul- 
lokar (1616), A new departure was made by the English Dictionary of Henry 
Cockeram (1623), which consisted of three parts. The first contained the 
''hard*' words with their definitions, but the second gave a list of ordinary 
words provided with their learned equivclents, thus enabling the ambitious 
and industrious to substitute elegant and hi^h-sounding terms for those cur- 
rent in every-day life, and so improve their style and conversation. The third 
part furnished an explanation of the classical, historical and mythological 
allusions met with in Hterature, besides giving information about important 
personages, marvellous animals, and the like. 

In 1656 BiGlossographia, an explanation of obscure legal terms, was published 
by Thomas Blount, who enlivened the sober annals cf th^ science by his con- 
troversy with Edward Phillips, declaring that the latter's New World of Words 
and Nomothctes were clumsy plagiarisms of his own books. But the general 
tendency was to add more and more of the common words of the language. 
A series of dictionaries by Coles (1G77), Cocker (1704), and Kersey (1708) 
continued this good work, and finally, in 1721, Nathaniel Bailey issued his 
Universal Etymological English Dictionary, This was the first work of the kind 
to aim at a complete collection of all the words of our mother tongue, a step 
made necessary by the special attention which was given to etymology. For 
while the editor did not consider it essential to cive a common word like "cat*' 
a fuller definition than ^'a creature well known," the derivation of all words 
was equally important. Bailey's work at once proved popular and went through 
a number of editions. In that of 1731 he marked a further advance by indi- 
cating the proper accentuation of the words. His Dictionary also included 
many legal and technical terms, as well as "the Etymology and Interpretation 
of Proper Names of Lien and Vfomen and Remarkable Places in Great Britain." 
In 1730, with the help of several specialists, Bailey brought out his folio edi- 
tion, into which he introduced diagrams and proverbs. An interleaved copy 
of this edition formed the working basis for Johnson's Dictionary. 

Dr. James A. H. Murray has pointed out in his Romanes lecture of 1900 
that many of these dictionaries owed their existence to the needs of women, 
whose educational advantages were less than those of men, a fact which is given 
quaint expression in their dedications and title-pages. Cockeram's book, for 
example, announced its purpose as being that of "enabhng as well as Ladies 
and Gentlewomen . . . as also Strangers of any Nation to the understanding of 
the more difficult authors already printed in our language, and the more speedy 
attaining of an elegant perfection of the EngHsh tongue, both in reading, speak- 
ing, and writing," while Blount's Glossographia was dedicated to the use of 
*'the more-knowing Women and less-knowing Men." 

Bailey had many rivals and competitors, who followed the same general 
plan, among them Dyche and Pardon (1735), B. N. Defoe (1735) and Benja- 
min Martin (1749). The next step in advance waa prompted by a feeling 

972 



The Evolution of English Dictionaries 

among literary men and booksellers of the need for a * 'standard dictionary/' 
the purpose of which should be to *'fix the language" and prevent its deteriora- 
tion. This erroneous conception of the nature of speech was not confined to 
England, but the example had already been set by the Accademia deUa Crusca 
in Italy and the Academie frangaise. The latter had in fact pubKshed a dic- 
tionary, the fruit of twenty years of preparation and forty of labor, from which 
all technical terms were rigidly excluded, as well as all other words which did 
not receive the stamp of academic approval. We now realize that such a no- 
tion is a perverted one, and that a dictionary should be an inventory of the 
language and not a ''Who's Who?" of diction. ^ At the time, however, the plan 
met with general approval, and in 1747 a s\Tidicate of London booksellers con- 
tracted with Samuel Johnson to produce such a book within three years for the 
consideration of 1500 guineas. Johnson thereupon addressed a memorial on 
the "Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language" to Lord Chesterfield, in the 
hope of securing his patronage for the enterprise. It was^ not imtil Johnson 
had nearly completed his great task that the noble lord paid any attention to 
the matter, and then his tardy aid and encoiu-agement were rejected by the 
indignant lexicographer. The work had in fact taken eight years and a half, 
and the greater part of the stipend had been exhausted in the pay of six 
amanuenses and in other incidental expenses.^ 

The feature which made Johnson's Dictionary epoch-making was the 
attention given to the historical development of the language and the illus- 
tration of the uses of words by well-selected quotations. These quotations 
were entirely supplied by the editor and were for the most part made from 
memory; but though frequently not verbally exact, they are almost always 
sufficiently so to be entirely adequate to their purpose. ^ Johnson also prided 
himself on his etymologies, but his original contributions in that line have gone 
the way of the greater number of those which preceded the modem daj^s of 
scientific etymology. There are some definitions in which the editor allowed 
his sense of humor or his personal feelings to get the better of strict accuracy 
and Uterary decorum. Thus he defines a lexicographer as "a maker of dic- 
tionaries, a harmless drudge," and a pensioner as ''a. Slave of the State, hired 
by a stipend to obey his master." Other well-known examples are oats, whig, 
toTYy and excise, which is said to be a ''hateful tax, le\ded upon commodities 
and adjudged not by the common judges of property, but by wretches hired by 
those to whom the excise is paid." His work was not free from errors, but he 
in part disarmed criticism in his Preface by freely admitting their possibility. 
He was true scholar enough to acknowledge his slips, and when a lady once 
asked him how he came to define pastern as ''the knee of a horse," he replied, 
'Tgnorance, Madam, pure ignorance." 

The value of Johnson's work was immediately recognized and it passed 
into a second edition within a year. It was some forty years, however, in wholly 
supplanting Bailey's Dictionary and others of that type; but it finally became 
the standard and held the field for many years. 

The next feature to be added to our dictionaries was the systematic and 
accurate indication of pronunciation. Bailey and Johnson had indicated the 
proper accentuation of words, but had made no further attempt to show their 
sounds. This was first done by William Kenrick (1773), who was followed in 
1780 by Thomas Sheridan, father of the famous dramatist. In 1791 John 
Walker, a former actor and lecturer on elocution, issued his Critical Pronouncing 
Dictionary, which became as great an authority on pronunciation as Johnson 
was on definition and quotation. Except for this addition, the efforts of lexi- 
cographers for many years after the publication of Johnson's Dictionary were 
confined to attempts to supplement and perfect that work. It was reprinted 

973 



The Evolution of English Dictionaries 

and revised many times, the best edition being that of the Rev. H. J. Todd 
(London, 1818), which is not yet wholly superseded. 

The first to enter into competition with Johnson by making an indepen- 
dent work was Charles Richardson, whose New Dictionary of the English Lan- 
guage (1837) was based upon the theory that definition was a subordinate 
matter and illustration by quotation the essential thing. The result was an 
extremely valuable repertory of passages from the best writers from 1300 
down to his own time, but the plan of the work prevented it from being a 
popular success. 

Meanwhile the first great Arnerican lexicographer, Noah Webster (1758- 
1843), had begun a series of dictionaries which culminated in the [American 
Dictionary of the English Language, This work was based upon a new and 
extensive collection of material, and as the nam^e implies, was an American 
dictionary, introducing words which had hitherto been regarded as provincial 
and illustrating usage by quotations from American as well as from British 
writers. He did not even confine himself to the best authors, believing that 
''language was an instrument not so much of literature as of daily association." 
He gave elaborate rules for spelling and pronunciation and in various appen- 
dices, as well as in the definitions of certain words, he included much encyclo- 
pedic matter. The work appeared in several editions during its author's 
lifetime, and was continued after his death by his son-in-law Chauncey Allen 
Goodrich (1790-1860), and later by Noah Porter (1811-1892), President of 
Yale College. For many years the supremacy of Webster's Dictionary in 
America was disputed by that of Joseph Emerson Worcester (1784-1865), who 
differed from Webster on many points of spelling and pronunciation, as well 
as in treating the language objectively rather than didactically. The victory 
in the *'war of dictionaries" seems to have rested with Webster, although 
his etymologies, which were the least successful part of his work, have been 
generally discarded, while many of the characteristic features of the book have 
been modified or dropped. It still bears the name of its founder, but in its 
title American has given place to International, 

The final step in English lexicography is represented by the New English 
Dictionary on Historical Principles, the publication of which began at Oxford 
in 1884 and is now nearing completion. Its aim is to record the full history of 
every word which has ever existed in our language during the last 800 years, 
with its proper spellings, pronunciation, etymology and definitions, and with 
quotations illustrating its usage. 

This monumental work is purely a word-book, without encyclopedic 
matter. The latter feature was given special prominence by John Ogilvie in 
his English Dictionary, Technical and Scientific, first published in 1850 and 
afterwards in several editions, finally appearing as the Imperial Dictionary 
of the English Language, This work has had a profound influence on all our 
dictionaries except the New Oxford, all of which contain a greater or less 
amount of encyclopedic material and a profusion of illustrations. 



974 



STANDARD ENGLISH 

. By PERCY W. LONG, A.M., Ph.D. 

Instructor in English in Harvard University, Secretary op thb 

American Dialect Society, of the Editorial Staff of 

Webster's New International Dictionary, Etc. 



The choice of words, among the many thousands which are available f oi: 
general use, marks, better than any other criterion, the range of one'«i com- 
mand of the resources of a language. For although accuracy in pronunciation 
serves, as a rule, to distinguish the educated from the uneducated, and to gain 
for them that recognition which is accorded to persons sensitive to the finer 
elements of culture, it is among such persons a token of intellectual distinction 
to find at the right moment the right word, showing in this nicety of adjust- 
ment a precision of idea and a command of the means of expression beyond 
what is common. So much is not demanded of the majority of moderately 
educated men; to them the use of the standard language is a matter, not of 
artistic proficiency, but of everyday correctness. And the importance of this 
correctness is obvious to the business man as well as to the student in so far 
as it concerns his own social and commercial life. What is usually less obvious 
is its importance to the community; that is to the nation, or more generally 
the several countries which in common speak the English language. The 
great convenience of a language which encircles the globe and is understood 
from Alaska to Capetown would be seriously diminished if the great agencies 
of our common culture, the schools, the pulpit, the newspapers, and the dic- 
tionaries, did not labor incessantly to keep in check the little variations which 
tend to disintegrate our common heritage. Local pecuharities of pronuncia- 
tion, local innovations in words and new meanings attached to the old words 
would in no long time establish a variety of dialects such as those of Italy, 
where the peasant from near Naples cannot converse with his^ countryman of 
Venice unless through an artificial literary language acquired in school. 

From some such variety of dialects the English standard language arose at 
the time of Chaucer and of Wyclif 's translation of the Bible. Since that time, 
though in England the dialects have maintained themselves among the illiter- 
ate, a clear tradition established by the court, the church and the universities 
has been disseminated throughout the masses of EngHsh-speaking people. 
To this tradition it is encumbent on those who wish to speak and write well to 
coaform. 

The court of appeal to which the average individual must resort in case of 
doubt is the dictionary. But the consulter of the dictionary should recognize 
that its function — at any rate in recent times — is not to legislate regarding 
usages. Dr. Johnson, indeed, did so. But his celebrated dictionary of 1755 
represented a movement initiated in the group of Swift, Addison, and Pope 
to compose a dictionary which should fix in one perfect form forever an unal- 
terable English language.^ Many scholars then believed, and all now know, 
that even greater recognition than the following which Johnson secured among 
American as well as English authors, could not stay the flux of language. Even 
the Roman rhetorician Quintilian had recognized that fashions in words must 

975 



Standard English 

change. The dictionary therefore records what is in good use now. Its sources 
are the great conservative centers of intellectual authority — the educational 
world, the pulpit, and distinguished authors. To these in Europe, notably in 
England and Germany, may be added the spoken language of classical and 
serious modem drama. That no one of these constitutes an ideal guide results 
from the inevitable intellectual and temperamental variations to which indi- 
vidual professions are subject. The pedantry of the schoolmaster contrasts 
with the simple emotional appeal of the actor j the wit of a keen editorial would 
not become the decorum of the cloth. As in the well-educated man almost 
any one of the elements that go to make up education may be lacking, so in 
the speaker or writer of good English individual virtues and vices of language 
distinguish the real from the ideal. 

Yet certain principles of choice will keep one from going far wrong. One 
should use in language that sense of refinement which checks one from con- 
spicuousness or eccentricity^ in clothes and in conduct. To say that one should 
be unobtrusive is good advice only to those who cannot excel. But in seeking 
to excel one should avoid the outlandish, using only such language as good sense 
warrants. ^ Long words which call attention to themselves are rarely in good 
taste. This is as much as to say that language should be adapted to the hearers, 
to the audience and to the occasion. An. address concerning a coal strike de- 
livered at a Bostonian the dansant would not serve for miners in their shirt 
sleeves. Without citing extremes, everyone will recognize the difference between 
formal occasions, such as public lectures, and informal, when a simpler range 
of words and certainly a simpler form of sentences would alone be in keeping. 

Often in conflict with this principle of adapting language not only to the 
temperament but to the intelligence of those about one, a principle of even 
greater importance should control one bent on acquirmg command of language 
— that of seeldng to express one's idea with precision. Often co convey an idea 
with clearness will require a phrase, when to express it exactly requires but a 
word, becaus^^ the specific word does not come to mind or because the audi- 
ence^ cannot be trusted to comprehend its meaning. The "provenience of sei- 
centismo concetti'' serves for some one hundred words not of an elaborately 
technical character, but should be used only in addressing truly erudite persons. 
The very citation of such a phrase emphasizes the supreme importance of sim- 
plicity as a means to clearness. And yet undeviating allegiance to simplicity 
would leave everyone in the language of childhood. A compromise between 
such simplicity and an endeavor to carry upward the standard of one's envi- 
ronment is truer taste than the safer nonchalance of negative unobtrusiveness. 

Regarding less these general principles of choice in the tenor of one's 
language, certain criteria for individual words have been formulated by rheto- 
ricians. It should be observed that not all words are necessarily, because they 
are in the dictionary, good words. On the contrary, many are labelled colloquial 
or slang or archaic. Nor does the dictionary necessarily ban other w^^rds, 
sometimes rarely used or highly technical, which it would not be advisable 
to publish. Many a word formed with the prefix un or the suffix ly it would 
be quite legitimate to coin without express authority. Careful observance of 
etymology in order to prevent formation of hybrids is here the main requisite. 

Of the words which come to us from unaccredited sources, Americans 
are peculiarly exposed to the influx of foreign words, creating^ in local centers 
temporary mixed languages which permanently affect in various small ways 
the speech of districts. Especially diflicult to avoid is the influence on pronun- 
ciation. A standard American pronunciation, enforced throughout our schools 
as a counter to the growing individualization of the northeast, southeast, and 
west, would do more to resist this tendency than individual efforts can hope 

976 



Standard English 

to. To nationalize the British standard is a futile endeavor; we must say 
hen or bin, and not been. We cannot pronounce trait as tray or chivalry with 
tch. But any large influx of foreign words would go further; it would make 
for serious difficulty in intelligibility. 

The outcome of this tendency usage will decide in time. For time, though 
slowly, transforms speech so that the speech of five hundred years ago would 
be hard to follow, and Juliet would seem to us to speak with a brogue. Changes 
are constantly in progress. New words creep in; old words fade gradually from 
memory. One can hardly do better than quote Pope^s famous couplet: 

"Be not the first by whom the new are tried, 
Nor yet the last to lay the old aside.'' 

To-day one would not hesitate as in 1900 to use the words graft and auto* 
mobile. Perhaps in 1930 peeved will have won its way to good repute. It has 
not done so as yet. On the other hand, certain authors have sustained injury 
by a fondness for words already nearly obsolete. They spoiled for many the 
golden melody of Spenser's verse. And we deem it an affectation when a 
writer uses whilom, forsooth and the like, as a part of his own speech. 

A danger less Hkely to beset^ consul ters of dictionaries, but certainly more 
conspicuous in general conversation, especially at the showing-off age, is that 
of indiscriminately using slang. ^ While only pedantry will deprecate the occa- 
sional use of a slang term when it felicitously conveys a specific thought or feel- 
ing, a regard for definiteness in thinking ^^dll condemn the meaningless itera- 
tion of a few stock phrases as equally applicable to the most incongruous things. 
Besides the vagueness, slang injures through its tendency to express the more 
vulgar, trivial, and commonplace points of view toward life, insensibly cheap- 
ening the whole intellectual tone of one habituated to its influence. The expres- 
sion / should worry ,is but equivalent to the similar Old French non mi cale, 
from which we have nonchalance; but the user of the latter term, if aware of 
its meaning, loolis at that meaning critically rather than feels it. Soon, how- 
ever, the slang lost its expressiveness of a mood, becoming a mere catchword 
or gag. Other slang satisfies a permanent need, gains favor, and is in repute. 
Swift fought for ye;irs the abbreviation m^b for mobile vulguSf fickle rabble, 
as disconcerted faculties today combat prof. 

The standard language consists of those expressions which are exempt 
from criticism on the scores of being (1) too old or too new; (2) too local or 
still aUen; and (3) beneath a reasonable tone of refinement. But \^4thin this 
chosen group must be distinguished two classes of terms : one to be uccd univer- 
sally and one only to special groups of persons; namely, general and technical 
words. General words, in this sense are those known to the generality of 
people and embrace relatively but a few thousand, to which, however, in the 
main this article has been confined. Technical words, to the contrary, will 
be recognized by few not specially interested in the subject matter of the art, 
game, science, or craft with which they are involved. Castling in chess will 
serve as an example. Such words can be used but sparingly unless to persons 
of the particular group which they serve. 

In addition to choosing words which are in themselves exempt from criti- 
cism, which express one's meaning and are suited to one's audience, the dis- 
criminating iser of language is influenced by certain intellectual Qualities. 
Of these the most essential is temperateness of expression. The hyperbole 
of vague enthusiasm or distaste manifests an uncritical and unreflective atti- 
tude of m.ind. It is usually a quickly recognized mark of intellectual inferiority, 
manifesting itself not only in the exaggeration which individual words imply^ 

977 



Standard English 

but even more in the use of such intensive expressions as very or less common 
incremental adverbs. Similar to this vice of hyperbole, though of more various 
character, is the tendency to use frequently qualifying words which modify J 
the positive content of one's statements. Such an expression as of course \ 
when, if it be of course the statement need not be made, and when if it be not 
the expression is at best an irritating form of flattery, should be avoided. No 
doubt often implies actually the existence of doubt .^ Or, one's expression over- 
states and must be qualified, indicating original inability to achieve precise 
expression. This reveals poverty of vocabulary. 

Within the compass of individual words not infrequently there exists a 
considerable choice, where several meanings of a word are still well known. 
Dainty is an instance; whether to apply it to a person of fastidious habits or 
to a thing palatable or otherwise agreeable to such a person. \ But applied to 
the person it may concern appearance or manner or tastes. There is, chiefly, 
a danger of too greatly extending the meaning of a word by confusion with some 
other through close association. This type of error, called ^'impropriety," or 
"malaprop," from Mrs. Malaprop in the ''School for Scandal," is well illus- 
trated by her own saying, 'T'll precede along after you." Close akin to it are 
such solecisms as that which arise commonly in the misuse of liable for likely. 
One may be liable to arrest for overspeeding, and yet not likely to be arrested. 
Liable usually accompanies a noun, likely a verb. Another instance is the con- 
fusion betv/een due and owing. This error arises from using du^ as if it also 
were a participle. 

Among the correct uses of a word, it was once widely maintained that the 
primary or original meaning of a word is that toward which one should incline. 
Ruskin especially was addicted to resuscitating the original significance. This 
conservative i tendency, so long as it avoids eccentricity, makes for stabiHty. 
But its fundamental inapplicability appears in such a word as passion, which 
then must.be used to denote ' 'suffering," as occasionally it still does ("the 
passion of our Lord"); or in the word take, which originally meant "to give." 
A better principle for choosing is to use those meanings only which are widely 
intelHgible, i and of those that one which no other word conveys so clearly. 
Among synonyms choose the meanings which are least synonymous. Tms 
makes for clearness. Avoid the error of the schoolboy who wrote: "One fine 
day we took a nice drive up and got an elegant view." 

As to the extent of his vocabulary, it were better not to inquire. The 
well-educated person uses from two to five thousand words; exceptionally 
gifted authors rarely double that number. And yet the acquisition of a vocabu- 
lary, which is so highly commended in Professor Palmer's Self Cultivation 
in English, is no great task if one were to resolve upon his advice to acquire 
regularly and use two new words a week. Ability to choose words rests upon 
the ready command of many, just as lapses into error usually arise from com- 
mand of too few. Therefore to enlarge the vocabulary best makes for the at- 
tainment and spread of standard English. 



97« 



PRACTICAL SYNTAX 



By FORREST S. LUNT, M.A. 

Instructor op English, Horace Mann School, Teachers Collbgb, 
CoLUMBLA. University 



It is the purpose of this article to present to the general reader in a brief 
and somewhat informal manner the more common principles of syntax. The 
historical phase of syntax is not presented. The cHentele to which such a 
volume as this will appeal will find the following discussion of syntactical 
relationships of practical value. 

When we express our thoughts in ordinary conversation we generally 
take little thought of the relation the words we are usmg bear to each other. 
What^ we mean to say is brought out clearly and vividly, as much by the tone 
of voice, inflection, facial expression, body gestures, and manner, as by the 
words themselves. But when v/e set our thoughts down in written form we are 
without these valuable aids of voice and maimer to make clear what we are 
trying to say. Our thoughts must be understood because the relations which 
exist between the various parts of our sentences are clear. If the relations 
between the parts of our sentences are not^ clear, or if they do not follow the 
generally accepted rules governing syntactical relations, the thoughts we are 
trying to express will not be understood. 

Good usage, common practice, society — ^whatever you will — ^has decided 
what is good form, what is proper, in this field of syntax, just as it has 
in the fields of morals, etiquette, or fashions. Therefore the man or woman 
who has occasion to set his thoughts down in writing should observe the com- 
mon practice, the universally understood rules which govern the relationship 
of words. If he fails to do so, or if he attempts to make his own rules, he will 
be considered as oiitside the pale of cultured, educated people. ^ From this it 
will be seen that the ability to construct sentences properly is hardly less 
important than the power to speak. 

The term used when referring to this relation which must exist between 
the various parts of sentences is Syntax, As has been said. Syntax involves 
the observance of established rules in the correct arrangement of words in good 
use. This phase of syntax is known as Grammar. In languages which are 
highly inflected the relations between the words is shown by the inflections. 
The EngHsh language is not highly inflected, ha\dng lost most of its inflected 
forms; the relations between the words in Enghsh sentences is shown by their 
grammatical order. The normal order of the words in EngHsh sentences is: 
first, the noun, with its modifiers; then the verb with its modifiers. The adjec- 
tive modifiers of a noun usuaUy follow it. In the case of verbs the modifiers 
may come before or after the verb. The modifiers of both the nouns and the 
verbs should be placed near to the words they are intended to modify. 

All sentences may be divided into three general forms, namely: 

(a) The simple sentence, which consists of one subject and one predicate, 
as The hoy runs. In such a sentence hoy is the subject, runs is the predicate. 

(6) The compound sentence, which consists of two or more clauses of equal 
value, joined by a co-ordinate conjunction, as ^^The way was long and the day 

979 



Practical Syntax 



^! 



was coldJ\ Here the clause the day was cold is equal in value to the way wa& 
long, and is joined to the first clause by the co-ordinate conjunction and. 

(c) The complex sentence, which contains a main or principal clause 
and one or more subordinate clauses joined to the main clause by a subordinate 
conjunction, as The boy ran when he heard the hell. The main clause is the hoy 
ran; the subordinate clause is when he heard the hell; the subordinate con- 
junction Joining the two clauses is when. These three definitions classify all 
the sentence forms. 

Every sentence requires a subject; this subject is said to be in the nom- 
inative case. It answers the question Who? or What? and the predicate or verb 
asserts something about it. The subject of a sentence may be either a noun or 
a pronoun or other word, phrase, or clause which may take the place of a noun 
or pronoun. 

Illustrations: 1. Mary plays with her doll. Mary, a proper noun, is the 
subject of plays, 2. He went home. He, a personal pronoun, is the subject of 
went. 3. To give aid is a great privilege. To give aid, an infinitive phrase, is the 
subject of is. 4. Swimming is good exercise. Swimming^ a verbal noun, is the 
subject of is. 5. That the man knew Lis business Was evident to all. That 
the man knew his business y a noun clause, is the subject of was. 6. The wicked 
are punished. Wicked, an adjective, is the subject of are punished. 7. Now 
is the time to strike.^ Now, an adverb, is the subject of is. 

When one noun is used to explain or to describe another noim it is said to 
be in Apposition with that noun; and they are always put in the same case. 
Illustration: Mr. Smith, the minister, has gone abroad. The noun minister 
describes the Mr. Smith referred to and is in the nominative case to agree 
with Mr. Smith, which is the subject of the centence. 

The nominative case has additional uses. The verb to he and verbs of a like 
nature such as seem, hecomey looky etc., take two nominatives, one for a subject 
and the other to complete their meanings. Examples: The king is a great man. 
Man, a nominative, completes the meaning of the copula is. She looks every 
inch a queen. Queen, a nominative, completes the predicate looks. A noun and 
an adjective or a noun and an adjective phrase or a noun and a participle, not 
connected with any other words in the sentence are put in the Nominative 
Absolute. Illustration: The bridges having been bxnued, the convicts were 
unable to escape. The bridges having been burned is the Nominative Absolute. 

Other Uses of Nouns 

When a noun denotes ownership, it is said to be in the Possessive Case. 
The possessive is the only case in English denoted by a separate form. The 
possessive singular is formed by adding the apostrophe and s to the singular: 
e. g., cat, cat's; Dickens, Dickens's. The possessive plural is formed by adding 
apostrophe s to the plural if it does not end in s; e. g., men, men's; children, 
children's. If the plural form ends in s, the possessive adds only an apostrophe, 
e. g., dog, dogs'. 

When a noun is the object of a verb, verbal, or of a preposition, it is said 
to be in the objective ^csise. Illustration: John built the house. House is in the 
objective case because it completes the meaning and receives the action of the 
verb built. The man taking the picture is my uncle. Here picture is in the 
objective case because it completes the meaning and receives the action of the 
participle taking. The boy of honor will not steal. In this sentence honor 
is in the objective case because it is the adjunct of the preposition of. 

There are some peculiar uses of the objective which should be mentioned. 
One is the use of the objective as the indirect object, or as the object of the 
preposition to, expressed as understood 

980 



Practical Syntax 

Another peculiar use of the objective should be noted in the adverbial 
use of the objective case to denote time, measure, and distance. Illustration: 
He stayed in Rome two weeks. ^ Two weeks is in the objective case because it 
denotes time. The retained object will be treated under the government of 
verbs. 

Pronouns 

^ Pronouns must agree in person, number and gender with the nouns for 
which they stand. In the sentence John lost his book, his is a personal pro- , 
noun of the third person, singular number, and masculine gender to agree with 
the proper noim Johrij for which it stands. The personal pronouns are: I, you, 
he, she and it. 

Sometimes doubt arises as to which case of the personal pronoun one should 
use after parts of the verb to be. The nominative case is the correct one, al- 
though the objective is growing in common usage. Right: It is 7. It is he. 

The possessive case of the pronoun and also of the noun should be used 
before a gerund. (The gerund is a verbal noun which still retains its power 
of governing a noun.) Blustration: We heard of his writing a novel. In such 
sentences the possessive must be used, not the objective. 

The relative pronouns are whoy which, what and that. These pronouns have 
a double function, that of conjunctions and pronouns combined. As con- 
junctions they may be either co-ordinating or restrictive. Some writers insist 
that who cannot be restrictive, but others insist that it may be used either way. 
Which may also be either, but that is practically always restrictive. Illustra- 
tions: I wrote a check for James, who went home. This is the same as saying: 
I wrote a check for James and he went home. Here who is a co-ordinating 
conjunction. The street that you crossed is West End Avenue. That Hmits a 
particular street and is, therefore, restrictive. 

Who is the only relative pronoun which has different case endings. Who 
is used when referring to persons, which to things, and that may be used of 
cither person or things. ^ A very common error is the use of the nominative 
case who for the objective whom and vice-versa. Illustration: The woman 
who (whom) I thought was honest deceived m.e. Who must be used instead 
of whom because it is the subject of was. Who (whom) did they say won? 
Who must be used because it is the subject of wo7i. The man whom (who) 
you saw is Mr. Blank.- Whom must be used because it is the object of the 
verb saw. 

As is sometimes used as a relative pronoun and must be mentioned. It 
is used after same, suchy so muchy etc. Illustrations: Harry was worldng along 
the same lines as his father. This is equivalent to saying, Harry was working 
dong the same lines that his father was working along. 

Before leaving pronoims, the adjective pronouns must be mentioned. 
riach other is used when two or more than two are referred to; e. g., They 
fought each other for standing room. Each other may refer to any number here. 
One another is used when only two are referred to; e. g., John and James played 
vdth one another when they were children. Amj is almost always treated as 
plural. Anyone is usually used for the sin,?[;ular. Elustrations : Are any of you 
going to the matinee?^ Has anyone a pencil? The pronoun any must not be con- 
fused with the adjective any. 

Adjectives 

In Old English, adjectives agreed with the noun which they modified, 
in number, gender and case. This agreement has long been discarded. Now 
the only two adjectives that agree in any way with the noims they modify 
are this and that^ which still retain their plural forms these and those* 

981 



Practical Syntax 

Some adjectives have three degrees, the positive, the comparative, and the I 
superlative. ExaiDples: Good is the positive degree. It is used in speaking of i 
one person or thing; e. g., John is a good boy. Better is the comparative degree 
which is used when but two things are compared; e. g., John is better than i 
Jack. Best is the superlative degree. It is used when three or more things are 
compared, e. g., Of all the boys in the neighborhood, John is the best. Some 
adjectives are compared by adding er and est to the positive, as, dark, darker, jj 
darkest; high, higher, highest. There are other adjectives which are compared*! 
by adding more and most to the positive degree: as, beautiful, more beautiful, 
most beautiful; cruel, more cruel, most cruel. The distributive adjectives 
each, every, either and neither go with the singular nouns only. | 

The definite article the and the indefinite articles a and an are probably! 
used more than any other words. The is not usually repeated before each of J 
two or more modifiers of a noun unless emphasis is desired. Illustrations:] 
The big black cat is dead. ^ The cat was the biggest and blackest cat I ever saw. J 

The is called the definite article because it points out one particular object. | 
A and an are called indefinite because they do not point out any particular 
object, but hmit any one of a class of things. They are sometimes repeated 
for emphasis before each of a series of noims; e. g., He was a thief, a forger, 
and a murderer. 

Verbs 

The relation of a verb to its subject has abeady been discussed. When 
a sentence has a collective noun such as mob, fleet, cavalry, crowd, or com- 
mittee for a subject, that regards many units as one, syntax requires a singular 
verb. ^ Illustrations: The mob is coming. The fleet is ready to sail. The 
committee is ready to make its report. If the subject consists of two or more 
singular nouns joined by or the singular verb is used. If these nouns are joined 
by and the plural form of the verb is used. If the subject is plural in form but 
singular in meaning, a singular verb is used; e. g., Thirty years is a long time 
to wait for a fortune. 

Verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive comes from the Latin 
word transirey whicii means to go over. Therefore, a transitive verb is one 
which requires an object to receive the action expressed and to complete its 
meaning. An intransitive verb does not require an object to complete its 
meaning. A transitive verb in the active voice governs its direct object in the 
objective case; e. g., John Hkes his dog. Dog is in the objective case because 
it completes the meaning of the verb and receives its expressed action. A verb 
is said to be in the active voice when the subject is represented as acting upon 
the object. The passive voice is that form of the verb which represents the 
subject as being acted upon; e. g., The apple was eaten by Mary. Some trans- 
itive verbs, such as giving, paying, promising, etc., govern the direct object, 
which is also in the objective case. 

Factitive verbs, verbs of making, when active are transitive and take two 
objects; one the direct object and the other the second or factitive object. 
Some writers call the latter an object complement.^ An object complement 
is a word added to an incomplete verb to complete its meaning. If the verb 
is transitive, the complement often defines the action that is exerted upon 
the direct object. Illustration: They made him foreman. Foreman is the sec- 
ond object or object complement; it completes the act performed upon him. 

Some transitive verbs which have two objects retain one of them when 
they are changed from active to passive voice. This object is called the re- 
tained object. Example: (active voice) He gave me the house; (passive voice 
with the retained object) I was given the house. 

y82 



practical Syntax 

When two or more clauses in a sentence are dependent upon a principal 
verb, all the verbs must be arranged in a proper sequence of tenses to convey 
the true meaning of the sentence. Example: The man went home after the 
boy came. Went is in the past tense, so came must be in the past or past per- 
fect tense, because that action occurred before the man went. 

In simple sentences care should be taken to use the proper tenses of verbs 
to express the time intended to be expressed. Some common errors are the 
use of come for cam^; seen for saw; done for did; drug for dragged; and had 
went for had gone, A verb may govern another verb if the second verb is an 
infinitive. Example: We heard her sing. _ Sing, the infinitive, is the object of 
heard, with her for its subject. The subject of an infinitive is always in the 
objective^ case. 

Participles, although they are adjectives, retain their verbal power of 
governing nouns or pronouns. Example: The girl playing the piano is my 
sister. Piano is governed by playing. 

Adverbs 

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Illustration: The 
old man walked slowly. Slowly modifies walked. The sun was very bright. 
Very modifies the adjective bright. The fox ran so swiftly that the dogs could 
not catch him. So, an adverb, modifies another adverb swiftly. Adverbs 
should be placed^ as close as possible to the words which they modify. Some 
adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees, the positive, comparative, and 
superlative, and are compared as adjectives are. Illustration: Mary sewed 
rapidly. Mary sewed more rapidly than Jane. ^ Mary sewed most rapidly 
when alone. \ ^ 

Prepositions ^ 

Prepositions govemnouns and pronoims in the objective case. Prepo- 
sitional phrases may be used as adverbs or adjectives; e. g., John went to 
Boston. To Boston is a prepositional phrase modifjdng the verb went. The 
Madonna of the Chair is a famous painting. Of the Chair is a prepositional 
phrase modifying the noun Madonna. 

The following is a partial hst of special prepositions which require special 
attention: Agree with (a person); agree to (a proposal); change /or (a thing); 
change with (a person); difier from (a statement or opinion); differ with (a 
person); different /rom. For a complete hst consult a good grammar. 

Conjunctions 

The main co-ordinate conjunctions, those which join clauses of equal value, 
are: and, also, as well as, but, or, yet, still, and the correlatives wfiich go in 
pairs or groups of three, as: both — and, not only — but, neither — nor, either — or, 
etc. Care must be taken always to use nor with neither and or with either. 

Some of the subordinate conjunctions are while, when, since, if, because, 
and whenever. 

Syntax shows the agreement and government between the various parts 
of speech. The foregoing discussion is but a brief presentation of the syntax 
of English sentences. For a complete discussion, consult some good English 
grammar. 



983 



ETYMOLOGY 

By CLARK S. NORTHUP, Ph.D. 

Department op English, Cornell University 



Definition 

We shall hete interpret the term etymology to mean a study of the sources 
of our vocabulary, the elements of words, the causes of change in the form 
and meaning of words, and the principles of derivation. 

The Sources of Our Vocabulary 

The English vocabulary has grown to great size. The number of words 
found in extant Old English Hterature does not exceed thirty thousand; Web- 
ster's New International Dictionary (1910) hsts more than four hundred 
thousand. Most of these are of foreign origin. Of the 14,286 words listed 
in Skeat's Etymological Dictionary^ only about four thousand are native 
words. Yet if we count every word on the page as often as it occurs we find 
that most writers use mainly English words. Shakespeare used 90 per cent; 
the English Bible, 94 per cent; Milton, 81 per cent; Addison, 82 per cent; 
Tennyson, 88 per cent. Most of our shortest and simplest words are native. 

If any language comes into close contact with another, there is likelihood 
of word-borrowing. Enghsh is one of the most cosmopoUtan of languages. 
From the French it began to borrow even before the Norman Conquest; after 
that, as intercourse with France increased, it borrowed heavily from both Nor- 
man and Parisian French. Layamon's Brut (c. 1230) has 150 words of French 
origin. Behrens hsts some 1,250 words borrowed before 1250, of which 64 
belong to rehgion and the church, and 28 to war and chivalry. The romance of 
King^ Alexander (before 1300) has over 760 words of French origin. Many 
Spanish and Itahan words have also come in as a result of commercial activity. 

Another large group of borrowings is from the Latin. Because of its use 
as the language of tha church, Latin was familiar to the educated classes, and 
even in OE. times contributed about fifty words, including apostle, clerk, 
deacon, evangelist, martyr, mass, patriarch, pope, prophet, tunic, A few Latin 
words were borrowed from the Britons themselves {-caster^ -tester, -Chester, 
from castra, "a camp,'' lake, mount, mile, port, wally -wick, wine, possibly -coin 
in Lincoln, street). In ME. times, because of the influence of Latin 
literature, more words were borrowed, many coming from the Vulgate. Latin 
has continued to be, down to our times, the language of men of science, in 
which Bacon wrote his Novum Organum, Copernicus his De Orhium Celestium 
RevolutionihuSy and Linnaeus his Systema Naturce. ^ It has been estimated that 
about four-fifths of all borrowed words in English come from French and 
Latin. Of Skeat's 14,286 words, about eight thousand are of Latin and 
Romance origin. 

The number of words coming from Greek is small, though important. From 
the Continent the Angles brought church and devil, Down, to modern times 
Greek words came in only through Latin, Since the Renaissance, Greek has 
contributed many scientific words; indeed, owing^ to the influence of Latin and 
Greek, English has nearly lost the power of coining words out of native ele- 

984 



Etymology 

ments. Vie speak not of a ''sound-writer/^ but of a phonograph; not of a 
''force-measure/' but a dynamometer. 

Then there is a large Scandinavian element. As is well known, in the 
eighth and ninth centuries, Danish invaders overran northeastern England. 
With the gradual amalgamation of Danes and Angles came the introduction 
of many Danish words, e. g., bask, churn, cluh, skin, kill, dream, "vision," -by 
in place names, thwaite, thrust, tidings, tight, call, law, tliey, take, hit, knife. 
Most Danish borrowings belong to our everyday vocabulary. 

A small number of words comes from Celtic sources. In OE. times 
were borrowed bannock, brat, brock, '<omh in place names, down, ''hill," dun 
(color), mattock, possibly rock and slough; in later times, from the Irish, bog, 
brogue, gallowgla^s, glib, "lock of hair," kern, "soldier," shamrock, shanty; 
from the Scotch Gaehc, cairn, claymore, clan, coronach, crag, gillie, glen, mack- 
intosh, pibroch, slogan, Tory, whiskey; from the Welsh, bragget, coracle^ crom- 
lech, crowd (musical instrument), flannel, flummery, maggot. 

From other languages we have borrowed a considerable number of words: 
8.^ g., Dutch, derrick, frolic, jerkin, mumps, plug, shipper; Persian, bazaar, 
divan, mogul, shawl, orange, pajamas, arsenic; Hebrew, bedlam, cherub, seraph, 
shekel, rabbi, camel, elephant; Arabic, alkali, emir, harem, mohair, sheik, sherbet, 
sofa; American Indian, hickory, hominy, moccasin, moose, skunk, toboggan. 
Some words from these sources are used in a rehgious connection; others have 
been derived from commerce. There is hardly a language spoken on the earth 
that has not contributed something to our vocabulary. 

Finally, we have many hybrid words, derived from two or more sources. 
Macadamization is Gaehc, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French. Cablegram is French 
and Greek. Linseed is Latin and Enghsh. Michaelmas is French (from He- 
brew) and Latin. 

The Elements of V/o'rds 

In general it may be said that simple words are composed of roots (the most 
primitive forms of words), prefixes, and sufiixes. The combination of a root 
with a single prefix or suffix may form a stem (e. g., stagnat- in stagnation). 
To the stem were attached the inflectional endings which denoted dilferences 
of case, voice, mood, and tense. E. g., respect is made up of the prefijc re-, the 
Latin root spec, "see" and the suffix -t, which is the survival of Latin -turn. 
From a kindred Greek root skep, skop, we get telescope (tele, "far") and skeptic. 
From the root swad we get sweet, suxive (Lat. suxivis for suxid-uis), persvxide, 
assuxige. From the root kap we get have, hawk (OE. haf-oc), haven, cap-adovs 
cap-ital (Lat. caput, "head"), chapter, recipe, reception, head. From the root 
dam, "tame," we get tame, dame, damsel, duenna, dominion, domino. From the 
root pak, "bind, lasten," we get pacify (Lat. pec-u^, "that which is tethered up, 
cattle"), pecuniary, "relating to cattle," which formerly served as money, fee, 
which in OE. meant "cattle," pcu^t in compact, fair, fain, Skeat enumerates 
over 460 Indo-European roots occurring in English words. 

The chief prefixes are Enghsh be- (same as by), for-, fore-, forth-, mis-, 
"wrongly," on-, out-, over-, twi-, "two," '?in-,"not," under-, uith-, "against"; 
Lat. ab-, "from," ad-, "to," sometimes disguised as in ac-cede, af-fix, al-lude^ 
ap-pend, ambi-, "both," ante-, "before," bi-, "double," com-, "together" (conu 
pound, con-tact, collision), contra-y "against," de-, "down," dis-, "apart/' 
du-, "two," ex-, "out of," extra-, "beyond," in-, "not," inter-, "between,'' 
multi-, "many," non-, ob-, "near," per-, "through," post-, "after," pre-, "before,'' 
pro-, "instead of," re-, "again," retro-, "backward," semi-, "half," sub-^ 
"under," super-, "above, over," trans-, "beyond," Greek anti-, "against,'' 
apo-t "off," arch-, auto-, "self," di-, "double,'' dia^, "through," epi-, "upon,'* 

985 



Etymology 

h^mi-, "half/' hyp(h, "under/' meto-, ''among, after/' pan-t "all/' 'para-'f 
"beside/' Voly-, "many/' p?*o-, "before/' "proto-, "first." 

The suffixes are so numerous that we can mention only a few: English, 
'dom, -er, -hood, "state/' -ness, -red (hat-red) ^ -ric (bishop-ric) , -ship, -th (you-th)] 
diminutives, -ock, -ling, -kin {Per-kin, "Httie Peter"), -ing, patronymic {Buck- 
ing-ham, "home of the Buck family"); adjectival, -fast, -fold, -Jul, -ish, -less, 
-some, -ward, -y; adverbial, -ling {dark-ling), -long, -ly, -meal, -ward, -ways, 
-wise; Latin, -an, -and {vi-ands), -end, -ant, -ary, -ate, -cle, -ee {refer-ee), -ion 
{un-ion), -tion, -ment, -or, -ory; Greek, nominal -ad, -ant, -asm, -ast, -dcs, -isk, 
-ism, -ist, -oid, -tre {scep-tre); adjectival, -ic, -astic, -istic; verbal, -ize; French, 
-age, -als, -ance, -ard, -aire, -ar, -eer, -ier, -acy, -ess {larg-ess), -et, -ette, -eur, -ery, 
-tude, -ty; adjectival, -ese, -esque (originally diminutive), -ous; verbal, -dsh, 
-iVi -y {marr-y). 

Our vocabulary has also been greatly enriched by combining words into 
groups (compounds) of two or more. Sometimes the two elements mean the 
same {gangway, pathway, sledgehammer, haphazard)] usually the first element 
modifies the second {steamboat, typewriter, quickstep)] sometimes the two are 
in the relation of subject and predicate {skinflint), or verb and object {spitfire) ^ 
{scarecrow), or verb and adverb {come-down, dug-out). In some compounds 
the two elements have become welded together so completely that the com- 
pounding has been forgotten {window, from wind and eage, "eye"; stirrup, from 
stig and rap, "mounting rcpe"; ham, "barley building"). 

Changes m Form and Meaning 

Our language, like every other, is in a constant state of flux or change. 
Words are constantly changing both form and meaning, and syntactical con- 
ceptions are constantly shifting. The growth of printiug has probably retarded 
these processes to some extent; yet they stHl go on. Their progress, like that 
of the glacier, can be perceived only by measurements at long intervals. In 
OE. hxmi the vowel was pronounced as in father; in time, through impercept- 
ible changes, it came to be pronounced as in law; and it is now pronounced 
like oa in boat. The changes in this vowel influenced and were influenced by 
the same vowel in other words; hence we have the phonetic law, OE. a> 
ME. ait;>MnE. a. In a similar manner other vowels have shifted since OE. 
times. OE. e (as in hay) has become ee {geese) ; OE. i (as in eel) has become 
ai {while)] OE, o (as iu tone) has become oo (boon)] OE. u (as in fool) has 
become ai^ {foul)] OE. cb {sls in there) has become ea {heal). 

Other phenomena are due to earlier changes, some of which we will now 
enumerate. 

Grimm's Law, or the Great Consonant Shift, holds good of all the Teutonic 
languages. About 400 B.C. Indo-European p, t, h became Teutonic ph, /, 
th, kh (cf. Latin jpedem, foot; Latin ires, three; Latia cornu, horn). Then 
all IE. ph's, th's, kh^s, which had been stops {loop-hole, knot-hole, block-house), 
became the spirants (capable of being prolonged) /, th {thin), ch (Ger. ach). 
Thirdly, IE. bh, dh, gh, which had been stops, became spirants and then b, d, g 
(cf. Sanskrit hhratar, Latin f rater, brother). ^Lastly, before or about 100 B.C., 
IE. h, d, g became Teutonic p, t, k (cf. Latin luhricus, slippery; Latin turba, 
thorpe; Latin duo, two;^ Latin ^enu, "knee; Latin ]ugum, yoke). 

An exception to this law was formulated by Karl Verner in 1875 (Verner's 
Law). When the accent did not rest on the vowel immediately preceding the 
consonant in question, the medial and final voiceless spirants/, th (thin), h, s 
(from IE. p, t, k, s) became the voiced spirants?;, th (then), g, z. This accounts 
for the difference between was oxidwere; singular wczs, plural wcBSumn, became 
wc^zun, became wceran, became weie. So comparing Greek hekaton with hund- 



Etymology 

redy we see that the IE. kmiom became first Teutonic hunth {th voiced as in 
then), and then hund-. 

This helps us to see what an important part accent has played in language. 
It is accent, indeed, which has given us our series of Vowel Gradations, seen in 
sing, sang, sung^ drive, drove, driven^, hear, bore, take, took,^ fight, fought. Sang 
differs from sing because, owing to different accentuation in the original Indo- 
European, the vowel of the original sangr-f orm was not pronounced with quite 
the same stress, and as a result became a different vowel. 

In early times, too, Teutonic vowels imderwent change because of a y or i 
sound in the next' syllable. Thus, though hal became whole, haljan became 
hcElan, now heal. The plural of marin (manniz)^ became mcnn. The plural oi 
cu, *'cow" {cu'iz) became cy, and with the addition of another plural ending, 
klne. Thus we account for the difference between foot and feet, gold and gild, 
long and length, full, fill, doom, deem., food, feed, fox, vixen. 

Not only do vowels change because of being near consonants; they some- 
times change those consonants themselves. The vowels a, o, u are called back 
vowels; e, i are front vowels and may cause a consonant to be fronted (palatal- 
ization). Thus kirk, seg, brig, flick (still heard in some parts of Britain) have 
become our church, sedge, bridge, fdtch; and we have both seek and he-seech. 

In a few words one sound has taken the place of another (substitution). 
Wc still write laugh, cough, enough, but we say IcBf, cauf, enuf. In Cornwall 
they also say thoU (thought) and broU (brought). 

Moreover, there is always a tendency to cut off the ends, or to cut out 
parts, of words (Abbreviation). Tliis has caused us to lose most of our inflec- 
tional endings. Teutonic drankidedum (four syllables) has become drenched. 
All infinitives formerly ended in -en. Pea was formerly peas; cherry is from 
cherts; any is from CBrdg. Medial consonants have been lost from various 
words {Wooster from Worcester, Norfolk from Northfolk, speak from sprecan, 
worship from worthship, hail from hcEgel, fortnight from four teen-night, England 
from ^nghland, either from agehwcBtJier. 

On the other hand a few words have gained sounds (yew, from OE. iw, 
newt from ewt, bridegroom from bridguma, nightingale from nihtegal, nickname 
from eke-name). In many words, however, a consonant added in the spelluig 
was rarely or never pronounced (island, debt, corps). 

One of the most powerful influences at work upon words is Analogy. We 
all like to have regularity in language as in other things, and our minds tend to 
put words into groups. On the analogy of kingdom we make dukedom, Christen- 
dom. OE. rihtwis has become righteous on the analogy of words like gracious, 
vicious. Two persons can be friends; so we sometimes hear, ^T'U be friends 
with him.*' On the analogy of lemonade we have orangeade. The folk mind 
sometimes makes mistakes which leadjbo curious changes (Folk-Etymologies). 
Asparagus becomes sparrow-grass;^ Old French pick-ois becomes pick-ax. Jerked 
beef has nothing to do with jerldng, but is connected with Peruvian char qui, 
"dried meat." Rothschild, ''red shield," has come to be pronounced as if it 
were RotKs-child. Shamefaced was formerly shamcfast. Penthouse is not really 
related to either pent or house (formerly pentus from French peniis). In admiral 
there is confusion of Arabic amir al bahr, ''commander of the sea,"^with Latin 
admirari, "admu-e." , , .^ . . . r^ , 

Likewise words are constantly shiftmg m meamng. These changes may be 
grouped roughly as follows: 

Generalization of meaning.^ ^ Circumstances, formerly "the things that 
surroimd us," now means "conditions over us" ("under these circumstances^^). 
Virtue formerly "manhness," now has various meanings, which the context 
helps to decide. Fire as a verb is more general than its noun equivalent. 

987 



Etynnology 

Specialization. Meat, once ''food," now means only "flesh.*' Disease 
formerly ''discomfort," is now confined to sickness. Minister formerly meant 
any kind of "servant." Undertaker was once "a contractor" in general. 

Division. ^ Many words have split into two or more. Latin persona, 
"mask," has given us parson in the ecclesiastical sense and person in the sense 
of "human being." Latin ex-agium has yielded both assay and essay. Head 
has widely different meanings. 

Transference of meaning. Bead originally meant "prayer"; as perforated 
balls on a string were used to count pra^^ers, they gradually took on the word 
for prayers themselves.^ Exchequery originally "a chess-board," has come to 
mean "a national banking account." Moustache originally meant "the face 
between the end of the nose and the upper lip." Quaint , formerly "wise, skil- 
ful," now means "fanciful, odd, old-fashioned.'' Game in the hunter's language 
means not "sport," but the result of it — what is taken. 

Degeneration. Villain formerly meant merely "a slave attached to a 
coimtry estate (villa) ; later it meant "a farm laborer." Caitiff formerly meant 
"captive." Counterfeit formerly meant simply "to copy." 

Euphemism. The desire to speak decently concerning subjects which one 
is loath or afraid to mention specfecally leads us to use many words in senses 
different from the original. Disliking to say died, we substitute passed away, 
fell asleep, breathed his last, Trowsers is found better than breeches or pants. 
One who steals large sums is often called an embezzler. We perspire rather than 
sweat. Disliking to swear, we get around it by saying Gee! Jerusalem! golly! 

Slang is also an important feeder of language. Graft, originally^ "a twig 
attached to a branch," has now come into good use for "illegitimate income. 
Off one^s base, borrowed from baseball language, is often used to describe one 
who expresses a wrong opinion. To freeze out, to give one the cold shoulder, are 
by many preferred to treat coldly* 

The Principles of Derivation 

From these illustrations we get some notion of how language ha^ grown 
and continues to grow. The etymologist must bear all these processes in mind. 
In tracing the history of words one should observe the following canons, based 
on those of Skeat: 

1. Ascertain the earliest form and use of the word; observe chronology. 

2. Observe history and geography. Borrowings are due to actual contact. 

3. Observe phonetic law strictly. This is of fundamental importance. 

4. Account for the whole of a word, not merely a part. 

5. Disregard resemblances of form or even connection in sense between 
words in languages which have different phonetic laws or no necessary con- 
nection. 

6. No explanation of a word is valid which will not accoimt also for all its 
cognate forms. 



988 



PUNCTUATION 

By MORRIS W. CROLL, Ph.D. 

Department of English, Princeton University 



The number of punctuation marks in common use has gradually increased 
during the last five-hundred years, because the art of representing the meaning 
of discourse to the eye of the reader has been made more important by the 
invention of printing and the great increase in the number of persons who can 
read. Originally the period was the only mark used, and from this single sign 
all the others were made by slight changes in its form. At least this is the 
commoner theory as to their origin. 

The comma came first, which was made by adding a downward stroke 
to the period. Then the need was felt for a mark which should show a pause 
longer than that indicated by the comma, yet shorter than that marked by the 
period. Hence, the modern use of the semi-colon, which is a period above a 
comma. But still a longer pause sometimes occurs within the sentence: the 
colon, or two periods, serves to mark it. Even the question-mark was origi- 
nally only a period with an inverted comma above it, thatis, it was an inverted 
semi-colon, and from this the present form of the sign was evolved. 

Still the number of marks is comparatively small. There are only twelve 
in common use, though this number could be increased by counting certain 
printers' signs rarely used in writing. And of these twelve there are only four 
or five which it is difficult to use intelligently and well. Indeed the comma 
is the only one that is very generally misused. For those who find themselves 
in a state of confusion or uncertainty concerning the uses of this important 
mark, it will be well to lay down the rule that the comma is not to be used 
unless there is good reason for it. The purpose of it, as of all marks, is to make 
the meaning as clear as possible to the eye, and in a case of doubt it is a good 
plan to omit the comma unless it serves this purpose. 

However there are certain uses of all the points which are recognized as 
standard and regular, are found in all good books (with some variations, it is 
true), and must be learned by one who wishes to write not only clearly, but 
also according to the customs of his language and his time. The more im- 
portant of these uses are described in the following rules, and the observance 
of them will remove most of the difficulties that arise in ordinary practice. 
But it must be remembered that punctuation is only a part of the whole art 
of expression; if the style is loose and familiar, punctuation must be of one 
kind; in exact and formal writing it will be of another; and a violation of the 
laws of speech may involve one in difficulties of punctuation which cannot 
be overcome. 

The twelve marks are as follows: Period (.), comma (,), semi-colon (;), 
colon (:), question-mark (?), exclamation-point (!), apostrophe ('), quotation- 
m.ark, single (* '), and double (** "), dash ( — ), hyphen (-), parentheses ( ( ) ), 
brackets ( [ ] ). 

The Period 

The period is used (1) to indicate the end of a sentence, and (2) after 
abbreviations; as, Mr., P.O., T.B. Macaulay, A.M. 

989 



Punctuation 

The Comma 

The comma is used within a sentence to mark certain pauses or changes 
of vocal expression which would occur if the words were spoken aloud. The 
principal cases where it regularly occurs are the following: 

1. Between the members of a series of words or phrases which are not 
connected by conjunctions, as Lawyers, doctors, clergy, all agree on this point. 
When and occurs before the last member of such a series, present usage favors 
the use of the comma there also, as Lawyers, doctors, and clergy all agree on this 
point, 

2. To mark off words or phrases of different address from the rest of the 
sentence; as: — Friends, listen to me; I repeat, John, what I have often said. 

3. After an exclamatory word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence, 
w^hen no particular emphasis is to be put upon it in utterance; as: — No, we 
cannot go; Well, we shall see. (Of course, when emphais is desired, the exclama- 
tion point is used.) 

4. Before quotations not more than one sentence long; as: — / asked, 
"Where shall we stay tonight?'' 

5. To mark off words which are parenthetical in their nature, that is to 
say, such as interrupt the forward movement of the sentence; as: — 

How many men, the pessimist observes, do not speak as they think, 
Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United States, was elected in November. 
Cotton goods, the most valuable of all our lines, are advancing in price, 

6. To mark off words or brief phrases used soon after the beginning of a 
sentence to indicate the relation of what one has been saying to what one is 
about to say, such, for instance, as therefore, of course, however, also, to be sure. 
Some persons, however, do not use the comma in this case, and the best rule 
perhaps is not to use it unless the word or phrase causes a real interruption in 
the forward movement of the sentence. 

7. To mark off non-res^nc^ive relative clauses. This is an important rule, 
which needs some explanation. A relative clause (that is, a clause which is 
introduced by a relative pronoun, who, which, what, or a relative adverb, such 
as whereby, whereon) may serve to restrict or define the noun or pronoun that it 
goes with, or, in other words, tell exactly which one of a number of persons or 
things one is speaking of, and in that case it is not separated from the noun or 
pronoun by a comma, as The man whom we saw down town was wearing a new 
overcoat, (Here the clause is necessary, for it tells what man we are speaking 
of.) But, on the other hand, the clause may not be restrictive, but^ only 
descriptive or informative, adding some fact or observation concerning a 
person or thing already clearly defined. In this case the clause must be set 
off by commas, as John Jones, whom we met down town, was wearing a new 
overcoat, (Here the clause is not necessary to the sense, but is a voluntary 
addition by the author.) 

8. Sometimes at the end of a long or complicated clause, merely ^to indi- 
cate that a rest or breathing-space is needed. But the general rule laid down 
at the beginning, that a comma should not be used unless it is necessary for 
clearness, may well be followed in this case. 

The Semi-colon 
1. The general rule for the semi-colon is that it separates clauses less 
closely knit together in syntax and thought than those separated by the com- 
ma; as: — 

The amount of our order must depend upon the probable state of trade; and of 
this we shall be better able to judge after the holidays. 

In the city men work and play; in the country they live, 

990 



Punctuation 

2. Aa the comma is used to separate words and phrases used in series 
(see Rule 1 under ^'The Comma"), so the semi-colon is used to separate daitses 
in series. The last of such a series of clauses often begins with and, but there 
also the semi-colon should be used; as: — Most men accept the ideas of the 
majority party; some follow the opinions of chosen leaders; and only a few think 
for themselves. 

3. Clauses beginning with certain conjimctions are more freely marked 
oS with semi-colons than others. ^ These are for, so, and so, therefore, etc. 

4. In a long and comprehensive sentence, it is necessary sometimes to use 
the semi-colon to separate a large inclusive division of the sentence containing 
smaller subdivisions; as: — Now, as the night begins to deepen, we will leave you 
and seek the moor; but to-morrow morning, at the first fall of dew, we will again 
find out the dvjellings of men, 

5. Sometimes after an exclamatory word, such as No, Fes, Come, a semi- 
colon is used to indicate a longer pause or a different expression of the voice 
than that indicated by the comma. 

The Colon 

The colon is used: — 

1. Before a list of particulars or items; as: — 

We have made several statements to your firm: first, that . . . ; secondly, 
that . . . ; [etc.]. 

The reasons are the following: [etc.], 

2. To introduce a quotation, especially one that is more than a sentence 
in length; as: — She said in reply: ^'/ ui,ll tell you the whole story J^ 

3. After a salutation in a letter; as: — Messrs. J. H. Gideon and Company, 
Gentlemen: [etc.]. 

4. The dash may be used T^-ith the colon in all the above cases, especially 
when that which follows is written as a separate 'paragraph. Many examples 

f this will be observed in the present discussion. 

The Question-Mark 

The question-mark is used: — 

1. At the end of a question, as 7s he here? If, however, the question is 
put indirectly (that is, not in the exact words of the speaker), no question- 
mark is used, as He asks what we are now to do. 

2. To suggest doubt as to the correctness of a word or statement, or to 
indicate a suggested correction; as: — 

There are said to be 30 (?) hogsheads. 

He reports that ten (Jeleven) cases are still to arrive. 

The Exclamation-Point 

The exclamation-point is used to indicate a sense of wonder or intense 
feeling, as What a catastrophe it was! 

The Apostrophe 

The apostrophe is used: — 

1. To indicate the possessive case, singular and plural, of nouns, (a) The 
rule for the singular number is to place the apostrophe before the letter s, 
which is the sign of the possessive, as man^s, horse^s. If, however, the noun 
is a proper name and ends in s, we may either write the possessive in the usual 
way, as just described, or we may omit the regular possessive ending s and 
indicate the possessive by merely placing the apostrophe after the final s of the 
word; as Dickens' works, or Dickens^s works, (b) If the plural of a noun is 

991 



Punctuation 

formed in the usual way, by adding s or es (or x, as in some nouns from the 
French), the possessive plural is formed by adding an apostrophe after the s, 
as boys' books; asses' milk; the beaux' stratagem. But if the plural is formed 
without s or es, the possessive plural is indicated by adding an apostrophe 
and s, as in the singular, as men's clothes; woman's wraps. Note. — The 
apostrophe is never used in the possessive case of pronouns, as its, theirs, whose. 

2. In writing the plural of figures, signs, letters, and the like; as: Cross 
your t's and dot your i's; the 6's should be written in a coluw.n. 

3. To show that letters are omitted in contracted forms of words, as 
doesn't, isn't gov't. Note — It is wrong to use the apostrophe to indicate the 
plural of proper names, as The Joneses, not the Jones's. 

The Quotation-Mark 

1. The double quotation-mark is used at the begmning and at the end of 
a direct quotation; as: / heard him say: ''How many trains run on Sunday?" 

2. The single quotation mark is used at the beginning and at the end of 
a quotation within a quotation; as: — 

In the course of his speech he said: "/ will now read my opponent's words. 
In a Nashville newspaper he declared, on October bth, 1913, */ will not accept 
office in any circumstances.' I need make no comment." 

3. When the main quotation and the quotation within it end at the same 
place, both the single and the double quotation-mark must be used at the 
end, thus ' ". 

The Dash 

1. The dash is used to indicate a sudden interruption of what is being 
said, or a violent break in the construction of a sentence; as: What would have 
happened to us — but I can't bear to think of the possibility. 

2. Sometimes the dash is used to indicate a parenthetical statement, 
but ordinarily the parenthesis, or even the comma, will serve the purpose 
better. And, in general, the dash should not be used to take the place of 
other marks. 

The Hyphen 

1. The hyphen is used between the parts of a compound word, as to-day, 
to-morrow, twenty-three, frost-bitten. 

2. At the end of a line to indicate that a word begun is to be finished at 
the beginning of the next line. The rule with regard to such division is that 
the part carried over to the following line should constitute a complete syllable 
(or more than one syllable); that is, a syllable should not be broken in the 
middle, as proposal, not propos-al; sim-ple, not simp-le. 

Parentheses 

Parentheses are used to mark off words thrown into the midst of a 
sentence, but not regarded as a part of it; as: Please meet me (I will let you 
know the time later) at the Grand Central Station. 

Brackets 

Brackets are used to mark off words thrown in by the writer or speaker 
while he is quoting the words of another; as: — 

The writer continues as follows: ''In the year preceding [that is, twenty-six 
years before the present date] nothing had happened." 

V92 



Punctuation 



CAPITALIZATION 



Capital letters should be used: 

1. At the beginning of a sentence, and at the beginning of a quotation 
within a sentence. A direct question put in the midst of a sentence should 
also begin with a capital letter, even when it is not quoted from another 
speaker; as: / ask you, What are we to do? 

2. In so-called proper names, that is, names formally given to a par- 
ticular person or thing, such as the names of persons, corporations, cities, 
mountains, buildings, countries, etc., as Napoleon, The Vesuvitis Life Insurance 
Company, New Brunswick, City Hall, etc. 

3. In adjectives derived from proper names, as English, Napoleonic, 
Democratic. Sometimes adjectives which are parts of proper names are not 
derived from nouns; they must also be capitalized; as: Episcopal Church. 

4. Names of the Deity and of sacred objects associated with the Deity. 
Pronouns referring to the Deity are also usually capitalized. As: The Bible, 
the Cross, hallowed be Thy name. 

5. Titles when they are used as naming the particular persons that are 
bearing them; as: He wrote to the President; King Albert. But when they 
are used without being meant to name a particular person they are not 
capitalized; as: A president may be as powerful as a king; tJie presidents of com- 
panies are usually elected. 

6. In the names of the days of the week and the names of the months, as 
Wednesday, July. The names of the seasons are not capitalized. 

7. In titles of books, stories, magazines, etc., as Twelfth Night, The Gentle 
Boy. But small and unimportant words in such titles are not capitalized, as 
A Trip to the Moon. 



993 



Twenty -Two 
Supplementary Dictionaries 



1 ' 

Dictionary of American- 


Dictionary of Lacrosse 


isms 


Dictionary of Lawn 


Dictionary of Atomic 


Tennis 


Weights 


Dictionary of Military 


Dictionary of the Auto- 


and Naval Terms 


mobile 


Dictionary of Most Com- 


Dictionary of Aviation 


mon Abbreviations 


Dictionary of Baseball 


Dictionary of Music 


Dictionary of Classical 


Dictionary of Photogra- 


Abbreviations 


phy 


Dictionary of Commerce 


Dictionary of Polo 


and Law 


Dictionary of State 


Dictionary of Football 


Names and Meanings 

1 


Dictionary of Foreign 


Dictionary of Wireless 
Telegraphy 


Words and Phrases 






Dictionary of Words of 


Dictionary of Forms of 


LikeandOpposite 


Address 


Meaning 


Dictionary of Golf 


Dictionary of Yachting 



994 



DICTIONARY OF AMERICANISMS 



A carefully selected list of the most common and recent words and 
phrases that have a peculiar significance in the United States 



aboard, nautical word applied here 
also to railroad cars and other 
vehicles, as "all aboard," "get 
aboard." 

approbate, to license or approve. 

around, near or about. 

B 

backwoods, partly cleared forest 
region. 

bad, same as ill, sick. 

baggage, same as English luggage. 

balance, remainder. 

barking up the wrong tree, fol- 
lowing a mistake or blunder. 

batty, a stage of imbecility or in- 
sanity. 

bear, in the stock market, one who 
depresses the value of stock to buy 
cheaper. 

bee, assembly of persons for charit- 
able and mutually helpful purposes. 

big stick, wielding the, in politics, 
the withholding of his approval of 
a public measure by a chief executive 
in order to force compliance with his 
wishes concerning other measures. 

blizzard, unusually severe wind and 
snow storm. 

blue envelope, in many business 
places, a notice of discharge is 
placed in a blue envelope; hence, 
getting a blue envelope is tanta- 
mount to getting discharged. 

blue-sky law, law to prevent the 
issue and sale of fraudulent se- 
curities, based on nothing between 
the ground and blue sky. 

bluff, deception to gain an advantage. 

board, all kinds; English pine and 
fir boards called "deals." 



bogus, false, counterfeit, fraudulent 

bomb-men, those who destroy prop- 
erty or life by hand bombs. 

bonanza, a rich strike in business. 

bone, one dollar. 

border, on lawn, garden, etc., same 
as English "edging." 

boss, superintendent, foreman, one 
of superior authority. 

bottoms, rich land along the course 
of a river. 

bounced, discharged from employ- 
ment. 

brash, same as brittle. 

breadstuffs, grains generally. 

buggy, light four-wheeled carriage. 

bull, in the stock market, one who 
raises the value of stocks to sell at 
an advance. 

bulldoze, to intimidate. 

bunco, scheme or game for swindling. 

buncombe, extravagant speech for 
temporary effect. 

bureau, same as English *'chest of 
drawers." 



cabinet, president's, same as "min- 
istry "and "government" in Europe. 

calculate, to think, suppose. 

calico, printed cotton goods; Eng- 
lish, white cotton cloth only. 

call, invitation from a congregation 
to a clergyman to become its pastor. 

camp-meeting, religious assembly 
originally held in woods. 

candy, same as English "sweets." 

caption, heading of page, chapter, 
section; descriptive name of an 
illustration. 

carpet-bagger, originally a northern 
politician seeking office in the 
South after the Civil War. 



995 



Dictionary of Americanisms 



caucus, secret political or other 
assembly. 

cheese it, a cry of warning, such as 
''cheese it, the cop," meaning "look 
out." 

chores, odd jobs about a house, 
factory, or farm. 

cinch, something easy to do or get. 

clever, good-natured, quick-witted, 
accommodating. 

conclude, to determine to do some- 
thing; English, to form opinion. 

cop, policeman. 

corn, maize only; English, grain 
generally. 

cracker, same as English "biscuit." 

creek, small stream of water; Eng- 
lish, "small arm of the sea." 

Creole, native of Spanish Am^erica, 
Louisiana or West Indies of Euro- 
pean ancestry. 

cut it out, to give up or abandon, 
as, a habit. 

cute, clever, sharp; abbreviation of 
"acute." 



dead broke, without money; a 
bankrupt. 

deadhead, seeker of valuable privi- 
leges without payment. 

divide, long ridges or stretches of 
mountains forming a watershed. 

dope, narcotic; sleepy or dazed 
person. 

down east, the New England States. 

dress, same as English "gown." 

drummer, commercial traveler. 

dry goods, same as English "haber- 
dashery." 

dump, in the stock market, to un- 
load or sell off unprofitable stocks. 



elect, to choose; as, "He elected to 

take" something. 
elevator, same as English "lift." 
endorse, to sanction, approve; on 

checks, notes, etc., same as English 

"back." 
eventuate, to result in. 



expect, applied to the past, as, "I 
expect it was." 



fall, autumn; about Sept. 22 to 
Dec. 23. 

fan, baseball enthusiast. 

fix, to adjust, put into order; same 
as English "fasten." 

fizzle, ridiculous or unexpected failure. 

fleshy, of a person, stout. 

f oul-shop,non-union industrial plant. 

freeze out, as to persons, to get rid 
of. 

frock, woman's dress. 

fruit-dealer, same as English "green- 
grocer." 



gallowses, same as English "braces." 

gangster, one of a gang of despe- 
radoes. 

gerrymander, to arrange a political 
division so that a minority party 
may gain advantage over the ma- 
jority party. 

glad-rags, one's best clothes. 

go ahead, same as English "all 
right." 

go-devil, two roller skate wheels 
fastened at each end of a narrow 
piece of wood, with a small wooden 
box at the front end; used by youth 
for coasting, etc. 

gone up, failed in business. 

graft, a bribe in money or other 
consideration. 

grit, pluck. 

guess, to think. 

gulch, deep ravine cut by water. 

gunman, one of a gang of despe- 
radoes, armed and ready at all 
times to shoot an opponent. 

gutter-snipe, small, narrow poster 
pasted on the street side of a curb- 
stone. 

H 

hack, carriage for hire. 
handle, fly off the, to lose one's 
temper. 



996 



Dictionary of Americanisms 



hang around, to loiter. 

hatchet, to bury the, to end a 

controversy, to forgive. 
hayseed, farmer. 
help, servant. 
high-falutin, over-flowery speech, 

bombast. 
hitting the pipe, smoking opium. 
hobo, tramp, vagabond. 
hold on, request or order to stop. 
homely, ill-featured person. 
hoodlum, vagabond, loafer. 
how, Indian for *'How do you do?" 

I 

improve, to cultivate, beautify. 

in-fare, a wedding reception pro- 
vided by the groom's family. 

insurgent, in politics, one who rebels 
against the leaders or policies of 
his party. 

irrigate, to take a drink. 



mail, method of transporting letters 
and packages; also articles trans- 
ported; same as EngHsh "post." 

main guy, one in supreme authority. 

make tracks, run away. 

making a bee-line, rapid, direct 
course toward a certain point. 

mammy, negro nurse of Southern 
white children. 

mending his fences, looking after 
his political interests. 



N 



notions, in trade, all kinds of small 
wares. 



obnoxious, same as English **of- 

fensive." 
one-horse, mean, trivial, cheap, as 

"one-horse affair." 



Jersey lightning, apple-jack. 
jolly, to flatter, tease. 
joy-riding, wild, reckless driving of 
horse or auto. 

K 

knock, severe criticism of other 
people. 

L 

levee, formal official reception. 
light-fingered, as to a person, petty 

thief, pickpocket. 
loafer, lounger, vagabond, idler. 
lobby, attempt to influence members 

of a body by persons not members; 

collectively all who lobby. 
lobster, turncoat, backer-out. 
locate, to determine the place of 

some person or thing. 
lumber, sawn wood for building and 

other purposes. 
lynch law, action of a mob without 

legal authority. 

M 

mad, angry. 

made his pile, said of one who has 

become rich. 



pants, pantaloons, same as English 
"trousers." 

peart, smart, acute. 

picayune, anything small, mean, or 
contemptible. 

pile, a quantity of money, a fortune. 

pilpe-layin^', schemes to secure il- 
legal votes. 

pinched^ caught, arrested. 

plunk, one dollar. 

political campaign, same as Eng- 
Hsh "political contest." 

posted, thoroughly informed. 

prairie hen, same as English pin- 
nated grouse. 

pull, special favor with parties in 
authority. 

pull a leg, to coax, beg money or 
favor. 

pulled, of a person, arrested; of an 
improper resort, raided or closed by 
the authorities. 



quadroon* a person with one-quarter 
or three-quarters white blood. 

quite, same as English "very" in 
"very cold." 



997 



Dictionary of Americanisms 



rails, on railroads and railways, same 

as * 'metals" in many European 

countries. 
reckon, to think, suppose. 
reliable, trustworthy. 
right away, at once, immediately; 

same as English "straightway," 
right smart, very well. 
rile, to make angry. 
roast, to criticise severely. 
rock bottom, in business, as far 

down as one can go; on a firm 

foundation. 
rube, countryman in a city. 
run, in business, to mange or keep; 

as, **who runs the hotel?" 



salting a mine, secretly placing 
samples of rich ore on worthless 
tracts to sell the land. 

sand, money. 

scab, non-union workman. 

scalawag, scapegrace, rascal. 

scratched ticKet, in politics, a 
ticket on which certain names are 
erased and others substituted. 

seven sisters, series of laws to 
check trusts and secure industrial 
independence. 

shack, slight wooden shed or shelter. 

shake, to leave a person, place, or 
thing. 

shower, simultaneous gifts of various 
articles to a person by friends to 
mark an event, such as a birthday, 
recovery from sickness, or marriage 

engagement. 

skedaddle, to run a^ay. 

sleigh, same as English '"sledge." 

slip, an open space between two 
wharves or in a dock. 

small potatoes, a thing or person 
small, mean, or of little account. 

smile, to take a drink. 

soured, of a person, one become dis- 
satisfied with a condition. 

span, pair of horses. 

squatter, one who settles or squats 
on land without legally acquiring 
it. 

stakes, pull up, to remove. 



stall, to stick fast, as "train stalled 

by snow." 
stampede, sudden flight of crowd. 
stand-patter, in politics, one who 

sticks to his party under all circum- 
stances. 
stiff, a corpse. 
stoop, door steps. 
store, same as English "shop." 
straight, of drinks, without water; 

same as English "neat." 
straight ticket, in politics, a ticket 

voted without change. 
street car, horse or electric, same as 

English "tram-car." 
strike oil, to make a fortunate move. 
stump, on the, one who travels 

from place to place making political 

speeches. 
suspenders, same asEnglish"braces." 
switch, on railroads, same as English 

"shunt." 



tanglefoot, liquor. 

tavern, place for entertainment and 
lodging of travelers; in England, 
place for entertainment only. 

tenderfoot, a nobby city man in a 
mining or ranching region. 

ten-strike, a fortunate stroke, hit, or 
transaction. 

ticker, a watch. 

truck, small fruits and vegetables. 

trust, combination of business inter- 
ests, illegal where in restraint of 
trade or competition. 

turn down, same as freeze out. 

U 

up in the air, of a person, getting 
over-excited. 



vamose, to disappear. 
vendue, an action. 

W 

whoop it up, to create enthusiasm 
or excitement. 

wilt, to lose energy or interest. 

wire-puller, one who seeks an ad- 
vantage by favor of others. 



993 



DICTIONARY OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS 



Elementary Substances, with Their Symbols and Atomic Weights 



Kame op Element 


"2 
1 


Atomic Weights 


Naaie of Element 


'o 


Atomic Weights 


n-1 


0-16 


H-1 


0-16 


Aluminium 

Antimony 

(Stibium) 

Argon 


Al 

Sb 
A 

A3 

Ea 

Bi 

B 

Br 

Cd 

C9 

Ca 

C 

Ce 

CI 

Cr 

Co 

CI 

Cu 

Er 

F 

Ca 

Ge 

G 

Au 

He 

H 

In 

I 

Ir 

Fe 

La 

Pb 

Li 

Mg 

Mn 


27.5 

120.0 

75.0 

137.0 

208.0 

11.0 

80.0 

112.0 

133.0 

40.0 

12.0 

138.0 

35.5 

62.5 

59.0 

94.0 

63.0 

1G9.0 

19.0 

69.0 

9.03 
196.7 

1.0 

113.4 

127.0 

193.0 

56.0 

139.0 

207.0 

7.0 

24.0 

65.0 


27.1 

120.0 
40.0 
75.0 

137.4 

208.5 
11.0 
79.96 

112.0 

133.0 
40.0 
12.0 

140.0 
35.4 
62.15 
59.0 
94.0 
63.4 

1G5.0 
19.0 
70.0 
72.0 

9.1 

197.2 
4.0 
1.01 
114.0 
126.85 
193.5 
56.0 
138.0 
206.9 
7.03 
24.36 
55.0 


Mercury 

(HydrargsTuin) . . . 

Molj-bdenum 

Neodymium 

Nickel 


Hg 

Mo 

Nd 

Ni 

N 

Os 

O 

Pd 

P 

Ft 

K 

Pr 

Rh 

Rb 

Ru 

Sa 

Sc 

Se 

Si 

Na 

Sr 

S 

Ta 

Te 

Ti 

Th 

Sn 

Ti 

W 

U 

V 

Yb 

Y 

Zn 

Zr 


200.0 
96.0 

58.8 

14.0 
191.0 

16.0 
106.5 

31.0 
197.0 

39.0 

104.0 

85.0 

104.0 

79.0 

28.0 

108.0 

23.0 

87.5 

32.0 

182.0 

127.0 

204.0 

231.0 

118.0 

48.0 

184.0 

240.0 

51.2 

89.0 
65.0 
90.0 


200.3 

96.0 

144.0 


Arsenic 


58.17 


TRarium , , , 


Nitrogen 


14.14 


Bismuth 


Osmium 


191.0 


Boron 


Oxygen 


16.0 


Bromine 


Palladium 


106.0 


CartmiuTTi , 


Phosphorus 

Platinum 

Potassium (Kalium) . 

Praseodymium 

Rhodium 


31.0 


Csesium 


194.8 


Calcium 


39.15 


Carbon 


140.0 


Cerium 


103.0 


Chlorine 


Rubidium 


85.4 


Chromium 


Ruthenium 


101.7 


Cobalt 


Samarium 


150.0 


Columbium 


Scandium 


44.1 


CoDDer(CuDrum) . . . 


Selenium 


79.1 


Erbium. . 


Silicon 


28.4 


Fluorine 


Silver(Argentum) . . . 
1 Sodium (Natrium) . . . 
j Strontium 


137.93 


Gallium 


23.05 


Germanium 


87.6 


Glucinum 


Sulphur 


32.06 


(Beryllium) 

Gold ( Aunim) 


Tantalum 


183.0 


Tellurium 


127.0 


Helium 


Thallium 


204.1 


Hydrogen 


Thorium, ... ... 


232.0 


Indium 


Tin(Stannum) 

Titanium . 


118.5 


Iodine 


48.1 


Iridium 


Tungsten(Wolfram) . 
Uranium 


184.0 


Iron 


239.5 


Lanthanum 


Vanadium 


51.2 


Lead (Plumbum) .... 


Ytterbium 


173.0 


Lithium 


Yttrium ....... 


89.0 


Magnesium 


Zinc 


65.4 


MftDgarjf^sft 


Zirconium 


90.6 









999 



DICTIONARY OF THE AUTOMOBILE 



accelerator, the pedal used for 
quickening the speed of a car. 

after fire, the explosion of an accumu- 
lation of unburnt gas in the muffler, 
caused by misfires in one or more 
cylinders; makes a loud and some- 
what startling report. 

artillery wheel, a heavy wooden 
wheel with steel hub. 



B 



back fire, the ignition of the charge 
in the motor cylinder prematurely 
causing the motion of the engine 
to stop or reverse. 

back kick, a more or less violent 
kick of the crank handle when a 
back fire occurs while the crank is 
in hand. 

barking. See afterfire. 

bonnet, the metallic covering for the 
motor. 

brake, a device for slackening the 
speed of the car; operated both by 
hand and by foot. See emergency- 
brake, service-brake. 

break, a low-tension spark. 



clearance, another name for the 

combustion chamber. 
combustion chamber, the same as 

the clearance space in a steam 

engine cylinder. 
compensating-gear, a gear that 

enables the rear wheels to rotate 

at different speeds, in turning. 
contact breaker, a device that keeps 

the circuit closed excepting at the 

moment of the spark. 
contact maker, a device that breaks 

the circuit at the moment of the 

spark. 
control levers, levers mounted on the 

frame on the driver's side and on 

the steering wheel. 
cooling, reducing the heat of the 

cylinder by means of water passing 

through jackets or by air circulating 

through radiating flanges. 
cranking, turning the crank handle 

quickly by hand to start the engine 

rotating. 
crypto-gear, another name for plane- 
tary-gear. 
current, power produced from a 

chemical battery or small dynamo. 
cylinder, the mechanism in which 

the piston works and the explosions 

occur. 



cable, the insulated wire or wires that 

conveys the electrical energy to the 

spark plug. 
carburetter, apparatus for mixing 

gasoline and air for fuel. 
chain, the links that convey power 

from one sprocket wheel to another. 
charge, the mixture of gas and air 

in a cylinder. 
chassis, the frame, including the 

power apparatus and the running 

and steering gears. See body. 

chauffeur, another name for the 

driver. 



dark-colored smoke, in the exhaust, 
indicates a too rich mixture of gas 
which takes fire imperfectly. 

dead-axle, a non-rotating rear axle. 

dead center, the point where the 
crank is incapable of imparting 
motion either forward or backward. 

dense-white smoke, in the exhaust, 
indicates a poor oil, an excess of 
cylinder oil, or a deposit of soot in 
the cylinder. 

differential-gear, another name for 
compensating-gear. 



1000 



Dictionary of the Automobile 



direct drive, where power is applied 
direct instead of by gears. 



emergency-brake, a device for a 
sudden slackening of speed or stop- 
page of car, operated by a hand 
lever 

engine, the combustion apparatus; 
operated with gas and with Uquid 
fuel. 

exhaust manifold, the tube that 
conveys the burnt gas to the muf- 
fler. 

exhaust valve, that by which the 
burnt gases pass out of the engine; 
operated mechanically; opened at 
every alternate upward stroke of 
the piston by means of a cam. 



feed port, an opening for the admis- 
sion of steam or gas. 

flash boiler, a compact type of steam 
generator. 

float carburetter, another name for 
gravity carburetter. 

foot pedals, apparatus used with or 
without the control levers to con- 
trol the motion of the car when 
running. 

friction clutch, that which connects 
the engine with the first shaft. 

frozen-carburetter, to be avoided by 
jacketing, heating the air supply. 
or warming the^ carburetter and 
admission pipe with boiling water. 

fuel, in non-electric cars, a mixture 
of gasoline and air. 



garage, a place for housing or repair- 
ing a car. 

gas, the mixture of gasoline and air. 

gasoline-electric car, a car in which 
the change-speed gear and its con- 
nections are replaced by a dynamo 
driven by the engine, and the elec- 
trical energy generated is utilised 
in operating one or more electric 
motors, which in turn propel the car. 



gasoline fire, best extinguished by 
sand or a dry chemical; also by a 
moist blanket; a stream of water 
should never be used as it spreads 
the fire. 

gravity carburetter, a carburetter 
which atomizes the fuel through a 
small nozzle and mixes it with a 
current of air. 

ground circuit, the return of the 
current to its source by means of 
the metal of the engine. 



ignition, lighting of the fuel by an 

electric spark. 

inlet valves, valves by means of 
which the explosive mixture is 
admitted to the combustion cham- 
ber of the engine; one kind is opened 
automatically by the motor itself 
on its suction stroke; another is 
operated mechanically. 

inner lever, the lever that shifts the 
transmission-gear. 

in step, valves are said to be "in 
step'' with each other when all of 
them are operated by the same 
cam shaft. 

intake manifold, the tube that con- 
veys the gas from the carburetter 
to the cylinder. 

interrupter, a contact breaker on a 
magneto. 



jackets, apparatus on the cylinder 
walls through which water circu- 
lates for cooling the cyHnder. 

jack-in-the-box, another name^fpr 
compensating-gear. 

jump, a high-tension spark. 



live-axle, an axle that rotates with 
the wheels. See dead-axle. 

lubrication, small gasoline motors 
are usually lubricated on the splash 
system, a charge of oil being caused 
to flow into the crank chamber 
about every 20 miles travelled;. in 



1001 



Dictionary of the Automobile 



large cars the lubrication of the 
engine and of the different bearings 
of the car is effected mechanically; 
bearings that do not require frequent 
attention are filled with grease 
lubricators. 

M 

magneto, in principle, the same as 
dynamo. 

manifold, the tube that transmits 
the gas, steam, air, or water. 

misfire, the skipping of one or more 
cylinders when the motor is firing 
gases. 

mixer, another name for carburetter. 

mixing chamber, small enclosure 
containing a nipple or nozzle through 
which the gasoline is sucked, partly 
by the engine, and partly by the 
stream of air with which it is mingled 
by being sprayed against a cone. 

motor, the machine for transforming 
the electric current into mechanical 
energy; placed in the forepart of the 
frame with its crank shaft at right 
angles to the axles of the road wheels, 
and with its fly-wheel on the rear 
end of the shaft. 

muffler, an apparatus for reducing 
the velocity of the exhaust gases, 
thereby reducing the noise; consists 
of a cylinder and a pipe, the latter 
full of small holes, permitting the 
admission of the exhaust at high 
pressure and its weakened release 
into the atmosphere. 

multiplex-cylinder engine, an en- 
gine using several small cylinders 
instead of a large single oneo 



N 



non-skids, chains, knobs, and other 
projections on tires to prevent 
slipping. 



one-horse power, 33,000 foot pounds 
of work done in one minute. 

outer lever, the lever that operates 
the emergency brake. 



piston, a metallic device in the cylin- 
der that receives the force of the 
explosions and conveys it to the \ 
crank shaft. 

planetary-gear, a means of trans- 
mission by the use of a clutch and 
an enclosed system of gear wheels. 

pneumatic tires, hollow rubber tires 
whose elasticity absorbs shocks on 
uneven roads. 

poor mixture, the explosive mixture 
in which air predominates. 

pre-ignition, the premature ignition 
of the explosive mixture. 



radiator, tubing for cooling cylinders 

with water. 
reversing-gear, gear arranged for 

altering the direction of road-wheels. 
rich mixture, the explosive mixture 

in which gas predominates. 
running-gear, springs, axles, wheels, 

and steering-gear. 



service-break, a device for slacken- 
ing the speed of a car; operated by 
a foot-pedal and released by a spring 
when the foot is removed. 

shock-absorber, an apparatus for 
reducing shocks when driving over 
an uneven road. 

short circuit, a defect in insulation 
allowing the current to leak. 

skidding, the sliding of a car off of 
its course. 

smoke. See dark-colored smoke; 
dense-white smoke; thin-blue 
smoke. 

smoky exhaust^ escaping burnt 
gases; also the smoldering of soot 
in a cylinder, causing pre-ignition. 

spark, the electric spark that jumps 
across the terminals of the spark- 
plug when the piston reaches the 
end of its first return or compression 
stroke. 

spark-gap, the space between the two 
electrodes or points of the spark plug. 



1002 



Dictionary of the Automobile 



spark plug» a plug that regulates the 
sparks. 

eprayer carburetter, another name 
for gravity carburetter. 

spur-gears, gears for changmg speed. 

steering-post, the post to which is 
attached the steering wheel, the 
spark regulating handle, and the 
carburetter throttle; set obliquely 
toward the driver. 

storage battery, a chemical means 
of producing electricity for ignition. 

stroke, the distance the piston passes 
each way. 

8tud-steering axle, the front axle on 
which the steering wheels are hinged. 

surface carburetter, a carburetter 
in which air is sucked from the en- 
gine over a surface moistened with 
liquid spirit. 



tank, the container of the fuel. 

thin-blue smoke, in the exhaust, 
indicates an accurate mixture of the 
gas and a proper ignition. 

throttle, the admission vaJve inter- 
posed between a ^ carburetter and 
the inlet valve pipe, so that the 
driver can vary the amount of mix- 
ture, or gas, passing to the engine. 

timer, the revolving switch which 
opens and closes Xhe primary circuit. 

tonneau, a car with front seats for 
two persons and a rear one for 
several. 

transmission, that part of the mech- 
anism between the engine and the 
road wheels; it transmits the high 
speed power to the low speed road 
wheels. 

trembler, a Contact maker which 
makes several rapid contacts for 



each ignition; it is the vibrating 
spring blade on an induction coil, 
which interrupts the primary cur- 
rent during the time the contact is 
made in the commutator. 



U 

underslung, a car in which 

frame is below the axles. 



the 



valve, the apparatus which regulates 
the flow of mixture or gas by open- 
ing or closing its passage-way. 

valve-chamber, the part of the com- 
bustion chamber which forms a 
pocket above the valve. 

valve-face, the seating on which the 
valve closes. 

valve-gear, of the engine; its entire 
mechanism. 

valve, exhaust, the one through 
which the burnt gas passes outward. 

valve, inlet, the valve through which 
the gas is admitted.^ 

vibrator coil, a device for giving a 
series of sparks instead of one for 
each ignition. 

W 

water-jacket. See jackets. 
wheel-base, the amount of distance 

between the centers of the back and 

front wheels. 
wheel-track, the amount of distance 

between the paths of the front 

wheels. 
worm-gearing, that on which the 

teeth of the worm wheels are of a 

spiral character, and transmit the 

power into a sHding thrust. 



1003 



DICTIONARY OF AVIATION 



advancing edge, the front edge of a 
plane. See following edge. 

aerial transportation, a system of 
dirigible travel, inaugurated by 
Count Zeppelin, of Germany^ with 
an elongated cylindrical airship, 
420 feet long and 39 feet in diameter. 
He made some remarkable voyages, 
but lost a number of airships tliough 
a variety of disasters. 

aerodrome, a race-course for flying 
machines; also a hangar. 

aeronaut, strictly, one who pursues 
the science.of ballooning, __-^ 

aeronautics, the construction and 
operation of flying machines, of the 
lighter-than-air type. 

aeroplane, a flying machine of the 
heavier-than-air type, with one or 
more surfaces sufficient to support 
the weight of passengers. 

aerostat, technical name for the 
machine or apparatus. 

aerostatics, technical name for the 
science of mechanical aviation. 

aerostation, the same as aeronautics. 

ailerons, subsidiary horizontal planes 
set parallel to and between the main 
planes, capable of independent op- 
eration, and used for maintaining a 
horizontal equihbrium. 

alighting gear, the under-mechan- 
ism of an aeroplane, for lessening 
the impact on reaching the ground. 

angle of incidence, the angle of in- 
clination of the supporting plane to 
the line of flight. 

arch, the down curve on the end of a 
plane. 

ascent. See initial ascent. 

aspect, the upper view of the plane 
surface. 

aspect-ratio, the proportion of the 
length to the width of a plane eur- 
face. 



1004 



aviation, the science of the mechani- 
cal flight in heavier-than-air con- 
structions. 

aviator, strictly, one who pursues the 
science of aviation, or flying. 

aviatrix (aVi-a-trix), n, a woman 
aviator. 

B 

balancing surface, any surface that 
may be used in steering or maintain- 
ing even balance. 

ballast, bags of sand usually attached 
to the car of a balloon to lighten it 
for more upward flight by being 
thrown out. 

ballonets, - small -^ auxihary balloons, 
elongated or conical in shape^ at- 
tached to the end of the main gas 
bag of a balloon for greater stability. 

balloon, a li:;hter-than-air spherical 
or elongated bag of silk or other 
material, inflated with gas; the 
original type of a flying machine. 

biplane, a machine with two planes 
or wings, one set above the other. 

body, that part of a machine which 
contains the motor, fuel, and pas- 
sengers. 



camber, extreme depth of curvature 
on an aeroplane wing. 

car, the apparatus suspended from a 
balloon by ropes, in which the 
operator sits and to which are at- 
tached the bags of sand or ballast 
used to lighten the balloon when 
necessary by being thrown out. 

cells. See partitions. 

center of gravity, the point where 
the machine balances in all direc- 
tions. 

center of pressure, the line along 
which the air acts to elevate the 
planes; ^ just forward of the center 
of gravity* 



Dictionary of Aviation 



center of thrust, the point where 

the propulsive thrust of one or more 

propellers is balanced. 
compression side, the side of a 

plane or propeller-blade that acts 

against the air. 



demountable, a kind of mechanism 
that can be readily taken apart and 
reassembled. 

dihedral, pairs of wings inclined up- 
ward to each other. 

dirigible, or dirigible balloon, a 
balloon of the Hghter-than-air type, 
60 constructed that it may be made 
to travel in any desired direction; 
operated by a propeller driven by a 
motor; fashioned in cigar, conical, 
and cylindrical shapes; some over 
400 feet in length; with long pas- 
senger and operating car suspended 
from the gas bag. 

double monoplane, monoplane with 
two sustaining surfaces, one ahead 
of the other. 

double surfaced, wings with surfaces 
above and below the ribs, wing bars, 
etc. 



edge, one of the -ends of a plane. 
elevator, a horizontally-placed rudder 

for vertical steering. ^ 
engine, the mechanism that gives 

speed and power with minimum 

weight. 



feathering, a device for securing 
BtabiUty in a dirigible, consists of 
attaching four rigid planes, arranged 
like a cross, at the rear of the gas 
bag. 

fin, a single fixed plane for mcreasmg 
the stability of a dirigible. 

fire balloon, popular designation of 
the Montgolfier balloon. 

flapping flight, one occasioned by a 
rapid reciprocation of sustaining 
surfaces. 



flying machine, a construction for 
aerial flight and travel, heavier-than- 
air, as distinguished from a balloon, 
classed as lighter-than-air. 

following edge, the rear edge of a 
plane. See advancing edge. 

fuselage, the frame work of a ma* 
chine. 



gliding, a powerless flight down a 
slant. 

gyroplane, a combination of aero- 
plane and helicopter. 

gyroscope, an instnmaent used to 
give steadinesa to a flying machine. 



H 



hangar, a shed for housing a flying 

machine. 
heavier-than-air, applied to flying 

machines that weigh more than the 

air they displace. 
helicopter, a flying machine which 

ascends by means of a hehx-shaped 

fan wheel. 
helicord propellers, two propellers 

fitted to a helicopter and rotating in 

opposite directions. 
horizontal rudder, a rudder set 

horizontally for vertical steering. 
hydroaeroplane, an aeroplane that 

can rise from water after alighting 

thereon. 



initial ascent, the elevation from the 
ground; acquired by the rotation of 
the propellers; aided by wheels on 
which the machine runs along the 
ground or by runners sliding along 
an inclined plane, till the propellers 
have gained sufficient speed to lift 
the machine into the air. 



landing wheels, wheels on the chassis 
that take up the first shock on 
alighting. 

lateral stability, stability in a side- 
to-side direction. 



1005 



Dictionary of Aviation 



lighter-than-air, applied to an air- 
ship that weighs less than the air it 
displaces. 

line of thrust, the line along which 
the force of the propeller acts. 

longitudinal stability, stability in 
an end-to-end direction. 



port, the left side. 

propeller, the mechanism with two 
or more blades which changes a 
rotary force into a straight-line 
motion; set in the rear in the bi- 
plane, in front in the monoplane. 



M 



main plane, the principal plane of a 
machine with more than one sus- 
taining surface. 

monoplane, a machine with a single 
carrying surface or plane, fixed at 
either side of thef rame work carrying 
the motor, driver's seat, and oper- 
ating apparatus. 

Montgolfier, name commonly applied 
to the pioneer of modern balloons, 
constructed by the Montgolfier 
brothers, Joseph and Stephen, at 
Annonay, France, in 1782. 

multiplane, an aeroplane with two 
or more sustaining surfaces var- 
iously disposed. 

N 

nacelle, the frame work or body of an 
aerial vehicle; most generally ap- 
plied to dirigibles. 



ornithopter, a flying machine with 
"flapping wings," or movable planes. 

outrigger, frame work at either end 
of an aeroplane to support the tail 
or rudder. 



panel, another name for partition. 

partition, a rigid vertical wall 
between two main planes, dividing 
the space into "cells", open in the 
direction of travel, and used to 
afford lateral stability, 

pilot, another name for an aeronaut 
or aviator. 

plane, usually, a flat surface; in aero- 
planes, a curved sustaining surface; 
also known as "wing." 

polyplane, another name for a' 
multiplane. 



rib, the horizontal part of a plane or 
wing construction to which the 
covering is attached; used to main- 
tain the true form of the plane; its 
shape fixes the curve of the plane. 

rudder, a device for changing the 
direction laterally in a horizontal 
plane, and for elevating or lowering 
the plane of travel. 

runners, devices attached to the 
chassis of some machines in prefer- 
ence to wheels to lessen the shock 
of landing. 



shock-absorber, any device attached 
to the chassis for lessening the shock 
on landing, such as wheels, runners, 
etc. 

single-surfaced, planes or wings 
with a single surface, having the ribs 
and wing bars above or below. 

skids, another name for runner. 

soaring flight, an upward movement 
as distinguished from gliding. 

stabilize, to make stable or maintain 
equilbrium by various devices. 

stabilizer, any device for creating or 
maintaining stability. 

starboard, the right side. 

starting impulse, that which sets 
the machine in motion; the initial 
thrust of the propeller, or appliances 
within or without the machine. 

stiffener, in the plane construction, 
a straight bar used to stiffen a flat 
surface. 

supplementary surface, any aux- 
iliary surface, as aileron, fin, rudder, 
etc. 

sustaining surface, a plane or any 
surface capable of providing sus- 
tension. 



1006 



Dictionary of Aviation 



tail, the rear end of an aeroplane, 
used to secure greater stability and 
for the attachment of rudders. 

tetrahedral cell, one of several, with 
open^ ends, assembled to impart 
additional sustaining power to an 
aeroplane. 

thrust, the push of a propeller. 

tilting rudder, a rudder attached on 
an outrigger in front of the main 
planes of a biplane. ^ 

tilting wing tips, wing tips capable 
of being thrown up or down, to sup- 
plement other means of balancing. 

torque, the force tending to over- 
turn an aeroplane sideways. 

tractor screw, a propeller set in front 
of an aeroplane, to draw it forward. 

transverse control, a device to 
counteract the tendency of an aero- 
plane to sUde sideways from the 
horizontal, by warping the tips of 
the planes. 

triplane, an aeroplane with three 
main surfaces. 

turn-buckle, right and left hand 
swivels in a sleeve, used for making 
wires and rods taut. 

U 
upward impulse, secured by making 
the sin-faces concave on the under 
side, on an eccentric curve. 

V 
velocity, the speed with which an 
aeroplane will ghde on its own mo- 
mentum solely. 



vertical rudder, a rudder set verti- 
cally for horizontal steering. 

vertical surfaces, surfaces set verti- 
cally to help maintain a lateral 
balance and to aid lateral steering. 

volplaning, another name for gUding. 

W 

wind-flapping machine. See orni- 
thopter. 

wake, the path in the air made by 
a machine in flight. 

whirling-table, a mechanism for 
revolving the planes. 

wind-pressure, the resistance of the 
air to a machine in flight. 

wing, another name for plane. 

wing arc, the arc of movement of a 
flapping wing. See Flapping flight. 

wing bar or wing girder, a strength- 
ening bar extending from tip to tip 
in a wing or plane, and crossed at 
right angles b}^ the ribs.^ 

wing skid, the same as wing wheel. 

wing-spread, the distance between 
the tips pr ends of a wing-surface. 

wing-surface, the extent of a wing^s 
siuface. 

wing-tip, either extremity of a wing. 

wing wArping, the twisting or bend- 
ing of the wing ends to transfer the 
maximum hft from one side of the 
machine to the other; varies the 
angles of the wing-tip inclination to 
the line of travel. 

wing wheel, a small wheel under the 
tip of a wing to protect it on alight- 
ing. 



1007 



DICTIONARY OF BASEBALL 



a, on score cards, assists. 
amble, a slow run to a base. 
assist, when a player handles the 

ball in a play that results in a base- 
runner being put out, or would so 
result if the play fail through no 
fault of the assisting player. 
at bat, a batsman in his box ready 
to bat. 

B 

b. h., on score cards, base hits. 

back-stop, a fence or other con- 
trivance about 90 feet behind the 
home plate for stopping balls that 
pass the catcher. 

balk, where the pitcher seems about 
to deliver the ball but does not do so; 
a base-runner gets the next base as 
a result. 

ball, the leather-covered sphere with 
which the game is played; about 3 
inches in diameter. 

base hit, (1) when a batted ball 
strikes the ground on or within the 
foul lines and out of reach of the 
fielders; (2) when a fair-hit ball is 
wholly or partially stopped by a 
fielder in motion; (3) when the ball 
is hit with such force to an infielder 
or pitcher that he cannot handle it 
in time to put out the batsman or 
force out a base-runner; (4) when 
the ball is hit so slowly toward a 
fielder that he cannot handle it in 
time to put out the batsman or force 
out a base-runner; (5y when a base- 
runner is retired by being hit by a 
batted ball, or when a batted ball 
hits the person or clothing of the 
umpire, the batsman is credited 
with a base hit. 

base lines, markings on the field 
where the players must run from 
base to base. 



baseman,, a fielder at either base. 
base on ball, a base credited to a 

batsman after the pitcher has 

delivered four balls. ^ 

base-runner, a batsman immediately I 

he hits a ball. * 

bat, instrument for striking the ball; 

made of willow, basswood, or ash; 

23/^ inches in diameter; not over 

42 inches in length. 
batsman's box, the place on either 

side of the home plate where the 

batsman must stand at play. 
batsman's outs, making three foul 

bunts or hitting the ball so that it 

is caught by an opponent before 

alighting. 
battery, the pitcher and catcher. 
bean ball, the same as a curved ball. 
beating the ball, a player reaching 

a base before the ball gets there. 
bench, place where the players of a 

side assemble when not in play. 
bender, the same as a curved ball. 
biffed ball, a ball hit uncommonly 

hard. 
block ball, a ball in play touched by 

a spectator or one of the batting 

side when not in play. 
blocked, when a fielder gets between 

a runner and a base, thus keeping 

him from touching the base. 
body protector, same as breast- 
plate. 
bone-head, a player who makes a 

blunder. 
bounder, a ball that bounds along 

the ground before being stopped. 
box, station of the pitcher, batsman, 

and coacher, in play. 
breast-plate, a shield of padded 

leather or canvas; also an inflatable 

rubber bag. 
breezed, the same as earned run. 
bumped, a fair hit by the batsmano 
bungle, the same as base hit. 
bunt hit, a ball batted so lightly to 



1008 



Dictionary of Baseball 



the infield that it cannot be fielded 
in time to put out the runner. 



cage, a long, low alley bounded by 
two walls and a wire netting, in 
which beginners practice pitching 
and batting. 

called strike, a ball that the bats- 
man does not strike at; called by 
the umpire. 

captain, the oflficial head of the team, 
who directs the movements of the 
players while on the field, and who 
is the only person permitted to 
address the umpire, and then only 
on a question of interpretation of 
the rules. 

carrom, catching a ball on its 
rebound from the outfield fence. 

catcher, the member of the battery 
who catches the ball thrown or 
delivered by the pitcher. 

catcher's position, varying with 
conditions; sometmes close behind 
the batsman; at others, as when no 
runner is on the bases and the bats- 
man ha3 not had his last strike, 
about 70 feet back of the home 
plate. • 

center field, the part of the field 
back of second base. 

center field hit^ a batted ball that 
reaches the center field. 

center fielder, the player stationed 
on the center field. 

chop, to bat the ball directly to the 
ground so that it bounds to the 
infield. 

circuit, all the bases. 

circuit clout, the same as earned 
run. 

clouted ball, a heavily hit ball. 

clouting the ball, where a batsman 
gets more safe hits than usual. 

club, the same as bat. 

coacher, one of the side at play who 
directs the base-runners. 

coacher 's box, space in foul territory 
near the first and third bases 
assigned to the coacher. 

corralled, where a ball is caught or 
fielded with precision. 



curve, the direction from a straight 
line a ball is made to take by the 
pitcher while passing to the batsman. 
See in-curve, out-curve, and spit- 
ball. 

curved ball, a ball deflected by the 
pitcher from a straight line, as an 
in-curve, out curve, and spit-ball. 

cushion, the same as base. 



daisy cutter, the same as grounder. 
dead ball, a ball that strikes any 

part of the batsman's person before 

being struck, or any part of the 

umpire's person, while on foul 

ground, without first passing the 

catcher. 
dead on base, a player or players 

left on a base or bases at the end of 

an inning. 
deep-short, the ground back of the 

shorp-stop's position between the 

second and third bases. 
delivery, the throw of a ball by the 

pitcher. 
diamond, space in which the game 

is played; a square with 90 foot 

sides. . 
died, a player put out by any means 

under the rules. 
dish, the same as home plate. 
double hit, a ball batted so that a 

base-runner can make two bases. 
double play, a play where the ball 

is handled quickly enough to retire 

two men. 
drop, a peculiar twist given to a ball 

by a pitcher which causes it to drop 

toward the ground. 



e, on score cards, errors. 

earned run, a run made when a 
player makes the circuit of the 
bases without the assistance, by 
errors, of the opposite team; but a 
run is not counted as earned under 
any circumstances after the oppon- 
ents in the field have had three 
chances to retire the side at bat and 
have not taken advantage of them. 



1009 



Dictionary of Baseball 



error, a misplay which prolongs the 
time of the batsman at the bat or 
allows the base-runner to make one 
or more bases when perfect play 
womld have insured his being put out. 



fair ball, a ball that passes over the 
home plate at an altitude between 
the batsman^s shoulder and knee. 

fair hit, a ball that falls in front of 
the foul lines. 

fan, an enthusiastic spectator of a 
game. 

field, place where the game is played; 
should be at least 350 feet wide by 
500 feet long. 

fielded, a ball caught or stopped by a 
fielder. 

fielders, players of the side not bat- 
ting. See in-fielders, out-fielders. 

Hinger, the same as pitcher. 

fioater, an average sped ball. 

fly ball, a ball batted high into the 
air, affording a comparatively easy 
chance for a fielder to catch it; if 
caught before touching the ground, 
whether on fair or foul territory, the 
batsman is out. 

foozle, a weak or poor play. 

forced out, a base-runner compelled 
to make room for his successor and 
is touched by the ball held by a 
fielder; also when the base-runner 
cannot reach the next base as soon 
as the fielder holding the ball. 

foul ball, a ball batted into foul ter- 
ritory. 

foul lines, lines extending from the 
home plate through the first and 
third bases to the extremity of the 
field. 

foul strike, a ball batted when the 
batsman is out of position, or a ball 
bunted which rolls into foul terri- 
tory; also a foul ball batted before 
the batsman has two strikes. 

foul tip, a ball that does not rise 
above the batsman's head. 

fumble, where a fielder trying to 
catch a batted ball misses by mis- 
calculation. 

fungo ball, a ball that makes an un- 
usually long flight in the air. 



game, nine innings played by each 

side. 
garden, the same as out-field. 
gobbled, a ball caught. 
grass cutter, the same as grounder. 
ground, area on which the game is 

played; includes in-field, out-field, 

and stands. 
grounder, a ball that keeps close to 

the ground. 



H 



hammered ball, one hit extra hard. 
heave, the same as throw. 
hefties, extra heavy hits. 
hit and run play, where a batsman 

signals to a base-runner that he will 

hit the next ball pitched. 
hit in the slats, where a pitched ball 

strikes the batsman. 
home base, the same as home plate. 
home plate, a piece of iron, wood, or 

marble about one foot square, 

whitened, and sunk flush with the 

ground; sometimes called the home 

base. The batsman stands here when 

at play. 
home run, a complete circuit of the 

bases made on a hit. 
honor, a particularly creditable play. 
hugging the base, a runner keeping 

close to base, fearing a surprise 

play. 



in-curve, the deviation of a pitched 

ball toward the batsman. 
in-field, space inclosed by base lines. 
in-fielders, the first, second, and 

third basemen and the short stop. 
inner works, where the in-fielders 

play. 
innings, the time at the bat of the 

nine players representing a club in 

the game; is completed when three 

of such players have been legally 

put out. 



judge, the umpire; the first where 
there are two. 



1010 



Dictionary of Baseball 



K 
kick, to dispute the umpire. 



over-slid base, where the runner 
slides over the base. 



left field, area behind third base and 

short stop. 
left fielders, the players stationed in 

the left field. 
left on base, the same as dead on 

base. 
leg protectors, short trousers heavily 

padded at the knees and along the 

side of the leg and thigh, to prevent 

injury when sliding to a base. 
lifted, a suspended or retired player. 
lobbed ball, one thrown with sUght 

speed. 
lofted, a ball struck high into the air. 
long fly, a ball batted a long distance 

in the air. 
low liner, a ball driven in a straight 

line without touching the ground. 

M 

manager, the business man of a 
team. 

mask, a face protector of leather 
and wire, worn by the catcher and 
umpire while in play. 

meander, when a runner is not com- 
pelled to make speed. 

mound, the same as pitcher^s box. 

mound-man, the same as pitcher. 

muff, failure to hold a ball when 
catching it. 

N 
nine, sj^nonymous with club or team 



out, as to a runner, when he can ad 
vance no further; as to the side at 
the bat, three outs retire the side. 

out-curve, the deviation of a pitched 
ball from the batsman. 

out-field, space in fair territory be- 
hind the in-field. 

out-fielders, the right, center, and 
left fielders. 

outer works, where the out-fielders 
play. 

over-run base, where the speed of 
the runner prevents his stopping at 
a base. 



p. o., on score cards, put-outs. 

pan, the same as home plate. ^ 

pass, the same as base on ball. 

passed ball, a ball that passes the 
catcher and permits the base-runner 
to gain the next base. 

pick-up, a ball caught just after 
touching ground. 

pill, the same as ball. 

pitcher, the member of the battery 
who throws or delivers the ball. 

pitcher's box, the place where the 
pitcher must have one foot when 
deUvering a ball, 60 feet from the 
home plate, and on a straight line 
with the home and second base; 
marked the same as the home 
plate. 

plate, the same as home plate. 

platter, the same as home plate. 

pop a foul, when a ball goes more 
than 10 feet in the air and lies out- 
side the fair territory. 

pound, heavy drive with the bat. 



r, on score cards, runs. 
rally, the advance of a lagging team, 
receiver, the same as catcher. 
retiring, putting out a base-runner 

by any authorized means. 
right field, area back of first base 

and to the right of second base. 
right fielders, the players stationed 

in the right^ field. ^ 
rise, a peculiar twist given to a ball 

by a pitcher which causes it to rise. 
roller, a ball that rolls along the 

ground after alighting. 
rode home, made an easy home run. 
rubber, the same as home plate and 

pitcher's plate. ^ 
run, successful circuit of all bases. 
runner, the same as base-runner. 
running in, a felder closing in on a 

batted ball. 



8. b., on score cards, stolen bases. 



1011 



Dictionary of Baseball 



sacrifice hit, a hit by the batsman 
who, when no one is out or when 
but one man is out, advances a 
runner a base by a bunt hit, which 
results in the batsman being put 
out before he reaches first, or would 
so result if it were handled without 
error. 

safe hit, a clean hit, which advances 
the batsman a base. 

scalped field, a field destitute of turf. 

scoop the pill, to pick up the ball. 

scratch hit, where a ball should be 
caught, but for some reason cannot 
be. 

short field, area between second and 
third bases. 

short stop, a player stationed mid- 
way between the second and third 
bases. 

shot ball, the same as biffed ball. 

shut out, failure of a team to score 
in the number of innings played. 

side, nine players. 

side out. See out. 

skied ball, a very high ball. 

skin diamond, the same as scalped 
field. 

slide, where a base-runner slides feet 
or head first to a base to prevent 
being put out. 

sliding bag, a canvas bag or cushion 
used by beginners in learning to 
slide to bases. 

sliding spool, a spool attached to a 
taut, inclined rope, used by be- 
ginners in learning to throw a ball. 

slugger, a batsman who hits long 
distances o 

snapped ball, a short, quick throw. 

soft fly, a ball batted a short distance 
in the air. 

spit-ball, a ball on which the pitcher 
has spit, causing it to deviate in an 
uncertain direction from a straight 
line, as it moves against the air. 

spot light, a momentary center of 
attraction. 

stolen base, a base gained by a 
runner without help from a hit by 
the batsman. 

strike, when a batsman tries and fails 
to hit a delivered ball, or does not 
strike at a fair ball. 



strike-out, when three strikes haVe 

been called on a batsman. 
strolled, the same as base on ball. 
substitute, one who takes the place ^ 

of another player at any stage of , 

the game; a relieved player cannot 

again enter that game. 
support, the same as assist. 



tag, the same as touch. 

team, the same as nine. 

three-base hit, when the batsman 
makes a. hit that enables him to 

^ reach third base without stopping 
and without being put out. 

throw, the same as delivery. 

tickey; a batted ball caught im- 
mediately by the catcher. 

toss, a dehvery by one fielder to 
another. 

touch, where a base-runner is touched 
by the ball in the hand of a fielder. 

triple play, a play where the ball is 
handed sufficiently quick to '^retire" 
three men. 

twirl, the same as delivery. 

two-base hit, when the batsman 
makes a hit that enables him to 
reach second base without stopping 
and without being put out. 

U 

umpire, a person satisfactory to both 
sides, who sees that the rules are 
observed and judges various points 
and disputes. Sometimes there are 
two, one at the plate and the other 
on the bases. 

underhand throw, delivery by a 
pecuhar twist of the wrist. 

W 

warm-up, a pitcher exercising to 
limber his arm. 

wild pitch, a ball pitched out of the 
reach of the catcher, enabling a base- 
runner to gain one or more bases. 

wild throw, a ball thrown beyond 
the reach of the fielder to whom it 
was directed; also one thrown too 
low. 



1012 



DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL ABBREVIATIONS 



A. Absolve. Aedilis. Aes, Ager, Ago, 

Aio, Amicus, Annus, Antique, Auc- 

tor. Auditor, Augustus, Aulus, Aur- 

um, Aut. 
A.A. Aes alienum, Ante audita, Apud 

agrum, Aurum argentum. 
A.A. Augusti AAA. Augusti tres. 
A.A.A.F.F.Auro argento aere flando 

feriundo. 
A.A.V. Alter ambove. 
A.C. Acta causa. Alius civis. 
A.D. Ante diem; e,g., A.D.V. Ante 

diem quintum. 
A.D. A. Ad dandos agros. 
AE.D. Aedes, Aedilis, Aedilitas. 
AE.M. and AIM. Aemilius, Aemilia. 
AE.R AErarium. AER.P. Aere 

publico. 
A.F. Actum fide, Auli filius. 
AG. Ager, Ago, Agrippa. 
A.G. Animo grato, Aulus Gellius. 
A.L.AE. and A.L.E. Arbitrium litis 

aestimandae. 
A.M. and A. MILL. Ad. milliarium. 
AN. Aniensis, Annus, Ante. 
ANN. Annales, Anni, Annona. 
ANT. Ante, Antonius. 
A.O. Alii omnes, Amico optimo. 
AP. Appius, Apud. 
A. P. Ad pedes Aedilitia potestate. 
A. P. F. Auro (or argento) publico 

feriundo. 
A. P.M. Amico posuit monumentum, 

Annorum plus minus. 
A.P.R.C. Anno post Roman conditam. 
ARG. Argentum. 
AR.V.V.D.D. Aram votam volens 

dedicavit, Arma votiva dono dedit. 
AT. A tergo. Also A TE. and A TER. 
A.T.M.D.O. Aio te mihi dare opor- 

tere. 
AV. Augur, Augustus, Aurelius. 
A.V. Annos vixit. 
A.V.C. Ab urbe condita. 
AVG. Augur, Augustus. 
AVGG. Augusti (generally of two) 
AVGGG. Augusti tres. 



AVT.PR.R. Auctoritas provinciae 

Romanonmi. 
B. Balbius, Balbus, Beatus, Bene, 

Beneficiarius, Beneficium, Bonus, 

Brutus, Bustum. 

B. for V. Berna, Bivus, Bixit. 
B.A. Bixit annos, Bonis auguriis, 

Bonus amabilis. 
BB. orB.B. Bene, bene, i.e., optima, 

Optimus. 
B.D. Bonae deae, Bonima datum. 
B.DD. Bonis deabus. 
B.D.S.M. Bene de se merenti. 
B.F. Bona femina, Bona fides. Bona 

fortuna, Bonum factum. 
B.F. Bona femina. Bona filia. 
B.H. Bona hereditaria, Bonorum 

heres. 
B.I. Bonum judicium. B.I.I. Boni 

judicis, judicium^ ' 
B.M. Beatae memoriae. Bene merenti. 
B.N. Bona nostra Bonum nomen. 
BN.H.I. Bona hie invenies. 
B.P. Bona paterna, Bononun potes- 

tas, Bonum publicum. 
B.Q. Bene quiescat. Bona quaesita. 
B.RP.N. Bono reipublicae natus. 
BRT. Britannicus. 
B.T. Bonorum tutor, Brevi tempore. 
B.V. Bene vale. Bene vixit. Bonus 

vir. 
B.V.V. Balnea vina Venus. 
BX. Bixit, for vixit. 

C. Caesar, Caius, Caput, Causa, Cen- 
sor, Civis, Cohors, Colonia, Comiti- 
alis (dies). Condemn o, Consul, 
Cum, Curo, Custos. 

C. Caia, Centuria, Cum, the prefix 

Con. 
C.B. Civis bonus, Commune bonum, 

Conjugi benemerenti, Cui bono. 
C.C. Calumniae causa. Causa cognita, 

Conjugi carissimae. Consilium cepit. 

Curiae consulto. 
C.C.C. Calumniae cavendae causa. 
C.C.F. Caesar (or Caius curavit 

faciendum, Caius Caii filius. 



1013 



Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations 



CC.W. Clarissimi viri. 
CD. Csesaris decreto, Caius Deciu?, 
Comitialibus diebus. 

CES. Censor, Censores. CESS. Cen- 
sores. 

C.F. Causa fiduciae, Conjugi fecit, 
Curavit faciendum. 

C.H. Custos heredum, Custos hortor- 
um. 

C.I. Caius Julius, Consul jussit, Cura- 
vit judex. 

CL. Clarissimus, Claudius, Clodius, 
Colcnia. 

CL.V. Clarissimus vir, Clypeum vovit. 

CM. Caius Marius, Causa mortis. 

CN. Cnaus. 

COH. Coheres, Cohors. 

COL. CoUega, Collegium, Colonia, 
Columna. 

COLL. CoUega, Coloni, Colonise. 

COM. Comes, Comitium, Compara- 
tum. 

CON. Conjux, Consensus, Consiliar- 
ius, Consul, Consiilaris. 

COR, Cornelia (tribus), Cornelius, 
Corona, Corpus. 

COS, Consiliarius, Consul, Consul- 
ares. COSS. Consules. 

C.P. Carissimus or Clarissimus puer, 
Civis publicus, Curavit ponendum. 

C.R. Caius Rufus, Civis Romanus, 
Curavit reficiendum. 

CS. Caesar, Communis, Consul. 

CV. Claeissimus or Consularis vir. 

CVR. Cura, Curator, Curavit, Curia. 

D. Dat, Dedit, &c., De, Decimus, 
Decius, Decretum, Decurio, Deus 
Dicit, &c., Dies, Divus, Dominus, 
Domus, Donum. 

D.C, Decurio coloniae, Diebus comi- 
tialibus, Divus Caesar. 

D.D. Dea Dia, Decurionum decreto, 
Dedicavit, Deo dedit, Dono dedit. 

D.D.D. Datum decreto decurionum, 
Dono dedit dedicavit. 

D.E.R. De ea re. 

DEIS. Designatus. 

D.L Dedit imperator, Diis immorta- 
libus, Diis inferis. 

D.LM. Deo invicto Mithrse, Diis 
inferis Manibus. 

D.M. Deo Magno, Dignus Memoria, 
Diis Manibus, Dolo Malo. 

D.O.M. Deo Optimo IMaximo. 



D.P.S. Dedit proprio sumptu, Deo 
perpetuo sacrum, De pecunia sua. 

E. Ejus, Eques, Erexit, Ergo, Est, Et, 
Et am, Ex. 

EG. .^ger, Egit, Egregius. 

E.M. Egregiae memorise, Ejusmodi, 

Erexit monumentum. 
EQ.M, Equitima magister. 
E.R.A. Ea res agitur. 

F. Fabius, Facere, Fecit, &c., Familia, 
Fastus (dies), Felix, Femina, Fides, 
Filius, Flamen, Fortuna, Frater, 
Fuit, Functus. 

F.C. Faciendum curavit, Fidei com- 

missum, Fiduciae causa. 
F.D. Fidem dedit, Flamen Dialis, 

Fraude donavit. 
F.F.F. Ferro flamma fame, Fortior 

fortuna fato. 
FL. Filius, Flamen, Flaminius, Flav- 

ius. 
F.L. Favete, linguis, Fecit libens, 

Felix liber. 
FR. Forum Fronte, Frumentarius. 
F.R. Forum Romanum. 

G. Gains (= Caius), Gallia, Gaudium, 
Gellius, Gemina, Gens, Gesta, 
Gratia. 

G.F. Gemina fidelis (applied to a 

legion). So G.P.F. Gemina pia 

fidelis. 
GL. Gloria. 
GN. Genius, Gens, Genus, Gnseus 

(=Cnaeus). 
G.P.R, Genio populi Romani. 
H. Habet, Heres, Hie, Homo, Honor, 

Hora. 
HER. Heres, Herennius. HER. and 

HERC Hercules. 
H.L. Hac lege. Hoc loco, Honesto loco. 
H.M. Hoc monumentum, Honesta 

mulier, Hora mala. 
H.S.E. E[ic sepultus est. Hie situs est. 
H.V. Haec xu*bs, Lie vivit, Honeste 

vixit, Honestus vir. 
!• Immortalis, Imperator, In, Infra, 

Inter, Invictus, Ipse, Isis, Judex, 

Julius, Junius, Jupiter, Justus. 
lA. Jam, Intra. 
LC Julius Caesar, Juris Consultum, 

Jus civile. 
ID. Idem, Idus, Interdum. 
LD. Inferis diis, Jovi dedicatum. Jus 

dicendum, Jussu Dei. 



Die. 65 



1014 



Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations 



I.D.M. Jovi deo magno. 

I.F, In foro, In fronte. 

I.H, Jacet hie, In honestatem, Justus 
homo. 

IM. Imago, Immortalis, Immxmis, 
Impensa. 

IMP. Imperator, Imperium. 

I.O.M. Jovi Optimo maximo. 

LP. In publico, Intra provinciam, . 
Justa persona. 

I.S.V.P. Impensa sua vivus posuit. 

K. Kseso, Cai, Calumnia, Caput, 
Cams, Castra. 

K., KAL., and KL. Kalendae. 

L. Lsehus, Legio, Lex, Libens, Liber, 
Libra, Locus, Lollius, Lucius, Ludus. 

LB. Libens, Liberi, Libertus. 

L.D.D.D. Locus datus decreto decur- 
ionmn. 

LEG. Legatus, Legio. 

LIB. Liber, Liberalitas, Libertas, 
Libertus, Librarius. 

LL. Leges, Libentissime, Liberti. 

L.M* Libens merito, Locus monumenti. 

L.S. Laribus sacrum, Libens solvit. 
Locus sacer. 

LVD. Ludus. 

LV.P.F. Ludos publicos fecit. 

M. Magister, Magistratus, Magnus, 
Manes, Marcus, Marius, Marti, 
Mater, Memoria, Mensis, Miles, 
Monumentum, Mortuus, Mucins, 
Mulier. ^ 

M*. Manius. 

M.D. Magno Deo, Manibus diis, 
Matri deum, Merenti dedit. 

MES, Mensis. MESS, Menses. 

M.F. Mala fides, Marci filius, Monu- 
mentum fecit. 

M.I. Matri Idaese, Matri Isidi, Maxi- 
mo Jovi. 

MNT. and MON. Moneta. 

M.P. Male positus, Monumentima 
posuit. 

M.S. Manibus sacrum, Memorise 
sacrum, Manuscriptum. 

MVN. Municeps, or municipium; so 
also MN., MV., and MVNIC. 

M.V.S. Marti ultori sacrum, Merito 
votum solvit. 

N. Natio, Natus, Nefastus (dies), 
Nepos, Neptunus, Nero, Nomen, 
Non, Nonae, Noster, Novus, Numen, 
Numerius, Numerus, Nummus, 



NEP. Nepos, Neptunus. 
N.F.C. Nostrse fidei commissum. 
N.L. Non licet, Non liquet, Non longe. 
N.M.V. Nobilis memoriae vir. 
NN. Nostri. NN., NNO., and NNR. 

Nostrorum. 
NOB. Nobihs. NOB., NOBR., and 

NOV. Novembris. 
N.P. Nefastus primo (z,e., priore 

parte diei), Non potest. 
O. Ob, Ofiicium, Omnis, Oportet, 

Optimus, Opus, Ossa. 
OB. Obiit, Obiter, Orbis. 
O.C.S. Ob ciyes servatos. 
O.H.F. Omnibus honoribus functus. 
O.H.S.S. Ossa hie sita sunt. 
OR. Hora, Ordo, Omamentum. 
O.T.B.Q. Ossa tua bene quiescant. 
P. Pars, Passus, Pater, Patronus, Pax, 

Perpetuus, Pes, Pius, Plebs, Pondo, 

Populus, Post, Posuit, Presses, Prae- 
tor, Primus Pro, Provincia, Publi- 

cus, Publius, Puer, 
P.C. Pactum conventum, Patres con- 

scripti, Pecunia constituta, Ponen- 

dum curavit, Post consul tatmn, 

Potestate censoria. 
P.F. Pia,fidelis, Pius felix, Promissa 

fides, Publii filius. 
P.M. ^ Piae memories. Plus minus, 

Pontifex maximus. 
P.P. Pater patratus. Pater patriae, 

Pecunia pubhca, Praepositus, Primi- 

pilus, Propraetor. 
PR. Praeses,^ Praetor, Pridie, Princeps. 
P.R. Permissu reipublicae, Populus 

Romanus. 
P.R.C. Post Romam conditam. 
PR. PR. Praefectus praetorii. Proprae- 
tor. 
P.S.^ Pecimia sua, Plebiscitima, Pro- 

prio sumptu^ Pubficae saluti. 
P.V. Pia^ victrix, Prsefectus urbi, 

Praestantissimus vir. 
Q. Quaestor, Quando, Quantus, Que, 

Qui, Quinquennalis, Quintus, Quiri- 

tes. 
Q.D.R. Quadere. 
Q.I.S.S. Quae infra scripta sunt; so 

Q.S.S.S. Quae supra, &c. 
QQ. Quaecumque, Quinquennalis, 

Quoque. 
Q.R. Quaestor reipublicae. 
R. Recte, Res, Respublica, Retro, 



1015 



Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations 



Rex, Ripa. Roma, Romanus, Rufus, 

Rursus. 
R.C. Romana civitas, Romanus civis. 
RESP. and RP. Respublica. 
RET.P. and RP. Retro pedes. 
S. Sacnim, Scriptus, Semis, Senatus, 

Sepultus, Servius, Servus, Sextus, 

Sibi, Sine, Situs, Solus, Solvit, Sub, 

Suus. 
SAC» Sacerdos, Sacrificium, Sacrum. 
S.C. Senatus consultum. 
S.D, Sacrum diis, Salutem dicit, 

Senatus decreto, Sententiam dedit. 
S.D.M. Sacrum diis Manibus, Sine 

dolo malo. 
SER. Servius, Servus. 
S.E.T.L, Sit ei terra levis. 
SN. Senatus, Sententia, Sine. 
S.P. Sacerdos perpetua, Sine pecunia, 

Sua pecunia. 
S.P.QR, Senatus populusque Ro- 
manus. 
S.S. Sanctissimus senatus, Supra 

scriptum. 
S.V.B.E.E.Q.V. Si vales ben© est, ego 

quidem valeo. 



T» Terminus, Testamentum, Titus, 

Tribimus, Tu, Turma, Tutor. 
TB., TL, and TIB. Tiberius. 
TB., TR., and TRB. Tribunus. 
T.F. Testamentum fecit, Titi filius, 

Titulum fecit, Titus, Flavins. 
TM. Terminus, Testamentum, Ther- 
mae. 
T.P. Terminum posuit, ^ Tribunicia 

potestate, Tribunus plebis. 
TVL. TuUius, Tullus. 
V. Urbs, Usus, Uxor, Vale, Verba, 

Vestalis, Vester, Vir, Vivus, Vixit, 

Volo, Votum, 
V.A. Veterano assignatus, Vixit an- 

nos. 
y.C. Vale conjux, Vii clarissimus, Vir 

consularis. 
V.E. Verum etiam, Vir egregius, 

Visum est. 
V.F. Usus fructus, Verba fecit, Vivus 

fecit. 
V.P. Urbis praefectus, Vir perfectissi- 

mus, Vivus posuit. 
V.R- Urbs iioma, Uti rogas, Votum 
eddidit. 



1016 



DICTIONARY OF COMMERCE AND LAW 



a^ capital A endorsed on the face of 
an account or document may mean 
audited J accepted j or approved. Small 
a, written @, means at, as, 10 yds. 
@ 14 cts. 

al, of first quality. Used technically 
in shipping, but applied to other 
matters. ^ The mark originated with 
the English Lloyds, who rate vessels 
Al, A2, and so down. ^ In the 
American system the registry de- 
scends from A by fractions, Al, 
AIM, A1H,A1^,A2. 

abandonment, in marine insurance, 
the abandonment of property in- 
sured to the insurers. 

abatement, amount deducted from 
a bill for any cause; a discount; 
removal of a nuisance. 

abator, one who removes a nuisance. 

abeyance, held in suspense, as an 
unsettled estate. 

abstract, abridgment or epitome of 
a deed or other document. 

acceptance, agreement by the drawee 
of negotiable paper to pay the same. 
Agreement to terms offered. 

acceptance supra protest, agree- 
ment to pay a note or bill after it 
has been protested, for the honor of 
the maker or an indorser. 

acceptor, he who by his signature 
makes acceptance. 

accession, acquiring property at- 
tached as an incident.^ 

accessory, one^ who instigates, en- 
courages or aids in the offense of 
another. 

accommodation paper, notes or 
bills not representing an actual sale 
or trade transaction, but merely 
drawn to be discounted for the 
benefit of drawer, acceptor or in- 
dorsers, or all combined. 

accord and satisfaction* ofTer and 



acceptance of one thing in place 
of another due. 

account, a statement of sums and 
amounts due from one person to 
another and their offsets, arising 
from mutual transactions. Sum- 
mary of debits and credits, 

accountant, an expert in examining 
books. 

account current, a running account 
for a certain period, showing what 
is due at the present time. 

account sales, the account of a 
broker or commission agent, show- 
ing amount and rate of sales, ex- 
penses of freight, commission, etc., 
and net amoimt due the principal. 

accretion, gradual increase of land 
through natural causes. 

accroach, to attempt to use power 
without authority. 

accrue, to increase, to be due as 
profits. 

acknowledgment, a receipt. In 
law, admission of facts. 

acquittance, ft Written receipt in 
full, or discharge from all claims. 

act, a formal writing expressing what 
has been done, as, an act of Con- 
gress, an act of bankruptcy. 

actionaire [Fr.], the holder of shares 
in a stock company. 

actuary, ofacer of a life insurance 
company; expert in vita! statistics 
and annuities. 

act of God, a cause of injury not 
to be prevented by human means. 

adjustment, settlement of claims in 
marine or fire insurance. Deter- 
mining amount of loss and habihty. 
In accounts, the settling of a dis- 
puted account. 

admiralty court, a court having 
jurisdiction in maritime matters. 

ad valorem [Lat.], according to the 
value. 

ad valorem duties, duties levied on 



1017 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 

goods according to value; not by aliquot part, a number contained 

quantity, weight or measure. Op- within a larger number an exact 

posed to specific duties. number of times. 

administer, to settle an estate as allegation, rule for obtaining the 

administrator or executor. proportion of ingredients in making 

administrator, one who has charge mixtures, and the value of such 

of the estate of a man dying without mixtures. 

a will, or appointed in place of an allonge [Fr.], a paper pasted on a 

executor.^ ^ note or bill of exchange to allow 

advance, increase in value. more indorsements than the bill 

advances, money paid before goods has room for. 

are delivered to buyer, or sold by allegiance, obedience and support 

broker. due to the government. 
adventure, shipment of goods on allotment ticket, order for pay- 
shipper's own account. Merchants ment of wages to seaman's family 

keep a debit and credit account with at stated intervals during the voy- 

each enterprise, as, Adventure to age, 

Rio Janeiro. ^ ^ ^ allow, to yield to another's profit; to 

adventure, bill of, writing signed concede; to discount. 

by master of ship which carries allowance, deduction from gross 

goods at the owner's risk. weight or amount. Sailor's rations. 

adventure in co., shipment of goods alloy [Fr., d la loi.\, baser metal in- 

at joint risk of shipper and consignee. troduced in coinage; the union of 

adverse possession, possession of different metals. Neither of the 

real property avowedly contrary to precious metals is used in absolute 

the claim of another person. purity in coinage. Gold is alloyed 

advice, mercantile information sent with silver or copper; silver, with 

by letter, called letter of advice, nickel, brass, or copper.^ The pro- 

afHant, one who niakes an affidavit. portion of alloy differs in different 

afHdavit, declaration under oath. countries. 

affiliation, establishment of pater- alluvion, gradual increase of the 

nity. ^ shore of a stream. 

affinity, connection resulting from amotion, a turning away or removal. 

marriage. amount ^ross^ the total sum or 

aflFreightment, the act of hiring a aggregate. 

ship for transportation of goods. amount^ net, total sum less proper 

agent, one who acts for another. deduction for expenses, discount, or 

aggravation, in law, something en- charges. 

hancing crime or increasing damages, ancestor, in law, embraces collat- 

agio [Ital.], difference in value be- erals as well as lineals. 

tween bank notes and gold, or be- anchorage, a spot near shore where 

tween one kind of paper money and ships are in safety. Holding ground. 

another. ^ ^ ancient writings, deeds thirty years 

agiotage, speculation on fluctuation old may be adinitted to evidence 

of public securities. without proof. ^ 

agrarian, relating to land. ^ anker, a foreign measure of about 

agreement, a contract. Literally, ten gallons. 

the meeting of minds. annex, to take permanently, as to 

alias [Lat.], a second or assumed annex territory; fixtures are an- 

name. ^ nexed to the freehold, 

alien, one of foreign birth and alle- annuity, a sum paid yearly or at 

giance. stated intervals. 

alimony, in divorce law, provision answer, to be responsfble for; to 

for euDport cf a wife. reply. 

1018 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



antedate, to date beforehand. 

application y in insurance, the first 
step in obtaining a policy. 

appellate jurisdiction, courts hav- 
ing power to review decisions of 
lower courts. 

apply, to dispose of in a particular 
manner, as, to apply funds in pay- 
ment oi a note. 

appraisement, ascertaining the value 
of goods or property. 

appraiser, he who appraises. In par- 
ticular, an ofncer of government 
who ascertains the value of dutiable 
goods. 

appreciate^ to rise in value. 

apprentice, a minor bound out to 
learn a trade. 

apprize, another form of appraise, 

appropriation. Betting apart for a 
specific purpose. Government grant 
of money. 

appurtenance, something incidental 
to another. 

arbitration, settlement of disputed 
claims or accounts by arbitrators. 

arbitrators, disinterested parties 
called in to settle disputes. 

arbitration of exchanges, ^com- 
parison of currency of intermediate 
places, to discover whether it is more 
profitable to forward money directly 
or indirectly. 

archives, state papers, records, char- 
ters, and other important docu- 
ments. 

article, a smgle piece of goods; a 
division of a document or contract. 

arson, the mahcious burning of an- 
other's house. 

articles of partnership, the contract 
between the parties. 

articles of war, rules for the govern- 
ment of army and ncivy. 

assay, to test the purity of precious 
metals. 

assess, to levy a tax or share of ex- 
penses. 

assets, funds of an individual, firm, 
or corporation; resources; opposed 
to liabiUties. 

assignats, paper money of France 
after the Revolution, never redeemed. 

assignee, a person to whom an as- 



signment is made; trustee for the 
creditors of a bankrupt estate. 

assignment, conditional transfer of 
property for safe keeping, or ad- 
justment. 

assignor, one who transfers his prop- 
erty to assignees for the benefit of 
creditors or for other reasons. 

assizes [Eng.], a criminal court for 
jury trials held from place to place. 

association, a body of men; a stock 
company; a society. 

assortment, a quantity of goods 
var>dng in form, color, style, size, 
or price. 

assumpsit, an action to recover 
damages for breach of contract. 

assurance, nearly synonymous with 
insurance; an agreement to pay on 
a contingency sure to occur, 

attachment, a seizure of property 
or person by order of the court, to 
be held until the cause is decided. 

attest, to witness by signature a 
document or judicial act. 

attorney, an agent; an officer of the 
court; a counselor. 

attorney, - power of, written au- 
thority for one person to act for 
another. 

attorney general, the chief law 
officer of the government. 

attorn, to a^ree to become tenant 
to one to whom reversion has been 
granted. 

auction, public sale to highest bidder. 

auctioneer, a person licensed to 
sell by auction. 

audit, to scrutinize accounts and 
vouchers. 

auditor, one authorized to examine 
accounts; an ofUcer of the United 
States Treasury. 

aver, to assert formally. 

average, the mean value; medium 
quality; a fair sample. 

average, general, in marine insur- 
ance, a proportionate contribution 
levied on ship and goods to cover 
necessary sacrifice of a part. 

average, particular, partial damage 
of ship alone, or of cargo alone, 
arising from ordinary wear and tear 
or mishaps* 



1019 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



average, petty, small charges, such 
as pilotage, port charges, and the 
like, borne in part by ship and part 
by cargo. 

average of payments, method of 
finding the time when payment may 
be made of several sums due at dif- 
ferent dates without loss to either 
party. 

avoid, in law, to nullify. 

avulsion, lands torn by the current 
from one estate and added to an- 
other. 



B 



bail, a surety for appearance; the 

amount pledged. 
bailments, in law of contracts, de- 
livery of goods for some purpose. 
balance, difference necessary to make 

debit and credit sides of an account 

equal; weighing scales. 
balance account, an account made 

up of balances of different accounts; 

a brief summary of the state of a 

business. 
balance sheet, a paper giving a 

summary and balance of accounts. 
balance of trade, difference in value 

between total exports and imports 

of a country. 
liallast, weight used to steady a 

ship; in balance, loaded with ballast 

instead of cargo. 
bale, a package of goods or produce. 
banco, difference between bank value 

and current value of money. 
bank, an institution for deposit, dis- 
count, and circulation. 
bankable, capable of passing at par 

at a bank. 
bankbook, passbook of a bank, 

showing state of depositor's account. 
bank hours, usually from 9 or 10 

a. m. to 3 p. m. 
banker, a dealer in money; one 

entrusted with funds by others. 
bankrupt, one unable to meet^ his 

business liabilities; the word liter- 
ally means broken up, 
bank stock, shares in a banking 

company; paid up capital of a bank 

divided into shares. 



bar, a final defense; profession of law, 
bargain, an agreement of sale; an 

advantageous commercial transac- 
tion. 
barque or bark, a three-masted ves- 
sel,^ rigged square as to fore and 

main masts, and "fore and aft" as 

to mizzen mast. 
barratry, in shipping, any wilful 

breach oi duty or trust by master or 

crew, as against owners or insurers; 

in common law, mahcious stirring 

up of litigation, 
barrel, a measure of capacity, con^ 

taining 31 J^ gallons, wine measure; 

36 gallons, beer measure; 32 gallons, 

ale measure. 
barrel bulk, in freight measure- 
ment, 5 cubic feet. 
barrister, Enghsh name for a lawyer 

who practices in the courts. 
barter, to exchange one kind of 

goods for another. 
base court, an inferior court, not 

one of record. 
bazaar [Turk.], place of trade; 

specially apphed to shops for sale of 

fancy articles. 
beacon, general word for light-house 

or light-ship. 
bear, in ^ stock exchange slang, one 

who strives to depress the price of 

stocks. 
bearer, he who holds, and presents 

for payment a note, bill, check, or 

draft. 
bearer, payable to, negotiable paper 

so drawn need not be indorsed. 
bench warrant, one issued by a 

superior court judge. 
bill, a statement of accoimts due; 

general term for all negotiable paper. 
bill book, in bookkeeping, the ac- 
count kept of all notes, drafts and 

bills of exchange. 
billhead, a printed form of bills, 

with business address at the top. 
bill of discovery, apphcation to 

equity court to compel disclosure of 

facts. 
bill of entry, a bill of goods entered 

at the custom-house. 
bill of exceptions, a written list 

of exceptions to a coiuii's decisions. 



1020 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



bill of exchange^ a written order 
from one person to another, ordering 
or requesting him to pay a certain 
sum of money to a third person at 
a given date. 

bill, domestic or inland, a bill of 
exchange payable in the coimtry 
where drawn. 

bill, foreign, a bill of exchange pay- 
able in a foreign country; usually 
drawn in duphcate or triplicate. 

bill of lading, a receipt given by a 
ship^s master for goods received for 
carriage, promising to deliver the 
same at a certain time and place, 
dangers of the sea excepted: four 
copies are usually made, one for 
master, one for shipper, one to be 
sent in ship to consignee, the fourth 
sent by some other ship. 

bill of parcels, sometimes used for 
invoice. 

bill of particulars, specification of 
demands for which an action is 
brought. 

bill of sale^ a contract under seal 
for the sale of goods. 

bill of sight, a form of custom-house 
entry, allowing consignee to see 
goods before paying duty. 

bills payable, notes and bills issued 
in favor of other parties by a mer- 
chant, 

bills receivable^ Dotes and bills made 
by others and payable to ourselves. 

blank credit, permission to draw 
money on account, no sum being 
specified. 

bona fide [Lat.], in good faith. 

blackmail, extortion of money by 
threats. 

blockading; obstructing an enemy's 
ports. 

board of trade, about equivalent 
to charnber of commerce or merchants' 
exchange; an association of business 
men to regulate matters of trade 
and further their interests, and for 
the settlement of differences be- 
tween its members. 

bond, a legal document by which a 
person binds himself to pay money 
or do something under penalty of 
paying a sum fixed. 



bond creditor, a creditor who89 
debt is secured by a bond. 

bond debt, a debt contracted under 
obligation of a bond. 

bonded goods, goods on which 
bonds instead of cash have been 
given for import duties. 

bonded warehouse, buildings owned 
by persons approved of by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, and who 
have given bond or guarantee 'or 
the strict observance of the evenue 
laws; used for ^ storing imported 
merchandise until the duties are 
paid or the goods re-shipped with- 
out entry. 

bondsman, one who gives security 
for the payment of money, perform- 
ance of an act, or integrity of an- 
other. 

bonus, additional money paid beyond 
interest; extra profits. 

book debts, accounts charged on 
the books. 

bookkeeper, one who keeps mer- 
cantil accounts. 

bookkeeping, single entry, that 
system of bookkeeping which re- 
quires only one entry for a single 
transaction. 

bookkeeping, double entry, the 
system of bookkeeping which re- 
quires for every transaction two en- 
tries, one on the debit and one on 
the credit side. 

borough, an incorporated town or 
village. 

bottomry bond, the mortgage of 
a vessel for sums advanced for the 
use of the ship. 

bought and sold notes, notes given 
by a broker to the seller and buyer 
respectively. 

bounty, a bonus or premium given 
to encourage trade. » 

brand, literally a mark of designa- 
tion made by a hot iron; any trade- 
mark, device, or name; the par- 
ticular quality of a class of goods. 

breach of trust, violation of his dOty 
by a trustee. 

breadstuffs, any kind of grain, com, 
or meal. 

breakage, allowance made by a 



1021 



Dictionary of Comnierce and Law 



shipper for loss by the destruction 
of 'fragile wares. 

breaking in, such violence as is 
necessary to constitute burglary. 

breaking bulk, opening packages of 
goods in transit. 

brief, a concise summary or state- 
ment of a case, 

broker, an agent or factor; a middle- 
man paid by commission; the most 
common are billy exchange, insurance, 
produce, ship, and stock brokers. 

bull, stock exchange slang for a 
broker or dealer who believes that 
the value of stocks will rise and 
speculates for a rise, ''goes long" 
on a stock, 

bullion, imcoined gold or silver. 

burden of proof, obligation of a 
party asserting a fact to prove it. 

burglary, at common law, breaking 
into a house in the night time with 
felonious intent. 

bushel, a cylindrical measure, 183^ 
inches in diameter and 8 inches deep 
inside; its capacity is 2,150 42-100 
cubic inches. 

by-law, local or restricted municipal 
regulations. 



cabinet^ ^advisory council of a sov- 
ereign or president. ^ 

calculate, to determine by reckon- 
ing; to adjust by comparison. 

call, demand for payment of install- 
ments due on stock. 

cancel, to annul or erase; often done 
by stamp or punch. 

canon, a precept of ecclesiastical 
law. I 

capias, writ commanding sheriff to 
take defendant or a witness into 
custody. 

capital, money invested in business; 
amount of assets. 

capitalist, one having money to 
invest; a wealthy man. 

capital offense, one punishable by 
death e 

capital stock, the aggregate amount 
invested in a stock company; total 
value of stock at par. 

capitation, tax levied by polls 



i 



carat, a measure of weight for gold 
and precious stones. 

cargo, merchandise laden on a ship i 
for transportation. 

carrier, one who carries goods for 
another. 

cartage, the amoimt due for carting 
goods. 

carte blanche [Fr.], literally white 
paper; free or full powers. 

case, a box for holding goods or, 
merchandise; at law, an action ori 
suit. 

case, action on the, a common law 
form of action. 

cash, ready money; gold, silver, 
bank-notes; checks and drafts are 
usually included. 

cash-book, a book of entry for money 
paid in and out. 

cashier, one who has charge of money; 
a barik officer. 

cassation [Fr.], act of annulling}! 
reversal. ^ 1 

cash sales, sales for cash. 

caveat, formal notice not to inter* 
fere with one's rights. 

certificate, a written voucher, as, a 
certificate of deposit, a stock-cer- 
tificate. 

certified check, one accepted by 
the bank on which it is drawn as 
good. 

chamber of commerce, an asso- 
ciation of merchants for the encour- 
agement of trade. 

charter, a grant by a state em- 
powering a corporated association 
to do business. 

charter-party, a written contract 
for the hire of a vessel for a given 
voyage, 

check, an order on a bank for pay- 
ment of money on demand to bearer 
or the order of some person. 

check-book, a printed book of 

blank checks. 
check-clerk, one who examines ac- 
counts of other clerks; a bank clerk 
who enters up checks. 
choses in action, personal prop- 
erty for which the right of action 
exists, but which has not been re- 
duced to possession. 



1022 



Everyday Terms in Commerce and Law 



circular, a printed letter of adver- 
tisement. 

circuleir note, a note or bill issued 
by bankers for the accommodation 
of travelers, calling upon correspon- 
dents at different places to pay 
money on demand. 

clearance, a custom house certificate 
that a ship is free to leave. 

clearing, 1. Entering a ship at the 
custom house and obtaining clear- 
ance. 2. In banking, exchange of 
checks and settling balances at the 
clearing house. 

clearing house, a banking exchange 
for daily settlements. 

c.o.d., collect on delivery; method of 
payment for goods sent by express. 

collateral, in law of descent, that 
which is not lineal; a grandson is of 
lineal, a nephew of collateral descent. 

collateral security, a secondary 
security to be available if the chief 
security fail. 

collector, one authorized to receive 
money for another; chief officer of 
a custom house. 

commerce, extended trade or traffic. 

commission, an agent's percentage 
for transacting business. 

commission broker, one who buys 
or sells on commission. 

commissioner of deeds, an attor- 
ney or notary authorized ^ to take 
acknowledgment of deeds in a for- 
eign state. 

common carrier, a public con- 
veyer of goods or passengers. 

common law, unwritten law, as dis- 
tinguished from written or statute 
law. 

company, an association in busi- 
ness; a joint stock concern. 

compound interest, interest on 
both principal and interest. 

composition, a payment by a debtor 
of a percentage of his debts as settle- 
ment in full. 

consideration, value received; a 
bonus. 

consignee, one to whom goods are 
sent. 

consignment, goods sent to an 
agent to be sold. 



consols, government securities of 
England, paying three per cent. 

consul, a representative of one 
country in a port of another to pro- 
tect trade interests and the rights 
of seamen and other citizens. 

consulage, duty paid by merchants 
for protection of commerce abroad. 

contraband, prohibited goods or 
merchandise; smuggled goods. 

contraband of war, goods which 
neutral ships are forbidden to carry 
to belhgerents; as munitions or arms. 

contract, an agreement; a bargain. 

contractor, one who engages to do 
certain work or furnish goods at 
fixed rates; a public supply agent. 

conveyance, a written instrument 
by which property is transferred; a 
deed. 

cooperage, charge for putting hoops 
on casks or barrels. 

copying-press, an instrument for 
taking impressions from damp paper. 

corner, in stock and grain broker's 
slang, the buying up of a large 
quantity of stock or grain to raise 
the price^ 

corporation, a body of business 
men authorized by law to transact 
certain business. 

counter-entry, an entry in a con- 
trary sense. 

counting room, a merchant's busi- 
ness office. 

coupon [Fr.], a certificate of in- 
terest attached to bonds or stock, to 
be cut off when due. 

court of equity, one having a 
chancery or equity jurisdiction; not 
hmited by the common law. 

cr., abbreviation for credit; the^ or, 
side of an account is on the right 
hand. 

credit, in bookkeeping, value re- 
ceived or transferred from the 
party; opposite of debit; financial 
standing; power to obtain loans. 

creditor, one to whom money or 
value is due. 

credit mobilier, an association in- 
tending to buy up and conduct 
railroads or other companies on lim- 
ited liability principles; in this 



1023 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



country the most noted was the 
Credit Mobilier company of the 
Pacific Railroad. 

curbstone broker, a broker not a 
member of the regular stock ex- 
change. 

currency, the circulating medium 
of a country. 

current, passing freely; now run- 
ning, as, current accounts. 

customs, taxes on goods exported 
or imported. 

custom house, a place appointed 
to receive customs. 

custom house entry, a statement 
made and fees paid in clearing a 
ship. 

customary law, practices which 
have become law through the long 
usage of the mercantile world. 



damages, compensation for injury 

received. 
date, day of the month and year. 
day-book, a book for recording daily 

transactions. 
days of grace, in some States, three 

days allowed for payment of notes 

or bills after the time specified. In 

some other countries more than 

three are allowed. 
debase, to lessen in value; as, a 

debased coinage. 
debenture, a custom house certi- 
ficate entitling an exporter to a 

drawback on duties paid. 
debit, ^ to make debtor; opposite of 

credit; a charge entered. 
debtor, one who owes; opposite of 

creditor. 
decimal, a tenth part; by tenths. 
declined, decreased in value. 
deed, a sealed legal instrument, 

transferring property, usually land. 
default, failure to pay. 
defendant, in law, the one against 

whom a claim or charge is made. 
deficit, a lack of fimds to balance 

accounts. 
del credere [Ital.], extra commission 

given an agent in consideration of 

his warranting the solvency of the 

purchaser. 



demand, claim for payment. 

demurrage, forfeit money for de- 
tention of vessels beyond the time 
allowed by a charter-party. 

deposit, money left with a bank 
subject to order; payment on ac- 
count. 

depot, a place of storage or ware 
house; improperly used of a rail- 
way station. 

derelict, ship or cargo abandoned 
at sea. 

deterioration, lessening in value. 

deviation, the departure of a ship 
from her regular course to stop at 
other ports. 

directors, the managers of a stock 
company. 

discharge, to pay a debt; to unload 
a ship. 

discount, a sum thrown off the 
amount of a note or bill; a deduc- 
tion; to discount is to lend money 
on bills after deducting the interest. 

discount broker, one who lends 
money on notes or bills. 

dissolution, breaking up of a part- 
nership. 

dividend, payment of the profits of 
a joint stock concern, pro rata, pro- 
portional payment to creditors out 
of a bankrupt estate. 

dockage or dock dues, charges 
for the use of a dock. 

docket, a ticket or mark on goods 
showing measurement or destina- 
tion; a list of cases before a court. 

donee, one to whom something is 
given. 

draft, an order to pay money; a 
rough copy of a writing; a deduc- 
tion from gross weight of goods; 
number of feet which a ship sinks 
in the water. 

draw, to make a draft; to call for 
funds. 

drawback, an allowance or return 
of duties paid at the custom house. 

drawer, the maker of a draft or bill 
of exchange. 

drawee, the one on whom a draft 
or bill is drawn. 

drayage, charges on goods hauled 
by a dray; cartage. 



1024 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



drummer, one who solicits custom 
for a merchant by showing samples. 

dry goods, commercial name for 
textile fabrics. 

due, owing; that which is owed. 

due bill, a written acknowlegment 
of debt, not negotiable. 

dun, to demand payment. 

dunnage, loose articles of a cargo; 
loose material laid on the bottom 
of the ship's hold to raise goods 
and prevent injury by water. 

duplicate, a copy; a second article 
of the same kind. 

duress, confinement; restraint; com- 
pulsion. 

duties, taxes levied by a government 
on exports or imports. 



eagle, a gold coin of the United 
♦States, value ten dollars. 

e. e., abbrevaition for errors excepted. 

effects, property; goods on hand; 
the possessions of a firm. 

ejectment, dispossession of houses 
or land; forcing out. 

ell, a measure of length, 1 yard, 9 
inches. 

embargo, order of a government 
forbidding ships to leave its ports. 

embark, to enter a ship for a voy- 
age; to engage in any enterprise. 

emporium, a conimercial city; a place 
of trade. 

endorse, to transfer notes, bills, or 
checks by writing one's name on the 
back; to guarantee payment. 

endorsee, he in whose favor endorse- 
ment is made. 

endorser, one who endorses. 

engrosser, one who takes the whole 
of a line of goods; a forestaller; one 
who * 'corners" the market on com- 
modities; an ornamental penman. 

engrossing clerk, a copyist; a copy- 
ing clerk. 

entrepot, a place where goods are 
deposited without paying duty, to 
await transportation elsewhere; a 
free port. 

entry, in bookkeeping, any record 
made; depositing a ship's papers 
with the custom house. 



equity, a branch of Jurisprudence 
distinct from the common law. 

equity of redemption, privilege 
allowed to a mortgagor to redeem 
property within a given time. 

estoppel, preclusion of a person 
from asserting a fact or doing an 
act inconsistent with previous acts 
or declarations. 

examiner, a custom house officer 
who compares goods with invoices. 

exchange, place where merchants 
meet to transact business; percent- 
age on sale of bills; difference of 
value between different currencies. 

exchange broker, one who nego- 
tiates foreign bills of exchange. 

exchequer, a treasury; summary 
of finances. 

excise, internal revenue tax. 

executed, finished; accompHshed in 
legal form. 

executor, one appointed to carry 
out the provisions of a will. 

executory, to be performed in the 
future. 

executrix, feminine form of executor, 

exhibit, ^voucher or document pre- 
sented in court; transcript of ledger 
balances. 

export, to send goods to a foreign 
country. 

export duty, tax imposed on exports. 

exporter, one who exports. 

exports, the goods or merchandise 
exported. 

express, to transmit with celerity. 

express company, a corporation 
engaged in the business of trans- 
porting goods and money from one 
place to another more quickly than 
can be done by sending as ordinary 
freight. 

extension, allowance of time for 
payment to a debtor; carrying out 
items of a bill or account. 

e & o. e., '^errors and omissions ex- 
cepted.'* 



face, the amoimt for which a note la 

drawn. 
fac simile [Lat.], an exact copy; 

a counterpart. 



1025 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



factor, an agent appointed to sell 
goods on commission; a consignee. 

factorage, conmaissions allowed to 
factors. 

facture, an invoice or bill of goods. 

failure, becoming bankrupt; sus- 
pension of payment. 

fair, of average quality; above 
middling. 

fall, decrease in price or value. 

false pretenses, misstatements made 
with intent to defraud. 

fancy goods, light fabrics, ribbons, 
laces, etc. 

fare, charge for passage. 

farthing, an EngUsh copper coin 
worth half a cent; an insignificant 
value. 

fee, payment; charge of a profes- 
sional man;^ a gratuity. 

fee-simple, in real estate^ an abso- 
lute title; one with no conditions 
attached. 

finance, funds; pubhc money; revenue. 

financier, one skilled in money 
matters. 

fire insurance, indemnity against 
loss by fire. 

fire policy, the writing by which 
insurers agree to pay fire insurance. 

firm, name, style or title of a busi- 
ness concern; the partners taken 
collectively. 

five-forties. United States bonds, 
issued during the Civil War, redeem- 
able after five years, payable at not 
more than forty years after date, 
bearing 6 per cent interest. 

five-twenties. United States bonds, 
redeemable any time after five years, 
payable twenty years from date, 
bearing six per cent interest. 

fixtures, anything of an accessory 
nature annexed to real estate; that 
which forms a part of realty. 

flat, inactive; depressed;^ dull; flat 
value of stock and bonds is the value 
without interest. 

flotsam, goods thrown into the sea 
which swim. 

f, o. b., *'free on board"; transporta- 
tion and shipping expenses included. 

footing, amount of a column of 
figures. 



forced sale, sale of commodity imder 

compulsion or foreclosure, 
foreclose, to seize property under 

the conditions of a mortgage. 
foreign bill, a bill of exchange 

drawn in one country upon a citizen 

of another. 
forestall, to buy up goods before 

the regular time of sale; to bring 

about an increase in the price of 

provisions. 
forwarder, a merchant or agent who 

transmits or forwards goods. 
fractional currency. United States 

money for sums less than a dollar, 

chiefly silver coin. 
franc, French imit of coinage; 100 

centimes; value, 18 3-5 cents. 
franking, privilege of sending letters 

free of charge. 
fraud, in law, any wrongful artifice, 

device or concealment by which pe- 
cuniary damage is done to another, 
free goods, goods admitted without 

an import tax. 
free port, a port where ships may 

load and unload free from duties. 
free trade, trade not restricted by 

tariff duties for ^^ 'protection." 
freight, sums paid for transportation 

of merchandise or hire of a ship; less 

properly, the goods carried. 
funded, made into a permanent loan 

on which interest is paid. 
funds, ready money; shares in a 

national debt; pubhc securities. 



garbles, dust, filth or soil removed 
from spices, drugs, etc.; to garble 
is to separate this refuse.^ 

garnishment, legal notice attach- 
ing goods or money of one person 
in the hands of another. 

garnishee, the person on whom is 
served a writ of garnishment or 
''trustee process," ordering^ him to 
appear in court and give informa- 
tion in regard to the goods of an- 
other, the original debtor, in his 
hands. 

gauge, to measure the contents of a 
cask; measure or standard. 



1026 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



general order store, a bonded ware- 
house to which merchandise not 
claimed within a certain time is 
sent under a '^general order." 

goods, merchandise; movable prop- 
erty. 

good will, the interest of an estab- 
lished business in the way of trade 
and custom.^ 

grain, collective name for all cereals. 

great gross, twelve gross; i. e., 
1,728 articles, 

gross, twelve dozen; total amount; 
opposed to net. 

gross ton, twenty-two hundred and 
forty pounds. 

guarantee, ^ the one to whom se- 
curity is given or guaranty nade. 

guarantor, one making a guaranty, 

guaranty, security; an undertaking 
that one person will pay money to 
another or fulfil a contract. 

gunny-bags, sacks of coarse material 
used for coffee. 



H 



hand, measure of animals' height; 

about four inches. 
hand-money, money paid to bind 

a bargain. 
harbor, a place of security for vessels. 
harbor-dues, charges made for use 

of a harbor. 
harbor-master, an officer having 

charge of a harbor. . 
hogshead, a measure of capacity; 

2 barrels, or 63 gallons; a large 

cask. 
holder, he in whose possession a 

note or bill may be. 
hollow-ware, trade name for cast 

or wrought iron vessels, kettles, etc. 
honor, to accept and pay a note, 

draft or bill. 
husbandage, compensation paid to 

a *^ship's husband" {q. v.). 
hypothecate, to pledge as security; 

to mortgage chattels. 



I 



immovables, land, houses, and fix- 
tures; real estate. 



importer, a merchant who imports 

goods. 

imports, goods brought from a 
foreign country. 

impost, government tax on im- 
ported goods. 

income, total amount of receipts 
from all sources; yearly gains. 

income tax, a government tax of 
a percentage on the income of indi- 
viduals or corporations. 

indemnification, making good a 
loss; securing one against damages. 

indemnity, guarantee against loss; 
freedom; compensation for damages 
suffered. 

index, names of titles or accounts 
arranged alphabetically. 

indorse. See endorse. 

indulgence, extension of time for 
payment. 

inland bill, a bill of exchange or 
draft drawn upon a person in the 
same state or country. 

insolvent, unable to pay outstand- 
ing habilities; bankrupt. 

instalment, a part payment or part 
delivery of goods. 

instant, of the present month, as, 
the 12th inst. 

insurable interest, such an interest 
as will entitle a person to obtain 
insurance on the life or property of 
another. 

insurance, a contract in which one 
party, the insurer y agrees in con- 
sideration of the premium y to pay 
a certain sum on the death of the 
insured or to indemnify him for 
loss to property by fire or marine 
risks. 

insurance broker, one who ne- 
gotiates insurance contracts. 

interest, money paid for use of 
money; share in a business or 
venture. 

interest account, in bookkeeping. 
a separate account of sums paid ana 
received as interest. 

internal revenue, government reve- 
nue derived from domestic sources. 

intestate, not disposed of by a 
valid will; one who dies without a 
will. 



1027 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



In transitu [Lat.J, on the road; 
not brought to an end. 

inventory, a hst of goods and 
merchandise on hand ; any enumera- 
tion of articles; a schedule. 

investment, placing of money in 
business or securities. 

invoice, account of merchandise 
shipped, with prices and charges 
annexed. 

invoice book, a book for entering 
copies of invoices. 

involved, confused; embarrassed by 
liabihties. 



jettison, throwing goods overboard 
pf cutting away masts and sails to 
sat^e a vessel. 

jetsam, goods thrown into the sea 
which have sunk. 

jobber, one who buys from importers 
or manufacturers and sells to re- 
tailers; a middleman. 

job lot, goods left over; an odd 
assortment. 

joint stock, that held in company; 
stock formed ^ by the imion of 
several companies. 

joint stock company, a business 
association, the capital of which is 
represented by shares of stock. 

joint tenants, those who have not 
only unity of possession, but also 
of title and interest, and the survivor 
takes the whole. 

journal, an account book intermediate 
between day-book and ledger. 

judgment, a judicial decree; decision 
of a court. 

judgment note, one containing a 
power of attorney from maker to 
payee to confess judgment for the 
maker to the extent of face and 
interest. 

jurisdiction, extent of a court's 
authority as to place, sum, or subject 
matter. 



lame duck, stock-brokers' slang 
for one unable to meet his liabilities. 



land, to discharge cargo; to disembarldi 

law, merchant, body of law relating 
to mercantile customs. 

law days, days allowed in a charter* 
party for unloading a ship. 

lay down, cost of merchandise; 
including charges and freight to 
place of shipment. 

lazaretto [Ital.j, a place in quaran- 
tine where goods are fumigated. 

leakage, an allowance made for 
waste by leaking of casks. 

lease, an agreement for letting lands 
or tenements for life, a term of 
years or months, or at will. 

legal tender, currency or coin which 
a government has declared shall be 
received in payment of debts; a 
formal proffer of money to pay a 
debt; if refused, the creditor cannot 
recover. 

lessee, one to whom a lease is given. 

lessor, one who makes a lease. 

letter book, that in which copies of 
letters "sent and received are made. 

letter of advice, one giving notice 
of a shipment made, bill drawn, 
or other business transaction. 

letter^ of credit, ^ one authorizing 
credit to a certain amount to be 
given to the bearer. 

letter of license, ^ one by which 
creditors of an insolvent debtor 
postpone their claims and allow 
him to continue trade. 

letter of marque, commission from 
a government to a private ship to 
seize and destroy ships and property 
of a hostile country. 

letters of administration, authori- 
ty given to adrainister an intestate 
estate, or one in regard to which 
the executor has refused to act. 

letters patent, a writing executed 
and sealed, granting power and 
authority to do some act, or enjoy 
some right. 

letters testamentary, authority to 
an executor to act as such, after 
probate of will has been made. 

liability, that for which one is 
responsible; debts; obligations. 

license, permission to trade or act, 
as liquor license^ peddler^ s license. 



1028 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



lien, a hold or claim on property to 
secure a debt. 

lighterage, payment for unloading 
ships by lighters or boats. 

liquidation, settlement or adjust- 
ment of liabilities. 

Lloyds', an old association of Eng- 
lish marine underwriters (insurers) 
which formally met at Lloyd's 
coffee house, London. The com- 
pany possesses complete records of 
everything pertaining to marine 
matters and has a vast correspond- 
ence. To rate on Lloyd's books as 
Al is accepted as conclusive evi- 
dence of excellence. 

Lloyds' register, a yearly register 
of tonnage, age, build, character, 
and condition of ships issued by 
the Lloyds. 

loan, money or property furnished 
for temporary use; a public debt. 

loan office, an office where loans 
are negotiated. 

log-book, a book in which is re- 
corded the daily progress of a vessel, 
weather notes, and all incidents. 

long price, price after duties are paid. 

longshoremen, laborers who load 
and unload vessels. 

M 

manifest, a list or invoice of a 
ship's cargo and passengers to be 
exhibited at custom houses. 

manifold writer, a contrivance by 
which several copies may be ob- 
tained at once; it consists of several 
sheets covered with a preparation 
of plumbago. 

manufactures, articles which have 
undergone some process; not crude 
or raw. 

marine insurance, insurance on 
vessels and cargo. 

mark, a letter, figure, or device, by 
which goods and prices are dis- 
tinguished; private marks are usu- 
ally made by selecting a word of 
ten letters and letting each letter 
stand for a digit. 

market, a public place of sale for 
provisions or other wares. 



mart, a market; a place of traffic. 

maturity, time fixed for payment; 
becoming due. 

maximum, the highest price or sum. 

measurement goods, goods on 
which freight is charged by measure- 
ment. 

mercantile agency, a concern which 
procures and furnishes information 
as to the financial standing and 
credit of business firms. 

mercan*^ile paper, notes or bills 
issued by merchants for goods 
bought or consigned. 

merchant, one who buys and sells 
goods, generally apphed to whole- 
salers or large dealers. 

merchantable, fit for market; in 
sound condition. 

merchant service, trading ships 
taken collectively; the management 
of merchant vessels. 

merger, absorption of a lesser by a 
greater debt or obligation. 

metallic currency, silver, gold, and 
copper coinage. 

metric system, a decimal system 
of weights and measures, first estab- 
lished in France; now in general 
use in Europe and growing into use 
in English-speaking countries. 

minimum, 1 lowest price; least quan- 
tity possible. 

mint, a place for coining money. 

misfeasance, the doing of a lawful 
act in an unlawful manner. 

mitigation, reduction of a penalty 
or fine; that which in part excuses. 

mixed fabrics, those composed of 
more than one kind of fibre, as wool 
and cotton. 

money, the measure of value and 
medium of exchange; strictly speak- 
ing, money must have intrinsic 
value to the amount it represents, 
as gold or silver; but bank notes 
and sometimes checks are included. 

money-broker, one who deals in 
money. 

money market, the general system 
of cash loans; the exchange of 
different kinds of currency. ^ 

money order, an order requesting one 
person to pay money to another; not 



1029 



Dictionary cf Commerce and Law 

negotiable; most commonly used of O 

post-office orders. 
monopoly, sole power of dealing in obligation^ a duty; a binding en- 
certain class of goods. gagement; bond with condition an- 
mortgagre, a conditional conveyance nexed. 

of property, to become void upon on sale, goods left with another 

fulfillment of the condition, as, person to sell on account. 

the payment of a note. open account, a nmning or unset- 

mortgage deed, a deed of the nature tied account. 

of a mortgage. opening, the display of a new stock 

mortgagee,^ the person to whom of goods for sale. 

property is mortgaged. open policy, in marine insurance, a 

mortgagor, one who gives a mort- policy which covers undefined risks. 

gage. option, permission to choose; in 

movables, personal property; property stock-broking, privilege of taking or 

not fixed. ^ delivering stock at a given day and 

muster, a collection of samples. price. 

order, a commission to purchase; 
N directions to pay money or deUver 

goods. 
national banks, banks organized order ^ book, that in which orders 

under the conditions of an act of received are entered. 

Congress; they can issue bank notes ordinary, a ship in harbor is said to 

only to the amount of United States be in ordinary; of medium quality. 

bonds they have deposited in the outstanding accounts, book debts 

U. S. Treasury. ^ not yet collected. 

negotiable paper, notes, bills and overdraw, to call for more money 

drafts which may be ^ transferred than is on deposit. 

with all their rights by indorsement overdue, applied to a note or draft 

or assignment. the specified time for payment of 

negotiations, agreeing upon a mer- which has passed. 

can tile transaction; making a bar- overt, apparent; manifest; open. 

gain; fixing a price. 
net, the clear amount; what remains P 

after deducting charges and ex- 
penses, package, a bundle; a parcel; a bale. 
net profits, clear profit, ^Tfter de- panic, a monetary pressure; finan- 

ducting losses. cial crisis. 

net weight, weight of merchandise paper, negotiable evidence of in- 

without bag, box, or covering. debtedness. 

nominal, in name only; very small, paper money, bills of banks or the 

as, a nominal price. government passing current as 

non-feasance, the not doing of what money. 

ought to be done. parole [Fr.], not written, as, parole 

notary public, a public officer who evidence. 

attests or certifies to acknowledg- par value, the face or nominal value. 

ment of deeds and other papers, par of exchange, the value of a unit 

protests, notes and bills, etc. of one country's coinage expressed 

notarial seal, seal of a notary pub- in that of another's. 

lie. ^ partner, an associate in business; 

note of hand, a written undertaking member of a partnership. 

to pay money at a certain time. partnership, contract of two or 
note book, a book in which notes more persons to join money, stock, 

of hand are recorded. ^^ skill in trade for mutual benefit. 

1030 
Die 66 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



part owner, one of several owners 
of a ship; the relation differs ma- 
terially from partnership. 

pass book, a book kept by a cus- 
tomer in which entries of purchases 
are made; a bank book. 

passport, a permission from a gov- 
ernment to travel, with identification 
and certificate of nationahty. 

pawnbroker, one who lends money 
at interest on security of goods de- 
posited. 

payable, justly due; capable of pay- 
ment. 

payee, the person to whose order a 
note, bill, or draft is to be paid. 

per cent [Lat.j, by the hundred; 
rates of interest, discount, etc. 

per cent age [Lat.j, an allowance 
reckoned by hundredth parts; com- 
mission. 

per contra [Lat.], to the opposite 
side of an account. 

permit, written authority to remove 
dutiable goods. 

petty cash book, account of small 
receipts and expenses. 

policy, the instrument by which the 
contract of insurance is made. 

port, a harbor for vessels; a com- 
mercial city. 

port of entry, a port where a 
custom house ,is established for 
the entry of imports. 

post-date, to date after the real 
time. 

posting, to transfer from day-book 
or journal to the ledger. 

post obit, a promise to pay loans 
after the death of some person. 

power of attorney, written authority 
from one person to another to act 
for him. 

preferred creditor, one whose claims 
a bankrupt debtor elects to settle 
first. 

premium, a siun beyond par value; 
the amount paid annually in insur- 
ance contracts. 

price current, a statement showing 
prevailing price of merchandise, 
stock, or securities. 

price list, a list of articles with prices 
attached. 



prime, of high quality; superioro 
principal, the smn on which interest 

is paid. 
proceeds, the sum realized by a 



procuration, a general letter or 
power of attorney. 

produce, farm products of all kinds. 

profit and loss, an account in which 
gains and losses are balanced. 

promissory note See note. 

pro rata [Lat.], a proportional dis- 
tribution. 

protective tariff, duty imposed on 
imports to encourage manufacturers. 

protest, notice to the sureties -of a 
note that it was not paid at ma- 
turity or to the drawer of a draft 
that acceptance was refused. 

purveyor, one who suppHes pro- 
visions. 



quarantine, restraint of intercourse 
to which a ship is subjected on 
suspicion of infection; the plac<. of 
such restraint. 

quitrent, rent paid by tenant of a 
freehold, discharging him from other 
rent. 

quotation, current prices of stocks 
or commodities. 



real estate, land, houses and fiix- 
tures; all immovable property. 

rebate, deduction; abatement; dis- 
count; giving back part of sum 
already paid. 

receipt, a written acknowledgment 
of payment. 

receipt book, a book in which re- 
ceipts cire filed 

receiver, an officer appointed by a 
court to hold in trust property in 
litigation, or to wind up the affairs 
of a bankrupt concern. 

recoup, to counterbalance losses by 
gains. 

rectification, second distillation of 
alcohohc liquors. 

register, a ship's paper, issued by 



1031 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



the custom house, stating descrip- 
tion, name, tonnage, nationality, and 
ownership. 

re-insurance, transfer of part of 
the contract of insurance from one 
insurer to another. 

remittance, transfer of fimds from 
one party to another. 

renewal, giving a new note for an 
old one; extension of time. 

rent, compensation for the use of real 
estate. 

rente, a French term equivalent to 
government annuity. 

repository, a warehouse or store- 
house. 

reprisal, the seizure of ships or prop- 
erty to indemnify for imlawful 
seizure or detention. 

respondentia bond, a bond for a 
loan secured by the cargo of a ship. 

retail, to sell in small quantities. 

returns, profit on an investment. 

revenue, income of a state; taxes 
received. 

revenue cutter, a small government 
vessel used in collecting taxes and 
preventing smuggling. 

reversion, right to possess property 
after the happening of some event, 
as the death of a person. 



sale, transfer of property for a con- 
sideration. 

salvage, compensation given those 
who rescue ship or cargo from loss. 

salvor, one who voluntarily engages 
in saving a ship or cargo from peril. 

sample, a small portion of merchan- 
dise taken as a specimen of quality. 

sans recours [Fr.], without recourse ; 
sometimes added to an indorsement 
of a note or bill to protect indorser 
from Hability. 

scrip, certificate of stock given before 
registration. 

seaworthy, fit for a voyage and 
properly equipped. 

securities, documents securing a 
right to property. 

sell, to make a sale; to transfer for 
consideration. 



set-off, a counter claim or cross debt 
arising from a different matter from 
the one in question. 

share, interest owned by one of a 
number; unit- of the division of 
stock. 

ship, technically, a three-masted 
square-rigged vessel; commonly used 
for any large vessel. 

shipment, quantity of goods dis- 
patched. 

shipper, one who dispatches goods 
by vessel or other conveyance. 

shipping, collective term for a 
number of vessels. 

shipping articles, articles of agree- 
ment between captain and seamen. 

shipping clerk, one who oversees 
the forwarding of merchandise. 

ship's husband, one who attends 
to the requisite repairs of a ship 
while in port, and does all the other 
necessary acts preparatory to a voy- 
age. 

ship's papers, papers which a ves- 
sel must carry; register, sea-letter, 
logbook, bill of health, shipping 
articles, etc. 

ship's stores, provisions, fuel, cables, 
extra spars, etc. 

short, to ^^sell short" is to sell for 
future delivery what one has not 
got in hopes that prices will fall. 

short exchange, bills of exchange 
payable at sight or in a few days. 

shrinkage, reduction in bulk or 
measurement. 

sight, the time when a bill is pre- 
sented to the drawee. 

sight draft, one payable at sights 
i. e.y when presented. 

signature, the name of a person 
written by himself. 

silent partner, one who furnishes 
capital but takes no active part in 
a business. 

simple interest, interest on princi- 
pal alone; not compound. 

sinking fund, a fund set apart 
from revenue to pay a public or 
corporation debt. 

smuggling, introducing goods into 
a country without paying duties. 

solvent, able to meet all liabilities. 



1032 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



apecialtyy a written, sealed, and 
delivered contract. 

specie, any kind of coined iponey. 

specification y a written description 
and enumeration of particulars. 

speculation, a business investment 
out of the ordinary run of trade. 

stamp duty, law requiring stamps 
to be affixed to checks and proprie- 
tary articles. 

staple, principal commodity of a 
coimi:ry or district. 

statute law, body of laws estab- 
lished by legislative enactment; 
written as opposed to unwritten or 
common law. 

sterling, lawful or standard money 
of Great Britain. 

stock, shares in the capital of cor- 
porations; goods on hand. 

stock broker, one who buys and 
sells stock on commission. 

stock exchange, place where shares 
of stock are bought and sold. 

stock-holder, one who holds shares 
of stock. 

stock jobber, one who speculates in 
stocks. 

stoppage in transitu [Lat.], right 
of seller to stop goods '^on their 
passage'' if purchaser has become 
insolvent. 

storage, sums paid for storing goods. 

storekeeper, officer in charge of a 
bonded warehouse.. 

stowage, careful arrangement of 
cargo in a ship. 

subpcena, a writ commanding a wit- 
ness to appear in court. 

subpoena duces tecum, a subpoena 
requiring witness to bring papers 
with him. 

subrogation, putting one thing in 
place of another; substituting one 
creditor for another. 

sundries, unclassified articles. 

supercargo, an agent who accom- 
panies cargo to care for and sell it. 

surety, one who binds himself to pay 
money in case another person fails 
to pay, to fill a contract, or to serve 
with integrity. 

surveyor, agent of an insurance 
company to examine and report on 



applications for marine or fire in" 

surance. 
suspend, to fail; to stop payment. 
suspense account, an account made 

of doubtful balances to ascertain 

probable profit or loss. 
sutler, one authorized to sell goods 

to an army. 
suttee weight, weight after tare is 

deducted. 



tale quale [Lat.], "such as"; used 
to denote that cargo is presumed to 
correspond with sample, and that 
buyer takes the risk of deterioration. 

tally, keeping account by checking 
off. 

tally man, one who receives payment 
for goods in weekly instalments. 

tare, allowance in weight or quan- 
tity on account of cask, bag, or 
covering. Actual tare: when each 
cask, e/c.,' isj weighed. Average tare: 
when one is weighed as a sample. 
Estimated tare: when a fixed per- 
centage is allowed. 

tariff, rate or fist of duties; price 
list. 

teller, officer of a bank who receives 
or pays out money. 

tenants, those who lease or rent real 
estate. 

tenants in common, persons hold- 
ing the same property in common, 
i» e., by distinct titles and not as 
Joint tenants. 

tender, offer to supply money or 
articles. See legal tender. 

ten forties. United States Gov- 
ernment bonds, which could be re- 
deemed by the government in ten 
years or allowed to run for forty. 

tenor, intent, nature, character; 
sometimes an exact copy. 

textile fabrics, all woven or piece 
goods. 

testator, one who has made a will; 
feminine form, testatrix. 

time bargain, a contract for the 
future sale of stock. 

tonnage, the weight a ship will 
carry in tons; capacity of a vessel. 



1033 



Dictionary of Commerce and Law 



tort^ a private or civil injury for usance, the time allowed by usage 

which damages will lie. for the payment of a bill of ex- 

trade, buying and selling; commerce; change; it differs greatly in differ* 

traffic. ent countries; any business custom. 

trade discount, an allowance made usury, interest beyond the lawful 

to dealers in the same line. rate. 

trade-mark, letters, figures, or de- y 

vices used on goods and labels 

which a manufacturer has the sole valid, of force; bmdmg; good in law. 

right to use. value, to estimate; worth. 

trade price, that allowed by whole- value received, phrase used in notes 

salers to retailers. and bills to express a consideration 

trade sale, an auction by and for the indefinitely. , . . 

trade; especially of booksellers. vendee, one to whom something is 
trades-union, a combination of work- sold. 

ingmen to protect their own interests, vendor, a seller.^ 
traffic, business done; especially vendue, an auction sale. 

that of a railroad. venture, a mercantile speculation or 

transshipment, removing goods from investment. i i «? 

one ship or conveyance to another, void, tnat which is of no legal effect. 
transportation, conveying goods from voidable, that which may become 

one place to another. of no legal effect if proper steps are 

transit duty, tax imposed on goods taken, 



for passing through a country. 
traveler, a commercial agent; a 

drummer. 
treasury notes, those issued by 

government and passing current as 

money. 
treaty, an agreement or compact 

between two or more nations. 
tret, allowance for waste of 4 lbs. 



voucher, a book, receipt, entry, or 
other document which establishes 
the truth of accounts. 

W 

warehouseman, one who stores 

goods for pay. ^ 
waiver, relinquishment of a legal 

right or privilege. 



in 104 lbs., after tare has been warranty, an undertaking that goods 



deducted, 



or title are as represented. 



triplicate, to make three copies of wastage, loss in handling; shrinkage. 



a paper; the third copy 
trustee process, 

mentf (q, v,) . 

U 



ullage, what a cask lacks of being full. 

unclaimed goods, goods in govern- 
ment storehouses unclaimed after 
three years from importation, or on 
which duties have not been paid, 
may be sold at auction. 

undersell, to sell below the trade price. 

underwriter, a marine insurer; an 
individual, not a company. 

unseaworthy, unfit for a voyage in 
condition or equipment. 

unsound, in bad condition; of 
doubtful solvency. 



waste, refuse material, 
same as garnish-- way bill, Ust of goods given to a 
carrier. 

wharfage, fees paid for use of a 
wharf. 

wood acid, pyroligneous acid, dis- 
tilled from oak, beech, ash and other 
woods, and used by calico printers. 

woody wool, the wool or wadding 
manufactured from pine leaves in 
Breslau. 

wootz, a species of steel made in the 
East Indies from magnetic ore, 
valuable for edge tools. 

wreckage, merchandise saved from 
a wreck. 

wurris, a powder obtained from the 
seeds of euphorbia and used as a 
red dye for oilk. 



1034 



DICTIONARY OF FOOTBALL 



advance, distance gained by a ball 
through kicking or running, 

B 

backward pass, a pass or throw of 
the ball in any direction excepting 
toward the opponents' goal. 

ball, oval-shaped, inflated rubber, 
covered with leather, measuring 
28}/^ and 23 inches on circumference 
of extreme axes, and weighing about 
15 ounces. 

batting the ball, any player on 
either side may bat or strike with his 
hand or fist a fly ball in any direc- 
tion, excepting toward his opponent's 
goal, to keep an opponent from get- 
ting it. 

block, to interfere with or obstruct 
the movement of an opponent. 

blocked kick, a ball so kicked that 
it strikes an opponent before crossing 
the scrimmage line. 

break through, to force a passage 
through an opposing line. 

buck, to dash against or break 
through a scrimmase line with the 
ball. 



captain, the leader of a team or side. 

center, the player on the center ^of 
the forward line who snaps the ball 
back between his feet for a kick, 
putting the ball into play. 

cleats, small knobs on soles of shoes 
to prevent sHpping. 

coach, a director or instructor of a 
team or side. 

consecutive, a continuous possession 
of the ball by a side. 

crawling, an attempt by a runner 
to carry a dead ball forward; pro- 
hibited. 



cross-bar, the strip of wood attached 
to the top of the two goal posts. 



dead ball, when the holder or the 
referee has cried **down"; when a 
goal has been gained; when the ball 
has gone into touch or touch-in- 
goal, excepting for a punt-out; when 
a touchdown has been made; where 
a fair catch has been heeled; and 
where for any other reason the ball 
is out of play. 

defense, the play of the side oppos- 
ing the side w^th the ball. 

distance-kick, a ball kicked off, 
kicked out, or kicked from a fair 
catch; must be kicked a distance of 
at least 10 yards toward the op- 
ponents^ goal line. 

down, when a referee blows -"ds 
whistle or declares a ball dead. 

drop-kick, a kick the instant the 
ball rises after the player has dropped 
it from his hands. 



eleven, a full team. 

end, the player at each end of the 

forward line. 
end lines, lines marked on the field 

at each end. 
end zones, the space between the 

goal, end, and side hues. 



fair catch, catching a ball kicked by 

an opponent before it ahghts, or 

catching a punt-out. 
field, level tract of groimd or lawn, 

360 feet long by 160 feet wide. 
field of play, the space between the 

goal lines and end lines. 
fly-ball, a ball kicked high in the air. 



1035 



Dictionary of Football 



forward linei seven players, viz. the 
center, two ends, two guards and 
two tackles. 

forward pass, a pass or throw of the 
ball from a point at least 5 yards 
back of the scrimmage line. 

foul, a violation of a rule. 

free kick, any kick when the rules 
restrain the opponents from ad- 
vancing beyond a certain point be- 
fore the ball is put into play. 

full-back, a player on the last line 
who co-operates with the half-backs. 



body so as to prevent opponents 
from tackhng. 
interlocked interference, where the 
players of the side having the ball 
grasp one another or form a mass of 
men so as to keep off tacklers; pro- 
lubited. 



kick-off, a place-kick at the begin- 
ning of a game and after any score 
excepting a safety. 

kick-out, a place-kick by a player of 
the side which has touched the ball 
down in their own goal, or into 
whose touch-in-goal the ball has 
gone. 

kneeing, the same as striking. 



goal, two upright posts, at least 20 

feet in height and 18 J feet apart, 

with a cross-bar 10 feet above the 

ground, erected ^ in the center of 

each end goal line. 
goal from field, where a ball is 

kicked in any way excepting a punt, 

from the field of play over the cross- 
bar of the opponents' goal, but with- 
out touching the ^ ground or any 

player after the kick. 
goal from touchdown, where the 

ball is kicked from the field over the 

cross-bar of the opponents' goal 

without touching the groimd. 
goal lines, lines marked on the field 

10 yards from and parallel to the 

end lines. 
gridiron, popular name of the field Joose-ball, a ball on the ground out 

of play. ' of possession of either side; kicking 

guard, the player on each side of the it or at it prohibited. 

center. 

M 
u 

mark of the catch, indication where 
u i£ u f 4.^^ *.!«, ^«« •« ^^ ^^f 4.u^ a fair catch has been made. 
*^^"±f.^^^' ^^P.^^^^!! ^^!r.f !^! m^rk of the line, indication where 



line coach, the instructor for the 
forward line. 

line of scrimmage, an actual or 
imaginary line for each side, parallel 
to the goal lines, and about 12 
inches apart. 

linesman, an official who marks the 
distances gained or lost, remains on 
or near one of the sido lines during 
the game, has two assistants who 
are stationed outside of the field of 
play, and acts as an assistant to the 
referee and umpire. 



quarter-back, who do most of the 
running with the ball. 

head coach, the chief coach. 

hurdling, in general, jumping or at- 
tempting to jump over an opponent 
still on his feet; prohibited. 



^interference, any one of several au- 
thorized means by which a player 
holding the ball may interpose his 



the side or goal line has been crossed. 

measuring the position of a dead 
ball, when a ball has been declared 
dead its position must be measured 
from its forward point; rotating it 
prohibited. 

muffy the failure to catch a ball. 

N 

neutral zone, the space between the 
scrimmage lines; about 12 inches. 



1036 



Dictionary of Football 



officials of the game, the referee, 
umpire and linesman. 

out of bounds, when the ball or the 
player holding it touches the ground 
beyond the side line or its extension. 



passing, the reception of the ball 
from the snap-back by the quarter- 
back and its delivery by him to 
another player. 

periods, the four parts into which the 
game is divided; 15 minutes each. 

piling-up, players jumping or throw- 
ing themselves on a prostrate player 
after the ball has been declared dead; 
prohibited. 

place-kick, a kick after the ball has 
been placed on the ground. 

punt-kick, a kick before a dropped 
ball touches the ground. 

punt-out, a punt-kick by a player 
on the side that has made a touch- 
down toward another player on his 
own side to enable the latter to 
make a fair catch. 

putting the ball in play, restoring a 
dead ball for play. 



quarter-back, the player immedi" 
ately back of the center, who receives 
the ball and endeavors to place it in 
the hands of a third man before an 
advance can be made. 

R 

referee, the official whose decisions 
on all questions are final; superior 
on occasions to the umpire. 

restraining line, the line on or be- 
hind which players of the side must 
stand when free kicks are made. 

run-in, when a player, excepting in 
a scrimmage, picks up a rolHng or 
bounding ball and succeeds in run- 
ning with it till he gets behind his 
opponents' goal-hne, and there 
touches it down. 

running-in, interference with a 
player kicking the ball by opponents 



running into or otherwise roughly 
treating him; prohibited. 



safety, when the ball in possession of 
a player guarding his own goal is 
declared dead; when a player on the 
side in possession of the ball makes 
a forward pass which becomes in- 
completed behind his goal line or 
commits a foul that would give the 
ball to the opponents behind the 
offender's goal line; when a player 
kicks the ball behind his goal line 
and it^ crosses the extension of 
either side line.^ 

scoring, points in a game and their 
values, viz.y touchdown, 6 points; 
goal from touchdown, 1 point; goal 
from the field, 3 points; safety by 
opponents, 2 points; a forfeited 
game, 1 to in favor of the offended 
side. 

scrimmage, when the holder of the 
ball, being in the field of play, puts 
it down in front of him, and all 
players who have closed around 
on their respective sides endeavor 
to push their opponents back, and, 
by kicking the ball, to drive it in the 
direction of the opposite goal-line; 
the scrimmage ends when the ball is 
in touch or goal. 

scrub, a team picked up at random 
for practice; also the team playing 
against the one with the ball. 

side, the same as team. 

side lines, lines marked on the field 
at each side. 

snapper-back, in a scrimmage, the 
player who puts the ball into play. 

snapping the ball, in a scrimmage, 
sending the ball back from its posi- 
tion on the ground by a quick mo- 
tion of the hand or hands. 

striking, striking of a player withl 
the fist, elbow, or knee of another;,' 
prohibited. 



tackle, the player next to each guard,"^ 
who in defensive play breaks through 
the opposing line to seize the player 



103V 



Dictionary of Football 



having the ball; also the holding by- 
one or more players of the opposite 
side of the player who has the ball. 

tackling, interference with a player 
by an opposing player. Under the 
rules a player when tackling must 
have at least one foot on the ground. 
Tackling below the knee is prohib- 
ited except by players on the defen- 
sive hne of scrimmage, and then 
only by the two players on the ends 
of the Hne. 

take the man^ to support a player 
of one^s own side who is about to 
kick the ball by charging an oppo- 
nent who is coming up to kick it. 

taken over, when a player kicks, 
passes, or knocks the ball across his 
own goal line and there makes it 
dead. 

team, eleven players and the sub- 
stitutes. 

time oft game, in general, 60 minutes, 
4 periods of 15 minutes each. 

touch, when a ball crosses the touch- 
line, or when the holder puts a part 
of either foot across the touch-line: 
also the space at the sides of a field 
of play, separated from it by the 
touch-lines. 

touchback, when a ball in posses- 
sion of a player guarding his own 
goal is declared dead by a referee 
after being sent to or across the line 
by an opponent. 

touchdown, when a ball in posses- 
sion of a player is declared dead by 
a referee, any part of it being on, 
above, or behind the opponents' 



goal-line; also when a player puts 
his hand on the ball while on the 
ground in touch or in goal, and 
stops it so that it remains dead or 
nearly so. 

tripping, where one player trips 
another below the knee; prohibited. 

try, gained when one of the attacking 
side grounds the ball over his oppo- 
nent's goal line. 

try at goal, a place-kick by one of 
the side that has made a touchdown. 



U 



umpire, the first judge of the play, 
who sees that the rules are observed, 
and decides disputes, subject to ap- 
peal to the referee. 



volley, to kick the ball before it 
bounces. 

W 

wheeling the scrimmage, when the 
forwards of one side, in possession 
of the ball, pass to theii^lef t or right 
front with it, leaving their oppo-' 
nents on one side. 

wing forward, a forward who goes 
late into the scrimmage and applies 
himself rather to breaking away 
and the interception of bases than 
to hand-shoving in the pack.' Also 
one of the pairs of forwards on either 
side of the center. 



Die. 68 



1038 



DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN WORDS AND 

PHRASES 



Note:: L.; Latin; Fr., French; Ger., German; It., Italian; Sp., Spanish; Gr., Greek. 

A ad eundem (sc. gradum) [L,], to 

a baa [Ft.], down; at the foot; upon the same degree. 

the ground. ad finem [L.],_to the end. 

alaPrancaise [Fr.], after the French ad hominem [li.], to the man; that 

mode. is, to his interests and passions, 

a la mode [Fr.], in fashion. ad infinitum [L.], to infinity, 

a I'Anglaise [Fr.], after the English ad interim [L.], in the meanwhile. 

fashion. ad libitum [L.], at pleasure, 

a I'outrance [Fr.], to the utmost. ad nauseam [L.], to disgust, 
a plomb [Fr.], perpendicularly. ad utrumque paratus [L.], pre- 

a propos [Fr.], to the point. pared for either event, 

a propos de bottes [Fr.], apropos to ad valoreni [L.], according to the 

boots; without reason. value, 

a fortiori [L.], with stronger reason, adscriptus glebae [L.], belonging or 
a mansa et thoro [L.], from bed attached to the soil. 

and board. sequam servare mentem [L.], to 

a posteriori [L.], from the effect to preserve an equable mind. 

the cause. aequo animo [L.], with an equable 

a priori [L.], from the cause to the mind; with equanimity. 

effect. setatis suae [L.], of his (or her) age. 

a vinculo matrimonii [L.], from affaire d'amour [Fr.1, a love affair, 
the tie of marriage. ^ affaire du coeur [Fr.], an affair of 

ab extra [L.], from without.^ ^ the heart. 

ab initio [L.], from the beginning. agenda [L.], things to be done. 
ab intra [L.], from within. alere flammam [L.], to feed the 

ab ovo usque ad mala [L.], from flame. 
the egg to the apples; from begin- alis volat propriis [L.], she flies 
ning to end. with her own \\'ings; the motto of 

ab uno disce omnes [L.], from one Oregon, 
learn all; from a single instance in- allons [Fr.], let us go; come, 
fer the whole. alma mater [L.], a fostering mother. 

absente reo [L.j, the defendant be- alter ego [L.], another self. 

ing absent. alter idem [L.], another precisely 

nbusus non tollit usum [L.], abuse similar. 
is not an argument against proper amende honorable [Fr.], satisfactory 
use. apology; reparation. 

ad astra [L.], to the stars, or to an amicus curiae [L.], a friend ^: the 

exalted state. court. 

ad Calendas Graecas [L.], at the amour propre [Fr.], self-love; vanity. 
Greek Calends; i. e., never, as the ancien regime [Fr.], ancient order 
Greeks had no Calends. of things. 

ad captandum vulgus [L.], to anglice [L.], according to the Eng- 
catch the rabble. lish mannor. 

1039 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 



anno aetatis suae [L.], in the year of 

his (or her) age. 

anno Christi [L.], in the year of 
Chiist. 

anno Domini [L.], in the year of our 
Lord. 

anno mundi [L.], in the year of the 
world. 

anno urbis conditae [L.], in the 
year the city (Rome) was built. 

ante bellum [L.], before the war. 

ante meridiem [L.], j3efore noon. 

appui [Fr.], point of support. 

aqua vitee [L.], brandy; spirit; 
alcohol, 

arbiter elegantiarum [L.], an um- 
pire in matters of taste. 

argumentum ad hominem [L.], 
an argument deriving its force from 
the situation of the person to whom 
it is addressed. 

argumentum ad ignorantiam [L.], 
an argument founded on an adver- 
sary's ignorance of facts. 

argumentum ad verecundiam [L.], 
an argument to modesty. 

arriere pensee [Fr.], a mental reser- 
vation. 

au contraire [Fr.], on the contrary. 

au fait [Fr.], well instructed. 

au reste [Fr.], as for the rest. 

au revoir [Fr.], r.dieu imtU we meet 
again. 

audi alteram partem [L.], hear the 
other side. 

auri sacra fames [L.], the acciu:sed 
thirst for gold. 

aut vincere aut mori [L.], either to 
conquer or to die. 

aux armes [Fr.], to arms. 

B 
bas-bleu [Fr.], a bluestocking. 
beau monde [Fr.], the fashionable 

world. 
beaux esprits [Fr.], gay spirits; men 

of wit. 
beaux yeux [Fr.], handsome eyes; 

that is, attractive looks. 
bel esprit [Fr.Jj a brilliant mind. 
ben trovato [It.], well found; a 

happy invention. 
bete noir [Fr.], a black beast; a 

bugbear. 



bienseance [Fr.], civiHty; decorum. || 
billet d'amour < rT?« i « i^.,« i^+4^^« ' 
billet doux 1 I^^-l' a love-letter. 

bizarre [Fr.], odd; fantastic. 

blase [Fr.], paUid; surfeited; ren- 
dered incapable of continued enjoy- 
ment. 

bona fide [L.], in good faith. 

bon gre mal gre [Fr.], willing or 
unwilling. 

bon jour [L.], good day; good 
morning. 

bon soir [L.], good evening. 

bonhomie [Fr.], good-natured sim- 
plicity. 

boulevard [Fr.], a public walk or 
street occupying the site of de- 
molished fortifications. 

bouleversement [Fr.], overturning; 
subversion. 

bourgeois [Fr.], a man of middle 
rank in society. 

bourgeoisie [Fr.], middle classes of 
society; traders. 

brevet d'invention [Fr.], a patent. 

brochure [Fr.], a pamphlet. 

brusque [Fr.], rude; blunt. 

brutum fulmen [L.], a harmless 
thunderbolt. 



cacoethes [L.], an evil habit. 

cacoethes loquendi [L.] a rage for 
speaking. 

cacoethes scribendi [L.], an itch 
for scribbling. 

caetera desunt [L.], the remaiader 
is wanting. 

csetera paribus [L.], other thing? 
being equal. 

cafe [Fr.], a coffee-house. 

caleche [Fr.], a half-coach or calash. 

calembour Fr.], a pun. 

canaille [Fr. , the rabble. 

cantatrice [It.], a female profes- 
sional singer. 

capias ad respondendum [L.], you 
may take to answer; — a writ for 
taking and keeping the defendant to 
answer the plaintiff in the action. 

capias ad satisfaciendum [L.], you 
may take to satisfy; — a writ for 
taking £rnd keeping the party named 



1040 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 



until he gives satisfaction to the 

party by whom it is issued. 
captatio benevolenti2e [L.], a cur- 
rying favor. 
caput tnortuum [L.], the worthless 

remains. 
carpe diem [L.], enjoy the present 

day. 
casus belli [L.], that which involves 

or justifies war. 
catalogue raisonne [Ft.], a catalogue 

of books arranged according to their 

subjects. 
caveat emptor [L.], let the buyer 

beware. 
c'est a dire [Ft.], that is to say. 
champs Elysees [Fr.], Elysian Fields. 
chanson [Fr.], a song. 
chapeau has [Fr.], hats off. 
chapeaubras [Fr.], a mihtary cocked 

hat. 
charge d'affaires [Fr.], an inferior 

diplomatic representative at a foreign 

court. 
charivari [Fr.], ^ a mock serenade of 

discordant music. 
chateaux en Espagne [Fr.], castles 

in Spain, the land of romance; 

castles in the air. 
chef-d'cBuvre [Fr.], a masterpiece. 
chere amie [Fr.], a dear friend; a 

mistress. 
chevalier d'industrie [Fr.], a knight 

of industry; one who lives by 

persevering fraud. ' 
chronique scandaleuse [Fr.], a 

chronicle of vices and crimes. 
ci-devant [Fr.], formerly; former. 
circa, or circiter [L.], about. 
cito maturum, cito putridum [L.], 

soon ripe, soon rotten. 
citoyen [Fr.], a citizen; a burgher. 
^ivilitas successit barbarum [L.], 

civiUzation succeeds barbarism; — the 

motto of Minnesota when a territory. 
coiffeur [Fr.], a hair-dresser. 
comme il faut [Fr.], as it should be. 
compos mentis [L.], of a sound mind. 
compte rendu [Fr.], account ren- 
dered; report. 
con amore [It.], with love; earnestly. 
concio ad clerum [L.], a discourse to 

the clergy. 
confrere [Fr.], a brother; an associate. 



conge d'elire [Fr.], a leave to elect, 
contretemps [Fr.], an awkward mis- 
hap or accident. 
conversazione [It.], a meeting of 

company for conversation. 
coram nobis [L.], before lis. 
coram non judice [L.], before one 

who is not the proper judge. 
cordon sanitaire [Fr.], a line of 

troops to prevent the spreading of 

pestilence. 
corps de garde [Fr.], a body of men 

who watch in a guard-room; the 

guard-room itself. 
corps de garde diplomatique [Fr.], 

a diplomatic body. 
corpus delicti [L ], the substance or 

foundation of the offense. 
corrigenda [L.], typographical errors 

to be corrected. 
couleur d3 rose [Fr.], rose color; an 

aspect of attractiveness. 
coup d'etat [Fr.], a stroke of poHcy 

in public affairs. 
coup de grace [Fr.], a finishing stroke. 
coup de main [Fr.], a sudden enter- 
prise or effort. 
coup de-soleil [Fr.], a stroke of the 

sun. 
coute qu'il coute [Fr.], let it cost 

what it may. 
crede quod habes, et habes [L.], 

believe that you have it, and you 

have it. 
crescite, et multiplicamini [L.], 

grow, or increase, and multiply; — 

the motto of Maryland. 
crevasse [Fr.], a deep crevice; a 

breach. 
crimen falsi [L.], falsehood; perjury. 
crimen laesae majestatis [L.], high 

treason. 
crux criticorum [L.], the puzzle of 

critics. 
cui bono? [L.], for whose benefit? 

Colloquially, but erroneously, of 

what use? 
cuisine [Fr.], a kitchen; cookery. 
cum grano salis [L.], with a grain of 

salt; with some allowance. 
cum privilegio [L.], with privilege. 
curiosafelicitas [L.], a felicitous tact. 
currente calamo [L.], with a running 

or rapid pen. 



1041 



Dictionai-y of Foreign Words and Phrases 



custos rotulorum [L.], keeper of the 

rolls. 



dal segno [It.], repeat from the sign. 
de bonis non [L.], of the goods not 

yet administered on. 
de facto [L.], from the fact; really. 
de gustibus non est disputandum 

[L.], there is no disputing about 

tastes. 
de jure [L.], froni the law; by right. 
de mortuis nil nisi bonum [L.], 

say nothing but good of the dead. 
de nihilo nihil fit [L.], of nothing 

nothing is made. 
de novo [L.], anew. 
de profundis [L.J, out of the depths. 
detrop [Fr.], too much, or too many; 

not wanted. 
dehors [Fr.], without; out of; foreign; 

irrelevant. 
Dei gratia [L.], by the grace of God. 
demi-monde [Fr.], disreputable fe- 
male society; abandoned women. 
Deo gratias [L.], thanks to God. 
Deo juvante [L.], with God's help. 
Deo volente [L.], God willing. 
dernier ressort [Fr.], a last resource. 
desipere in loco [L.], to jest at the 

proper time. 
desunt caetera [L.], the remainder is 

wanting. 
detur digniori [L.], let it be given to 

the more worthy. 
deus ex machina [L.], a god from 

the machine; i, e., from a theatrical 

contrivance for making gods appear 

in the air; hence, an unexpected 

and fortunate occurrence. 
dies f austus [L.], a lucky day. 
dies inf austus [L.], an unlucky day. 
dies irae [L.], day of wrath. 
dies non [L.], a day on which judges 

do not sit. 
Dieu defend le droit [Fr.], God 

defends the right. 
Dieu et mon droit [Fr.], God and 

my right. 
dignus vindice nodus [L.], a knot 

worthy to be loosened by such hands. 
dirigo [L.], I direct or guide; — the 

irotto of Maine. 



disjecta membra [L.], scattered i 

limbs or remains. \ 

distingue [Fr.], distinguished; emi- 
nent. 

distrait [Fr.], absent in thought. 

divide et impera [L.], divide and rule. 

dolce [It.], soft, — used in music. 

dolce far niente [It.], sweet doing- 
nothing; sweet idleness. 

Dominus vobiscum [L.], the Lord be 
with you. 

double entente [Fr.], double mean- 
ing; a play on words. 

douceur [Fr.], sweetness; a bribe. 

dramatis personae [L.], characters 
represented in a drama. 

dulce et decorum est pro patria 
mori [L.], it is sweet and honorable 
to die for one's country. 

dum vivimus, vivamus [L.], while 
we live, let us live. 

durante beneplacito [L.], during 
good pleasure. 

durante vita [L.], during life. 



eaudevie [Fr.], water of life; brandy. 

ecce homo [L.], behold the man; — 
applied specifically to any picture 
representing the Saviour given up to 
the people by Pilate, and wearing 
the crown of thorns. 

ecce signum [L.], behold the sign. 

e pluribus unum [L.], one out of 
many; one composed of many; — 
the motto of the United States. ^ 

editio princeps [L.], the first edition. 

egalite [Fr.], equality. 

eleve [Fr.], a pupil; a foster child. 

elite [Fr.], a choice or select body of 
persons. 

eloge [Fr.], a fimeral oration. 

eloignement [Fr.], estrangement.*^ 

embonpoint [Fr.], plumpness; fleshi- 
ness. 

emeute [Fr.], a riot; a mob. 

employe [Fr.], one who is employed 
by another; a person in service. 

en arriere [Fr.], in the rear. 

en avant [Fr.], forward! 

en deshabille [Fr.], in undress. 

en f amille [Fr.], in a domestic state. 

en fin [Fr.], at last; finally. 



1042 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 

en passant [Fr.], in passing; by the ex cathedra [L.], from the beneh; 

way. with high authority. 

en plein jour [Fr.], in broad day. ex officio [L.], by virtue of his 
en rapport [Fr.], in a condition or office. 

relation of sympathy. ex parte [L.], on one side only. 

en regie [Fr.], in order; according to ex pede Herculem [L.], we recog- 

rules. nize a Hercules from the size of 

en route [Fr.], on the way. the foot; that is, we judge of the 

en suite [Fr.], in company. whole from the specimen. 

enciente [Fr.], pregnant. ex^ post facto [L.], after the deed 

enfansperdus [Fr.], lost children; is done. 

a forlorn hope. ex tempore [L.], without premedi- 

enfantgate [Fr.], a spoiled child. tation. 

ennui [Fr.], a feeling of weariness ex uno disce omnes [L.], from one 

and disgust; tedium. learn all. 

ensemble [Fr.], the whole. ex vi termini [L.], by the meaning 

ense petit placidam sub liber- or force of the expression. 

tate quietem [L.], with the excelsior [L.], higher; more elevated; 

sword she seeks quiet peace under — the motto of New York. 

liberty; — the motto of Massachu- excerpta [L.], extracts. 

setts. exempli gratia [L.], by wslj of ex- 

entente cordiale [Fr.], evidences of ample. 

good will and justice toward each exeunt [L.], they go out. 

other, exchanged by the chief per- exeunt omnes [L.], all go out. 

sons of two states. experimentum crucis [L.], the ex« 

entourage [Fr.], surroundings; ad- periment of the cross; a decisive 

juncts. experiment. 

entree [Fr.], entry; first course at expert© crede [L.], trust one who 

table. has tried, or had experience. 

entre nous [Fr.], between our- expose [Fr.], an exposition. 

selves. 
entrepot [Fr.], a bonded ware- p 

house: a free port. 
ergo [L.], therefore. facile princeps [L.], evidently pre- 

espieglerie [Fr.], sportive tricks. eminent; the admitted chief. 

esprit de corps [Fr.], the animating fait accompli [Fr.], a thing already 

spirit of a collective body. done. 

esprit des lois [Fr.], spirit of the faubourg [Fr.], a suburb. 

laws. f auteuil [Fr.], an easy chair. 

esto perpetua [L.], let it be per- faux pas [Fr.], a false step. 

petual. f elo de se [Fr.], a suicide. 

est modus in rebus [L.], there is femme couverte [Fr.], a manied 

a medium in all things. woman. 

et cum spiritu tuo [L.], and with femme de chambre [Fr.], a cham- 

thy spirit. bermaid. 

et id genus omne [L.], and every ferae naturae [L.], of a wild nature. 

thing of the sort. f estina lente [L.], hasten slowly. 

et sic de similibus [L.], and so of fete champetre [Fr.], a rural festivaL 

the like. feu de joie [Fr.], a firing of guns in 

et tu Brute [L.], and thou also, token of joy; a bonfire. 

Brutus! feuilleton [Fr.], bottom part of a 

eureka [Gr.], I have found it; — ^the French newspaper, separated by a 

motto of California. fine from the rest, and devoted to 

ex animo [L.], heartily. hght Hterature, criticism, etc. 

1043 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 



fiacre [Fr.], a hack. helluo librorum [L.], a devourer of 

fiat justitia, ruat caelum [L.], let books; a book-worm, 

justice be done though the heavens hiatus valde deflendus [L.], a de« 

fall. ficiency much to be regretted. 

fiat lux [L.], let there be light. hie et ubique [L.], here and every 

fidei defensor [L.], defender of the where. 

faith. ^ hie jacet [L.], here lies. 

fides Puniea [L.], Punic faith; hie labor, hoe opus est [L.], this 

treachery. is labor, this is work. 

fidus Achates [L.], faithful Achates; hoe age [L.], do this. 

i. e., a true friend. hoe tempore [L.], at this time. 

filius nullius [L.], a son of nobody, honi soit qui mal y pense [Fr.J, 

filus terras [L.], one of low birth. shame on him who evil thinks. 

fille de chambre [Fr.], a chamber- hora e sempre [It.], it is always 

maid. ^ time. 

fille de joie [Fr.], a prostitute. hors de combat [Fr.], out of con- 

flagrante bello [L.], during hos- _ dition to fight. 



tilities, 

flagrante delicto [L.], in the com- 
mission of the crime. 

fortiter in re [L.], with firmness in 
acting, 

franco [It.], post free. 

friseur [Fr.], a hair-dresser. 

fuit Ilium [L.], Troy has been. 

fusillade [Fr.], a simultaneous dis- 
charge of fire-arms. 



gallice [L.], in French. 

garcon [Fr.], a boy, or a waiter. 

garde du corps [Fr.], a body guard. 

genius loci [L.], the genius of the 
place. 

gens d'armes [Fr.], armed police. 

genus irritabile vatum [L.], the 
irritable race of poets. 

germanice [L.], in German. 

glebae ascriptus [L.], a servant be- 
longing to the soil. 

Gloria in Excelsis [L.], glory to 
God in the highest. 

Gloria Patri [L.], Glory be to the 
Father. 

gnothi seauton [Gr.], know thyself. 

H 

haud passibus aequis [L.], not with 

equal steps. 
haute nouveaute [Fr.], a great 

novelty. 
haut gout [Fr.], high flavor; fine 

or elegant taste* 



humanum est errare [L.J, to err i? 
human. 



ich dien [Ger.], I serve, 

id est [L.], that is. 

id genus omne [L.], all of that 

sort. 
ignoturat^ per ignotius [L.], fthat 

which is unlaiown by something 

still more unknown. 
mperium in imperio [L.], a gov- 
ernment within a government. 
mprimatur [L.], let it be printed; 

— a license to print a book, etc. 
mprowisatore [It.], an impromptu 

poet. 
mprowisatrice [It.], an impromptu 

poetess. 
n seternum [L.], forever, 
n articulo mortis [L.], at the 

point of death; in the last struggle. 
n commendam [L.], in trust. 
n curia [L.], in the court. 
n equilibrio [L.], in equiHbrium.*' 
n esse [L.], in being. 
n extremis [L.], at the point of 

death. 
n flagrante delicto [L.], taken in 

the fact. 
n forma pauperis [L.], as a poor 

man. 
n foro conscientiae [L.], before the 

tribunal of conscience. 
n future [L.], in future; hence- 
forth. 



1044 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 

In Hoc signo vinces [L.], in this J 

sign, or under this standard, thou 

shalt conquer. jacta est alea [L.], the die is cast. 

in limine [L.], at the threshold. je ne sais quoi [Fr.], I know not 
in loco parentis [L.], in the place ^ what. 

of a parent. ^ jeu de mots [Fr.], a play on words; 

in medias res [L.], into the midst a pun. 

of things, or affairs. jeu d'esprit [Ft.], a witticism. 

in medio tutissimus ibis [L.], you Jupiter tonans fL.], Jupiter the 

will go most safely in the middle. thunderer. 

in memoriam [L.j, in memory. jure divino [L.],^ by divine law. 

in nubibus [L.], in the clouds. jus civile [L.], civil law. 

in perpetuum ^ [L.], forever. jus divinum [L.], divine law. 

in posse [L.], in possible existence, jus et norma loquendi [L.], the 
in propria persona [L.], in person. law and rule of speech. 
in puris naturalibus [L.], quite jus gentium [L.], law of nations. 

naked. ^ juste milieu [Fr.], the golden mean. 

in re [L.], in the matter of. 

in rem [L.], against the thing. L 

in saecula saeculorum [L.], for ages 

on ages. labor ipse voluptas [L.j, labor 

in situ [L.] in its original situation. itself is pleasure. 
in statu quo [L.j, in the former labor omnia vincit [L.], labor con- 
state, quers everything. 
in terrorem [L.], as a warning. laissez faire [Fr.], let alone. 
in toto [L.], in the whole; entirely, lapsus linguae [L.], a shp of the 
in totidem verbis [L.], in so many tongue. 

words. latet anguis in herba [L.], a snake 

in transitu [L.], on the passage. hes hid in the grass. 

in usum Delphini [L.j, for the use laudator temporis acti [L.], a 

of the Dauphin. praiser of time past. 

in utrumque paratus [L.], prepared laus Deo [L.], praise to God. 

for either event. le beau monde [Fr.], the fashion- 

in vacuo [L.j, in empty space. able world. 

in verba magistri jurare [L.], to le diable boiteux [Fr.], the lame 

swear to, or by, the words of another ; devil. 

to adopt opinions on the authority le roi et I'etat [Fr.], king and state. 

of another. ^ leroileveut [Fr.], the king wills it. 

in vino Veritas [L.], there is truth le roi s'avisera [Fr.], the king will 

in wine. consider or dehberate. 

infanta [Sp.], a princess of the blood lese majeste [Fr.], high treason. 

royal in Spain and Portugal. Tetoile du nord [Fr.], the star of 

infante [Sp.], any son of the king, the north; — the motto of Minn- 

except the eldest, or heir apparent. esota. 
insouciance [Fr.], indifference; care- lettre de cachet [Fr.], a sealed 

lessness. ^ letter; a royal warrant. 

instar omnium] [L.], like all. lettre de marque [Fr.], a letter of 

inter alia [L.], among other things. marque or of reprisal. 
inter nos [L.], between ourselves. lex loci [L.], the law of the place. 
invita Minerva [L.], without genius, lex non scripta [L.], the common 
ipse dixit [L.], he himself said it. law. 

ipsissima verba [L.], the very words, lex scripta [L.], statute law. 
ipso facto [L.], in the fact itseff. lex talionis [L.], the law of retalia* 
ipso jure [L.], by the law itself. tion. 

1045 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 



Fhomme propose, et Dieu dispose 

[Fr.], man proposes, and God dis- 
poses. 

liaison [Fr.], an alliance; an illicit 
connection. 

lite pendente [L.], during trial. 

litera scripta manet [L.], the 
written letter remains. 

loco citato [L.], in the place cited. 

locum tenens [L.], a deputy or 
substitute; a proxy. 

locus in quo [L.j, the place in which. 

locus sigilli [L.j, place of seal. 

iongo intervallo [L.], by or with 
long interval. 

lucidus ordo [L.] a clear arrange- 
ment. 

lucus a non lucendo [L.], a jeu 
d'esprit in etymology, which, assum- 
ing that lucus, a dark wood or 
grove, is derived from the . verb 
lucere, to shine, supposes it must be 
a non lucendo, from its not being 
light. 

lusus naturae [L.], a sport or freak 
of nature. 

M 

macte virtute [L.], proceed in 

virtue. 
ma fois [Fr.], upon my faith. 
magna est Veritas, et prevalebit 

[L.], truth is mighty and it will 
prevail. 

magnum opus [L.], a great work. 

magnus Apollo [L.j, great Apollo; 
one of high authority. 

maison de ville [Fr.], the town-house. 

maitre d' hotel [Fr.], a house- 
steward. 

mal a propos [Fr.], ill-timed. 

malgre nous [Fr.], in spite of us. 

malum in se [L.], bad in itself. 

mare clausum [L.], a closed sea; 
a bay. 

materiel [Fr.], materials or instru- 
ments employed (opposed to per- 
sonnel). 

mauvais gout [Fr.], bad taste. 

mauvais honte [Fr.], false modesty. 

mega biblion, mega kakon — Gr.], 
a great book is a great evil. 

me judice [L.], I being judge. 



melange [Fr.], a medley. 

melee [Fr.], a hand-to-hand fight; 
a riot. 

memento mori [L.], remember death. 

memorabilia [L.], things to be 
remembered. 

mens sana in corpore sano [L.], a 
sound mind in a sound body. 

mens sibi conscia recti [L.], a 
mind conscious of rectitude. 

mesalliance [Fr.], improper asso- 
ciation; marriage with one of lower 
station. 

meum et tuum [L.], mine and 
thine. 

mirabile dictu [L.], wonderful to 
be told. 

mise en scene [Fr.], the putting in 
preparation for the stage. 

mittimus [L.], we send; — a writ to 
commit an offender to prison. 

modus operandi [L.], manner of 
operation. 

montani semper liberi [L.], moun- 
taineers are always freemen; — the 
motto of West Virginia. 

monumentum aere perennius [L.], 
a monument more durable than 
brass. 

multum in parvo [L.], much in 
little. 

mutatis mutandis [L.], the neces- 
sary changes being made. 

mutato nomine [L.], the name 
being changed. 



N 



naive ]Fr.], having native or un- 
affected simplicity. 
naivete [Fr.], native simplicity. 
ne plus ultra [L.], nothing further. 
ne quid nimis [L.], not anything 

too much or too far. 
ne sutor ultra crepidam [L.], let 

not the shoemaker go beyond his 

last. 
nee [Fr.], born; as, Madame de 

Stael, nee (that is, whose maiden 

name was) Necker. 
negligee [Fr.], an easy, uncere-: 

monious attire; undress. 
nemine contradicente [L.], no one 

speaking in opposition. 



1046 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 



nemine dissentiente [L.j^ no one 

dissenting. 
nemo me impune lacessit [L.], no 

one wounds me with impunity; — 

the motto of Scotland. 
nil admirari [L.], to wonder at 

nothing. 
nil conscire sibi [L.], to be con- 
scious of no fault. 
nil desperandum [L.], never des- 
pair. 
n'importe [Fr.], it matters not. 
noblesse oblige [Fr.], rank imposes 

obhgation; much is rightly expected 

of one of high birth or station. 
nolens volens [L.], whether he will 

or not. 
noli me tangere [L.], don't touch 

me. 
nolle prosequi [L.], to be unwilhng 

to proceed. 
nom de plume [Fr.], a pen name; 

an assumed title. 
nom de guerre [Fr.], a war name; a 

traveling title; a pseudonym. 
non compos mentis [L.], not in 

sound mind. 
non constat [L.], it does not appear. 
non est inventus [L.], he has not 

been found. 
non liquet [L.], it is not clear. 
non obstante [L.], notwithstanding. 
non omnia possi^mus omnes [L.], 

we cannot, all of us, do all things. 
non omnis moriar [L.], I shall not 

wholly die. 
nonsequitur [L.], it does not follow ; 

an unwarranted conclusion. 
non mi ricordo [It.], I don't remem- 
ber. 
nosce teipsum [L.], know thyself. 
nota bene [L.], mark well. 
n'oubliez pas [Fr.], don't forget. 
nous verrons [Fr.], we shall see. 
nevus homo [L.], a new man. 
nuance [Fr.], shade; gradation; tint. 
nudum pactum [L.], a contract 

made without any consideration, 

and therefore void. 
nunc aut nunquam (L.j, now or 

never. 



obiit [L.], he, or she, died. 



obiter dictum [L.], a thing said by 

the way, or in passing. 
obsta principiis [L.], resist the 

first beginnings. 
odium theologicum [L.], the hatred 

of theologians. 
ceil de boeuf [Fr.], a builds eye. 
ohe! jam satis [L.], O, now there is 

enough. 
omnia vincit amor [L.], love con- 
quers all things. 
omnia vincit labor [L.], labor over- 
comes all things. 
on dit [Fr.], they say; flying rumor. 
onus probandi [L.], the burden of 

pro\dng. 
ora e sempre [It.], now and always. 
ora pro nobis [L.], pray for us. 
orator fit, poeta nascitur [L.], the 

orator is made, but the poet is born. 
ore rotundo [L.], with round, full 

voice. 
ore tenus [L.], as far as the mouth. 
O! si sic omnia [L.], O, that he had 

always done or spoken thus. 
O temporal O mores! [L.], O the 

times! O the manners I 
otium cum dignitate [L.], ease 

with dignity; dignified leisure. 
oubliette [Fr.], dungeon of a castle. 
oui dire [Fr.], hearsay. 
outre [Fr.], out of the common 

course; extravagant. 
ouvrier [Fr.], a workman; an artisan. 



palmam qui meruit ferat [L.], let 
him who has won it bear the palm. 

papier mache [Fr.], chewed or 
mashed paper; a hard substance 
made of a pulp from rags or paper. 

par example [Fr.], for example. 

par excellence [Fr.], by w^ay of 
eminence. 

pari passu [L.], with equal pace. 

par nobile fratrum [L.], a noble 
pair of brothers; two just alike. 

parole d'honneur [Fr.], word of 
honor. 

particeps criminis [L.], an accom- 
plice. 

parva componere magnis [L.], to 
compare small things with great. 



1047 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 



parvenu [Fr.], an upstart; one newly 

risen into notice. 
pas a pas [Fr.], step by step. 
passe [Fr.], past; out of use; faded; 

worn out. 
passe-partout [Fr.], a master-key. 
pate de foie gras [Fr.], goose-liver 

pie. 
paterfamilias [L.], the father of a 

family. 
pater noster [L.], Our Father; the 

Lord's prayer. 
pater patriae [L.], father of his 

country. 
patois [Fr.], dialect of the lower 

classes. 
patres conscripti [L.], conscript 

fathers; the Roman senators. 
peccavi [L.], I have sinned. 
peine forte et dure [Fr.], strong and 

severe punishment. 
penchant [Fr.], inclination; liking. 
pendente lite [L.], pending the suit. 
pensee [Fr.], thought. 
per annum [L.], by the year. 
per capita [L.], by the head. 
per centum [L.], by the hundred. 
per contra [L.], contrariwise. 
per diem [L.], by the day. 
per se [L.], by itself considered. 
perdu [Fr.], lost. 
personnel [Fr.], body of persons 

employed in some public service. 
petit maitre [Fr.], a dandy; a cox- 
comb. 
petitio principii [L.], a begging of 

the question. 
peu-a-peu [Fr.], little by little. 
peu de chose [Fr.], a trifle. 
piece de resistance [Fr.], a solid 

joint. 
pirouette [Fr.], a whirl on the toes, 

as in dancing. 
pis aller [Fr.], the last shift. . 
piu [It.], more. 

pleno jure [L.], with full authority. 
plexus [L.], a net-work; web. 
poco a poco [It.], little by little. 
poeta nascitur, non fit [L.], the 

poet is born, not made. ^ 
point d'appui [Fr.], point of sup- 
port; prop. 
pons asinorum [L.], bridge of asses. 
post mortem [L.], after death. 



post obitum [L.], after death. \ 

pot-pourri [Fr.], a hotch-potch; S 
medley. 

preux chevalier [Fr.], a brave 
knight. 

prima facie [L.], on the first view. ' 

primus inter apres [L.], chief 
among equals. 

principia, non homines [L.], prin- 
ciples, not men. 

principiis obsta [L.], resist the first 
beginnings. 

pro aris et focis [L.], for our altars 
and firesides. 

pro bono publico [L.], for the pub- 
lic good. 

pro et con [L.], for and against. 

pro forma [L.], for the sake of form. 

pro hac vice [L.], for this turn or 
occasion. 

pro rata [L.], in proportion. 

pro re nata [L.], for a special emer- 
gency. 

pro tanto [L.], for so much. 

pro tempore [L.], for the time. 

proces verbal [Fr.], a written state- 
ment. 

profanum vulgus [L.], the profane 
vulgar. 

proh pudor [L.], O, for«hame. 

propria quae maribus [L.], those 
things which are appropriate or 
peculiar to males or men or to hus- 
bands. 

Punica fides [L.], Punic faith; 
treachery. 

Q 

qua [L.], so far as; in so far as. 
quantum libet [L.], as much as you 

please. 
quantum meruit [L.], as much as 

he deserved. 
quantum mutatus ab illo! [X«.], 

how changed from what he was! 
quantum sufficit [L.], a sufficient 

quantity. 
quantum vis [L.], as much as you 

will. 
quasi [L.], as if; in a manner. 
quelque chose [Fr.], a trifle; some- 
thing; anything. 
quid pro quo [L.], one thing for 

another; an equivalent. 



1048 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 



quid rides? [L.], why do you laugh? 
qui facit per alium, facit per se 

[L.], he who does a thing by the 
agency of another, does it himself. 

quis custodiet ipsos custodes? [L.], 
who shall guard the guards them- 
selves? 

qui transtulity sustinet [L.], he 
who transplanted, still sustains; 
the motto of Connecticut. 

qui vive? [Fr.], who goes there? — 
hence, on the qui vive, on the alert. 

quoad hoc [L.j, to this extent. 

quo animo? [L.], with what mind or 
intention? 

quo jure? [L.], by what right? 

quod erat demonstrandum [L.], 
which was to be demonstrated. 

quod vide [L.], which see. 

quos Deus vult perdere, prius 
dementat [L.j, those whom God 
wishes to destroy, he first makes 
mad. 



rara avis [L.], a rare bird. 

recueil [Fr.], collection. 

reductio ad absurdum [L.], re- 
ducing a position to an absurdity. 

regnant populi [L.], the people 
rule; — the motto of Arkansas. 
(Properly, regnat populus.) 

re infecta [L.], the business being 
unfinished. 

religio loci [L.], the religious spirit 
of the place. 

renommee [Fr.], renown; fame. 

requiescat in pace [L.j, may he 
rest in peace. 

res angusta domi [L.], narrow cir- 
cumstances at home; poverty. 

respice finem [L.], look to the end. 

resume [Fr.], a summing up; re- 
capitulation. 

resurgam [L.], I shall rise again. 

revenons a nos moutons [Fr.], let 
us return to our sheep; let us 
return to our subject. 

rifacimento [It.], renewal; re-estab- 
hshment. 

robe de chambre [Fr.], a dressing- 
gown or morning-gown. 

rouleau- [Fr.], a httle roll. 



rudis indigestaque moles [L.], a 

rude and undigested mass. 
ruse de guerre [Fr.], a stratagem of 

war. 
rus in urbe [L.], the country in 

town. 



salle [Fr.], a hall. 

salon [Fr.], an apartment for com- 
pany; a fashionable party; or fash- 
ionable society. 

salus populi suprema est lex [L.], 
the welfare of the people is the 
supreme law; -^ the motto of Mis- 
souri. 

sanctum sanctorum [L.], holy of 
hohes. 

sans ceremonie [Fr.], without cere- 
mony. 

sans peur et sans reproche [Fr.], 
without fear and without reproach. 

sartor resartus [L.], the cobbler 
mended. 

sauve qui peut [Fr.], save himself 
who can. 

savoir faire [Fr.], abihty. 

savoir vivre [Fr.], good breeding. 

scandalum magnatum [L.], de- 
famatory speech or writing to the^ 
injury of persons of dignity. 

scire facias [L.], cause it to be 
known. 

seance [Fr.], a sitting or session. 

secundum artem [L.], according to 
rule. 

secundum naturam [L.], according 
to the course of nature. 

secundum ordinem [L.], in order. 

semper felix [L.], always fortunate. 

semper fidelis [L.], always faithful. 

semper idem [L.], always the same. 

semper paratus [L.], always ready. 

senatus consultum [L.], a decree 
of the senate. 

se non e vero, e ben trovato [It.], 
if not true, it is well feigned. 

sesquipedalia verba [L.], words a 
foot and a half long. 

sic itur ad astra [L.], such is the 
way to immortality. 

sic passim [L.], so everywhere. 

sic semper tyrannis [L.], ever so 
to tyrants; the motto of Virginia. 



1049 



i 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 

8ic transit gloria mundi [L.], so tant pis [Fr.], so much the worse. 

passes away earthly glory. tantum vidit Virgilium [L.], he 

8ic vos non vobis [L.], thus you do merely saw Virgil (that is, the great 

not labor for yourselves. man). 

sicut ante [L.], as before. tapis [Pr.], a carpet; also, the cover 

sicut patribus, sit Deus nobis [L.], of a council-table; hence, to be 

as God was with our fathers, so on the tapis is to be under consid- 

may He be with us. eration. 

eimilia similibus curantur [L.], tempora mutantur, et nos muta- 

hke things are cured by like. mur in illis [L.], the times are 

si monumentum queer is, circum- changed, and we are changed withii 

spice [L.], if you seek his menu- them. T 

ment, look around. tempus edax rerum [L.], time the 

simplex munditiis [L.], of simple devourer of all things. 

elegance. ^ tempus fugit [L.], time flies. 

sine cura [L.], without charge or terrae filius [L.], a son of the earth 

care. that is, human being. 

sine die [L.], without a day ap- terra firma [L.], solid earth; a safe 

pointed. ^ ^ footing. 

sine qua non [L.], an indispensable terra incognita [L.], an imknown 

condition. country. 

si quaeris peninsulam amaenam, tertium quid [L.], a third some- 

circumspice [L.], if thou seekest thing; a nondescript. 

a beautiful peninsula, behold it tiers-etat [Fr.], the third estate; 

here; the motto of Michigan. commons or commonality. 

sit tibi terra levis [L.], may the to kalon [Gr.] the beautiful; the chief 

earth He hghtly upon thee. good. 

soubrette [Fr.], an intriguing woman, to prepon [Gr.], the proper or be- 

stans pede in uno [L.], standing on coming. 

one foot. ^ ^ totidem verbis [L.], in just so many 

Stat magni nominis umbra [L.], words. 

he stands the shadow of a mighty toties quoties [L.], as often as. 

name. ^ toto ccelo [L.], by the whole heav« 

statu quo ante bellum [L.], in ens; diametrically opposite. 

the state which was before the war. tout-a-fait [Fr.], entirely. 

status quo [L.], the state in which, tout au contraire [Fr.], on the con- 

stet [L.], let it stand. trary. 

suaviter in mode, fortiter in re tout ensemble [Fr.], the whole 

[L.], gentle in manners, but resolute taken together. 

in deed. 
sub judice [L.], under consideration. U 
sub rosa [L.], under the rose; pri- 
vately. ^ ^ uberrima fides [L.], superabound- 
Bui generis [L.], of its own kind. ing faith. 

sui juris [L.], in one's own right. ubi supra [L.], where above men- 

summum bonum [L.], the chief tioned. 

good. ^ ultima ratio regum [L.], the last 

Buo marte [L,], by his own strength. argument of kings; war. 

cuum cuique [L.], let each have his ultima thule [L.j, utmost limit. 

own. una voce [L.], with one voice. 

m uno animo [L.], with one mind; 

* unanimously. 

tabula rasa [L.], a smooth or blank usque ad aras [L.], to the very 

tablet. altars. 

1050 



Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 



usque ad nauseam [L.], to disgust 
utile dulci [L.], the useful with the 

pleasant. 
ut infra [L.], as below. 
ut supra [L.], as above stated. 
uti possidetis [L.], as you possess; 

etate of present possession. 



vade mecum [L.], go with me; . a 
constant companion. 

vae victis [L.], woe to the vanquished. 

vale [L.], farewell. 

valet de chambre [Ft.], an attend- 
ant; a footman. 

variorum notae [L.], the notes of 
various authors. 

veni, vidi, vici [L.], I came, I saw, 
I conquered. 

verbatim et literatim [L.], word for 
word and letter for letter. 

verbum sat sapienti [L.], a word is 
enough for a wise man. 

vetturo [It.], a hack. 

vetturino [It.], a hackman. 

vexata qusestio [L.], a disputed 
question. 

via [L.], by the way of. 

via media [L.], a middle course. 

vice [L.], in the place of. 

vice versa [L.j, the terms being ex- 
changed. 

vide ut supra [L.], see what is stated 
above. 

vi et armis [L.j, by fore© and arms; 
by main force. 

vincit amor patriae [L.]^ love of 
country prevails. 



[L.], truth 
[L.], the 



vincit omnia Veritas 

conquers all things. 
vinculum matrimonii 

bond of marriage. 
vires acquirit eundo [L.], she ac- 
quires strength in her progress. 
vis a vis [Fr.], opposite; facing. 
vis a tergo [L.], a propelling force 

from behind. 
vis inertise [L.], the power of inertia; 

resistance. 
vis vitae [L.], the vigor of life. 
vitam impendere vero [L.]/ to stake 

one's life for the truth. 
vivat regina [L.j, long live the 

queen. 
vivat rex [L.], long live the king. 
viva voce [L.j, by the hving voice; 

by oral testimony. 
vive la republique [Fr.], long live 

the repubUc. 
vive la bagatelle! [Fr.], success to 

trifling. 
vive le roi [Fr.], long live the king. 
voila [Fr.], behold; there is. 
vox, et praeterea nihil [L.], a voice, 

and nothing more. 
vox populi, vox Dei [L.], the voice 

of the people is the voice of God. 
vraisemblance [Fr.], appearance of 

truth. 



zonam solvere [L.], to loose the 

virgin zone. 
zollverein [Ger.], a union among the 

German states for the collection of 

custom-house duties. 



1051 



DICTIONARY OF FORMS OF ADDRESS 



1. Archbishop — Letters are ad- 
dressed: *'His Grace, the Lord Arch- 
bishop of /' and commence: *^My 

Lord Archbishop." More formal docu- 
ments are addressed '^The Most 
Reverend Father in God (John Bird), 
by Divine Providence, Lord Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury"; other arch- 
bishops and suffragan bishops being 
*'by Divine permission." When per- 
sonally referred to, an archbishop is 
styled '^Your Grace," not *^Your 
Lordship." The Archbishop of Ar- 
magh is addressed as '^His Grace the 
Lord Primate of Ireland." 

Archbishops^ wives, and other mem- 
bers of their families, as such, are with- 
out titles. 

2. Baron—Addressed: 'The Right 

Honorable Lord "; referred to as 

*^His Lordship," or '^Your Lordship." 

Baron's Daughter — 'The Honor- 
able Mary "; or, if married, 'The 

Honorable Mrs. ." Letters com- 
mence, ''Madam." 

Baron's Son — *The Honorable 
John ." Letters commence, "Sir." 

Baron's Son's Wife— 'The Honor- 
able Mrs. .". Letters commence, 

"Madam." 

Baron's Wife, and Baroness in her 
own right — ^"The Right Honorable 

Lady "; in strictness, but more 

commonly, *The Lady ." Letters 

commence, *'Madam," and refer to 
her as "Your Ladyship." 

Baronet— "Sir John — -, Bart." 
Letters commence, *'Sir." 

Baronet's Wife— "Lady ." Un- 
less she has a title as the daughter of a 
peer, no Christian name is used. She 
is referred to as "Your Ladyship." 

Bishop — "The Right Reverend the 
Lord Bishop of ." Letters com- 
mence, "My Lord." Frequently the 
address is simply, "The Lord Bishop 
of ." The style in formal docu- 



ments is, 'The Right Reverend Father 
in God (John ), by Divine permis- 
sion. Lord Bishop of ." Scotch 

bishops are addressed, "The Bishop 

of ," sometimes as "The Right 

Reverend Bishop (e. g.y Henry Cot- 
terell)," and letters commence, "Right 
Reverend Sir." The colonial bishops 
are addressed by their territorial titles 
like those of England. 

Bishops' Wives and Children 
have no titles. 

Countess — ^^"The Right Honorable 
the Countess of ." Letters com- 
mence, "Madam," and refer to her as 
"Your Ladyship." 

Duke— "His Grace the Duke of 
— — ." Letters commence, "My Lord 
Duke"; and he is referred to as 
"Your Grace." 

Duchess — "Her Grace the Duchess 
of ." Letters commence, "Ma- 
dam," and refer to her as "Your 
Grace," 

Duke's Daughter— "The Right 
Honorable Lady Mary - — ," or less 

formally, "The Lady. JVIary ." 

Letters commence, "Madam," and 
refer to her as "Your Ladyship." If 
she is married to a person of inferior 
rank, her surname only is changed. 

Duke's Eldest J^on — ^Uses the sec- 
ond or some other title of his family 
by courtesy, and he is addressed as if 
he held the title by law, though in 

formal documents he is called "-; , 

Esq., commonly called the Marquis or 
earl" (as the case may be). 

Duke's Younger Son— "The Right 
Honorable Lord John Russell," or less 

formally, "The Lord John R ." 

"My Lord," and "Your Lordship." 

Duke's Younger Son s Wife — 

"The Lady John ," unless where 

she has a title in her own right. 
"Madam," and "Your Ladyship." 

Earl— "The Right Honorable the 



1052 



Dictionary of Forms of Address 



Earl of ," or less formally. "The 

Earl of ." ''My Lord/' and 

"Your Lordship." 
Earl's Wife — see Countess, 
Earl's Daughter — Like Duke's 
Daughter (q.v.). 

Earl's Eldest Son is addressed as 
if the title which he holds in courtesy 
were a title in law. 

Earl's Younger Son — Like Baron's 
Son (q.v.). 

Earl's Younger Son's Wife— Like 
Baron's son's wife, unless of superior 
rank to her husband. 

King— "The King's Most Excellent 
Majesty." "Sire," and "Your Majesty" ; 
or, in less formal notes, thus: ''Mr. Pill 
presents his duty to your Majesty." 

Knight Bachelor — Like Baronet 
(q.v.), except that the word "Bart." 
is omitted. 

Knight Bachelor's Wife— Like 
Baronet's Wife (q.v.). 

Knight of the Garter— K.G. is 
added to the name or other title of the 
bearer. 

Knight of St. Patrick— K.P. used 
in the same manner. 

Knight of the Thistle— K.T. 
Knight of the Bath— if a Knight 
Grand Cross, K.G.C.B.; if a Knight 
Commander, K.C.B. 

Knight of the Bath's Wife— Like 
the wife of a Baronet or Knight 
Bachelor. 

Lord Advocate (of Scotland) — 
*The Right Honorable the Lord Advo- 
cate" by courtesy; but in official docu- 
ments he is styled "His Majesty's 
Advocate for Scotland." Letters ought 
strictly to commence, "Sir," not "My 
Lord," though the latter mode of 
address is usual. 

Lord Lieutenant (of Ireland) — 
"His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant"; 
and letters commence in accordance 
with his rank in the peerage or other- 
wise. If a duke, he is styled "His 
Grace the Lord Lieutenant." 

Lord Mayor— "The Right Honor- 
able the Lord Mayor." "My Lord," 
and "Your Lordship." There are 
only three Lord Mayors — those of 
London, York, and Dublin. 



Lord Provost — ^The Provost of 
Edinburgh is "The Right Honorable 
the Lord Provost"; of Glasgow, "The 
Honorable the Lord Provost"; of 
Perth and of Aberdeen, "The Lord 
Provost." There are no other Lord 
Provosts. Perhaps the distinction in 
the title of the chief magistrate of the 
Scottish capital is traceable to his 
ha^dng been always a member of the 
Privy Coimcil of Scotland, at least 
since the Revolution. 

Lord of Session (in Scotland) — 

''The Honorable Lord ." "My 

Lord," and "Your Lordship." 

Lords of His Majesty's Treasury 
— These in their collective capacity 
are addressed as "The Honorable the 
Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's 
Treasiuy"; individually they have no 
title from their connection with the 
Treasury. 

Maid of Honor — "The Honorable 
Miss"; and "Madam." 

Marquis — "The Most Honorable 

the Marquis of ," 7iot "The Most 

Noble." Letters commence, "My 
Lord Marquis"; but when personally 
addressed, he is styled "My Lord," 
and "Your Lordship." 

Marchioness — "The Most Honor- 
able the Marchioness of ." "Ma- 
dam," and "Your Ladyship." 

Marquis's Daughter — ^Like Duke's 
Daughter (q.v.). 

Marquis's Eldest Son — Like 
Duke's Eldest Son (q.v.). 

Marquis's Younger Son — Like 
Duke's Younger Son (q.v.). 

Mayors — In formal documents, 
''The Right Worshipful the Mayor 

• "; but in letters, simply "The 

Mayor." 

Members of Parliament — The 
letters M.P. are added to their usual 
address. 

Officers in the Navy and Army — 
Their rank in the service, if above 
subalterns, is always prefixed to any 
other title they may possess, thus 
"Captain the Lord John ." 

Prince — "His Royal Highness 
Prince "; or "His Royal High- 
ness the Duke of ," when the 



1053 



Dictionary of Fornns of Address 



Prince is also a Duke. In practice, 
the initials H.R.H. are usually substi- 
tuted for the words. A letter begins 
''Sir/' not '^My Lord Duke'^; and the 
mode of reference is *Tour Royal 
Highness." 

Princess — ''Her Royal Highness the 
Princess /' or *^The Duchess" 



(as the case may be). ^^Madam," and 
'*Your Royal Highness." 

Prince's Wife, though of inferior Senate" [^ '^Hon. 
rank, Uke a Princess by birth. 

Privy Councillor77-"The Right 
Honorable John 



Excellency." Judges of federal, state, 
and municipal courts, members of both 
Houses of Congress, of state legis- 
latures, and of the President's cabinet, 
and frequently members of municipal 
councils are addressed in writing by , 
the courtesy title ''Honorable," con-jj 
tracted to ''Hon.," and in most cases 
the name of office follows that of the 
person, such as "Hon. , U. S. 



Chief Justice 



Privy Councillor's Wife and Chil- 
dren have no title. 

Queen — "The Queen's Most Excel- 
lent Majesty." *'Madam," and "Your 

Majesty"; or, *'The Lord John R 

presents his duty to your Majesty." 

Viscount — 'The Right Honorable 

Lord Viscount ," or less formally, 

"The Lord Viscount." "My Lord," 
and "Your Lordship." 

Viscountess — "The Right Honor- 
able the Viscountess," or less formally, 
"The Viscountess," "Madam," and 
"Your Ladyship." 

Viscount's Daughter — Tiike Bar- 
on's Daughter (q.v.). 

Viscount's Son — Like Baron's Son 
(q.v.). 

AMERICAN FORMS 

The Constitution of the United 
States provides that no title of nobiUty 
shall be granted by the Government, 
and that no person holding any office 
of profit or trust under it, shall, with- 
out the consent of Congress, accept 
any title, etc., from any king, prince, 
or foreign state. The President of the 
IFnited States and the Governor of 
Massachusetts are the only citizens 
possessing as officials a title by legis- 
lative act, and in both cases the word 
is "Excellency." Governors of other 
states are given the same title by 
courtesy. ^ When either of these is 
addressed in writing or officially spoken 
of, the form is "His Excellency the 
President of the United States," or 
"His Excellency the Governor of 
' "; and when spoken to "Your 



of the (Supreme Court of the) United , 

States"; "Hon. -, M.C." Associ-I 

ate Justices of the U. S. Supreme' 
Court and of state, supreme, and 
superior courts, are addressed in 
writing with "Hon.," name, and name 
of office, but spoken of as "Mr* 

Justice ." Officers of the army 

and navy are addressed in writing by 
name followed with title of highest 
rank attained, and, if in command of 
a mihtary division, naval squadron 
on station, or on the retired list, by 
designation of the fact, such as 
" 'Major General, U.S.A., com- 
manding military division of the 

Atlantic"; " • Rear- Admiral, U.S. 

N., commanding Atlantic Squadron": 

" General U.S.A. Retired." All 

official communications of the Govern- 
ment begin "Sir," and close "Respect- 
fully."^ , 

Recipients of regular and honorary 
degrees should be addressed in writing 
by name, followed by abbreviation of 
degree in the order A.B., A.M., Ph.D., 
M.D., D.D., LL.D. A physician or 
surgeon is spoken of and to as **Dr. 
• — —y; clergyman is addressed in 
writing and spoken of usually as 
"The Rev. ," spoken to as "Mr. 



be 
D.D., 



if a doctor of divinity he may 
addressed in writing as 



m 
or "The Rev. 



and spoken to and of as "Dr. 



D.D.,' 



A Roman Cathohc cardinal is addressed 
in writing and spoken of as "His 

Eminence , Cardinal (Bishop 

Priest, or Deacon according to rank, 
of the Holy Roman Church," and 
spoken to as "Your Grace"; an 
archbishop and bishop may be sinnlarly 
addressed as "The Most Rev*— — 



Die. 6 9 



1054 



Dictionary of Forms of Address 



D.D., Archbishop of ^," and 'The 

Right Rev. , D.D., Bishop of 

/' In the Protestant Episcopal 

Church, bishops are addressed the sarae 
as in the Roman Catholic Church; and 
in the Methodist Episcopal Church . as 

*The Rev. Bishop , D.D/' 

Foreign ambassadors to the United 
States are addressed officially by the 
titles recognized in their own^ coim- 
tries, and if they have no title as 

''Mr. /' followed with title of 

office; and U. S. ambassadors to 
foreign countries, officially as ^^Mr." 

otherwise *'Hon. ^ ^ Some grades 

of lawyers as well as Justices of the 
peace are addressed in writing and 
spoken of in legal documents as 

*' Esq.," and any gentleman may 

be similarly addressed, though ''Mr. 

" is preferable. Social custom 

adds the titles of various officials to 
the names of their wives when used 
in introductions or conversation: Mrs. 

President , Mrs. Justice , Mrs. 

Governor , but the usage does 

Dot extend to daughters. The dis- 
position on the part of the Government 
and the most cultured citizens is to 



ignore titles as far as propriety will 

permit. 

It is to be noted^ that in British 
titles, unlike those in vogue in the 
United States, the form ''honourable" 
is customarily used. In the United 
States it is not considered good form 
to use abbreviations of titles on letters, 
though it is allowable to do so on 
envelopes. ^ Where there are several 
daughters in a family, the eldest one 
is addressed as "Miss" without her 
Christian name, as "Miss Brown"; 
the others are addressed by their full 
names, as "Miss Mary Brown," etc. 
A father and son of the same Christian 
name are addressed with the addition 
of "Sr." and "Jr." respectively, to the 
family name, as "Mr. Frank Jones, 
Sr." and "Mr. Frank Jones, Jr." If 
the father dies before the son, the latter 
drops the ^ distinguishing addition. 
Some families, clinging to a given 
Christian name, use the form "George 
Shir as" or "George Shir as, 1st" for the 
father; "George Shiras, 2d," for a 
son; and "George Shiras, 3d" for a 
grandson, with any title either may 
rightfully use. 



1055 



DICTIONARY OF GOLF 



divot, piece of turf cut out by an 

iron club. 
dormy, where one side has as many 

holes ahead as there remains holes 

to play. 
draw, to drive wildly to the left hand. 
driver, principal club; used for long 

distances and when driving off from 

bafling, striking the ground immedi- , . . : , , , r f j- 

RtPlv hphinH 4p hRll driving iron, club used for long dis- 



addressing one's self to the ball, 

getting into proper position for a 
successful stroke. 
approach shot, driving the ball to 
the putting green. 

B 



ately behind the ball, 
bafHng spoon, shortest club of the 



tances and when considerable ele- 
vation of the ball is required. 



spoon group; gives great elevation; , y^.^^"" "^^^^"« "f" ^^ requirea., 
ball does not roll fa? from where it ^'i?'^^,?""^'' ^^^^ Y"^^^ *^ ^^Y®.^ 



falls; club once popular now grow- 
ing obsolete. 

brassey, club similar to the niblick, 
but with the sole of the head shod 
with a plate of brass. 

bulger, club with bulging face; 



very low ball against a heavy wind. 



all dead, a ball that does not run 
after alighting, 
keels' bairiow'and^'maS them ^°^1^» ^ bunghng stroke, 
travel straight. ^""l?* ^ ^armng cry to any person m 

bye, unplayed hole after a match is . *^® ^^^ ^^ ^^^ fl""^' , . , , 
finishpH foursome, a match m which two 

play on each side, those on a side 



caddie, person who carries a players' 

clubs and follows the course of the 

ball. 
carry, the distance from where a ball 

is struck to where it falls. 
cleek, club with iron head, used for 

long approaches over hazardous 



playing alternate strokes with the 
same ball. 



gobble, a rapid straight putt into the 
hole, such that otherwise the ball 
Av^xx «, xwcvv.iav.o v7Y^x ixc4.zi«xvxv/«^o would havc gone beyond it. 
grround"and"when plVyTng rbalTout grassed driver, club used to give 
of long grass and sandy soil. 



club, instrument for striking the ball, 
made of wood, wood with a brass 
sole, and iron only. 

course, that portion of the links on 
which the game is properly played, 



elevation to the ball when struck. 
gutty, a gutta percha ball. 

H 

half one, handicap of a stroke de- 
ducted everv second hole. 



usually bounded by rough ground , ^^cted every secona noie ^ 

or other hazards. \^^Y ^}'Z\ ^^'^ ^uT ^ ^u^} T""!: 

cup, a metal tube or circlet inserted Halved hole, a hole is halved when 
in the holes. ^^^ strokes are equally divided be- 

tween the sides. 

^ halved match, a drawn game. 

dead ball, a ball so near the hole that hanging ball, one lying on a down- 
the next putt is a certainty. ward slope. 

1056 



Dictionary of Golf 



hazard, a bunker, or any artificial 
or natural obstacle on the course. 

heeling a ball, striking it with the 
heel of the club. 

hole» excavation about 4 J^2 inches in 
diameter and depth in which the 
cup is placed. Outgoing holes are 
generally marked with white and 
incoming ones with red flags. 

honor^ the right of first play from the 
tee. 

horn, a piece of that or other sub- 
stance inserted in the sole of a club 
to prevent it sphtting. 

hose, the socket into which the 
shaft is fitted. 



I 



mashy or mashie, a cross between a 
nibhck and a lofting iron. 

snatch play, where scores are reckoned 
by the holes. 

medal play, where scores are reck- 
oned by the strokes. 

medium, or ordinary iron,^^club 
used for shorter distances than the 
driving iron; also when 'lialf'' and 
''wrist shots^' are required; lofts 
a ball more than the driving iron. 

middle spoon, club shorter than the 
long spoon and with stiff er shaft; a 
very straight driver. 

miss the globe, failure to strike the 
ball; counts as a stroke. 



N 



Iron niblick^ heavy club with small neck, crook of the head of a club 
roimd head, used for extricating a where it joins the shaft. 
ball from hazards. niblick, club, spooned, with broad 

head, short from heel to toe ; used for 
J dislodging ball from a hollow, rut, 

bunker, etc. 
jerk, when the club digs into the nose, point or front part of the club 
ground after striking the ball. head. 



lie, the inclination of a club when 
held ready for striking; also the 
good or bad location of a ball. 

lift, taking a ball out of a hazard 
and dropping it behind. 

like-as-we-lie, when both sides have 
played the same number of strokes. 

links, the reservation on which the 
game is played. 

lofting, ^elevating a ball. 

lofting iron, club used for "short 
approach shots,'' when a hazard 
has to be played over that is near a 
hole on the putting green. 

long spoon, club used to give eleva- 
tion to the ball in windy weather 
or when the ball falls into long grass. 

M 

made, as to player and his ball, when 
the ball is sufficiently near the hole 
to be played on to the putting green 
at next shot. 

10 



odd, handicap given a weak opponent 
by deducting one or more strokes 
from his total at each hole; also 
where one plays a stroke more than 
his opponent. 

one off two (three, etc.), where one 
party plays two or more strokes 
more than the other, the next 
stroke of the latter. 



play club, wooden-headed club, with 
full length shaft; used for driving 
the ball the greatest distance and 
vrhen the ball lies well. 

press, to attempt an unusually hard 
hit. 

putter, club used only on level put- 
ting greens around each hole, for 
"putting'' the ball into the hole. 

putting, making a stroke on the 
putting green. 

putting green, smooth, level, hard 

57 



Dictionary of Golf 



piece of ground or turf, about 20 
yards square, around the different 
holes. 



swing, method of handling a club 
when about to strike. 



rub on the green, a good or bad 
interruption of the ball, which must 
be played from where it ahghts. 

ran, to drive a ball along the ground 
toward the hole instead of lofting 
it; also the distance a ball goes 
after aUghting. 



scare, where the club-head is attached 
to the shaft. 

[schlaff, almost sjmonymous with 
baffing. 

scratch player, one who plays with- 
out a handicap. 

screamer, an imusually long stroke. 

shaft, the handle of a club. 

short game, approaching and put- 
ting. 

short spoon, club shorter than^ the 
middle spoon; used for short drives. 

sole, the flat bottom of the club-head. 

spoons, wooden-headed clubs, long, 
middle, and short, with heads 
scooped so as to loft the ball 

square, an even game; neither side 
being any holes ahead. 

stance, the place of the player's feet 
when about to make a stroke. 

steal, striking a ball cautiously so 
that it goes only to the hole. 

stroke, effort to hit a ball with a 
club, whether successful or not. 

stroke hole, hole or holes at which a 
stroke is given in handicapping. 

stymie, the location of an opponents' 
ball in direct line of another's play. 



tee, a pot of sand on which the ball 

is placed for the first stroke. ^ * 
teeing ground, area within which I 

the ball must be teed. I 

the like, in odds of handicap, a f 

player's stroke after his opponent 

has played one more stroke than he. 
third, handicap of a stroke deducted 

every third hole. _ 
threesome, match in which one plays 

against two others, all using the 

same ball. 
toe, same as nose. 
topping, striking a ball above its 

center. 
two odds, the handicap given a weak 

opponent by deducting two strokes 

from his total at every hole. 

U 

undercutting, striking a ball below 

its center. 
up, ^ said of a player 

gained one or more 

opponent. 
upright, the proper inclination of a 

club when held ready for striking. 

W 

waggle, the flourish of a club prior 

to the upward swing. 
whins, furze, gorse, or other plant in 

line of play. 
whipping, the twine binding the 

head and handle of a club. 
wrist shot, less than a half shot; 

generally played with an iron club. 



when he has 
holes on his 



1058 



DICTIONARY OF LACROSSE 



attack. See fielders, 

attacking position, players must 

have their left side toward the goal 

they are attacking. 

B 

ball, the one ball with which the 
game is played is of rubber sponge, 
not exceeding 8 inches in circiunfer- 
ence nor 5 ounces in. weight. 

ball at goal, the ball must be put 
through the goal from the front 
side to score. 

batting the ball, the right of a goal- 
keeper, while defending his goal 
within the goal crease, although pro- 
hibited from catching and throwing 
a ball with his hand, to bat it away 
with his hand or block it with his 
crosse or body. 



catch, to scoop or pick up a ball with 
the crosse. 

center, the player in the center of 
the field. 

change of goals, opposing teams 
change goals at end of the first 
period. 

charging, rushing into an opponent 
after he has thrown the ball; pro- 
hibited. 

check, one player charging into an- 
other with both hands on the crosse 
80 as to make the stick meet the 
body of his opponent; prohibited. 

cover point, the player directly in 
front of the point. 

crease. See goal crease. 

crosse, the instrument with which 
the game is played; of any desired 
length, but not over 12 inches in 
width; woven with catgut into a 
net; with meshes close enough to 
bold the ball freely. 



crosse-check. See check. 



defense. See fielders. 
dropping before opponent* 

terference. 



I IQ- 



facing, the placing by the referee of 
the ball between and touching the 
reverse surfaces of the crosses of the 
players facing at the starting or re- 
sumption of the game.^ 

field captain, a superintendent of 
the play chosen by each club. 

fielders, the First, Second and Third 
Attack and First, Second and Third 
Defense. ^ 

foul, any infringement of the rules. 

free throw, where a player fouhng 
and the one fouled are placed where 
they were at the moment of fouling, 
the player fouled having the ball on 
his crosse, and at the referee's order 
*'play," each player is allowed to 
play in any manner allowed by the 
rules. 



game. See object of game. 

goal, referee's emgle-word decision 
that the ball passed through the 
goal according to rule. 

goal crease, a marked space 18 by 
12 feet inclosing a goal; goal poles 
placed 6 feet from the front and back 
lines and 6 feet from the front lines. 

goal keeper, the player who defends 
the goal. 

goal-netting, a pjrramid-shaped net- 
ting attached to each set of poles and 
extending 7 feet back of the center 
of the goal, to prevent the passage of 
the ball put through the goal from 
the front. 



1059 



Dictionary of Lacrosse 



goals, each of the two goals consists 
of two poles erected 6 feet apart and 
6 feet out of ground, joined by a top 
cross-bar; placed 110 yards apart, 
and, if possible, 125 yards. 

H 

holding an opponent. See inter- 
ference. 

holding back, purposely delaying 
the game; prohibited. 

holding the ball, allowable only on 
a crosse. 

home, either of the goals. 



interference, deliberately kneeling, 
lying down, dropping in front of an 
opponent when both are in pursuit 
of the ball, or intervening in any 
manner between another player and 



I 

opponents' goal posts and to prevent 

such action. 
out of play, when a player loses his 

crosse. 
outside home and inside home, the j 

players nearest the opponents' goaL 



play, the order of the referee for the 
beginning or the resimaption of an 
interrupted play. 

point, position of the first player out 
from the goal. 

R 

referee, a disinterested official agreed 
upon by both clubs, who has general 
control of the game, decides on fouls 
and claims, and administers the 
rules. 



an opponent 
prohibited. 



he is pursuing; all 



kneeling. See interference. ' 
L 

lining-up, arranging the teams for 
play. Generally the opposing team 
is lined up along the field from goal 
to goal opposite the other team in 
reverse order, inside home being op- 
posite point, and so on down the field. 

lying down. See interference. 

M 

match, two 35 minute periods, with 
10 minutes' intermission. 

N 

no goal, referee's decision that the 
ball did not pass through the goal 
according to rule. 



object of game, to carry or throw 
the ball with the crosse between the 



scooping, picking up the ball with 

the crosse. 

short team, a team deficient in 
twelve players; opponents may e- 
qualize the side, but each side must 
have at least 10 players. 

shouldering, striking an opponent 
from behind with the shoulder while 
he is running for or after reaching 
the ball; prohibited. 

stand, a call or whistle signal by the 
referee when the ball is dead; no 
player must then move, unless 
directed otherwise by the referee, 
until the latter calls *^play." 

starting the game. See facing, 

stick, another name for the crosse. 

striking, giving an opponent a blow 
with the cross or otherwise; pro- 
hibited. 

striking the ball,^ a player can strike 
the ball off of his opponent's crosse 
only with his own crosse. 



team, twelve players, regular; not 
less than 10 otherv/ise. 

tie-play, continuation of ^ the play 
for 15 minutes after 10 minutes' in- 
termission; side scoring the most 



1060 



Dictionary of Lacrosse 



goals wins. In the event of a tie at 
the end of this time, the captains 
decide whether the game shall be 
postponed or playing continued till 
a goal is scored, or that it remains a 
tie. 

time, the blowing of the referee's 
whistle when a foul has been called, 
after which the ball must not be 
touched nor the players change posi- 
tions till the game is again started. 
If a foul has been claimed by either 
field captain and the game scored 
before the referee has had an oppor- 
tunity to call *'time/' the referee 
has the power to decide whether 
or not a foul has been committed. 

time-keepers, two officials appoint- 
ed, one by each field captain, to 
keep account of the time of the 
game, deduct for all stoppages in 
play, and record all time lost between 
games 

toss, method of selecting the choice 
of goals. 

tripping, the use of the legs, feet, or 
cross to throw an opponent; pro* 
hibited. 



U 



umpires, two officials, one for each 
club, whose positions are behind the 



goals and whose duty it is to decide 
whether or not a goal has been made 
according to rule. If a complaint ia 
made and proven against an umpire 
the referee may remove him and ap- 
point another, setting aside and re- 
versing the decision complained of. 
"V\Tien imipires are not appointed by 
consent of the clubs, it becomes the 
duty of the referee to appoint one 
or more umpires as may be required,, 
but neither of them must be one of 
the parties objected to by either 
club. 



victory by default, award to a club 
when no opponents appear at ap- 
pointed time. 

violations, the prohibited use of 
threatening, profane or obscene 
language to any player or official 
during a match, and the striking of 
one player by another with a cross 
or otherwise, are punishable by the 
removal of the offender for the 
remainder of the match. 

W 

wrestling, where a player grapples 
with an opponent and entwines legs 
SO as to throw him; prohibited. 



1061 



DICTIONARY OF LAWN TENNIS 



ace, a point in scoring; also a good 

ball not returned to the court from 

which it came. 
advantage, the score of the winner 

of the next stroke after a deuce. 
advantage game, one in which a 

player has won a game after ''deuce" 

has^ been called. 
all, in scoring, where players or sides 

are even. 

B 

back to deuce, if the winner of an 

"advantage'' loses the next stroke 

this score goes back to ''deuce." 
backhand side, the reverse of the 

forehand side; in most cases, the 

left hand side. 
backhand stroke, the reverse of the 

forehand stroke. 
back-spin, a stroke which causes the 

ball to shoot and keep very low on 

striking the court. 
back-stop, a high netting or fence 

about 21 feet behind the base-line 

to prevent balls passing out of court. 
ball, a hollow rubber sphere, covered 

with smooth white cloth, cemented 

to the baU and then sewed; about 

23^ inches in diameter and 2 ounces 

in weight. 
ball in play, the moment it leaves 

the server's racket, excepting when 

it drops into the net, or goes beyond 

the service line, out of court, or in 

the wrong comi}. 
base lines, lines marked at each end 

of the court parallel with the^ net. 
bisque, the smallest odds, giving the 

receiver an additional point to his 

score once in a set. 



cautions on play: keep your eye on 
the ball till you have hit it; always 



hit the ball with the center of the 
racket; in hitting the ball transfer 
the weight of your body from the 
right leg to the left one; do not try 
to hit the ball down into the service 
court; do not throw the ball up in 
front of you; to hit effectively al- 
ways stand imder or in a linejwith 
the ball. 

change of sides, besides alternating 
as server and striker-out, the players 
change sides at the end of every set. 

chop service, where the ball is 
tliown a little higher than the 
shoulder, but well to the right, so 
that the player can hit it a severe 
downwardly glancing blow. 

court, the place of play; hard-rolled 
turf or ground, measuring 78 by 27 
feet for two players and 78 by 36 
for four. 



deuce^ the score when both players 
win three strokes. 

doubles, a four-player game. 

drive, a stroke which hits the ball 
more or less horizontally when it 
has travelled a considerable dis- 
tance from the bouncing-point. 



fault; where the ball drops elsewhere 
than as noted under serving, or 
touches the server's partner or any- 
thing that he wears or carries; after 
a fault must again serve from the 
same court unless the fault was 
caused by service from the wrong 
court. 

fifteen, the score when the first 
stroke is won; also an odds of one 
stroke in each game. 

fifteen-all, the score of a point by 
each player or pair. 



1062 



Dictionary of Lawn Tennis 



fifteen-forty, the score of one point 
by the server and three points by 
the striker-out. 

final, the last round in a match or 
tournament. 

forehand cut service, where the 
ball is cut across from left to right, 
finishing well out toward the right. 

forehand side, the side of a player, 
when facing the net, on which is the 
arm wieldmg the racket; in most 
cases, the right hand side. 

forehand stroke, a stroke made on 
the forehand side. 

forty, the score when the winner of 
the first and second strokes wins 
the third; also an odds of three 
strokes in each game. 

full volley, the same as volley. 



let-ball, a ball that after service 
touches the net and then passes 
into the proper court; also one that 
meets other obstructions in flight. ' 

lifting drive, a stroke in which the 
racket passes forwardly and up- 
wardly in an obUque direction 
across the^ intended flight of the 
ball, brushing violently against the 
ball at the impact. 

lob, a lofty stroke to carry the ball 
out of reach over an opponent's 
head. 

love, in scoring, means ^'nothing.'* 

love-game, one in which a player or 
pair fails to wdn a point. 

love-set, a set which a player or pair 
fails to win a game. 

M 



games all, the score where both 
players win five ganaes. 

ground stroke, one imparted after match, ordinarily, the best of three 
the ball has bounded from ground sets; professionally, the best of 
or court. five advantage sets. 



H 

half-court line, that which separ- 
ates the main court into two equal 
minor courts. 

half-fifteen, an odds giving one 
stroke at the beginning of the 
second, fourth, and each succeeding 
alternate game of a set. 

half-forty, an odds of two strokes in 
the first game, three in the second, 
etc. 

half-thirty, an odds of one stroke 
in the first game, two in the second, 
etc. 

half volley, a stroke which hits the 
ball almost immediately after it has 
bounced. 

handicap, the same as odds. 

hold of racket, the grip of the handle; 
should be near the end and firmly 
with the second, third, and fourth 
fingers, but the thumb and first 
finger should not be relaxed. 

K 

killed ball, one struck so violently 
that an opponent cannot return it. 



N 



net, a stout net dividing the court 
in the center and attached at each 
end to a post: net 33^ feet high at 
posts and 3 leet at center. 

no-ball, a ''let"-ball. 



odds, advantages allowed a player 
unequal in skill to an opponent. 

owed odds, when such odds are given 
that a single stroke may win a game, 
the best player must make one or 
more strokes before he can score. 



pass stroke, one that sends the ball 

so that it strikes in court, passing 

an opponent at net. 
poaching, in doubles, taking a ball 

that should be taken by the partner. 
post, the wooden stake at each end 

of the net, driven 3 feet outside the^ 

side line. 



1063 



Dictionars^ of Lawn Tennis 



racket, the instrument with which 
the ball is handled; usually made of 
ash, Spanish cedar, and black wal- 
nut, with a stiff mesh of cat-gut. 

rest, a bout, round, or rally. 

return, to take the ball on the racket 
after its rebound and throw it across 
the net. 

reverse overhead cut service, where 
the ball is cut across at the moment 
of impact from right to left. 



scoring, the game comprising four 
strokes by a player, the score for 
the first stroke won is called * 'fif- 
teen, '^ for the second * 'thirty, '' for 
the third ''forty," and for the last 
"game,'' for convenience the * 'forty" 
score is usually called ^'forty-five." 

server, the player who makes the 
first stroke in a game. 

service lines, lines marked on each 
side of the net, parallel with it and 
21 feet distant. 

serving, in play the server stands 
with one foot outside of the base 
line and the other on or in a per- 
pendicular line above it; delivers 
the ball from the right to the left 
courts, beginning from the right, 
alternately; and the ball must 
drop between the service line, half- 
court line, and side line of the 
court, diagonally opposite to the 
side of delivery. 

set, the best of eleven games; won 
by the player who first wins six 
games. 

side lines, lines connecting the base- 
lines. 

singles, a two-player game. 

smash, to strike down with much 
force a lobbed ball. 

striker-out, the player to whom the 
server delivers the ball in the first 
stroke of a round. 



strokes lost, either player loses a 
stroke if in returning a ball in play 
it touches a part of the net, his 
person, or anything he wears or 
carries, excepting the racket in the 
act of striking, or is struck by the 
racket more than once, or if the 
player touch the net or any of its 
supports while in play, or if he 
volleys the ball before it has passed 
the net. 

strokes won, the server wins a stroke 
if the striker-out volleys the ball 
or fails to return it, or returns it in 
play so that it drops outside his 
opponent's court; the striker-out 
wins a stroke if the server serve 
two consecutive faults, fails to re- 
turn the^ ball in play, or returns it 
so that it drops outside or his op- 
ponent's court. 



tappy, a light stroke, giving a poor 
service. 

thirty, the score when the winner of 
the first stroke wins the second; 
also an odds of two strokes in each 
game. 

three-handed game, one in which 
the odd player serves in each alter- 
nate game. 

top-spin, drawing the racket across 
the ball with a forward roll, so that 
after crossing the net it drops into 
the court. 



vantage, another term for advantage. 
volley, to take a ball on the racket 
before it touches ground. 

W 

weight in stroke, transfer of the i 
weight of the body from the back I 
to the front foot, to increase the force *^ 
of the arm. 



1064 



DICTIONARY OF MILITARY AND NAVAL 

TERMS 



abatis or abattis, a breastwork of 
felled trees laid side by side in a 
trench with branches pointing to- 
ward an enemy to impede progress. 

admiralty court, ^ a tribunal^ for 
hearing and deciding causes arising 
on the high seas. 

adventure, the act of hazarding a 
cargo hable to be seized or simk by 
an enemy's ship. 

aeroplane, a flying machine differing 
from an airship or balloon, used for 
scouting and bomb-dropping. 

airmen, persons operating airships. 

alien belligerency, the relation of a 
pei-son born in a country different 
from that in which he resides to a 
country with which his own is at war. 

Arisakae, the standard rifle of the 
Japanese army. 

armistice, a cessation of hostilities 
for time to bury the dead, negotiate 
for peace, or other purpose, during 
which no combatant must acquire 
an advantage over an opponent. 

armored cruiser, a warship classified 
just below a battleship and above a 
gunboat, and having side and deck 
armor. 



B 



Bashi-bazouk, an irregular Turkish 
soldier, recruited chiefly in Asiatic 
Turkey; noted for ferocity. 

battleship, a warship classified just 
below the modern dreadnaught. 

belligerent, a nation or person en- 
gaged in war. 

biplane, an aeroplane with two sup- 
porting siuf aces. 

blockade, the closing of an enemy^s 
harbor by warships; to be binding it 
must be effective. 



blockade runner, a vessel that tries 
to enter or leave a blockaded port. 

broadside, the discharge at one time 
of all guns on one side of a warship. 



caisson, the box in which army 
ammunition is carried. 

caliber, the internal diameter of a 
gun. 

canister, a metal case, loaded with 
bullets, which bursts after being 
fired. 

capitulation, surrender. 

carbine, a short firearm, somewhat 
similar to an infantry rifle. 

cheveaux-de-frise, a long piece of 
timber traversed by rows of pointed 
stakes and placed to impede the 
progress of an enemy, to barricade 
an approach, or to close a breach. 

circumvallation, a rampart or other 
fortification constructed around a 
besieged place. 

colors, the national flag of a country 
or of a division of its army; a *'call 
to the colors^' is a summons to 
mihtary duty. 

contraband of war, various articles 
that would aid a belligerent, and 
which neutrals are prohibited from 
supplying to either party; classified 
as conditional and unconditional. 

convoy, a military or naval force 
assigned to accompany another force 
to insure greater protection. 

Cossack, one of a mihtary tribe 
guarding certain frontiers of Russia; 
skilled as a cavalryman. 

court martial, a court of military 
oflficers to try offenders against 
military laws, usages, etc. 

court of inquiry, a court appointed 
to investigate charges against mili- 
tary or naval oflScers. 



1065 



Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms 



cul de sac, the bottom of a bag; in 
warfare, the position of troops in a 
narrow place whence there is no 
escape except at the front. 



deploy, to spread a body of troops in 

forming a line of battle. 
destroyer, the same as torpedo-boat 

destroyer. 
detrain, disembarkation of troops 

from a train. 
dragoon, a soldier trained to fight on 

foot or mounted. 
dreadnaught, a modern warship 

classified between a battleship and 

a super-dreadnaught. 



echelon, the arrangement of divisions 
of an army on di:fferent lines, present- 
ing the form of steps, to enable it 
to protect at one time one or both 
flanks and the front. 

enfilade, to fire a shot through the 
whole extent of an enemy's fortifica- 
tion or line of men. 

entrain, embarkation of troops on a 
train. 

epaulement, a breastwork raised to 
defend the flank of a position or 
troops from an attacking force. 



f einty a sham movement by a mihtary 
or naval force intended to deceive 
an enemy as to a real purpose. 

field-marshal, the highest ranking 
officer in various Einropean armies. 

field officers, the colonel, lieutenant- 
colonel, and major of a regiment. 

flag of truce, a white flag borne from 
the position of one combatant to- 
ward that of an enemy to indicate 
a desire for a parley; it and its 
bearers are immune from attack. 

Hank, the extreme right or left of the 
line of an army; in fortifications 
any part capable of defending 
another part by its fire. 

fleet, the largest division of warships, 



comprising an indefinite number ofj' 
the various types of vessels. The 
U. S. navy has three fleets, the At- 
lantic, Pacific, and Asiatic, each 
wiih numerous reserves. 

flying artillery, a battery manned 
by soldiers trained to move with 
great rapidity. 

forlorn hope, a desperate under- 
taking, with slight or no chance of 
success. 

Franc-tireur, a French soldier, orig- 
inally engaging in guerilla warfare, 
now a part of the regular army. 



gabion, a wicker-work cylinder, open 
at each end and filled with earth; 
used for revetting the slopes of field 
works. 

Catling gun, an American machine- 
gun in which cartridges are auto- 
matically loaded into a group of 
barrels and fired successively. See 
mitrailleuse. 

grenade. See hand-grenade. 



H 



hand-grenade, a small bomb thrown 

by hand upon an enemy; used in 

defending fortifications. 
Hussar, a lightly armed and moimted 

soldier of Hungary, adapted to 

harass an enemy. 
hydro-aeroplane, an airship capable 

of floating on the surface of water. 



intern, to confine a body of captured, 
surrendered, or fugitive troops to a 
particular place outside their own 
country till the end of a war; also 
to treat a captured, surrendered, or 
fugitive warship siniilarly. 



Lebel, the standard rifle of the French 

army. 
Lee-Enfield, the standard rifle of the 

British army. 



1066 



Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms 



M 

magazine, the place on a warship or 
in a fortification where the ammuni- 
tion is kept. 

Mannlicher, the standard rifle of 
the Austrian, Bulgarian, Greek, and 
Rumanian armies. 

marine corps,* in the U. S. navy a 
body of special soldiers attached to 
all large ships for occupying hostile 
territory in advance of an army 
detachment. 

martial law, military authority ex- 
ercised imder the laws^ and usages 
of war; also in cases of insurrection, 
severe rioting, etc. 

Mauser, the standard rifle of the Ger- 
man, Servian, Spanish, and Turkish 
armies. 

militarism, the policy which leads 
nations to maintain great standing 
armies, navies, and fortifications. 

military mast, a hollow, interlaced 
or skeleton steel tower erected on 
battleships, with a^ fighting top 
reached through the interior. 

military top, a turret or inclosure of 
steel attached to the mast of a war- 
ship, and mounted with rapid-fire 
guns. 

mine planter, a- vessel constructed 
especially for placing mines in the 
harbors or on the seacoasts of an 
enemy. 

mine sweeper, a vessel built for 
searching for and picking up floating 
and other mines. 

Mitrailleuse, a French machine gun 
in which the loaded barrels are 
discharged simultaneously instead of 
successively as by the Gatling gun. 



N 



naval militia, in the United States 
a part of the national guard in 
several states, trained to man coast 
and harbor defense vessels in time 
of war. 

neutral, a person or nation that takes 
no side in a war. 

neutrality, the' passive or armed 
state of a nation which favors no 



beUigerent in a war between nations, 
and which by legal proclamation 
prohibits its citizens from aiding in 
any manner the belligerents. 



Paravicino-Carcano, the standard 

rifle o^ the ItaUan army. 

protected cruiser, a cruiser with 
deck armor only. 

provost-marshal, an officer of an 
army or navy appointed to super- 
intend the execution cf martial law; 
similar to a chief of pohce in a city 
or a sheriff in a county, but with 
summary authority. 



rating, ^ a scale of classification for 
warships. In the U. S. navy dis- 
placement is now the only tonnage 
standard of rating. 

relative rank, that which exists by 
law between high officers in an army 
and navy. In the United States 
generals rank equal with admirals, 
lieutenant-genersJs with vice-ad- 
mirals, major-generpls with rear- 
admirals, and brigadier-generals with 
commodores. 

reprisal, the retaking from an enemy 
of the property he has seized or 
the capture of other property, to 
pay f cr the damage he has done. 



safe-conduct, a passport or a special 
warrant of safety issued to individ- 
uals in war time and to captains 
of neutral ships. 

sapper, a soldier employed in digging 
trenches and tunnels for the protec- 
tion of troops or the undermining 
of an enemy's fortification. 

scout, a soldier, sailor, small boat, 
or airship detailed to ascertain the 
location, strength, and plans of an 
enemy. 

searchlight, an electric light on a 
warship, fortification, or exposed 
position, which, by being con- 



1067 



Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms 



Stantly revolved will disclose the 
approach of an enemy in darkness. 

secondary battery, the collection of 
guns subordinate to those of large 
caliber on a warship. 

shrapnel shell, one filled with bullets 
and an exploding charge.^ In the 
European war the principle was 
applied to bombs dropped from 

^ aircraft. 

'sick-bay, the part of a warship used 
as a hositpal. 

sniper, one who, from a window, roof, 
tree, or other elevation, fires upon 
another below him. 

sortie, a dash by a beleaguered force, 
as a garrison, from a fortification or 
other defensive work. 

sovereign of the seas, an epithet 
applied to England because of the 
prevalence of her warships on all 
of the world's seas. 

Springfield, the standard rifle of the 
U. S. army. 

spy, one who goes into the territory 
of an enemy to discover his position, 
strength, and plans; penalty of 
capture, death. 

squadron, a small division of war- 
ships, usually four in number; also 
a (fivision of a regiment of cavalry. 

strategy, the use of artifice, deception, 
feints and other sharp practices to 
gain an advantage over an enemy. 

submarine, a war vessel constructed 
to operate under water by placing 
and discharging torpedoes. 

super-dread naught, the highest type 
of the modern warship. 

superimposed turret* a turret placed 



on top of another on a battleship 
and similarly armed. 



Taube, a type of German bomb- 
dropping airship. 

three-line-rifle, the standard rifle 
of the Russian army. 

three-mile-limit, the distance of 
three miles from the sea coast of a 
nation, over which the nation's 
neutrality extends, and within which 
its shipping is immime from attack 
by an enemy. 

torpedo-boat, a war craft constructed 
for ^ the discharge of torpedoes 
against an enemy's ships. 

torpedo-boat-destroyer, a vessel 
designed to operate against torpedo- 
boats and other ships of an enemy. 

trench, a ditch of various depths, 
lengths, and directions, dug to cover 
the advance of a besieging force, or 
to check the advance of an enemy. 

turret, a revolving inclosure of heavy 
steel set on the deck of a battleship, 
and containing usually two guns of 
large cahber. 

U 

Uhlan, a Prussian light cavalry 
soldier, armed with sabre, lance, 
and pistol, and employed chiefly on 
outpost duty. 



Zeppelin, a German dirigible, pas- 
senger-carrying airship; used in the 
European war for dropping bombs. 



1063 



DICTIONARY OF MOST COMMON 
ABBREVIATIONS 



A. orAns. Answer. 

a. arc (of the French metric system). 

a. or @. At, or to. 

a. or aa. (Ana, Gr. dvd) in Med., of 
each the same quantity. 

A.A. Associate of Arts. 

Aa. Aaron. 

AAA. (Amalgama) Amalgamation. 
[See AMM.] 

A. A, A. G, Acting Assistant Ad- 
jutant General. 

A. A, A. S. American Association for 
the Advancement of Science, Amer- 
ican Academy of Arts and Sciences. 

AA. C. Antarctic Circle. 

A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant Gen- 
eral. 

A. A. Q. M. Acting Assistant Quar- 
ter Master. 

A. A. Q. M. G. Acting Assistant 
Quarter Master General. 

A. A. S. American Academy of Sci- 
ences. 

A. A. S, (Academiae Americanae So- 
cius) Fellow of the American Acad- 
emy. 

A. A. S. S. (Americanae Antiquari- 
anae Societatis Socius) Member of 
American Antiquarian Society. 

A. B. Able-bodied seamen. 

A. B. (Artium Baccalaureus) Bach- 
elor of Arts. [See B. A.] 

Abb. Abbot, or Abbess. 

Abbr., or Abbrev. Abbreviated, or 
Abbreviation. 

A. B. C. F. M. American Board of 
Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
sions. 

Ab ex. (Ab extra) From without. 

A. B. I. S. W. Associated Brother- 
hood of Iron and Steel Workers. 

A-B-K- (AX4>a B€Ta Kairn-a.) Alpha 
Beta Kappa (College Society). 

Abl. Ablative. 



Abp. Archbishop, 

Abr. Abridge, or Abridged. 

Abs. {Med?) Absinthe. 

Abs. re. (Absente reo) Law, While 
the defendant was absent. 

A, C. (Ante Christum.) Before 
Christ. 

A. C. Army Corps. 

Ac. Acre. 

Acad. Mus. Academy of Music. 

Ace. Accusative. 

Acc.,oracct. Account. 

Acct. Cur. Account Current. 

Acct. Sales. Account of sales. 

A. C. G. S. Acting Commissary Gen- 
eral of Subsistence. 

A. C. S. American Colonization So- 
ciety. 

A. C. S. Acting Commissary of Sub- 
sistence. 

Act. Active. 

A. C. U. L. Alden's Cyclopedia of 
Universal Literature. 

A. D. (Anno Domini) In the Year 
of our Lord. 

a. d. After date. 

A. Acre, Acting, Adjective, After- 
noon, Alto. 

A. {Commerce) Accepted. 

Al. First class or rate. 

Ad. or Adv. Adverb, Advertisement. 

Adag. (Adagio) In Mus.^ a slow 
movement. 

A. D. C. Aide-de-Camp. 

Ad Ex. Adam's Express. 

Ad. Inf. (Ad Infinitum) Without 
limit. 

Ad Int. (Ad Interim) In the mean- 
while. 

Adj. Adjective. 

Adjt. Adjutant. 

Adjt. Gen., or A. G. Adjutant Gen- 
eral. 

Ad. lib., or Ad. libit. (Ad libitum) 
At pleasure. 

Adn>, Admiral, Admiralty. 



1069 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Adm. Co. Admiralty Court. 

Admr* Administrator, Administra- 
tion. 

Admx* Administratrix. 

A* A* €»• (AX<|)a AeXra <l»i) Alpha Delta 
Phi (College Society). 

Ad V. (Ad valorem) At the value. 

Adv. Advocate, Advent. 

JE.^orJEt. (iEtatis.) Of age, Aged. 

Af ., or Air. Africa, African. 

A. F. A. M. Ancient Free and Ac- 
cepted Masons. 

A. E. I. O. U. (Austriae est Imperare 
Orbi Universo, or AJles Erdreich 1st 
Oesterreich Unterthan) It is given 
to Austria to Rule the whole Earth. 
(The device of Austria first adopted 
by Frederick III.) 

A. G. Adjutant General, Accountant 
General. 

Ag. (Argentum.) Silver. 

Agr., Agri, or Agric. Agriculture. 

A. G. S. S.^ American Geographical 
and Statistical Society. 

Agt. Agent. 

A. H. (Anno Hegirse.) In the year 
of the Hegira, or flight of Mohammed. 

A. H. M. S. American Home Mission- 
ary Society. 

A. I. American Institute. 

A. I. A. Amercian Institute of Archi- 
tecture. 

A. I. G. Assistant Inspector General. 

Al. Aluminium. 

Ala. Alabama. 

Alas. Alaska Territory. 

Aid. Alderman. 

Alex. Alexander, 

Alf. Alfred. 

Ali. (Ahbi) Elsewhere. 

Alt. Altitude. 

Alum. Yalen. (Alumnus Yalensis) 
Alunmus of Yale College. 

A. M. (Artium Magister) Master of 
Arts. [SeeM. A.] (Ante Meridian) 
Before noon. (Anno Mundi) In the 
Year of the World. (Ante Mortem) 
Before death. 

Am. Amos. 

Am. or Amer. America, American. 

A. M. A. American Medical Asso- 
ciation. 

A. M. C. Alden's Manifold Cyclo- 
pedia. 



Am. Ant. Soc. American Antiqua^ 
rian Society 

Am. Asn. Soc. Sci. American Asso- 
ciation for Advancement of Social 
Science. 

Am. Col. Soc. American Coloniza- 
tion Society. 

Am. Cyc. American Cyclopaedia. 

Am. Ex. American Express. 

Amer. Phar. Soc. American Phar« 
maceutical Society. 

A. M. G. Acting Major General. 

Amh. Coll. Amherst College. 

Am. L. of H. American Legion of 
Honor. 

AMM. (Amalgama) Amalgamation. 
[See AAA.] 

Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. American Mu- 
seum of Natural History. 

Am. Num. Arch. Soc. American 
Numismatic and Archaeological So- 
ciety. 

Am. Philog. Soc. American Philo- 
logical Society. 

Am. Phil. Soc. American Philo- 
sophical Society. 

Amt. Amoimt. 

Am. Vet. Colh American Veterinary . 
College (New York). 

An. (Anno). In the year. 

An., or Ans. Answer. 

Ana. (Med.) In equal quantity. 

An. A.C. (Anno Ante Christum) In 
the Year before Christ. 

Anal. Analysis. 

Anat. Anatomy. 

Anat. Mus. Anatomical Museum. 

Anc. Ancient, Anciently. 

Anc. Hist. Ancient History. 

And. Andrew, Andre, ^Liidrea. 

And. Theol. Sem. Andover Theolo- 
gical Seminary. 

Ang. (AngHce) In English. 

Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon. 

Anno. Annotate, Annotation. 

Anon. Anon3nnous. 

Ans. Answer. 

Ant. or Antiq. Antiquity, or An- 
tiquities. 

Anth. Anthony. 

Anthr. Soc. Anthropological Society. 

A. O. F. Ancient Order of Foresters. 

A. O. H. Ancient Order of Hiber- 



mans. 



Die. 7^ 



1070 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Aor. Aorist, Aoristic. 

A. O. S. S. (Americanse Orientalis 
Societatis Socius) Member of the 
American Oriental Society. 

A. O. U. W. Ancient Order of United 
Workmen. 

Ap. Apostle, April, Appius. 

Ap. (Apud) In the writings of, as 
quoted by. 

A.P. H. A. American Public Health 
Association. 

A. P. M. Assistant Pay Master. 

Apo. Apogee. 

Apoc. Apocrypha, Apocaljrpse. 

Apen. Apennine. 

Apr. April. 

Apri. (A priori) From something 
prior. 

Aq. (Aqua.) Water. 

A. Q. M. Assistant Quarter Master. 

A. Q. M. G. Assistant Quarter Mas- 
ter General. 

A. R. (Anno Regni). In the Year 
of the Reign. 

A. R. A. Associate of the Royal 
Academy. 

Arab. Arabic, Arabian. 

Arc. Circ. Arctic Circle. 

Arch. Architect, Architecture, Archi- 
bald, 

Archd. Archdeacon. 

Arg. Rep. Argentine Republic. 

A. R. H. A, Associate of the Royal 
Hibernian Academy. 

Arith* Arithmetic. 

Ariz. Arizona. 

Ark. Arkansas. 

Arn. Arnold. 

Arr. Arrived. 

A. R. R. (Anno Regni Regis, or Re- 
ginae). In the year of the King^s 
or Queen's Reign. 

A. R. S. A. Associate of the Royal 
Scottish Academy. 

A. R. S. S. (Antiquariorum Regiae 
Societatis Socius.) Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Antiquaries. 

Art. Article, Artemus. 

Arth. Arthur, Arthurean. 

A. S. Academy of Science. 

A. S., or Assist. Sec. Assistant Sec- 
retary. 

A. S. Assistant Surgeon. 

As. Arsenic, Astronomy, Asia, Asiatic. 



A. S. A. American Statistical Asso- 
ciation.. 

A. S., A-S., AS., A. Sax., or Ang.- 
Sax. Anglo-Saxon. 

A. S. A. S. Member of the Ameri- 
can Statistical Association. 

A. S. C. E. A. American Society of 
Civil Engineers and Architects. 

A. S. P. C. A. American Society for 
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. 

Ass't'd. Assorted. 

Asst. Surg. Assistant Surgeon. 

A. S. S. U. American Simday School 
Union. 

Astrol. Astrology. 

Astron. Astronomy. 

A. T. S. American Tract Society, 
American Temperance Society. 

Ats. At suit of. 

Atty. Attorney. 

Att.-Gen. Attorney-General. 

At. Wt. Atomic Weight. 

A. U. A. American Unitarian Assooia- 
tion. 

Aub. Theol. Sem. Auburn Theologi- 
cal Seminary. 

A. U. C. (Anno Urbig Conditae, or 
Ab Urbe Condita) In the Year from 
the Building of the City — (Rome). 

Aud. Treas. Dept. Auditor Treasury 
Department. 

Aug. August. 

Aur. (Aurum) Gold. 

Auth. Ver., or A. V. Authorized Ver- 
sion (of the Bible). 

Av. Average, Avenue. 

Ave. Avenue. 

Avoir. Avoirdupois. 

A. Y. M» Ancient York Masons. 



B 



B. Base or Bass (in ilfzmc), Baron. 

Book, Bay. 
b. Bom, Book. 
B. A. Bachelor of Arts. [See A. B.] 

British America. 
Ba. Barium. 
Baa. Baal, Baalam. 
Bach. Bachelor. 
B. Agr. Bachelor of Agriculture. 
Bald. Baldwin. 
Bait. Baltimore. 



1071 



Dictionary of Most Comnion Abbreviations 



Bank* Banker, Banking. 

Bar. Barrel, Baruch, Barometer, Bar- 
rister. 

B. Arch* Bachelor of Architecture. 

Bart., or Bt. Baronet. 

Bat. Battery, Battalion. 

B. B. BiU Book. 

B. B. C. Base Ball Club. 

Bbl. Barrel, Barrels. 

B. C. Before Christ, Board of Con- 
trol. 

B. C. L* Bachelor of Civil Law. 

B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. 

Bd. Bound, Bond, Bound in. 

Bds* Boards. 

Be. (Beryllium) Glucinum. 

Beau. Beaufort, Beauregard. 

Benj. Benjamin. 

Berks. Berkshire. 

Bev. Beverly. 

B. F., or B. fir. Firkin of Butter. 

B. I. British India. 

Bi. Bismuth. 

Bib. Bible, Biblical. 

Biog. Biography. 

Bis. Bismarck, Bismuth, Bissextile. 

Bisc. Biscayan. 

Bk. Book, Bank. 

Bk. Concir. Bank Commissioner. 

Bk. Ex. Book Exchange. 

Bk.-Kr. Book-keeper. 

B. L. Bachelor of Laws. [See LL.B.]. 

B/L. (Com). Bill of Lading. 

Bl., or Bis. Barrel, Barrels. 

B. Lit. (Baccalaureus Literarum) 
Bachelor of Letters. 

B* LL. (Baccalaureus Legum) Bach- 
elor of Laws. 

B. M (Baccalaureus Medicinse) Bach- 
elor of Medicine. [SeeM. B.j 

B* M. (Beatse Memorise) Of Blessed 
Memor]^ 

B* M. EJ - Bachelor of Mechanical En- 
gineering. Bachelor of Mining En- 
gineering. 

B. Mech. Bachelor of Mechanics. 

B. Mus. Bachelor of Music. 

Bobem. Bohemian. 

Bon. Bonaparte. 

Bor. Borough, Boron. 

Bot. Bought. 

Bot. Botany, Botanical, Botanist. 

Boul. Boulevard. 

Bowd. CoH. Bowdoin College. , 



Bp. Bishop. 

B/P. Bill of Parcels. 

B. Pay. Bills Payable. 

B. P. B. Bank Post Bills. 

B. P. O. Elks. Benevolent and Pro* I 
tective Order of Elks. 1 1 

B. R. The King's or Queen's BencL 

Br. Brother, Bromine, Brig. 

Braz. Brazil, BraziHan. 

B. Rec. Bills Receivable. 

Brig. Brigade, Brigadier. 

Brig. Gen. Brigadier General. 

Brit. British, Britain, Britannia, Bri- i 
tannicus. i{ 

Brit. Mus. British Museum. ' 

Bro., Bros. Brother, Brothers. 

Brook. N. Y. Brooklyn Navy Yard. 

Br. Univ. Brown University. 

B. S., or B. Sc. Bachelor of Science. 

B/S. Bill of Sale. 

Bu., or Busb. Bushel. 

Bucks. Buckinghamshire. 

Burg. Burgomaster, Burgess. 

B. V. (Bene Vale) Farewell, (Beata 
Virgo) Blessed Virgin. 

B. Vet. Med« Bachelor of Veterinary 
Medicine. 

B. V. M. Blessed Virgin Mary. 

B.W.T.A. British Women's Tem- 
perance Association. 



C. Chairman, Carbon, Church. 

C. ^ (Centum) A himdred Cent, Cen- 
time. 

C. (Congius) Gallon. 

€/ — . Currency, Coupon. 

Ca. (Circa) About, 

Ca. Cent are (metric system), 

C. A. Commercial Agent, Comptrol- 
ler (or Controller) of Accounts, 
Chief Accountant, Chartered Ac- 
countant, Confederate Army. 

Ca. Canada, Canadian. 

Cadav. (Med.) Cadaver. 

Cal. Calcium, CaHfornia. 

Cal. (Calendse) Calends, Calendar. 

Cam. (Med.) Camphor. 

Cam., or Camb. Cambridge. 

Camb. Obs. Cambridge Observa- 
tory. 

Can. Canada, Canon. 



1072 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Cant* Canticles. 

Cantab. (Cantabrigieiisis) Of Cam- 
bridge. 

Cantuar. (Cantuarensis) Of Can- 
terbury. 

Cap., or c. (Caput, Capitulum) 
Chapter. 

Cap. Capitol, Capital, Capital Letter. 

Caps. Capitals. 

Capt. Captain. 

Capt. Gen. Captain General. 

Car. Carat. 

Card. Cardinal. 

Ca. Resp. (Capias ad respondendum) 
A legal writ. 

C. A. S. Connecticuttensis Academiae 
Socius) Fellow of Connecticut Acad- 
emy. 

Ca. Sa. (Capias ad satisfaciendum) 
A legal writ. 

Cash* Cashier. 

Cast. Castle. 

Cat., or Catal. Catalog;ue, 

Cath. Catherine, Catholic, Cathedral. 

Cath. Inst. CathoUc Institute. 

Caus. Causative. 

Cav. Cavalry. 

C. B. (Communis Bancus.) Common 
Bench. 

C. B. Companion of the Bath, Cape 
Breton. 

Cb. Columbium. 

C. C. Cubic Centimetre. 

C. C. Caius College. (Comptc Cour- 
ante) Account Current, Crown 
Clerk, County Court, County Clerk, 
Consular Clerk, County Conmiis- 
sioner. 

C. C. A. Chief Clerk of the Admiralty. 

C. C. C. Corpus Christi College, 
Christ^s College, Cambridge. 

C. C. P. Court of Common Pleas. 

Cd. Cadmium. 

Ce. Cerium. 

C. E. Ci^^l Engineer, Canada East. 

Cel. or Celt. Celtic. 

Cen. Century, Centennial. 

Cent. (Centum) A hundred. 

Cf. (Confer) Compare. 

C. F. I. Cost, Freight, and Insur- 
ance. 

C. G. Commissary General, Captain 
of the Guard, Coast Guard. 

C. G. H. Cape of Good Hope. 



C. G. S. Commissary General of Sub- 
sistence. 

C. H. Court House, Captain of the 
Host, Custom House. 

Ch.^ Church, Chapter, Charlotte, 
Charles. 

Cham. (Med.) Chamomile. 

Chamb. Chamberlain. 

ChaL, or Chald. Chaldron, Chaldee, 
Chaldaic, Chaldean. 

Chamb. Encyc. Chambers' Encyclo- 
paedia. 

Chanc. Chancellor. 

Chap. Chapter, Chaplain. 

Char. Charter. 

Chas. Charles. 

Chat. Chattel. 

Chem. Chemistry, Chemical, Cheni- 
ist. 

Cheyv Cheyenne. 

Chf. Chief. 

Chf. Con. Chief of Construction. 

Chf. E., or Chf. Eng. Chief Engi- 
neer. 

Chf. Med. Pur. Chief Medical Pur- 
veyor. 

Chf. Ord. Chief of Ordnance. 

Chftn. Chieftain. 

Chi. (x) ' Greek Ch. 

Chin. Chinese. 

Chlo. Chloroform, Chloride. 

fn., or Xn. Christian. 

fnty., or Xnty. Christianity. 

Chr. Christopher, Christian. , 

fmas., or Xmas. Christmas. 

Chron. Chronicles. 

Cic. Cicero. 

Cin. Cincinnati. 

Cit. Citizen, Cited. 

Civ. Civil, Civihan. 

C. J. Chief Justice. 

CI. Clerg>Tnan, Chlorine, Clerk. 

CI. Centilitre (metric system). 

C. L. A. Chautauqua Lake Assem* 
bly. 

Class. Classical. 

Cleop. Cleopatra. 

Cleve. Cleveland. 

Cld. Cleared. 

Clk. Clerk. 

C. L. S. C. Chautauqua Literary and 
Scientific Circle. 

CM. (Congregationis Missionum) 
Vincentians or Lazarists. 



1073 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 

C. M. (Chinirgiae Magister) Master Com. Inc. Committee on Incorpor* 

in Surgery, Certificated Master, ations. 

Common Metre. Comm. Commentary. 

C. M. G. Companion of the Order Com. M. and R. Committee on 

of St. Michael and St. George. Manual and Roll. 

Co. Company, County, Cobalt. Com. Merch. Commission Mer- 

C. O. Colonial Office, Crown Office, chant. 

Criminal Office. Com. Mil. Aff . Committee on Mili- 

Coad. (Cinn jure sue.) Coadjutor, tary Affairs. 

with right of succession. Commo. Coromodore. 

Coad. Bp. Coadjutor Bishop. Com. OfiF. Commissioned Officer. 

Coch.y or Cochl. (Cochleare) A Comp. Compare, Compound, Com- 

teaspoonful, a spoonful. positor, Composition, Comparative, 

C. O. D. Cash (or collect) on de- Compounded. 

hvery. Compar. Comparative. 

Cog. Cognate, Cognate with. Com. Pard. Commissioner of Pardons. 

Col. Colonel, Colossians, Colorado, Com. Pub. Gds. and Bldgs. Com- 

Column, Colonial, Color. mittee on Public Grounds and 

Col. Corp. Color Corporal. Buildings. 

Col. Gd. Color Guard. Com. R. R. Committee on Rail- 

Coll. Collector, Colleague, College, roads. 

Collection. Com. Sen. Committee of the Sen- 

Coll., or Colloq. Colloquial, Collo- ate. 

quially. Com. Sergt. Conmiissary Sergeant. 

Colo. Colorado. Com. S. P» Committee on State 

Col. Sergt. Color Sergeant. Prison. 

Com. Commerce, Committee, Com- Com. Unf. Bus. Committee gn 

mentary, Commissioner, Commo- Unfinished Business. 

dore. Commune, Community, Com. Ver. Common Version (of the 

Common, Commoner, Commission, Bible). 

Conununication. ^ ^ Con. (Contra) Against, in oppo- 

Com. Agric. Committee on Agri- sition. 

culture. Commissioner of Agricul- Con. Constitution, Constantinople, 

ture. Concordance, Contract. 

Com. Arr. Committee of Arrange- Conch. Conchology. 

ments. Con. Cr. Contra credit. 

Com. Bk. Committee on Banks. Cong. Congress, Congregation, Con- 
Com. Cont. Elec. Committee on gregationaKst. 

Contested Elections. Cong. Lib. Congressional Library. 

Com. Cont. Ex. Committee on Cong. Rec.^ Congressional Record. 

Contingent Expenses. Conj. Conjunction. 

Com. Dept. Commissary Depart- Conn., Conn't., Con., or Ct. Con- 

ment. necticut. 

Comdg. Commanding. Con. Sect. Conic Sections. 

Comdt. Commandant. Cons, et Prud. (ConsiUo et Pru- 

Com. Ed. Committee on Education. dentia) By counsel and prudence. 
Com. Fin. Committee on Finance. Cons. Mus. Conservatory of Music. 
Com. Fin. Adj. Committee on Final Cont. (Contra) On the other hand. 

' Adjournment. Cont. Bon. Mor. (Contra bonos 

Com. For. Rel. Committee on For- mores) Against good manners. 

eign Relations. Contr. Contradict, Contraction. 

Com. Gov. Mes. Committee on Conv. Convent. 

Governor's Message. Cop. Copper, Copemican. 

Com. H. Committee of the House. Cop., or Copt. Coptic. 

1074 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbi^viations 



Cor. Correspondent, Correction, Co- 
rinthians, Coroner. 

Cor. Mem. Corresponding Member. 

Corn. Univ. Cornell University. 

Corol. Corollary. 

Corr. Corrupt, Corruption. 

Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary. 

Cos. Cosine. 

Coss. (Consules) Consuls. 

C. P. Common Pleas, Chief Patri- 
arch, Court of Probate, Clerk of 
the Peace. 

C. P. C. Clerk of the Privy Council. 

C. P. S. (Custos Privati SigiUi) Keep- 
er of the Privy Seal. 

C. R. (Custos Rotulonun) Keeper 
of the Rolls. (Civis Romanus) A 
Roman Citizen. (Carolus Rex) King 
Charles. (Carolina Regina) Queen 
CaroHne. 

Or . Creditor, Credit , Chromium,Crown. 

Cres. (Mus.) Crescendo. 

Cri. Crime, Crimean. 

Crim. Criminal, Criminally. 

Crim. Con. Criminal Conversation 
or Adultery. 

C. R. P. (Calendarium Rotulorum 
Patentium) Calendar of the Patent 
Rolls. 

Crystal., or Crystallog. Crystalog- 
raphy. 

t, or X. Cross. 

tJohn (or other name). The signa- 
ture of a Roman Catholic Bishop. 

Cs. Caesium. 

C. S. Court of Sessions, Commissary 
of Subsistence. 

C. S. (Custos Sigilli) Keeper of the 
Seal. 

C. S. A. Confederate States of Amer- 
ica, Confederate States Army. 

C.S.I. Companion of the Star of India, 

C. S. N. Confederate States Navy. 

C. S. O. Chief Signal Officer. 

Ct. Cent. (Centum) A hundred. 

Ct. Connecticut, Court, Count. 

C. T. Certificated Teacher. 

C. Theod. (Codex Theodosianus) 
The Theodosian Code. 

Cts. Cents. 

Cu. (Cuprum) Copper. 

Cumd/ — . With dividend. 

Cur., or Curt. Current (i.e., this 
month). 



Cwt. (Lat. Centum, a himdred, and 

Eng. weight) Hundred weight. 
Cyc. Cyclopedia. 
Cjrm. Cymric. 



D. David, Duke, Duchess, Dowager, 

Didymium, Dutch, Dose. 
D. Day, Died, Dine, Deputy, Daugh- 
ter, Degree. (Denarius, or Denarii) 

A penny, or pence. 
D. Five hundred. 

D. A. G. Deputy Adjutant General. 
Dak. Dakota. 
Dan. Daniel, Danish. 
Dart. Coll. Dartmouth College. 
Dat. Dative. 

D. B.y or Domesd. B. Domesday Book. 
Dbk. Drawback. 
D. C.^ Deputy Consul. (Da Capo) 

Again, or From the beginning. 
D. C. District of Colimibia. 
D.C.L. Doctorof Civil (or Canon)Law. 
D. D. Doctor of Divinity. 
d/d — . Day's date. 
D. D. S. Doctor of Dental Surgery. 
Del. Delaware. 
Dea. Deacon. 
Dec. December, Declaration, Deden- 

sion. 
Decid. Deciduous. 
Def. Definition. 
Deft. Defendant. 
Deg. Degree, or degrees. 
Del. Delaware, Delegate. 
Del. (Delineavit) He (or she) drew 

it — appended to the draughtsman's 

name. 
Dem. Democrat, Democratic. 
Den. Denmark. 
Dent. Dentist. 
Dep. Deputy, Department. 
Dep. Q. M. G. Deputy Quartei«- 

master General. 
Dept. Department, Deponent. 
Deriv. Derivative, Derivation. 
Deut. Deuteronomy. 
D. F. Dean of the Faculty. (Fidei 

Defensor) Defender of the Faith. 
I>ft. Draft, Defendant. 
D. G. (Dei gratia) By the Grace 

of God. (Deo gratias) Thanks to 

God. 



1075 



Dictions»y of Most Common Abbreviations 



dg. Decigram (metric system). 

Dg. Dekagram (metric system), 

D. H. Dead Head. 

D« H. L. (Liter arum Humaniorum 
Doctor) Doctor of Polite Literature. 
[See L. H. D.J 

Di, Didymium. 

Diam. Diameter. 

Diet. Dictator, Dictionary. 

Dim. Diminutive, Diminution. 

Dim. (Mus,) Diminuendo. 

Dioc. Diocese, Diocesan. 

Dioc. Sem. Diocesan Seminary. 

Dis. Distance, Distant. 

Dis., Disc, or Disct. Discount. 

Dist. District. 

Dist. Atty. District Attorney. 

Div. Divide, Divided, Division, Di- 
vidend, Divisor. 

Dl. Dekalitre (metric system.) 

D. Lit. (Literarum Doctor) Doc- 
tor of Literature. 

D. L. O. Dead Letter Office. 

Dm. Dekametre (metric system). 

D. M. D. Doctor Dental Medicine. 

Do. (Ditto.) The same. 

DoLf Dols., $• Dollars. 

D. O. M. (Deo Optimo Maximo) To 
God, the best, the greatest. 

Dom. Dominion. 

Dom. Econ. Domestic Economy. 

Dom. PreL Domestic Prelate. 

Doz. Dozen. 

D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. [See 
P.D. and Ph.D.] 

D.P. O. Distributing Post Office. 

Dpt. Deponent. 

Dr. Debtor, Doctor, Dram. 

Dram. Pers. Dramatis Personae. 

d/s. Days' Sight. 

D. S. (Dal Segno) From the sign. 

D. S. Dekastere (metric system). 

D. Sc. Doctor of Science. 

D. V. (Deo volente) ^ God willing. 

Dwt. (Lat. Denarius and Eng. 
weight) Pennyweight, or Penny- 
weights. 



E. East, Eastern, Earl, Edmburg, 

Erbium. 
Ea. Each. 
Eb* Erbium. 



E. B. English Bible. 

Eben. Ebenezer. 

E. by S. East by South. 

Ebor. (Eboraclun) York. Eboracen^ l 
sis) Of York. 

E. C. Eastern Central (Postal Dis- 
trict, London), EstabHshed Church. 

EccL Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiastical. 

EccL Hist. Ecclesiastical History, 

Ecclus. ^ Ecclesiasticus. 

Ed. Editor, Edition. g 

E. D. Eastern District (of Brooklyn, i 
N. Y.). , 

Edin. Edinburgh* 

Edit. Edition. 

Edm. Edmund. 

Eds. Editors. 

Edw. Edward, Edwin. 

E. E. and M. P. Envoy Extraordi-* 
nary and Minister Plenipotentiary. 

E. Fl. Ells Flemish. 

E.Fr. Ells French. 

e. g. or ex. gr. (exempli gratia) For 
example. 

Egypt. Egjrptians. 

E. I. East Indies or East India. 

£. I. C. or E. I. Co. East India 
Company. 

E. I. C. S. East India Company's 
Service. 

Eliz. Elizabeth. 

E. Long. East Longitude. 

E. M. Mining Engineer. (Equitum 
Magister) Master of the Horse. 

Em. Emma, Emily, Emmanuel.^ 

Emp. Emperor, Empress, Empire. 

Ency. or Encyc. Encyclopaedia. 

Encyc. Amer. Encyclopaedia Amer- 
icana. 

Encyc. Brit. Encyclopaedia Britan- 
nica. 

E. N. E. East-Northeast. 

Eng. England, English. 

Eng. Cyc. English Cyclopaedia. 

Engin. Engineering. 

Eng. in Chief. Engineer-in-Chiet 

Ens. Ensign. 

Ent.y or Entom. Entomology. 

Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary, 

Ep. Epistle. 

Eph. Ephesians, Ephraim. 

Ephes. Ephesians. 

Epis. Episcopal. 

Eq. Equal, Equivalent. 



1076 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Equiv. Equivalent. 

E. S. Ells Scotch. 

Esd* Esdras. 

E. S. E. East-Southeast. 

Elsp. Especially. 

Esq. or Esqr. Esquire. 

Esq. or Esqs. Esquires 

Est. Estate, Estimate. 

Estab. Established, Establishment. 

Esth. Esther. 

E. T. Enghsh Translation. 

et al. (Et alii, or alise) And others. 
(Et ahbi) And elsewhere (some- 
times improperly written et als.). 

Etc., or &c. (Et caeteri, caeterse, or 
caetera) And other things, and so 
forth. 

Eth. Ethiopic. 

et seq. (Et sequentia, or et sequentes) 
And what follows, and the follow- 
ing. 

Etym. Etymology. 

Evang. Evangelical, Evangelist. 

Ex. Example, Exception, Exodus. 

Exc. Excellency, Exception. 

Exch. Exchequer, Exchange. 

Ex. cp,, or xcp. Excoupon. 

Ex. d., or x/d. Exdividend. 

Exec. Executor. 

Exec. Com. Executive Committee. 

Execx. Executrix. 

ex. g. (exempli gratia) For example. 

Exod. Exodus. 

Exon. (Exonia) Exeter. 

Exr.> or Exx. Executor, Executrix. 

Ezek. Ezekiel. 



F 



F. France, Folio, Fellow, Fluorine, 
Friday, Fahrenheit. 

F. Feminine, Franc, Francs, Florin, 
Florins, Farthing, Foot, Feet. 

F. A. A. Free of all Average. 

F. A. A. A. S. ^ Fellow of the Ameri- 
can Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science. 

Fahr. Fahrenheit. 

Fair. Fairfield, Fairhaven, Fairmont, 
Fairview. 

F. A. M. Free and Accepted Masons. 

F. A. S. Fellow of the Antiquarian 
Society. 



F. A. S. E. Fellow of the AntiquariaD 
Society of Edinburgh. 

F. B. S. Fellow of the Botanical Soci- 
ety. 

F. C. Free Church (of Scotland). 

Fcap., or fcp. Foolscap. 

F. C. P. Fellow of College of Pre- 
ceptors. 

F. C. P. S. ^ Fellow of the Cambridge 
Philosophical Society. 

F. C. S. Fellow of the Chemical So- 
ciety. 

F. D. (Fidei Defensor, or Defensar 
trix) Defender of the Faith. 

Fe. (Ferrum) Iron. 

F. E. Flemish Ells. 

Feb. February. 

Fee. (Fecit) He did it. 

F. E. I. S. Fellow of the Educationai 
Institute of Scotland. 

Fern. Feminine. 

Fern. Ac, or Acad. Female Academy. 

F. E. S. Fellow of the Entomological 
Society, Fellow of the Ethnological 
Society. 

Feud. Feudal. 

F. F. P. S. - Fellow of the Faculty of 
Physicians and Surgeons (Glasgow). 

F. F. V. First Families of Virginia 
(humorous). 

ff. Following. 

F. G. A. Foreign General Average. 

F. G. S. Fellow of the Geological So- 
ciety. 

F. H. S. Fellow of the Horticultural 
Society. 

Fid. Def. (Fidei Defensor, or Defen- 
satrix) Defender of the Faith. 

fi. fa. (Fieri facias) Cause it to be 
done. 

Fig. Figure, Figiures, Figurative, 
Figuratively. 

Finn. Finnish. 

Fir. Firkin. 

F. K. Q. C. P. I. Fellow of King and 
Queen ^s College of Physicians in 
Ireland. 

Fl. Flemish, Flourished, Florin, Flor- 
ins. 

Fla. Florida. 

Fl. E. Flemish Ellm. 

Flor. Florence. 

F. L. S. Fellows of the Lnaean Soci- 
ety. 



1077 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



F. M. Field-marshal. 

Fo., or fol. Folio. 

F.O. Field-officer. 

F. O. B. Free on Board. 

For. Foreign. 

For. Sec. Foreign Secretary. 

Fort. Fortification. 

F. P. A. Free of Particular Average. 

F.P.S. FeUow of the Philological 
Society. 

Fr. Franc, Francs, French, France, 
Fragment, Francis, Friar, Frank. 

fr. From. 

Frank!. Inst. Franklin Institute, 
Philadelphia. 

F. R. A. S. Fellow of the Royal As- 
tronomical Society. 

F. R. C. P. Fellow of the Royal 
College of Physicians: E., of Edin- 
burgh. 

F.R. C. S. Fellow of the Royal Col- 
lege of Surgeons: E,, of Edinburgh; 
I., of Ireland; L., of London. 

Fr. E. French Ells. 

Fred. Frederick. 

Freq. Frequentative. 

F. R. G. S. Fellow of the Royal Geo- 
graphical Society. 

Fri. Friday. 

F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society. 

F.R. S. S. A. Fellow of the Royal 
Scottish Society of Arts. 

Frs. Frisian, or Frisic. 

F. R. S. E. Fellow of the Royal Soci- 
ety, Edinburgh. 

F.R. S. L. Fellow of the Royal 
Society, London, Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Literature. 

F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of 
Arts, or of Antiquaries; I., of Ire- 
land; L., of London. 

F.S. A. E. Fellow of the Society 
of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. 

F.S. S. Fellow of the Statistical 
Society. 

Ft. Fortification. 

Ft. Foot, Feet, Fort. 

F.T.CD. Fellow of Trinity Col- 
lege, Dublin. 

Fth. Fathom. 

Fur. Furlong. 

Fut. Future. 

F.Z.S. Fellow of the Zoological 
Society. 



G. Glucinum, Genitive. 

G. Guineas, Guinea, Gulf. 

G. A. General Assembly. 

Ga. Georgia. 

Gael. Gaelic. 

Gal. Galatians, Galen, 

Gal. Gallon, Gallons. 

Galv. Galvanism, Galvanic, 

G . A. R. Grand Army of the Republic. 

G. B. Great Britain. 

G. B. & I. Great Britain and Ire- 
land. 

G. C. Grand Chancellor, Grand Con- 
ductor, Grand Chapter. 

G. C. B. Grand Cross of the Bath. 

G. C. H. Grand Cross of Hanover. 

G. C. L. H. Grand Cross of the Le- 
gion of Honor. 

G. C. M. G. Knights Grand Cross St. 
Michael and St. George. 

G. C. S. L Knight Grand Comman- 
der of the Star of India. 

G. D. Grand Duke, Grand Duchess. 

G. E. Grand Encampment. 

Gen. Genesis, General. 

Gen. Genitive, Generally. 

Gent. Gentleman. 

Gent. Mag. Gentlemen's Magazine. 

Geo. George. 

Geog. Geography, Geographer. 

Geol. Geology, Geological, Geolo- 
gist. 

Geom. Geometry, Geometer. 

Geor. Hist. Soc. Georgia Historical 
Society. 

Ger. Gerund. 

Ger. German, Germany. 

G. F. G. Governor's Foot Guard. 

G. H. G. Governor's Horse Guard. 

Gi. Gills. 

G. L. Grand Lodge. 

Gl. (Glossa) A Gloss. 

Ge M. Grand Master. 

G. M. P. K. Grand Master of the 
Knights of St. Patrick. 

G. O. General Order. 

Go., or Goth. Gothic. 

Gov. Governor. 

Gov.-Gen. Governor-General. 

G. P. (Gloria Patri) Glory to the 
Father. 

G. P. O. General Post-Office. 



1078 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



G. R. (Georgius Rex) King George, 

Grand Recorder. 
Or. Greek, Gross, Great. 
Or. Grain or grains. 
Gram. Grammar. 
Gro. Gross. 
G. S. Grand Secretary, Grand Sentry, 

Grand Sentinel. 
G. T. Good Templars, Grand Tyler. 
Gtt. (Gtitta, or guttse) Drop, or drops. 
Gun. Gunnery, 

H 

H. Hydrogen. 

H. Hour, Height, High, Harbor, Hus- 
band. 

H., or hr. Hour, hours. 

h. a. (Hoc anno) This year. 

Ha. Hektare (metric system) . 

Hab. Habakkuk. 

Hab. Corp. (Habeas corpus) You 
may have the body. 

Hab. fa. poss. (Habere facias pos- 
sessionem) (Law), A writ to put 
the plaintiff in possession. 

Hag. Haggai. 

Ham ^ Coll. Hamilton College. 

Hants. Hampshire. 

H. B. C. Hudson's Bay Company. 

H. B. M. His (or Her) Britannic 
Majesty. 

H. C. House of Commons, Herald's 
College. 

H. C. M. His (or Her) Catholic 
Majesty. 

Hdkf. Handkerchief. 

H. E. His Eminence, Hydraulic Engi- 
neer. 

h. e. (Hoc est, or Hie est) That is, 
or this is. 

Heb., or Hebr. Hebrew, Hebrews. 

Hectol. Hectolitre (metric system). 

H. E. I. C. Honorable East India 
Company. 

H. E. I. C. S. Honorable East India 
Company's Service. 

Her. Heraldry. 

Herp. Herpetology. 

H. F. Holy Father. 

Hf.-bd. Half-bound. 

Hf. cf. Half calf. 

Hg. (Hydrargyrum) Mercury. 

H. G. Horse Guards. 



H. H. His Holiness (the Pope), His 
(or Her) Highness. 

Hhd. Hogshead. Hogsheads. 

Hier. (Hierosolyma) Jerusalem. 

H. I. H. His (or Her) Imperial High- 
ness. 

Hil. Hilary. 

Hind. Hindu, Hindustan, Hindu- 
stanee. 

Hist. History, Historical. 

H. J. S. (Hie Jacet Sepultus) Here 
hes buried. 

H. L. House of Lords. 

HI. Hectolitre (metric system). 

H. M. His (or Her) Majesty. 

H. M. C. His (or Her) Majesty's 
Customs. 

H. M. P. (Hoc monumentum posuit) 
Erected this monument. 

H.M.S. His (or Her) Majesty's 
Steamer, Ship, or Service. 

Ho. House. 

Hon. Honorable. 

Hor. Horace, Horizon. 

Hort. Horticulture. 

Hos. Hosea. 

Hosp. Sergt. Hospital Sergeant. 

Hosp. Stew, Hospital Steward. 

H. P. Horse Power, Half -pay. High 
Priest. 

Hr,, Hrn. Mr., sir; Messrs., gentle- 
men (German). 

H. R. House of Representatives. 

H. R. E. Holy Roman Emperor, or 
Empire. 

H. R. H, His (or Her) Royal High- 
ness. 

H. R. I. P. (Hie Requiescit In Pace) 
Here rests in peace. 

H. S. (Hie Situs) Here lies. 

H. S. H. His (or Her) Serene Highness. 

H. S. S. (Historiae Societatis Socius) 
Fellow of the Historical Society. 

h. t. (Hoc titulo) This title, in or 
under this title. 

Hum.y or Humb. Humble. 

Hun., or Hung. Hungary, Hunga- 
rian. 

Hund. Himdred, Hundreds. 

h. V. (Hocverbum) This word. (Hia 
verbis) In these words. 

Hy. Art. Heavy Artillery, 

Hyd. Hydrostatics. 

Hydraul. Hydraulics. 



1079 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Hydros. Hydrostatics. 

hypoth* Hypothesis, hypothetical. 



I. Island, Iodine. 

I, II, III. One, two, three, or first, 
second, third. 

la. Iowa. 

lb. or Ibid. (Ibidem) In the same 
place. 

Ice., or Icel. ^ Iceland, Icelandic. 

I. C. E. Institution of Civil Engi- 
neers. 

Ich., or Ichth. Ichthyology. 

Icon. Encyc. Iconographic Encyclo- 
paedia. 

I. C. TH. U. S. (Gr. lesous Christos, 
Theou Huios, Soter) Jesus Christ, 
the Son of God, the Saviour. 

Ictus. (lurisconsultus) Counselor at 
Law. 

Id. Idaho. 

Id. (Idus) Ides. 

Id. (Idem) The same. 

I. e. (Id est) That is. 

I. G. Inside Guardian. 

I. H. S. (lesus [or Jesus] Hominum 
Salvator) Jesus the Saviour of 
Men. 

ii. Two. 

111. Illinois. 

Imp. Imperial. (Imperator; Em- 
peror. 

Imp. or Imper. Imperative. 

Imp., or Imperf. Imperfect. 

Impers. Impersonal. 

In. Inch, Inches. 

Inc., or Incor. Incorporated. 

Incept. Inceptive. 

Inch. Inchoative.* 

Incog. (Incognito) Unknown. 

Ind. India, Indian, Indiana, Index. 

Ind., or Indie. Indicative. 

I. N. D. (In Nomine Dei) In the 
name of God. 

Indef. Indefinite. 

Ind. Meth. Indejjendent Methodists. 

Indo. Eur. Indo-European. 

Ind't, indict, indictment. 

Inf. (Infra) Beneath or below; Inf. dig, 
beneath dignity or notice. 

Inf. Infinitive, Infantry. 



mf. (in fine) At the end of the title, 
law, or paragraph quoted. i 

Inlim. (In limine) At the outset. ij 

In loc. (In loco) In the place, on the ^ 
passage. 

I. N. R. I. (lesus [or Jesus] Nazar- 
enus. Rex Judseorum) Jesus of 
Nazareth, King of the Jews. 

Ins. Inspector, Insurance, Instant. 

Insep. Inseparable. 

Insp. Gen. Inspector General. 

Inst. Instant (the present month). 

Inst. Institute institutes. Institu- 
tion. 

Inst. Act. Institute of Actuaries. 

Inst. Bks. Institute of Bankers. 

Inst. C. E. Institution of Civil En- 
gineers. 

Inst. M. E. Institute of Mechanical 
Engineers, 

Inst. N. A. Institution of Naval Ar- 
chitects. 

Ili.6um. (In gumma) In the sum- 
mary. 

Int. Interest. 

Int. Interpreter. 

Intens. Intensive. 

Interj. Interjection. 

Intr. Introduction. 

Intrans. Intransitive. 

in trans. (In transitu) In the pas- 
sage. 

Introd. Introduction. 

Inv. Invoice. 

lo. Iowa. 

I. O. B. B. Independent Order of 
B^nai B'rith. 

I. O. F. Independent Order of For- 
esters. 

I. O. S. F. I. Independent Order of 
the Free Sons of Israel. 

I. O. G. T. Independent Order of 
Good Templars. 

Ion. Ionic. * 

I. O. O. F. Independent Order of 
Odd Fellows. | 

I. O. R. M. Independent (or Im- 
proved) Order of Red Men. 

I. O. S. H. Independent Order Sons 
of Hermann. 

I. O. S. M. Independent Order of the 
Sons of Malta. 

I. O. U. I owe you. An acknowledg- 
ment for money 



1080 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



I. P. D. (In Praesentia Dominorum) 
In presence of the Lords (of Sessions). 

Ipecac. Ipecacuanha. 

I. q. (Idem quod) The same as. 

Ir, Ireland, Irish, Iridium. 

Iran. Iranian, Iranistan. 

Ire. Ireland. 

I. R. O. Internal Revenue Officer. 

Irreg. Irregular. 

I. S. Inside Sentinel, Irish Society. 

Is., or Isa. Isaiah. 

Isl. Island. 

I. S. M.^ (lesus [or Jesus] Salvator 
Mundi) Jesus the Saviour of the 
World. 

It. Italy, Italian. 

I. T. Inner Temple. 

It.yorltal. ItaUc, Italian, Italy. 

I tin. 9 or Itiner. Itinerant, itinerary. 

IV. Four or Fourth. 

IX. Nine or Ninth. 



Josh. Joshua. 

Jour. Journal, Journeyman. 

J. P. Justice of the Peace. 

J. Prob. Judge of Probate. 

Jr. Junior. 

J. U. D., or J.V. D. (Juris Utri- 
usque Doctor) Doctor of both Laws, 
Canon and Civil. 

Jud. Judith. 

Judg. Judges, Judge. 

Judge-Adv. Judge-Advocate. 

Jul. July. 

Jun* June. 

Jun., junr., or jr. Junior. 

Jun. Part. Junior Partner. 

Jus. Justice. (Used to denote Asso- 
ciate Justices.) 

Jus. P. Justice of the Peace. 

Just. Justinian, Justice. 

J. V. D. (Juris Utriusque Doctor) 
Doctor of both Civil and Canon Law. 

J. W« Junior Warden. 



J. Justice, John, Julius, Julian. 

J J. Justices. 

J/a. Joint account. 

J. A. Judge Advocate. 

Jac. Jacob. 

J. A. G. Judge Advocate General. 

Jan. January. 

Jas. James. 

J. C. Jesus Christ, ' Justice Clerk. 

J. C. (Juris Consultus) Juris-Con- 
sult. 

J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doctor) Doc- 
tor of Civil Law. 

J. D. ^ (Juris Doctor) Doctor of Law, 
Junior Deacon. 

Je. June. « 

Jeho. Jehosophat. 

Jer. Jeremiah, Jerusalem, Jericho, 
Jersey. 

J. G. W. Junior Grand Warden. 

J. H. S. (Jesus Hominum Salvator) 
Jesus Saviour of Mankind. (See 
I. H. S.). 

Jno. John. 

Jnt. Joint. 

Jnt. Stk. Joint Stock. 

Jnt. Stk. Co. Joint Stock Company. 

Jo. Joel. 

Jona. Jonathan. 

Jo8. Joseph, Josephine. 



K. King, Knight. (Kalium) Potassium. 

K. A. Knights of St. Andrew (in 
Russia). 

Kal. Kalends. 

K. A. N. Knight of St. Alexander 
Nevoskoj (in Russia). 

Kan. Kansas. 

K. B. King's Bench, Knight of the 
Bath in Great Britain). 

K. B. A. Knight of St. Bento d' Avis 
(in Portugal). 

K. B. E. Knight of the Black Eagle 
(in Russia;. 

K. C. Knight of the Crescent (in 
Turkey), King's Coimcil. 

K. C. B. Knight Commander of the 
Bath (in Great Britain). 

K. C. H. Knight Commander of Han- 
over. 

K. C. M. G. Knight Commander of 
St. Michael and St. George. 

K. C.S. Knight of Charles III. of 
Spain. 

K. C. S. L Knight Commander of 
the Star of India. 

Ken. 9 or Ky. Kentucky. 

Kew Obs. Kew Observatory (Eng- 
land). 



1081 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



K. F. Knight of Ferdinand (in 

Spain). 
Kg. Kilogram (metric system). 
K. G. Knight of the Garter (in Great 

Britain). 
K. G. C. Knight Grand Cross (in 

Great Britain), Knight of the Golden 

Circle (in the United States). 
K.G. C.B. Knight of the Grand 

Cross of the Bath (in Great Britain). 
K. G. F. ^ Knight of the Golden Fleece 

(in Spain or Austria). 
K. G, H. Knight of the Guelphs of 

Hanover. 
K. V. G. Knight of Gustavus Vasa 

(in Sweden). 
K. H. Knight of Hanover. 
Ki. Kings. 
Kil. Kilderkin. 
Kilo. Kilogram. 
K. J. Knight of St. Joachim. 
Kl. KiloUtre (metric system). 
K. L., or K. L. A. Knight of Leopold 

of Austria. 
K. L. H. Knight of the Legion of 

Honor. 
Km. Kilometre (metric system). 
Km. Kingdom. 
K. Mess. King^s Messenger. 
K. M. Knight of .Malta. 
K. M. H. Knight of Merit in Holstein. 
K. M. J* Knight of Maximilian Jo- 
seph (in Bavaria). 
K.M.T. ''Knight of Maria Theresa 

(in Austria). 
K. N. S. Knight of the North Star 

(in Sweden). 
Knt., or Kt. Knight. 
K. of H. Knights of Honor. 
K. of ^ P. Knight, or Knights of 

Pythias. 
K. P. Knight of St. Patrick. 
Kr. Kreutzer (German coin). 
K. R. C. Knight of the Red Cross. 
K. R. E. Knight of the Red Eagle 

(in Prussia). 
Ks. or Kan. Kansas. 
K. S. Knight of the Sword (in 

Sweden). 
K. S. A. Knight of St. Anne (in 

Russia). 
K. S. B. Kersher Shel Barzel. 
K.S.F. Knight of St. Fernando 

(of Spain). 



K. S.G. Knight of St. George (in 

Russia). 
K. S H. Knight of St. Hubert (in 

Bavaria). 
K. S. !• Knight of the Star of India. 
K. S. J. Knight of St. Januarius (in 

Naples). 
K. S. L. ^ Knight of the Sun and 

Lion (in Persia). 
K.S. M. and S.G. Knight of St. 

Michael and St. George. 
K.S. P. Knight of St. Stanisla (in 

Poland). 
K. S. S. Knight of the Southern 

Star (in Brazil). 
K. S. >y. Knight of St. Wladimir (in 

Russia). 
K. T. Knight Templar, Knight of 

the Thistle (in Scotland). 
Kt. Knight. 
K. T. S. Knight of the Tower and 

Sword (in Portugal). 
K.W. K^ght of William (in the 

Netherlands). 
K. W. E. Knight of the White Eagle 

(in Poland). 
Ky» Kentucky, 



L. Fifty or fiftieth, Laity, Latin 
Low, Lord, London (after titles), 
Lithium, (Liber) Book. 

L. League, Leagues, Lake, Lane. 

L., 1., orj^lb. (Libra) A pound in 
weight. 

L., £, or 1 (Libra, or Librae) Pound, 
or Pounds sterling. 

L., or £, s. d. (Librae, solidi, de- 
narii) Pounds, shillings, and pence. 

La. Louisiana, Lanthanum. 

L. A. C. Licentiate of the Apothe- 
caries' Company. 

L. A. H. Licentiate of the Apothe- 
caries' Hall. 

Ladp. Ladyship. 

Lam. Lamentations. 

Lapp. Lappish. 

L. A. S. Lord Advocate of Scotland. 

Lat. Latitude, Latin. 

Lb. (Libra, or Librae) Pound or 
poimds in weight. 

L c. Lower case (in printing). 



1082 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



IrC. (loco citato) In the place be- 
fore cited. 

L/C. Letter of Credit. 

L. C. Lord Chancellor, Lord Cham- 
berlain, Lower Canada. 

L. C. B. Lord Chief Baron. 

L. C. J. Lord Chief Justice. 

Ld. Lord. 

L. D. Lady Day, Light Dragoons. 

Ldp., Lp. Lordship. 

Lea. League. 

Leg. (Legato) Smoothly, Legate. 

Leg., or Legis. Legislature. 

Leip. Leipsic, or Leipzig. 

Lett. Lettish. 

Lev., or Levit. Leviticus. 

Lex. Lexicon, Lexicographer, Lexing- 
ton. 

L. G. Life Guards, Low German. 

L. H. A. Lord High Admiral. 

L. H. C. Lord High Chancellor. 

L. H. D. (Literarum Humaniorum 
Doctor) Doctor of PoHte Literature. 

L. H. T. Lord High Treasurer. 

L. L Long Island, League Island, 
Light Infantry. 

Li. Lithium. 

Lib. (Liber) Book. 

Lib* Library, Librarian. 

Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant. 

Lieut. CoL Lieutenant Colonel. 

Lieut. Gen. Lieutenant General. 

Lieut* Gov. Lieutenant Grovernor. 

Linn. Linnaean, Linnaeus. 

Linn. Soc. Linnaean Society (London) , 

Liq* Liquor. 

Lit. Literature, Literary. 

Lit. Literally. 

Lit. D. (Literarum Doctor) Doctor 
of Letters. 

Lith. Lithuanian. 

Liv. Livre. 

L. L. Low Latin, Late Latin. 

L. Lat. Low Latin, Law Latin. 

LL. B. (Legum Baccalaureus) Bach- 
elor of Laws. [See B. L. and 
B.LL.] 

LL.D. (Legum Doctor) Doctor of 
Laws. [See B.LL.] 

L. L. L Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 

LL. M. (Legum Magister). Master 
of Laws. 

loc. cit. (loco citato) In the place 
cited. 



Lon. Longitude. 

Lon., or Lend. London. 

Long. Longitude. 

Lou., or La. Louisiana. 

Lp., or Ldp. Lordship. 

L. P. Lord Provost. 

L. P. S. Lord Privy Seal. 

L. R. C. P. Licentiate of the Royal 
College of Physicians. 

L. R. C. S. Licentiate of the Royal 
College of Surgeons. 

L. S. Left Side. (Locus SigiUi) Place 
of the Seal. 

L. S. A. Licentiate of the Apothe- 
caries^ Society. 

L. S. D. (Librae, SoHdi, Denarii) 
Pounds, Shillings, Pence. 

L. T. (Lira Turca) The Turkish 
Pound. 

Lt., or Lieut. Lieutenant. 

Lt. Batt. Light Battery. 

Lt., or Lieut. Com. Lieutenant Com- 
mander. 

Lt., or Lieut. Gen. Lieutenant 
General 

Lt. Inf., or Infy. Light Infantry. 

Lv. Livre, Livres. 

LX. Sixty or sixtieth. 

LXX. Seventy or seventieth. 

LXX. The Septuagint (Version of the 
Old Testament). 

LXXX* Eighty or eightieth. 



M 

M* Monday, Middle, Morning, Mon* 
sieur. (Meridies) Meridian, or 
Noon. (Mille.) Thousand. 

M* Moon, Masculine, Minute, Min- 
utes, Month, Months, Mile, Miles, 
MiU, Mills. (Misce) Mix. (Mis- 
tura) Mixture. (Mensura) Meas- 
ure, by Measure. 

M* Minim. 

— /M* A thousand; as, c. ^., 50/m., 
fifty thousand. 

M.,orMon8* (Monsieur) Sir, Mister. 

M. 10,000. 

M. A. Master of Arts. [See A. M.| 
Mihtary Academy, 

Mac, or Macco Maccabees. 

Maced. Macedonian. 

Mach. Machinist, Machinery. 



1083 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



(Messieurs) Gen- 



Mad. Madam. 

Madm. Madam. 

Mad. Univ. Madison University. 

Mag. Magazine. 

Maj. Major. 

Maj. Gen. Major General. 

Mai. Malachi. 

Malay. Malayan. 

Man. Man^e, or horsemanship, Meteor. Meteorology, 

Manual Meth. Methodist. 

Man. Manasses. Metr., or Metrop. Metropolitan. 

M. A. N. S. Member of the Academy Mex. or Mexic. Mexico or Mexican 



Mer. Meridian. 
Merc. Mercury. 
Messrs., or MM. 

tlemen, or Sirs. 

Met. Metaphysics, metaphor, meta- 
phorically, Metropohtan. 

Metal. Metallurgy. ^ 

Metaph. Metaphysics. 



M. ft. (Mistura fiat) Let a mixture 

be made. 
mg. Milligram (metric system). 
Mg. Magnesium, Myriagram (met- 
ric system). 
M. G. Major General. 
M. G., or M. Goth. Moesco-Gothic. 
M. H. G. Middle High German (Ety- 
mological). 
M. Hon. Most Honorable. 
M. H. S. Massachusetts Historical 
Society, Member of the Historical 
Society. 
[See B. M.] Mi., or Miss. Mississippi. 
Mi. Mill, mills. 
M. B. G. et H. (Magna Britannia, Mic. Micah. 

GaUia, et Hibernia) Great Britain, M. I. C. E. Member of the Institu- 
France and Ireland. tion of Civil Engineers. 

M. C. Member of Congress, Master Mich. Michigan, 
of Ceremonies, Master Command- Mid. Midshipman. 



of Natural Sciences. 
Manuf. Manufactory, Manufacture, 

Manufacturing. 
Mar. March. 
March. Marchioness. 
Marg. Margin. 

Marg. Tran. Marginal Translation. 
Marq. Marquis. 

Masculine. 

Massachusetts. 

Mathematics, Mathematician. 

Matthew. 

(Medicinse Baccalaujeus) 
Bachelor of Medicine. 
Mbco. Marks banco. 



Masc. 

Mass. 

Math. 

Matt. 

M.B 



Mid 
Mil. 
Min 



ant. Master of the Classics. 

M/C. Metallic Currency. 

Mch. March. 

M. D. (Medicinae Doctor) Doctor of Min 
Medicine. 

Md. Maryland. 

M/d. Month's date. 

M. E. Middle English (etymologi- 
cal). 

M. E. Methodist Episcopal, Military 



Middle (voice), 
Mihtary. 

Mineralogy. 

Minute, Minutes. 
Minn. Minnesota. 
Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary. 
Min. Res. Minister Resident. 
Miss. Mississippi. 
ml. MilHHtre (metric system). 
Ml. Myriahtre (metric system). 



or Mechanical Engineer, Most Ex- M. L. (Legiun Magister) Master of 



cellent. 

M. E. S. Methodist Episcopal South. 
Me. Maine. 
Meas. Measure. 
Mech. Mechanics, Mechanical. 
Med. Medicine. 
Med. Dir. Medical Director. 
M. E. G. H. P. Most Excellent Grand 

High Priest. 
Mem. Memorandum, Memoranda. 

(Memento) Remember. 



1Q84 



Laws. 

M. L. A* Mercantile Library Asso- 
ciation. 

Mile. Mademoiselle. 

mm. Millimetre (metric system). 

Mm. Myriametre (metric system). 

MM. Their Majesties. (Messieurs) 
Gentlemen, or Sirs. 

Note, — The initial letter of a word is 
sometimes doubled to signify the 
plural, as in LL. B., LL. D. 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 

MM. Thousands. M. R. S, L. Member of the Royal 
Mme. Madame. Society of Literature. 

Mmes. Mesdames (pronounced ma- M/S. Month's sight. 

dim'). ^ ^ M.S. (Memoriae Sacrum) Sacred to 

M. M. S. Moravian Missionary Soci- the memory. 

ety. M.S. (Magister Scientise) Master 
M. M. S. S. Member of the Massa- of Science. 

chusetts Medical Society. MS. (Manuscriptum) Manuscript. 

Mn. Manganese. MSS. (Manuscripta) Manuscripts. 

M. N. A. S. Member of the National Mt. Mount or Moimtain. 

Academy of Sciences. M. T. C. Marcus Tullius Cicero. 

M. N. S. Member of the Numismat- Mt. Rev. Most Eeverend. 

ical Society. Mts. Mountains. 

Mo. Missouri, Month, Molybdenum. Mus. Museum, Music. 

Mod. Modem. (Moderato) Mod- Mus. B. Bachelor of Music. 

erately. Mus. D., Mus. Doc, or Mus. Doct. 
Mon. Monday, Monastery. Doctor of Music. 

Mond. Monday. M. W. Most Worthy, Most Wor- 
Mons. Monsieur, or Sir. shipful. 

Monsig., or Mgr. Monsignor. M. W. G. C. P. Most Worthy Grand 
Morn. Morning. Chief Patriarch. 

Mos. Months. M. W. G. M. Most Worthy (or Wor- 
Most. Rev. Most Reverend. shipful) Grand Master. 

Mont. Montana. M- W. P. Most Worthy Patriarch. 

M. P. Member of Parhament, Metro- M. W. S. Member of the Wemerian 

poKtan Police, Municipal Police, Society. 

Methodist Protestant, or Protestant M. W. V. Mexican War Veterans. 

Methodist. Myth. Mythology. 
M. P. C. Member of Parhament in 

Canada. 
M. P. P. Member of Provincial Par- N 

liament. 

M. P. S. Member of the Pharma- N. North, Number, Nitrogen. 

ceutical (or of the Philological So- N. Noun, Neuter. 

ciety) . N. A. North America, North Amer- 
M. R. Master of the RoUs. lean, National Academician. 

Mr. Mister, or Master. N. A. S. National Academy of Sciences. 

M. R. A. S. Member of the Royal Na. (Natrium) Sodium. 

Asiatic Society, Member of the Nah. Nahum. 

Royal Academy of Science. Nap. Napoleon. 

M. R. C. C, Member of the Royal Nat. Natural, National. 

College of Chemistry. Nat. Hist. National History. 

M. R. C. P. Member of the Royal Nath. Nathanael, or Nathaniel. 

College of Physicians. Nat. ord. Natural order. 

M. R. C. S. Member of the Royal Naut. Nautical. 

College of Surgeons. Nav. Navigator, Navy. 

M. R. G. S. Member of the Royal Nav. Con. Navy Constructor. 

Geographical Society. N. B. New Brunswick, North Bristol, 
M. R. I. Member of the Royal Insti- North Britain. (Nota bene) Note 

tution. well, or take notice. 

M. R. I. A. Member of the Royal N. C. North Carolina. 

Irish Academy. N. D. No Date, North Dakota. 

Mrs. Mistress (pronounced mis'sis N. E. New England, Northeast, 

when written as an abbreviation). Northern Eastern. 

1085 



Dictionary ot Most G>xninon Abbreviations 



Neb. Nebraska. 

Neg. Negative. 

Neh. Nehemiah. 

n. e. i. (Non est inventus) He is not 
found. 

Nem* Con. (Nemine Contradicente) 
No one contradicting, unanimously. 

Nem. Diss. (Nemine dissentiente) 
No one dissenting, unanimously. 

Neut. Neuter (gender). 

Nev. Nevada. 

New Am. Cyc. New American Cy- 
clopaedia. 

New M., or N. M. New Mexico. 

New Test. New Testament. 

N. F. Newfoundland. 

N. G. New Granada, Noble Grand. 

N. H. New Hampshire. 

N. H. H. S. New Hampshire His- 
torical Society. 

Ni. NicKel. 

Ni pri. Nisi Prius (Law). 

N. J. New Jersey. 

N. L. (Non liquet) It does not ap- 
pear, the case is not clear. 

N. L. or N. Lat. North Latitude. 

N. M., or N. Mex. New Mexico. 

N. N. E. North-Northeast. 

N. N. W. North-Northwest. 

N. O. New Orleans. 

No. (Numero) Nmnber. 

Nol. pros. (Nolle prosequi) Un- 
willing to prosecute, or proceed. 

Norn. Nominative. 

Non* Con. Not content, dissenting, 
dissentient (House of Lords). 

Non cul. (Non culpabihs) Not 
guilty. 

Non. obst. (Non obstante) Not- 
withstanding. 

Non. pros. (Non prosequitur) He 
does not prosecute, — a judgment 
entered against the plaintiff when 
he does not appear to prosecute. 

Non. seq. (Non sequitur) It does 
not follow. 

Nor. Fr., or Norm. Fr. Norman 
French. 

Norw. Norway, Norwegian. 

Nos. Numbers. 

Nov. November. 

N. P. Notary Public. 

N. P. D. North Polar Distance. 

N. R. North River. 



N. S. New Style (since 1752), Nova j 
Scotia, (Notre Seigneur), Our Lord, '^ 
Numismatic Society. 

N. S. J. C. (Notre Seigneur Jesus- 
Christ) Oiu" Lord Jesus Christ. 

N. T. New Testament, New lYans- 
lation. 

N. u. Name, or names, unknown. 

Num. Numeral. 

Num. or Numb. Numbers. 

Numis. Numismatics. 

Nux vom« Nux vomica. 

N.V. M. Nativity of the Virgin » 
Mary. \ 

N. W. Northwestern. • 

N. W.T. Northwest Territory. » 

N. Y. New York. I 

N. Y. H. S. New York Historical ) 
Society. 3 

N. Z., or N. ZeaL New Zealand. 



O, or o. OfjiiKpov. (Omicron) Greek 
O, o. 

O. Ohio, Old, Oxygen. (Octarius) 
A pint. 

Ob. (Obiit) He or she died 

Obad. Obadiah. 

Obj. Objective, Objection, Object. 

Obs. Obsolete, Observation. 

Obs, Observatory. 

Obt., or Obdt. Obedient. 

O. C. C. (Ordinis Carmelitarum Cal- 
ceatorum) Carmelites Calced. 

O. C. D. (Ordinis Carmehtarum Dis- 
calceatorum) Carmehtes Discalced. 

O. Cist. (Ordinis Cisterciensis) Cis- 
tercian. 

Oct. October. 

O. F. Odd Fellow or Odd Fellows, 
Old French (etymological). 

O. G. Outside Guardian. 

O. H. G. Old High German (ety- 
mological). 

O.H. M. S. On His (or Her) Ma- 
jesty's Service. 

O.K. (Oil Korect) All right, or 
correct. 

OL (Oleum). Oil. 

Ol., or Olymp. Olympiad. 

Old Test., or O. T. Old Testament. 

Olym* Olympiad. 



Die. 71 



1086 



Dictionary o£ Most Common Abbreviations 



O. M. Old Measurement. 

O. M. Conv. (Ordinis Minorum CJon- 
ventualium) Minor Conventuals. 

O. M. !• Oblates of Mary Immacu- 
1 late. 

i O. Min. Cap. (Ordinis Minorum Ca- 
pucinorum) Capuchins. 

Ont. Ontario. 

O. P., or O. S. D. (Ordinis Praedica- 
torum, or Ordinis Sancti Dominici) 
Dominicans. 

Opt. Optics. 

Or. Oregon. 

O. R. C. Order of the Red Cross. 

Ord. Ordnance, Ordinance, Ordinary. 

Ord. Dept. Ordnance Department. 

Grig. Original, Originally. 

Ornith. Ornithology. 

O. S. Old Style (before 17525, Out- 
side Sentinel. 

Os. Osmium. ^ 

O. S. A. (Ordinis Sancti Augustini) 
Augustinians. 

O. S. B. (Ordinis Sancti Benedicti) 
Benedictines.^ 

O. S. F. (Ordinis Sancti Francisci) 
Franciscans. 

O. T. Old Testament. 

O. U. A. Order of United Americans. 

Oxf. Oxford. 

Oxf . Gloss. Oxford Glossary of Arch- 
itecture. 

Oxon. (Oxonian) Of Qxf ord, at Oxford. 

Oz. Ounce. 



P 



P» (Pondere) By weight (Pugillus) 
A pugil, the quantity of any sub- 
stance which may be taken with the 
ends of the thumb and two fingers. 

P. Page, Part, Participle, Pole, Phos- 
phorus, Pint, Pope. 

P. (Pere) Father. 

Pa. or Penn., Pennsylvania. 

p. a. Participial adjective. 

P. A. Post Adjutant. 

P. A. E. Passed Assistant Engineer. 

Paint. Painting, 

Pal., or Paleon. Paleontology. 

P. A. P. M. Passed Assistant Pay- 
master. 

Par., or ^. Paragraph. 



Par., or 1 1. Parallel. 

Pari. Parliament, Parliamentary. 

Faroch. Lib. Parochial Library. 

Par. Pas. Parallel Passage. 

Part. Participle. 

Pass. Passive. 

Pass. Passionist. 

Past. Pastor. 

P. A. Surg. Passed Assistant Surgeon. 

PathoL Pathology. 

Pay Dir. Pay Director. 

Pay Ins. Pay Inspector. 

Pay M. Paymaster. 

Payt. Payment. 

Pb. (Plumbiun) Lead. 

P. B. (Philosophise Baccalaureus) 
Bachelor of Philosophy. 

^•B-K» (4>C,BVa,Kdinra.) Phi Beta 
Kappa (College Society). 

P. C. (Patres Conscripti) Conscript 
Fathers, Senators, Privy Council, or 
Councilor, Pohce Constable, Princi- 
pal Conductor, Post Conmaander. 

P. C. P. Past Chief Patriarch. 

P. Cyc. Peiiny Cyclopedia. 

P. D. (Philosophise Doctor) Doctor 
of Philosophy. 

Pd. Paid, Palladium. 

^•E- (^I'l Ei|/tX6v.) Psi Epsilon (Col- 
lege Society). 

P. E. Protestant Episcopal, Presid- 
ing Elder. 

Pe. Pelopium. 

P. E. L Prince Edward Island. 

Penn. Pennsylvania. 

Pent. Pentecost. 

Per., or Pers. Persia, Persian. 

Per,'pr., or P. By the, or per lb., oz.,etc. 

Per an. (Per annum) By the year. 

Per cent., or per ct. (Per centum) 
By the hundred 

Perl. Perfect. 

Perh. Perhaps. 

Peri. Perigree. 

Pers. Person. 

Persp. Perspectives 

Peruv. Peruvian. 

Pet. Peter. 

P. G. Past Grand. 

Pg. Portuguese. 

Phar. Pharmacy. 

Phar. D. Doctor in Pharmacy. 

Phar. G. Graduate in Pharmacy, 

Phar. M. Master in Pharmacy. 



1087 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Ph. B. (Philosophise Baccalaureus) 
Bachelor of Philosophy. 

Ph. D. (Philosophise Doctor) Doctor 
of Philosophy. 

Phil. PhiHp, Philippians, Philoso- 
phy, Philosopher, Philosophical, 
PMlemon. 

Phil., or Phila. Philadelphia. 

Philem. Philemon. 

Philomath (Philomathematicus) A 
lover of mathematics. 

Philos. Philosophy. 

Phil. Trans* Philosophical Transac- 
tions. 

Phonog, Phonography. 

Photog. Photography. 

Phren. Phrenology. 

P. H. S. Pennsylvania Historical So- 
ciety. 

Phys. Physics, Physiology, Physician. 

Physiol. Physiology. 

Pinx., or pxt. (Pinxit) He (or she) 
painted it. 

P. J. President Judge, Police Justice. 

Pk. Peck. 

Pks. Pecks. 

P. L. Poet Laureate. 

PI. Place, Plate. 

PL, or plur. Plural. 

P. L. C. Poor Law Commissioners. 

Plff. Plaintiff. 

Plin« PUny. 

Pl\ip., or plupf. Pluperfect. 

Plur. Pniral. 

Pm. Premium. 

P. M. (Postmeridian) Afternoon, 
Evening. 

P. M. Post Master, Passed Midship- 
man, Pay Master, Past Master. 

P. M. G. Post Master General, Pay 
Master General. 

P. N. Promissory Note. 

P. O. Post-Office. 

P. O. D. Post-Office Department. 

Poet. Poetry, Poetical. 

P. O. H. Patrons of Husbandry. 

P. of H. Patrons of Husbandry. 

Po. Pole. 

Pol. PoHsh. 

Polit. Econ. Political Economy, 

P. O. O. Post-Office Order. 

Pop. Population. 

Port. Portugal, Portuguese. 

Pos., or Poss. Possessive. 



Pp. or PP. Patres, Fathers. 

P. P. (Pater Patriae) The father of 
his country. 

P. P. Parish Priest. 

Pp. Pages. 

p. p. Past participle. 

P. P. C. (Pour Prendre Cong^) To 
take leave. 

Pph. Pamphlet. 

P. P. I. Pohcy proof of interest. 

p. pr. Participle present. 

P. Q. Previous question. 

Pr. Priest, Prince. 

Pr. Preposition, Prince, Pronoun. 

Pr., or P (Per) By the. 

P. R. (Populus Romanus) The Ro- 
man people, Prize ring, Porto Rico. 

P. R. A. President of the Royal Acad- 
emy. 

P. R. C. (Post E-omam Conditam) 
After the building of Rome. 

Preb. Prebend, Prebendary. 

Pref . Preface, Prefix. 

Prep. Preposition. 

Pres. President. 

Presb. Presbyterian. 

Pret. Preterit. 

Prim. Primate, Primitive. 

Prin. Principles. 

prin. Principally. 

Print. Printing. 

Priv. Privative. 

Priv. Chamb. Private Chamberlain. 

Prob. Problem, Probably. 

Prof. Professor. 

Pron. ^ Pronoun, Pronounced, Pro- 
nunciation. 

Pron. a. Pronominal adjective. 

Prop. Proposition, Properly. 

Prot. Protestant. 

Prot. Ap. Prothonotary Apostolic. 

Pro. tem. (pro tempore) For the 
time. 

Prov. Proverbs, Proverbially, Pro- 
vost, Provincial. 

Prov. Mar. Provost Marshal. 

Prov. Sem. Provincial Seminary. 

Prox. (Proximo) Next, or of the 
next month, in the next. 

Prus. Prussia, Prussian. 

P. S. (Postscriptum) Postscript, Per- 
manent Secretary, Privy Seal. 

Ps., or Psa. Psalm, or Psalms. 

Pss. Postscripts. 



1088 



Dictionary oif Most Common Abbreviations 



Pt. Part, Pint, Payment, Port, Point. 

Ft. Platinum. 

P. t. (Pro tempore) For the time. 

P. T. O. Please tura. over. 

Tjr.y. (>I^rYi|/lXdv.) PsiUpsilon(Ck)llege 

Society). 
Pub. Publisher, Publication, Public, 

Pubhshed. 
Pub. Doc. Public Documents. 
Pulv. (Pulvis) Powder. 
Pun. Puncheon. 
P. V. Post- village. 
P. W. P. Pasu Worthy Patriarch. 
Pwt. Pennyweight, Pennyweights. 
Pxt. (Pinxit) He (or she) painted it. 



Q. Question, Quintus. 

Q., or Qu. Queen, Question, Query. 

Q. B. Queen's Bench. 

Q. C. Queen's College, Queen's Coun- 
sel, or Council. 

Q. d. (Quasi dicat) As if he^ should 
say. (Quasi dictum) As if said. 
(Quasi dLdsset) As if he had said. 

Q. e. (Quod est) Which is. 

Q. E. D. (Quod Erat Demonstran- 
dum) Which was to be demon- 
strated, or proved. 

Q. L. (Quantum libet) As much as 
you please. 

Qm. (Quomodo) By what means. 

Q. M. Quarter Master. 

Q. Mess. Queen's Messenger. 

Q. M. G. Quarter Master General. 

Q. P., or q. pi. (Quantum placet). 
As much as you please. 

Qr. Quarter (28 lb.,) Farthing, Quire. 

Qrs. Quarters, Quires, Farthiiigs. 

Q. S. Quarter Sessions. 

Q. S. Quarter Section. (Quantima 
sufficit). Sufficient quantity. 

Qto Quart, Quantity. 

Qts. Quarts. 

Qu, Queen, Question. 

Qu., or qy. (Quaere) Inquire, Query. 

Quad. Quadrant, Quadrate. 

Quar. Quarterly. 

Ques. Question. 

Q. V. (Quod vide) Which see. (Quan- 
tum vis.) As much as you please. 

Qy. Query. 



R. (Recipe) Take. 

R. (Regina) Queen. (Rex) King. 
Railway, Rhodium, Rises, River, 
Residence. 

R. Rood Roods, Rod, Rods. 

R. A. ^ Roya' Academy, Royal Acade- 
mician, Royal \rch, Royal Artillery, 
Rear Admiral, Right Ascension. 

R. A. C. Royal Arch Chapter. 

Rad. (Radix) Root, Radical. 

R. Adml. Rear Admiral. 

R. A. K.T. P. Royal Arch Knight 
Templar Priest. 

R« A. M. Royal Ark Mariners, Royal 
Academy of Music. 

Rb, Rubidimn. 

R. C. Roman Catholic. 

R. D. Royal Dragoons. 

R. D., or Rur, Dn. Rural Dean. 

R. E. Royal Engineers, Royal Ex- 
change, Right Excellent, Reformed 
Episcopal. 

Rec. Recorder. 

Rec, or R. Recipe. 

Reed. Received. 

Recpt. Receipt. 

Rec. Sec. ' Recording Secretary, 

Rect. Rector, Receipt. 

Ref. Reference, Reformed. 

Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. 

Reg., or Regr. Register, Registrar, 
Registry. 

Reg., or Reg^. Regent, Regiment. 

Reg. Prof. Regius Professor. 

Regr. Registrar^ 

Regt. Regiment. 

Rel. Rehgion. 

Rel. Pron. Relative Pronoun. 

Rem. Remark, or Remarks. 

Rep. Representative, Report, Re- 
porter, RepubHcan, RepubUc. 

Repub. RepubHc. 

Rev. Reverend, Revelation (Book of). 
Review, Revenue, Revise. 

Revd. Reverend. 

Revs. Plural of Reverend. 

Rev. Ver. Revised Version (Scrip- 
tures). 

R. G. G. Royal Grenadier Guards. 

R. H. A. Royal Horse Artillery, Roy^ 
al Hibernian Academy. 

Rhet. Rhetoric. 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



R. H, G. Royal Horse Guards. 
R. I. Rhode Island. 
R. I. B. A. Royal Institution of Brit- 
ish Architects. 
Richd. Richard. 
R. I. H. S. Rhode Island Historical 

Society. 
Riv. River. 
R. M. Royal Marines, Royal Mail, 

Resident Magistrate. 
R. M. A. Royal Mihtary Asylum. 
R. M. S. Royal Mail Steamer. 
R. N. Royal Navy. 
R. N. O. (Riddare af Nordstjeme 

Orden) Knight of the Order of the 

Polar Star, 
Ro. (Recto) Right-hand page. 
Ro., or Robt. Robert. 
Rom. Roman, Romans (Book of). 
Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic. 
R. P. Regius Professor, The King's 

Professor. 
R. R. Railroad, Right Reverend. 
R. Rs. Railroads. 
R. S. Recording Secretary, Right 

side. 
Rs. (Responsum) Answer. (Respon- 

dere) To answer. 
Rs. Rupees. 
R. S. A. Royal Society of Antiquaries, 

Royal Scottish Academy. 
R. S. C. C. Repubhcan State Central 

Conamittee. 
R. S. D. Royal Society of Dublin. 
R. S. E. Royal Society of Edinburgh. 
R. S. L. Royal Society of London. 
R. S.V. P. (Repondez, S'il Vous 

Plait) Answer if you please. 
Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 
Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 
Rt.Wpful. Right Worshipful. 
Russ. Russia, Russian. 
R. V. Revised Version (Scriptures). 
R. W. Right Worthy, or Right Wor- 
shipful, Railway. 
R.W. D. G. M. Right Worshipful 

Deputy Grand Master. 
R. W. G. S. Right Worthy Grand 

Secret" fir v 
R.W. G. R. Right Worthy Grand 

Representative. 
R. W. G. T. Right Worthy Grand 

Treasurer, Right Worshipful Grand 

Templar. 



R.W.G.W. Right Worthy Grand 

Warden. 

R. W. J. G. W. Right Worshipful 
Junior Grand Warden. 

R. W. O. (Riddare af Wasa Orden^ 
Knight of the Order of Wasa. 

R. W. S. G. W. Right Worshipful Se- 
nior Grand Warden. 

R'y« Railway. 

R'ys. Railways. 



S 



S. South, Saint, Scribe, Sulphur, 
Sign, Sextus (Semis) Hall. 

S. ^ Second, Sun, See, Sets, Solo, Sec- 
tion, Series, Singular, Son. (SoUdus) 
A shilUng. 

S. A. South America, South Africa, 
South Australia. 

Sam. Samuel. 

Sans. Sanskrit. 

S. A. S. (Societatis Antiquariorum 
Socius) Fellow of the Society of 
Antiquaries. 

Sat. Saturday. 

Sax. Saxon. 

Sax. Chron. Saxon Chronicles. 

Sb. (Stibium) Antimony. 

S. C. (Senatus Consultum) A de- 
cree of the Senate, South Carolina, 
Small Caps. 

Sc, or Sculp. (Sculpsit) He (or she) 
engraved it. 

Sc, or scil. (Scilicet) To wit, name- 
ly, being understood. 

Scan. Mag. (Scandalum magnatum) 
Defamatory expressions tending to 
the injury of persons of importance. 

S. caps. Small capitals. 

S. C. Hist. Soc. South Carolina His- 
torical Society. 

Sch., or Schol. (Scholium) A note. 

Sch., or schr. Schooner. 

Sci. Science. 

Sci. fa. (Scire facias) Make known 
(Law). 

Scil., or sc. (Scilicet) To wit, name- 
ly, being understood. 

S. C. L. Student of the Civ>l Law. 

Sclav. Sclavonic. 

Scot. Scotland, Scottish, Scotch. 

Scr. Scruple. 



1090 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Script. Scripture, Scriptural. 

Sculp. (Sculpsit) He (or she) en- 
graved it. 

Sculp.y or sculpt. Sculpture. 

S. D. (Salutem dicit) Sends health. 
South Dakota. 

S. D. (Scientiae Doctor) Doctor of 
Science, Senior Deacon. 

S. D. U. K. Society for the Diffu- 
sion of Useful Knowledge. 

S. E. Southeast, Southeastern. 

Se. Selenium. 

Sec. Secretary. 

Sec. Second, Section. 

Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. 

Sec. leg. (Secundum legem) Accord- 
ing to law. 

Sec. reg. (Secimdum regulam) 
cording to rule. 

Sect. Section. 

Sen. Senate, Senator, Senior, 

Sep., or Sept 
gint. 

Seq., or Sqq . (Sequentia, or sequen- 
tes) The following, the next. (Se- 
quitur) It follows. 

Ser. Series. 

Serb. Serbian. 

Serg., or Serj. Sergeant, 
jeant. 

Serg. Maj. Sergeant Major. 

Serv., or Servt. Servant. 



S. M. Short Metre, Sergeant Major, 
Sons of Malta, Sewing machine. 

S. M. (Sa Majeste) His (or Her) 
Majesty. 

Sm. C. Small capitals. 

S. M. I. (Sa Majeste Imp^riale) His 
(or Her) Imperial Majesty. 

Smith. Inst. Smithsonian Institu- 
tion. 

S. M. Lond. See. (Societatis Medi- 
cae Londiniensis Socius) Member 
of the London Medical Society. 

S. M. Lond. See. Cor. (Societatis 
Medicae Londiniensis Socius Cor.) 
Corresponding Member of the Lon- 
don Medical Society. 

Sn. (Stannum) Tin. 
Ac- See. Society. 

Soc. Isl. Society Islands. 

S. of Sol. Song (or Songs) of Solo- 
mon. 
September, Septuar S. of T. Sons of Temperance. 

Sol. Solomon, Solution, Sohcitor. 

Sol. Gen. Solicitor General. 

S. P. (Sine Prole) Without issue, 
supra protest. 

S. P. (Salutem precatur) He prays 
for his prosperity. 
Ser- Sp. Spaifi, Spanish. 

S. P. A. S. (Societatis Philosophicae 
Americanae Socius) Member of 
the American Philosophical Society. 



or 



S. G. (Salutis Gratia) For the sake S. P. C. A. Society of the Preven- 



of safety (i. e., insured). 

S. G. Sohcitor General. 

Sh., or s. Shilling. 

Shak. Shakespeare. 

S. Hist. Soc. Southern Historical So- 
ciety. 

S. H. S. (Societatis Historicae Socius) 
Fellow of the Historical Society. 

Si. Sihcium. 

Sing., or Sin. Sine, Singular. 

S. Fsl. Sandwich Islands. 

Sist. Sister. 

S. J. Society of Jesus. 

S. J. C. Supreme Judicial Court. 

Skr. Sanskrit. 

S. L. Sohcitor at Law. 

S. L., or L. S. (SigilU Locus) 
for the Seal. 

S. L., or S. Lat. South Latitude. 

Slav. Slavonic, Slavonian. 

Sid. Sailed. 



tion of Cruelty to Animals. 
S. P. C. K. Society for the Promo- 
tion of Christian Knowledge. 
S. P. D. (Salutem plurimam dicit) 

He wishes much health, or sends 

his best respects. 
S. P. G. Society for the propagation 

of the Gospel. 
Sp. g^. Specific gravity. 
S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Populusque Ro- 

manus) The Senate and the People 

of Rome. 
Sq., or sqq. Square. 
Sq, (Sequens) The following. 
Sq. ft. Square foot or square feet. 
Sq. in. Square inch or inches. 
Place Sq. m. Square mile or miles. 
Sq. r. Square rod or rods. 
Sq. yd. Square yard. 
Sq. yds. Square yards. 



Sr. 

1091 



Sir or Senior, Sister. 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



S. R. I. (Sacrum Romanum Imper- 
ium) Holy Roman Empire. 

S. R. S. (Societatis RegisB Socius) 
Fellow of the Royal Society. 

S. S. Sabbath School, or Simday- 
School, Saint SimpHcius (the mark 
on the collar of the Lord Chief 
Justice of England). 

SS. Saints. 

SS. (Scitote) Kqow ye. (Semis) 
Half. 

S. S. C. Solicitor before the Su- 
preme Court. 

S. S. E. South-Southeast. 

S. S. W. South-Southwest. 

S-T- (2l7H.aTav.) Sigma Tau (College 
Society). 

St. Stanza. 

St. Saint, Street, Strait. 

Stat. Statute, Statutes. 

S. T. D. (Sacrse Theologise Doctor) 
Doctor of Sacred Theology, Doctor 
of Divinity. 

Ster., or Stg. Sterling. 

S.T. P. (Sacrse Theologise Profes- 
sor) Professor of Theology. 

Sts. Streets. 

Su. Sunday. 

Subj. Subjunctive. 

Subst. Substantive, Substitute. 

Suff. Suffix. 

Sun. 9 or Sund. Sunday. 

Sup. Supplement, Superfine, Super- 
ior, Superlative. 

Sup. 9 or Supr. (Supra) Above. 

Sup. C. Superior Court. 

Super. Superior, Superfine. 

Superl. Superlative. 

Supp. Supplement. 

Supt. Superintendent. 

Surg. Surgeon, -Surgeiy. 

Surg. Gen. Surgeon General. 

Surv. Surveyor, Surveying. 

Surv. Gen. Surveyor General. 

Sus. Susannah. 

S. V. (Sub verbo, or Sub voce) Un- 
der the word or title. 

S. W .^outhwest^ Southwestern, Se^- 
ior Warden. 

Sw. Swedish, Sweden. 

Switz. Switzerland. 

Syn. Synonym, Synonymous. 

Synop. Synopsis. 

Syr. Syria, Syrian, Syriac, S3aaip. 



T, Town, Township, Ton. or Tun. 
T. (Tutti) AU together, Tenor, Tit. 

us, TulUus, Tuesday 
T., or Tom. Tome, Volume. 
Ta. Tantalum (Columbium). 
Tal. qual. (Talis qualis) Just as 

they come, average quality. 
Tan. Tangent. 
Tart. Tartaric. 
Tb. Tarbium. 

T. C. D; Trinity College, DubUn. 
Te. Tellurium. 

T. E. Topographical Engineers. 
Tel. Telegraph, Telegram. 
Ten., or Tenn. Tennessee. 
Ter. Territory. 
Term. Termination. 
Teut. Teutonic. 
Tex. Texas. 
Text. Rec. (Textus Receptus) The 

Received Text. 
0, or 0. efrra. (Theta) Greek. Th. 

th. 
Th, Thomas, Thorium. 
Th., or Thurs. Thursday. 
Theo. Theodore, Theodosia. 
Theol. Theology, Theological. 
Theoph. Theophilus. 
Theor. Theorem. 
Thess. Thessalonians. 
Thos. Tliomas. 

Thu.jThur., or Thurs. Thursday. 
T.H. W.M. Trinity High Water 

Mark. 
Ti. Titanium. 
Tier. Tierce. 
Tim, Timothy 
Tit. Titus, Title. 
Tl. ThaUium. 
Tob. Tobit. 
Tom. Tome, or Volume. 
Tonn; Tonnage. 

Topog. Topography, or Topographical. 
Tr. Transpose, Translator, Transla- 
tion, Treasurer, Trustee. 
tr. (Trillo) A shake. 
Trans. Translator, Translation, Trans* 

lated. Transaction, Transportation. 
Trav. Travels. 
Trav. Agt. Travelling Agent, 
Treas. Treasurer. 
Trin. Trinity. 



1092 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Trin. Coll. Trinity College. 

Trs., or Trus. Trustees. 

Ts. Texas. 

T. T. L. To take leave. 

Tu., or Tues. Tuesday. 

Turk. Turkey, or Turkish. 

Typ., or Typo. T3T)ographer. 

Tjnpog. Typography, Typographical. 



U. Uranium. 

U. A. O. D. United Ancient Order of 

Druids. 
U. C. (Urbis Conditse) From the 

building of the city (Rome), Upper 

Canada. 
U. E. I. C. United East India Com- 
pany. 
U. G. R. R. Underground Railroad. 
U. J. D. (Utriusque Juris Doctor) 

Doctor of both laws (i.e., the Canon 

and the Civil Law). See J. U. D. 
U. K. United Kingdom. 
U. K. A. Ulster King at Arms. 
U. L. A. Union League of America. 
Ult. (Ultimo) Last, or of the last 

month. 
Unit. Unitarian. 
Univ. University, Universally. 
Up. Upper. ^ 

U. P. C. United Presbyterian Church. 
U.S. United States, United Service. 
U. S. (ut supra) As above. 
U. S. A. United States Army, United 

States of America. 
U. S. L. United States Legation. 
U. S. M. United States Mail, United 

States Marine, United States Mint 

(Philadelphia). 
U. S, M. A. United States MiHtary 

Academy. 
U. S. M. C. United States Marine 

Corps. 
U.S. M. C.C. United States Mint 

(Carson City). 
U. S. M. S. United States Mint (San 

Francisco). 
U. S. N. United States Navy. 
U. S. N. A. United States Naval 

Academy. 
U. S. P. United States Pharma- 



copoeia. 



U. S. R. Usher of the Scarlet Rod. 
U. S. S. United States Senate, United 

States Ship (o Steamer). 
Usu. Usua or usually. 
U. S. V. United States Volunteers. 
Ut. Utah. 



V. Vanadium, Victoria, Viscount, 

V. Fiv or fifth. 

V. Verse, Verb, Village, Vocative, 
Volimie. (Versus) Against. (Vide) See 

V. a. Verb active. 

V. A. Vicar, or Vicariate, Apostolic, 
Vice Admiral. 

Va. Virginia. 

Vat. Vatican. 

V. aux. Verb auxiliary. 

Vb. n. Verbal noun. 

V. C. Vice Chancellor, Vice Chair- 
man, Victoria Cross. 

V. C. G. Vice Consul General. 

V. def . Verb defective. 

V. dep. Verb deponent. 

V. D. L. Van Dieman's Land. 

V. D. M. (Verbi Dei Minister) Mini- 
ster of the Word of God. 

Ven. Venerable. 

Yen., or ven. fa. (Venire facias) A 
writ to a sheriff to summon a 
jury. 

Ven. Ex. (Venditioni exponas) A 
writ of execution to a sheriff to sell 
goods, etc. 

Ver. Verse, Verses. 

Ver. or Vt., Vermont. 

Vet. Surg. Veterinary Surgeon. 

V. F. Vicar Forane. 

V. G. Vicar General, Vice Grand. 

V. g, (Verbi gratia) For example. 

Vi. (Vide) ^ See. _ 

V. i. Verb intransitive. 

VL Six or sixth. 

V H . Seven or seventh. 

VIIL Eight or eighth. ^ 

Vic. Ap. Vicar Apostolic. 

Vice Pres. Vice-President. 

Vic. Gen. Vicar General. 

Vid. (Vide) See. 

ViL Village. 

V. imp. Verb impersonal. 

V. irr. Verb irregular. 

Vis., or Vise. Viscount. 



1093 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Viz. (Videlicet) Namely, to wit* 

V. n. Verb neuter. 

Vo. (Verso) Left-hand page. 

Voc. Vocative. 

Vol. Volume. 

Vols. Volumes, Volimteers. 

V. P. Vice-President. 

V. R. (Victoria Regina) Queen Vic- 
toria, Very Reverend. 

V. r. Verb reflective, or reflexive. 

V. Rev. Very Reverend. 

Vs. (Versus) Against, or in opposi- 
tion. 

V. S. Veterinary Siu*geon. 

Vt. Vermont. 

V. t. Verb transitive. 

Vul., or Vulg. Vulgate, Vulgar. 

Vv« 11. (variae lectiones) Different 
readings. 

W 

W. Wednesday, Welsh. 

W. West, Western, Warden. Wolf- 
ramium) Tungsten. 

W. Week. 

W, A. West Australia, West Africa. 

W. & M. Coll. WiUiam and Mary's 
College. 

Wall. Wallachian. 

Wash. Washington. 

W. C. Water-closet, West Central. 

W. C. T. U. Women's Christian Tem- 
perance Union. 

Wed. Wednesday. 

West. Res. Coll. Western Reserve 
College. 

Wes. Univ. Wesleyan University. 

w. f. Wrong font (in printing), 

W. G. G. Worthy Grand Chaplain, 
Worthy Grand Conductor. 

W. G. C. Worthy Grand Guide, 
Worthy Grand Guardians. 

W. G. H. Worthy Grand Herald. 

W. G. M. Worthy Grand Marshal. 

W. G. S. Worthy Grand Sentinel. 

Whf. Wharf. 

W. I. West Indies, West India. 

Wis., or Wise. Wisconsin. 

Wisd. Wisdom (Book of). 

Wk. Week, Work. 

W. Lon. West longitude. 

^ym. William. 

W. M. Worshipful Master, 



W. M. S. Wesleyan Missionary So- 
ciety. 

W. N. W. West-Northwest. 

W. P. Worthy Patriarch. 

Wpful. Worshipful. 

W. R. WiUiam (Rex) King, West 
Riding. 

W. S. Writer to the Signet. 

W. S. W. West-Southwest. 

Wt. Weight. 

W. Va« West Virginia. 

Wyo. Wyoming. 



X. Christ. (XpwTTos, Christos). 
X. Ten or tenth. 

X. St. Andrew's Cross, Exchange, 
His (or her) mark. 

XI. Eleven. 

XII. Twelve. 

XIII. Thirteen. 

XIV. Fourteen. 

XV. Fifteen. 

XVI. Sixteen. 

XVI I . Seventeen. 

XVIII. Eighteen. 

XIX. Nineteen. 

XX. Twenty. 
XXX. Thirty. 
XL. Forty. 
XC. Ninety. 

Xdr.y or fdr. Crusader. 
Xmas.y or Xm. Christmas. 
Xn., or Xtian. Christian. 
Xnty., or Xty. Christianity. 
Xt. Christ. 



Y. Yttrium. 

Y., or yr. Year. 

Y. B. Year-Book. 

Y. C. Yale College. 

Yd. Yard. 

Yds. Yards. 

Y«. ^ The or Thee. Note,— The Y in 
this, and similar instances, is a sub- 
stitute for th. 

Y™. Them. 

Y. M. C. A. Young Men's Christian 
Association. 



1094 



Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations 



Y. M. Cath. A. Young Men's Catho- 
lic Association. 

Y". Then. 

Y'. Their. 

Yr. Your. 

Yr. B. Year-Book. 

Yrs. Yours, Years. 

Y«. This. 

Y^ That. 

Y. W. C. A. Young Women's Chris- 
tian Association. 

Y. W. C. T. U. Young Women's 
Christian Temperance Union. 

Y. W. C. U. Young Women's Chris- 
tian Urnou* 



2. Zero. 

Z. Zinc. 

Z. Zone. 

Z., or Zr. Zirconium, 

Zach. Zachary. 

Zeb. Zebulon, Zebedee. 

Zech. Zechariah. 

Zeph. Zephaniah. 

Z. G. Zoological Gardens. 

Zn. Zinc. 

Zod. Zodiac. 

Zool. Zoology or zoological 

Zr« Zirconium. 



t%9B 



DICTIONARY OF MUSIC 



A alternativoy proceeding alternately 

from one to another movement, 
a ballata, in ballad style. andante, slow, gentle, soothing. 

a battuta, in exact beat; true time, andante con moto, slow, but with 
a cappella, in church or chapel movement, not dragging. 

style; for chorus, without accom- aria buff a, comic song. 

paniment. aria d'abilita, song of difficult exe* 

a capriccio, as you please. cution. 

a deux temps, two crotchets or beats arpeggio, passages formed of the 

in a bar. notes of regular chords, played in 

a due, for two voices or instruments; succession. 

separately or in unison. 
a piacere, at the performer's pleasure B 

as to time. 
a quatre mains, for four hands, as ben marcato, render passage or air 

a pianoforte duet. ^ in a clear, distinct and strongly 

a tempo, in regular time. accented manner. 

a tre, for three voices or instruments, bis, twice. Passage marked by a 
accelerando, gradually quickening the curved line under or over it to be 

movement. played or sung twice. ^ 

acciacatura, a Species of grace-note, bravura, boldness, spirit, dash, bril- 
accolade, the brace that binds all parts liancy. 

of a score. ^ brillante,^ brilHant, showy, sparkling. 

accoppiate, parts Joined by a brace, brio, brilliancy, spirit. 
adagio, slow and sustained. brise, ^ spht into arpeggios; in violin 

adagio assai, very slow and sustained. playing, short, detached strokes of 
affetto, emotion, feeling. the bow. 

afHizione, sorrow, mournf ulness. bu£Fo, bufTa, humorous, comic, espe- 

air ecossais, a Scotch air. cially as applied to an air or a singer. 

alia Polacca, in style of a Polish burden, a return of the theme of ^ 

dance. song at the end of each verse. 

alia Siciliana^ in style of Sicilian burletta, a musical farce. 

shepherd's dance. 
alia zoppa, in constrained, halting, C 

syncopated style. 
allegro, quick, Hvely. ^ calore^ Warmth, animation. 

allegro assai, very quick. ^ cantabile, ]in singing style. 

allegro ma non troppo, quick, but cantando, cantante, in singing 

not too much so. style, smooth and flowing. 

allegretto, cheerful, but not so quick cantata, a vocal; composition consist- 
as allegro. ing of an intermixture of recitative, 
allegretto scherzando, moderately air and chorus. 

vivacious, playfully, but without capriccio, fanciful, irregular compo- 

haste. sition; caprice^ 

al segno, dal segno, to return to che, than, that. 

the similar preceding sign and play coda, a **tail-piece,'' or concluding 
^ thence to the word Fine, passage. 

1096 



Dictionary of Music 



col arco, with the bow.^ 

colla parte, accompanist must ac- 
commodate his temps to the leading 
part. 

colla piu gran forza e prestezza, as 
loud and quick as possible. 

come, as, hke. 

come primo, as at first. 

come tempo del tema, same move- 
ment as the theme. 

commodo, comodo, quietly, with 
composure. 

con amore, tenderly, with affection. 

con brio ed animato, briLHant and 
animated. 

con diligenza, in studied manner. 

con espressione, with expression. 

con fuoco, with fire, with intense 
animation. 

con gusto, with taste. 

con impetuosita, with impetuosity. 

con energia, with much energy. 

con mo to, with motion, actively, 
not dragging. 

con spiritoy with quickness, with 
spirit. 

con variazioni, with variations. 

con velocita, in swift time. 

con vivacita, with animation. 

contrapuntal, in the style of coun- 
terpoint, fugal, with rich and varied 
parts or voices. 

counterpoint, the science of writing 
parts or melodies, in combination. 

crescendo, gradually increasing the 
tone- volume. 



da capo, from the beginning, repeat 
from the beginning. 

dal segno, from the sign, or mark of 
repetition. 

decrescendo, gradual decreasing the 
tone volume. 

delicato, delicatamente, delicately. 

destra, right, right hand. 

dito, the finger. 

divertissement, short, light compo- 
sition; also airs introduced between 
the acts of Italian opera. 

divoto, in solemn style. 

dolente, pathetically. 

doloroso, in a soft, sorrowful style. 



energico, with energy, force. 
espressivo, with expression. 



fine, end. 

fiebile, in mournful style, weepingly. 
forte, loud. 
fortissimo, very loud. 
forza, with force, energy. 
fresco, fresh, quick, Hvely. 
furioso, furiously, with fire, energy, 
intense animation. 



giusto, exact, precise. 

glissando, in ghding manner, sweeps 
ing across the keys. 

grazioso, gracefully. 

Gregorian music, sacred composi- 
tions, after the st^^le introduced into 
the Roman Catholic ser\dce by Pope 
Gregory (about 600 A.D.). 

gustoy taste. 



H 



harmonic triad, a common chord, 
hke OE-G, F-A-C, G-B-D. 

hauptsatz, the principal section of 
an extended movement. 

hauptstimme, the most prominent 
voice, or part; the voice or part 
which has the theme. 

haut-contre, counter-tenor, high 
tenor, alto. 

haut-dessusy fiirst treble, high so- 
prano. 

hinstrich, an up-bow. 

holding-note, a note that is sus- 
tained or contiaued, while others 
are in motion. 



il ponticello, in singing, where the 
natural tone forms a junction with 
th falsetto; the ^ 'break'' in a voice. 

impetuoso, with impetuosity. 

impromptu » without study or prepa* 
ration. 



1097 



Dictionary of Music 



Innocente, innocent, natural, un- 
affected, ingenuous. 

instrumentation, the art of arrang- 
ing music for the various instru- 
ments of an orchestra or band. 



I. h.9 the left hand. 

iargamente, sustaining, or broaden- 
ing the chords or tones, ponder- 
ously, with breadth. 

larghetto, time less slow than largo. 

larghissimo, very slowly and broadly. 

largo, a very slow, stately movement. 

legato, smooth, connected, the oppo- 
site of staccato, 

leggiero, with hghtness. 

lento, slow. 

lentando, with increasing slowness. 



M 



main droit, the right hand. 

main gauche, the left hand, 

meno mosso, slower movement. 

mesto, pensive, sad, melancholy. 

mezza voce, with moderate strength 
of tone. 

mezzo, half, middle. 

mezzo forte, moderately loud. 

mezzo piano, moderately soft. 

mit begleitung, with accompani- 
ment. 

moderato, with moderation, as aZZe- 
gro moderato, moderately fast, not 
too fast. 

molto adagio, very slow. 

molto allegro, very fast. 

mordent, a quick trill, with but a 
single stroke of the grace-note (side- 
note). 

morendo, dying away, gradually 
growing softer. 

niormorando, with a gentle, mur- 
muring sound. 

motet, composition of a sacred char- 
acter in several parts; an unaccom- 
panied anthem. 

motive, motivo, leading theme of a 
composition; a brief and charac- 
teristic theme. 

niusica di camera, chamber-music; 
music in serious style, intended for 



performance in a house or small 
hall — such as string-quartets, vio 
lin sonatas, piano trios, etc. 

N 

naclispiel, a postlude. 

non troppo presto, not too fast. 



obbligato, voices or instnunents in- 
dispensable to the proper perform- 
ance of a piece; also a part added 
for ornament or display. 

opera buffa, a comic opera. 

ottava, an octave. 

ottava alta, an octave higher. 

ottava bassa, an octave lower* 



parte cantante, the singing part, the 
voice or part which has the sus- 
tained melody. 

pastorale, in rustic or pastoral style. 

perdendo or perdendosi, gradually 
decreasing in speed and volume to 
the last note, which is nearly, if not 
quite, lost on the ear. 

piu forte, louder. 

piu lento, slower. 

piu mosso, with more movement. 

piu piano, softer. 

piu presto, quicker. 

pizzicato, plucked, played with the 
finger, not with the bow. 

poco a poco, gradually. By degrees. 

poco meno, somewhat less. 

poco piano, rather soft. 

poco piu, somewhat more. 

poco presto, rather quick. 

portamento, gliding from ono tO 
another note. 

premiere, a first performance. 

prestissimo, the most rapid possible 
movement. 

primO) the first. 



rallentando, ritardatido, ritenente> 

slackening the speed. 
rondino, rondiletta, rondinetto, 
or rondolettoy a short rondo 



1098 



Dictionary of Music 



rondoy a composition of several strains 
with frequent return to first theme. 



scherzandoy in a light, breezy man- 
ner. 

8cherzo» a joke or jest; the quick 
movement of a sonata or symphony. 

seconda volta xnolto crescendo , 
much louder the second time. 

segue il coro, here follows the chorus. 

segue la finale, here follows the 
finale. 

segue senza interruzione, go on; 
do not stop. 

sempre forte, continuing loud, with- 
out decreasing the force. 

sempre piu forte, steadily increas- 
ing in force. 

senza replica, withouti repetition. 
Da capo senza replica^ play from the 
beginmng, but disregard repeat- 
marks. 

sin' al fine, to the end. 

slentando, reducing the speed, 
sustained, 
in an undertone, 
with spirit, animation. 



sostenuto, 
sotto voce, 
spiritoso, 

energy. 

staccato, short, pointed, detached; 
the opposite of legato, 

stark, loud. 

syncopation, a displacement of ac- 
cent, either by having a rest on a 
strong beat, or by tying a strongly 
accented tone to a weaker. 



tasto solo, played without chords. 
tempo, or a tempo, in time. 
tempo giusto, in exact time. 
tempo primo, in the first or original 

time. 
tenete sino alia fin del suono, keep 

keys down as long as sound lasts. 
tenna, the theme. 
tenuto, sustained; held for the full 

time-value. 
timpani, kettle drums. 
tutti, all voices or instruments, or 

boUi. 
tre, three; a tre, for three voices or 

instruments. 
treniando, or tremolo, rapid repeti- 
tion of a note or chord, producing a 

tremulous kind of motion. 



variazioni, variations of an air or 

theme.^ 
veloce, in rapid time. 
vigoroso,' vigorousl}^, with energy. 
vivace, with animation. 
vivo, animated, hvely. 
voll, full, as mit voile orgel, full organ. 
voce, the voice. 

voce di petto, chest or natural voice. 
voce di testa, head voice. 
volta, time, turn; as prima volta, the 

first time; una volta ^ once. 
volti subitOt txim the leaf quickly. 



1099 



DICTIONARY OF PHOTOGRAPHY 



aberration^ in a lens, a deviation of 
rays of light from a normal path. 
See chromatic aberration, spherical 
aberration. 

accelerator, a chemical addition to 
a developer to hasten its work. 

acetic acid, an acid used as a clearing 
bath for bromide prints, developed 
with ferrous oxalate. 

acetone, a chemical compound used 
for preserving developers, fixing 
baths, and as a res trainer. 

achromatic lens, one that produces 
an image without fringes of color. 

actinometer, an instrument for 
measuring the intensity of the solar 
rays and determining the exposure 
for plates and papers. 

adurol, a group of developing agents. 

aerograph, an air-brush or spray 
pencil used in finishing enlargements, 
working up backgrounds, etc. 

Albertype, a modification of the early 
paper-negative calotype process. 

albumen process, one by which 
albumen is used instead of collodion 
to coat glass or paper.^ 

ambrotype, a negative on glass 
backed by a black coating, so that 
the transparent portions of the glass 
appeared black. 

anthrakotype, a process for produc- 
ing line drawings, diagrams, etc. 

aperture, the clear space in the lens 
which allows the light to pass into 
the camera. 

Artigue process, an early gum- 
bichromate process, in which hot 
sawdust and water were used for 
developing. 

artotype, another name of calotype. 

astigmatism, an aberration in a lens. 

astrophotography, photography ap- 
plied to the celestial bodies. 

autotype, the original carbon process. 



B 



backing, a non-reflecting substance 
applied to the back of a plate to 
prevent light from spreading. 

Bergheim lens, one favored for 
portraiture. 

biconcave lens, one thinnest at 
center, with both surfaces curved 
inwards. 

biconvex lens, one thickest at center, 
with both surfaces curved outwards. 

binocular camera, another name of 
stereoscopic camera. 

biograph. See cinematograph. 

bitumen process, a process used for 
obtaining a photographic image, 
from a negative on a zinc or copper 
plate; adapted to photo-lithography 
and line and haK-tone zincography. 

blue-print process, one in which 
prints are made on paper coated 
with a mixture of a ferrous salt, 
usually ammoniocitrate of iron, 
and ferricyanide of potassium, the 
image being developed and fixed by 
merely washing in water. 

bromide paper, a paper coated with 
a sensitive gelatine-bromide emul- 
sion, usually developed in a dark- 
room, but some kinds may be 
exposed and developed by gaslight. 



cabinet, a size of portrait mount, 

about 6x4 inches. 
calotype process, one in which 

paper, having on its surface chloride 

of silver, is exposed in a camera, 

and the image developed by a 

solution of gallic acid. 
camera, a light-tight box in which 

the sensitive plate is exposed. 
camera, solar, a camera in which the 

direct rays of the sun are used for 

printing and enlarging. 



1100 



Dictionary of Photography 



catneray stereoscopic, a camera with 
two similar lenses about 2% inches 
apart, for taking views for the 
stereoscope. 

carbon paper, a paper coated with 
pigmented gelatine, usually sensi- 
tized with potassium bichromate. 

carbon process, one in which the 
paper is coated with a mixture of 
gelatine, water, and pigment; sensi- 
tized by a solution of bichromate of 
potash or of ammonia; developed by 
washing in warm water; and printed 
under a negative. 

celluloid, a compound of camphor 
and gun-cotton, resembling ivory; 
used in photography as a basis for 
flat and roll films. 

chromatic aberration, the fringing 
of images with prismatic colors 
when light passes through curved 
lenses. 

cinematograph, a device similar to 
the biograph, kinetograph, and vita- 
scope, for projecting on a canvas 
screen lifehke animated pictures of 
moving objects. 

collodion process, one in which the 
sensitive iodide and bromide of 
silver are held in a film of collodion, 
on glass, the image being developed 
with pyrogallic acid, or a ferrous 
salt, and the positive being obtained 
by laying the negative on prepared 
paper and exposing them to the 
light. 

cyanotype process, the same as blue- 
print process, used chiefly for 
reproducing mechanical and archi- 
tectural designs. 



Daguerreot|q>e process, the famous 
one in which a film of silver iodide 
on a plate of silvered copper was the 
sensitive material, the pictures on 
which being developed by the vapor 
of mercury. 

developing paper, a paper on which 
the image does not immediately 
appear, but requires developing like 
the negative; similar to bromide 
paper. 



development, the treatment cf an 
exposed sensitive photographic sur- 
face with certain reducing agents, 
so as to render the image risible. 

dry-plate, a sensitive gelatin or 
collodion plate that may be kept 
and exposed in a dry state. See 
wet-plate. 

E 

)eiectrical transmission, a modem 
system of transmitting photographs 
electrically, employing a half-tone 
photograph printed on tinfoil, placed 
to be revolved on a metal drum over 
which travels an iridium stylus. 



F 

negative on 



black- 



ferrotype, a 

varnished iron. 

film, a transparent, flexible sheet of 
celluloid, used in the place of glass 
as a base for the sensitive material. 

fixing, the removal, by a solution of 
hyposulphite of soda or cyanide of 
potassium, ©f the unaffected deposit 
of iodide and bromide of silver in the 
collodion film after exposure and 
development. 

flash-light, a light that can be made 
to flash into momentary briUiancy, 
used in instantaneous photography 
after dark; usually produced by 
compounds containing magnesium. 

fuming, ^ exposing silver paper to 
ammonia to render it more sensitive 
and capable of giving more brilhant 
prints and a purple tone. 

H 

halation, the tendency of the action 
of hght to spread in the film. See 
aberration, chromatic aberration, 
spherical aberration. 

heliotype process, a photo-mechan- 
ical method in which a gelatin 
picture is itself used to print from 
in some form of printing-press, 
instead of being covered with 
tinfoil, as in the Stannotype process. 

I 

intensifying, a term appHed to 
various modes of giving strength or 



1101 



Dictionary of Photography 



increased opacity to the deposit 
forming the photographic picture 
on an exposed and developed plate. 

K 

kinetograph. See cinematograph. 

L 

lens, a piece of a transparent sub- 
stance, usually glass, so shaped as to 
afford two regular opposite surfaces, 
both curved, or one curved and the 
other plane, changing the direction 
of rays of light, and diminishing or 
increasing the apparent size of 
objects viewed through it; used to 
throw an image of the objects in 
front of the camera on to the sensi- 
tive plate. 

lens field , the whole space illumined 
by a lens at full aperture, or the 
space it will cover with sufficient 
sharpness for photographic purposes. 

litmus paper, white blotting paper 
stained blue in a litmus solution 
and dried; used for testing acids. 

M 

microphotos^aphy, a photographic 
process by which an object is re- 
duced in size, while its exact form 
is retained. 

N 

negative, original plate ^ or paper 
from which positive pictures are 
printed. 



photochromograph, a photograph 
in which the colors are represented 
according to nature. 

photochronography a chronographic 
and photographic apparatus com- 
bined, used for taking instantaneous 
pictures of moving objects at regular 
and usually short intervals. 

photoengraving, a term applied to 
processes for producing printing 
blocks or plates by photography. 



photographophone, a device for 
photographing sounds, speech, mu- 
sic, etc., and reproducing them by 
means of telephone receivers. 

photography, the art of producing 
pictures by the action of certain 
sensitive substances,, under the in- 
fluence of light. 

photogravure, a term applied to 
methods of producing, by photog- 
raphy, plates for printing on a 
copper-plate press. 

photoheliograph, instiiiment de- 
vised for celestial photography. 

photolithography, a mode of pro- 
ducing by photography designs upon 
stones, from which impressions may 
be obtained on an ordinary litho- 
graphic press. 

photomicrography, the art of en- 
larging of microscopic objects, by 
means ^ of the microscope, and 
projection of the enlarged image on a 
sensitized plate. 

photo-relief, a picture in relief on 
metal, which can be used like a 
wood-cut on an ordinary printing- 
press. 

photo-sculpture, an application of 
photography to assist a sculptor in 
modelling portrait-statues, or fac- 
similes and reduced reproductions of 
other statues. 

phototype process, one similar to 
the hehotype process. 

platinuni process, one in which the 
paper is coated with ferric and 
platinum salts, the resulting image 
being in platinum black. 

positive, the print on paper from a 
negative. 

powder process, one in which prints 
are produced on paper in plumbago. 

printing-out^ paper, a paper on 
which the image appears at once 
on exposure to light under a nega- 
tive, requiring only to be toned and 
fixed. 



restrainer, any substance used in 
developing the images produced by 
light, to prevent the action froia 
proceeding too violently. 



1102 



Dictionary of Photography 



sensitizer, any substance added to a 
photographic material to increase 
or alter its sensitiveness to light. 

silver paper, a paper formed by a 
coating of albumen solution con- 
taining ammonium chloride, on 
which, when dried, is floated a 
solution of silver nitrate. 

spherical aberration, the deviation 
of rays of light when made to pass 
through curved lenses. 

Stannotype process, one in which a 
gelatin picture is covered with tinfoil 
before being placed on a press for 
printing. 

Swan's process, a carbon process 
beheved to be the first of the 
permanent printing processes with 
pigmented gelatin that was com- 
mercially successful. 



tintype^ another name for ambrotype 
and ferrotype. 



U 



unar lens, a lens of large aperture, 



corrected for aberrations; used for 
rapid hand-camera work, portrait- 
ure, enlargements, and reproduc- 
tions. 



view-finder, a device attached to a 
camera through which an operator 
can see the view he is taking with- 
out using the focussing screen. 

vitascope. See cinematograph. 

W 

water lens, a lens in which a cell of 
water or other Hquid is used instead 
of glass. 

wet-plate, a plate that requires sensi- 
tizing before using, and is used in a 
wet state. See dry-plate. 

Woodbury type process, one similar 
to the Stannotype process for print- 
ing from a surface of tin. 

X 

X-ray photography, that which is 
done with the aid of Rontgen or 
X-rays; now invaluable in the prac- 
tice of medicine and surgery. 



1103 



DICTIONARY OF POLO 



attack, the attempt of players to 
strike a ball through a goal. 



B 



back, player No. 4; usually the most 
important member of the team; 
generally guards a goal; sometimes 
takes the ball forward, leaving No. 3 
on guard. 

back-hander, a stroke made when 
a player desires to send the ball im- 
mediately behind him, or to the off 
or near side, or under his pony's 
tall. 

back-line hit, when a ball is hit be- 
hind the back-hne by one of the 
opposing side it must be hit off 
without delay from where it crossed 
the Une, but at least 12 feet from the 
goal post, after giving the opposing 
side reasonable time to get to the 
30 yards Une; none of the attacking 
side to be within 30 yards of the 
back-hne when the ball is hit off. 

ball, generally made from the willow 
tree root; not to exceed 3J^ inches 
in diameter, nor 53^ ounces in 
weight. 

bell, the instrument rung to notify 
players that an intermission has ex- 
pired; also, when the ball next goes 
out of play to indicate the time for 
changing ponies. See period. 

boards, planks 11 inches high set 
on edge end to end along the line; 
on the infield side the groimd is 
sloped upward to within about 7 
inches of the top of the boards, thus 
forming a sort of cushion. 



crossing. See interference. 



dead ball, a fouled ball till the um- 
pire orders "play." 

defense, the attempt of players to 
prevent a hit ball from passing 
through a goal. 

delays, all unnecessary delays for- 
bidden, and, in the case of hitting 
out a ball, penaHzed by the umpire 
ordering the offending side to hit 
out at once- 

disability by fouling, where a 
player has been disabled by a foul 
the side f ouhng may be penaHzed by 
having the offender designated and 
retired, after which the game may 
be continued with three players a 
side. 

duration of game, one hour, divided 
into 6 periods of 10 minutes each, 
with 3 minute intermission after 
each period, excepting the third, 
and then 5 minutes. 



falls (1) if a pony falls or if a player 
or pony be injured, the umpire 
stops the game; (2) if a player falls 
off his pony, the umpire will not 
stop the game imless he believes 
that the player is injured; (3) the 
umpire decides what constitutes a 
*^fall." 

forward drive, a strong hit at the 
ball on the off-side. 

foul, any infringement of the rules. 



game won, by the side that gains the 
most goals. 

gets back to, phrase meaning that a 
player resumes his former position 
as soon as possible after a maneuver 
is completed, successfully or not. 



Die 73 



1104 



Dictionary of Polo 



giving way, in general, the player 
following most closely the line of the 
ball after the last hit must be given 
way to b}^ other players, unless they 
can get in front of him without 
causing a sudden check. 

goal gained, when a ball passes be- 
tween the goal posts and over the 
goal line. 

goal posts, posts at least 10 feet high, 
placed 24 feet apart; made of a 
flexible material, as rolled paper, to 
reduce dangers of coUision. 

goals, not less than 250 yards apart; 
each one, 8 yards wide. 

ground, ^ area of play; not over 300 
yards in length by 200 yards in 
width, if ground is unboarded, and 
300 by 160 yards where ground is 
boarded. 



H 



hooking a stick, in British play, a 
player is permitted to hook an op- 
ponent's stick if the latter is in the 
act of striking at the ball, provided 
he be immediately behind him or on 
the same side of his pony As the 
ball; in American play, hooking a 
stick is prohibited. 



I* 



interference, a player is not al- 
lowed to cross another player who 
is in possession of the ball, excepting 
at such a distance that the player 
shall not have to check his pony to 
avoid a collision. 

interposing, a player may interpose 
his pony before an opponent so as 
to prevent the latter reaching the 
ball, but see interference. 



allowed to enter a game or tourna- 
ment. 

line of the ball, the line of its course, 
or its line at the moment of a 
dispute. 

lines, markings across the groimd at 
each end parallel to the goal lines, 
and 30 and 60 yards from them. 

M 

mallet, the same as stick. 
marking, where a player keeps close 

watch over an opponent to prevent 

his becoming unguarded. 
mount, the pony. 



N 



near-side stroke, one where the 
player cannot swing his stick on the 
right side. 

No. 1, in British play, the most 
undesirable position of a player on a 
team, as he is not allowed to hit the 
ball unless he has one of the opposing 
side nearer than himself to the 
opponent's goal line; American rules 
make him more important than 
the British. 

No. 4. See back. 

Nos. 3 and 4, the two rear players; 
they work in unison and on occasion 
change positions and guard the goal. 



on-side, a player not in possession 
of the ball who has at least one 
opposing playeT between himself 
and the goal he is attacking. 

out-ball, a ball that goes over and 
clear of a boundary line. 



left-handed players, where two 
players are riding from opposite 
directions to hit the ball, and one 
of them is left-handed, the latter 
must give way to the other. In 
British play all left-handed players 
must be registered before being- 



penalties for foul play (1) a free hit 
from the 60-yards line, the foulmg 
side keeping behind the goal line; 
(2) a free fit from the spot where 
the foul occurred; (3) a hit by the 
fouling side from the goal line, the 
fouling side keeping beyond the 30- 
yards line; (4) a free hit from the 



1105 



Dictionary of Polo 



60-yards line, the fouling side being 
not within 20 yards of the ball, and 
the fouled side disposed at pleasure. 

period, one of the six divisions of 10 
nnnutes of the hour in whicn the 
game is played; no period can be 
ended till the ball goes out of play. 

players' line, No. 1 in front; Nos. 2, 
3, and 4, stretched from No. 1 
toward the protected goal; No. 1 
marks No. 4 of the opposing Hne, 
No. 2 marks the opposing No. 3, etc. 

pony, the mount, not over 14 hands, 
2 inches in height, and well trained 
to the game. 

possession of the ball, credited to 
any player who follows the exact 
line of the ball from the direction 
from which it was last hit. 

prohibitions^ no player shall ride 
dangerously zigzag in front of a 
player who is on a gallop; bump at 
an angle dangerous to a player or 
his pony; pull across or over a pony's 
forelegs so as to risk tripping the 
pony; use his stick dangerously; 
use blinkers or spurs with rowels on 
his pony; intentionally strike his 
pony with the head of his stick; 
carry a ball; seize with the hand, 
strike or push with the head, arm, 
or elbow; or hit the ball or interfere 
with the game when dismounted. 



side-fouling, penalized by the side 
having to take the ball back and hit 
it off from behind their own goal 
line, from the center of goal, none of 
the side fouled to be within 30 yards 
of the goal line produced, but the 
side fouling being free to place them- 
selves where they please. 

slice to the off, a hit by which the ball 
is centered to the players' right. 

starting the game, after both sides 
have taken positions in the center 
of the ground the umpire throws the 
ball between the lines of players and 
orders *'play." 

stick, instrument of any desired 
length or weight with which the ball 
is struck. 

striking-head, the cross-piece at- 
tached to the end of the stick, more 
or less curved, and turned at right 
angles to the direction of the stroke; 
American favorite, cigar-shaped. 

stroke under pony's neck, a stroke 
made in front of a goal for scoring 
or driving the ball out of the danger 
zone. 



team, four players on each side, 
known as Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. 

three-player-sides, a game con- 
tinued with three players a side 
after the designation of any of the 
players of a side fouHng and the 
retirement of the offender or of* 
fenders. 

tie, where a tie occurs the game is 
continued till a goal is scored. 

time-keeper, official employed in all 
games and matches. 

U 

umpire, an official for each side 
unless sides agree to play with one 
only; his or their decisions final. 
See referee. 

W 

8corer, official employed in all games whistle, the instrument with which 
and matches. the umpire declares a ball "dead.'' 

1106 



referee, in important matches, an 
official agreeable to each side, whose 
decisions are final when the umpire or 
umpires disagree or are appealed from. 

restarting the game, after a goal 
has been scored, the game is resumed 
in the same manner as started. 

riding-off, attempting to impede an 
opposing "back" from reaching the 
ball without getting off-side. See 
interposing. 

riding-out, a player may ride out 
an opponent so as to prevent the 
latter reaching the ball; but see 
interference. 



DICTIONARY OF STATE NAMES AND 
MEANINGS 



Alabama, Indian, *Tiere we rest." 

Arizona, Aztec; ''silver bearing." ^ 

Arkansas, ''Kansas," the Indian 
name for "smoky water," with the 
French prefix "arc," bow or bend 
in the principal river. 

California, aliente Fomalla, Span- 
ish for ''hot furnace," in allusion to 
the cUmate. 

Colorado, Spanish; meaning "col- 
ored," from the red color of the 
Colorado River. 

Connecticut, Indian; "long river." 

Delaware, named in honor of Lord 
Delaware. 

Florida, named bjr Ponce de Leon, 
who (fiscovered it in 1512, on Easter 
Day, the Spanish Pascua de Flores, 
or "Feast of Flowers." 

Georgia, in honor of George 11. of 
England. ^ 

Idaho, Indian; meaning unknown. ^ 

Illinois, from the Indian "illini," 
men, and the French suffix "ois," 
together signifying "tribe of men." 

Indiana, Indian land. 

Iowa, Indian; "beautiful land." 

Kansas, Indian; "smoky water." 

Kentucky, Indian; for "at the head 
of the river"; or "the dark and 
bloody ground." ^ 

Louisiana, for Louis XIV. of France. 

Maine, from the province of Maine, 
in France. 

Maryland, for Henrietta Maria, queen 
of Charles I. of England. 

Massachusetts, place of great hills 
(blue hills southwest of Boston). 

Michigan, the Indian name for a 
fish weir. The lake was so called 
from the fancied resemblance of the 
lake to a fish trap. 

Minnesot, Indian; meaning "sky- 
tinted water." 

Missisippi, Indian; meaning "great 
father of waters," 



Missouri, Indian; meaning "muddy." 

Montana, Latin; "mountainous re- 
gion." 

Nebraska, Indian; meaning "water 
valley." 

Nevada, Spanish; meaning "snow- 
covered," alluding to the mountains. 

New Hampshire, from Hampshire 
county, England. 

New Jersey, in honor of Sir George 
Carteret, one of the original gran- 
tees, who had previously been gov- 
ernor of Jersey Island. 

New Mexico, from old Mexico. 

New York, in honor of the Duke of 
York. 

North and South Carolina, orig- 
inally called Carolina, in honor of 
Charles IX. of France. 

North and South Dakota, Sioux 
Indian; "Lakota," "Nakota," or 
"Dakota;" "allies." 

Ohio, Indian; "beautiful river." 

Oklahoma, Indian; "red people." 

Oregon, from the Spanish "oregano," 
wild marjoram, which grows abun- 
dantly on the coast. 

Pennsylvania, Latin; meaning Penn's 
woody land. 

Rhode Island, from a fancied re- 
semblance to the island of Rhodes 
in the Mediterranean. 

Tennessee, Indian; meaning "river 
with the great bend." 

Texas, origin of this name is imknown. 

Utah, Ute Indian; meaning unknown. 

Vermont, French; green mountain. 

Virginia, in honor of EHzabeth, the 
"Virgin Queen." 

Washington, from George Washing- 
ton. 

West Virginia, former western part 
of Virginia. 

Wisconsin, Indian; "gathering of the 
waters," or "wild rushing channel." 

Wyoming, Indian; "large plains." 



1107 



DICTIONARY OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY 



aerial, the part of a radio-telegraphic 
station used for transferring tho 
energy of^ the transmitter to the 
ether, or, in the case of a receiving 
aerial, for collecting the energy 
from the ether for us., in the receiver. 

aerial circuit, ^ the distance between 
the free or insulated end of the 
aerial and the connection with the 
earth. 

alternating current, a current which 
periodically changes its direction of 
flow. 

alternator, a generator of alternating bus bar, 
currents. 

antenne, another term for aerial. 

ai>eriodic, that which has no definite 
individual period. 

aperiodic receiver, one ready to 
respond to all waves, whatever their 
periods might be. 

arrester, apparatus with large spark- 
ing surface and short air-gap, placed 
in series with the earth-lead of the 
transmitter; a lead is taken to the 
receiving apparatus from the side 
of the spark-gap remote from the 
earth; used for controlling signals 
on circuit, and for keeping the aerial 
earthed in thunder-storms and other 
disturbances. 

auto- jigger, a device by which the 
inductance of the primary circuit 
is formed from a certain number of 
turns of the secondary circuit. 

automatic recorder, apparatus ca- 
pable of working up to several 
hundred words a minute; now used 
in place of original hand mechanism 



B 



battery, a collection of elements or 
units, such as voltaic cells and 
ley den jars. 

blower, a rotary, motor-driven fan, 
used for drawing in air at atmos- 
pheric pressure and dehvering it in 
high pressure blasts; prevents the 
formation of arcs. 

Bradfield insulator, ebonite insula- 
tor strengthened^ by a metal core, 
used for leading-in the aerial to the 
interior of a building; withstands 
high potentials of transmission. 

a broad lead to which the 
smaller leads from the imits of a 
condenser battery are joined. 

buzzer, small apparatus for produc- 
ing feeble oscillations, used for tests 
and calls. 

buzzer, practice, combination of 
buzzer and signalling key for prac- 
ticing signalling. 

buzzer, tuned, common buzzer with 
the coils of the electro-magnet 
shunted by a non-inductive resist- 
ance. 



call bell, a device by which incoming 
signals, especially those of distress, 
attract the attention of the operator 
even if he is off duty. 

capacity, the property by which a 
condenser stores up electrical energy; 
measured by the number of cou- 
lombs the condenser will hold when 
the difference of pressure between 
the two extreme plates is one volt. 



JLIO, JJldlV^CJ yJX V->X X^XXXCDX XXCbJ-LVX J-LJ.V^V/JaCtfi-LJ.OXJ-1 , Ul.1^ KVVV^ V/^ UX V/XJ-lVy ^iC*UVykJ XkJ \JXJ.^^ TVrxi/. 

permits an enormously greater speed choking coil, a coil of wire wound in 



m transmission, 
automatic transmitter, apparatus 
substituted for the hand-worked 
signalling key; insures greater regu- 
larity and speed. 



such a way as to have great self- 
induction. 
circuits, a circuit in which oscilla- 
tions are possible and there is no 
distinct break of continuity is called 



1108 



Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy 



a closed oscillating circuit; a con- 
denser in which the plates are very 
remote converts a closed oscillating 
circuit ^ into an open or radiating 
oscillating circuit. 

closed oscillating circuit* See cir- 
cuits. 

coherer, an imperfect contact or 
collection of such contacts, so 
arranged that when brought under 
the inSuence of the incoming electro- 
magnet wave it allows current from 
a local battery to pass and make 
some kind of signal. 

compass, wireless, one of several 
forms of direction-finders, which 
enables an operator to get the bear- 
ings of a station transmitting a 
signal by turning a handle over a 
marked scale. 

commutator, a series of moving or 
movable contacts by which the 
direction of the current in a system 
can be changed. 

condenser unit, a system composed 
of two conducting surfaces placed 
close together and separated by an 
insulator. 

coupling, the ratio of the mutual 
induction between two circuits com- 
pared with the self-inductance of 
each circuit. 

coupling, direct, 'where one circuit 
is linked to another in such a way 
that a portion of one circuit forms 
part of the other, or where there is 
direct electrical connection between 
the second circuit and a point in 
the first. 

cut-out, apparatus having the func- 
tion of a fuse, but not acting by the 
fusing of a conductor. 

cymometer, instrument for measur- 
ing the wave length and frequency 
of an electro-magnetic wave. 

cymoscope, instrument which shows 
the presence of minute cmrents; 
a detector; depends on its rectifying 
action on a train of oscillations. 



moving rhythmically, so as to 

gradually reduce the amount of its 

movements. 
decrement, logarithQiic, a measure 

or the rate of decay of an electric 

oscillation under the influence of 

damping. 
dielectric, a medium through which 

electric energy can be transmitted 

by an electrical strain in the medium. 
discharger, the device in the primary 

oscillating circuit at which the spark 

or arc occurs. 



earths, the metallic connections of 
the lower extremities of aerials with 
^ the upper crust of the earth. 

einthoven, an exceedingly sensitive 
galvanometer for indicating received 
signals, in which the moving part is 
a fine stretched conducting string. 



frequency, term used in connection 
with any form of rhythmical motion 
or change, denoting the number of 
cornplete movements or changes in 
a given time, usually a second. 

frequency, high, under the latest 
demarcation between high and low 
frequency, a frequency measured in 
thousands or millions of periods per 
second. 

frequency, low, a frequency meas- 
ured in tens or himdreds of periods 
per second. 

fundamental, the fundamental note, 
swing, or oscillation of a system is 
the one which fits in with the formula 
giving the time-period in terms of 
those of its properties which affect 
that period. See time-period. 



galvanometer. See einthoven. 
H 



damping, process of withdrawing harmonics, waves whose frequencies 
energy from a system, which is bear a definite relation to that of the 

1109 



Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy 



fundamental; the first harmonic of 
an aerial has a frequency three times 
as great as that of the fundamental; 
the second harmonic, five times as 
great, and so on. 
hysteresis, the lagging of an effect 
behind the cause producing it; 
generally due to friction of some 



I 



inductance, the property of an 
electric circuit by which it tends to 
oppose any change in the value of 
the current flowing therein; the 
opposition being effected by the pro- 
duction of an electromotive force in 
such a direction as to lessen the 
change producing it. 

interference, the interaction of two 
waves of different frequencies, or 
of two waves of the same frequency 
but different phase^ acting in the 
same circuit, resulting in the for- 
mation of nodes and loops. See loop. 

interrupter, ^ a device for breaking 
up a continuous current into a 
succession of pulses more or less 
rapid. 

ionization, another term for electrol- 
ysis. 



jigger, a form of potential trans- 
former designed for high-frequency 
(oscillating) currents, and used both 
in transmitting and receiving, 

K 

key, ^ high-tension transmitting, a 
device by which the transmitting 
circuit is made and broken by a 
switch in the high-tension leads of 
the transformer, controlled by the 
ordinary manipulating key. 



lamp, tuning, a small, low-voltage 
incandescent-filament lamp, ar- 
ranged so that it can take a small 



fraction of the oscillating current 
induced in the earth-lead of the 
transmitter. The amount of glow 
produced by the lamp indicates 
the total current in the earth-lead, 
and the lamp is effective in tuning 
the primary and secondary circuits. 
loop, a point of maximum potential 
in a circuit or part of a circuit along 
which the potential is gradually 
rising or falling. When the aerial 
circuit is vibrating freely it will 
always have a node of potential at 
the earth and an anti-node or loop 
at its free end. 

M 

mast, steel, a type of mast built up 
of hollow steel sections of semi- 
circular shape after a system which 
enables it to be erected to great 
heights without any scaffolding. 

micrometer spark-gap, a small, 
dehcately adjustable spark-gap, used 
to protect receivers, etc., against 
atmospheric discharges and other 
adverse influences. 

multiple action, a system by which 
one station can send two or more 
messages simultaneously to two or 
more other stations, and receive 
similarly from them. 

N 

node* See loop. 

note tuning, the S3mtonization of 
the receiver to the frequentcy of 
the wave-trains, instead of to the 
frequency of the waves themselves. 



oscillations, electric, alternating 
currents of high frequency, such as 
are produced by the discharge of a 
condenser through a circuit whose 
resistance does not exceed a certain 
value in comparison with the in- 
ductance and capacity. 

oscillations, free and forced, an 
oscillation is free when it has the 
same frequency as that of the f unda- 



1110 



Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy 



mental or one of the harmonics of the 
circuit, and forced when otherwise. 



period^ in a system tmdergoing 
rhythmical change, one complete 
cycle of change. 

periodic tinie> the time of a complet- 
ed period. 

plain aerial, term applied to the 
receiving circuit when the detector 
is placed directly in series with the 
fiBceiving aerial ajid the earth. 



quenohed sparky one which, owing 
to the oiatiire of its discharger, 
extinguishes itself rapidly after al- 
lowing the passage of a few oscil- 
lations. This spark, used in the 
primary circuit, producea two fre- 
quencies in the circuits. 



rectifier, ^ a device ^ for converting 
alternating or oscillating currents 
into continuous currents, or into 
pulses of imidirectional current. 

resonance, the production of vibra- 
tions in a body or a circuit by the 
action of a periodic fprce which has 
the spme period as the natural 
period of the body or circuit. 



syntony, the adjustment of one cir- 
cuit to another or of one transmitter 
to one receiver so that the time- 
periods are the same throughout 
the system. 



tapper, a small vibrating hammer 
used for restoring certain forms of 
coherer ^ to a condition of non- 
conductivity on the cessation of 
signals.^^ 

time-period, in electrical oscillating 
circuits, time-periods are ascer- 
tained by the amoimt of inductance, 
capacity, and resistance in the 
circuit. 

train of waves, the group of oscil- 
lations sent out from an aerial at 
every discharge of the primary 
circuit. 



U 



undamped waves, train of, one in 
which the ampUtude of each suc- 
cessive wave is equal to that of the 
wave preceding and following it. 

W 

wave-lengthy the distance between 
any point in a wave and the corre- 
sponding point in the wave im- 
mediately preceding and following 
it. 



selectivity, the property of a receiv- 
ing apparatus by which it can select 
or pick out the waves from the sta- 
tion which it wants to receivB, to 
the exclusion of an other waves from 
other stations or from the atmos- 
phere. 



X, symbol given to signals generated 
by atmospheric disturbances or 
changes in the earth's magnetic 
condition. 

x-stoppers, devices for eliminating 
the effects of atmospheric dis- 
turbances on the receiving circuits. 



1111 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS OF LIKE AND 
OPPOSITE MEANING 



An intensely interesting study in 
philology and one that is too com- 
monly overlooked is afforded by a 
large group of words that is divisible 
into two classes, first, different words 
that have the same meaning, and, 
second, words that have a meaning en- 
tirely opposite to those in the fir-st 
class, A practical result of a compar- 
ison of these classes of words is found 
in a choice suitable to the fancy of the 
student, and also in the selection of 
the words that indicate the best form 
5n writing and speaking. Any one who 
wants '^the right word'* will here be 
accommodated. Words in €he first 
class are known as Synonyms; those 
in the second class as Antonyms. 
Should the student wish to pursue 
this study further two other classes 
are available and inviting, first, Hom- 
onyms, or words similar in spelling 
but differing in use, and, second, 
Homophonous words, or those that 
are similar in soimd, but differ in spell- 
ing and meaning. 

The following collection is limited to 
synonyms and antonyms, and to those 
especially that are most prevalent in 
ordinary usage, and will answer most 
of the requirements of refined cor- 
respondence and conversation. 

A 

abandon, leave, forsake, desert, re- 
nounce, rehnquish, quit, forego, let 
go, waive. (Keep, cherish.) 

abandoned, deserted, forsaken, 
wicked, reprobate, dissolute, profli- 
gate, flagitious, corrupt, depraved, 
vicious. (Cared for, virtuous.) 

abandonment, leaving, desertion, 
derehction, renunciation, defection. 

abasement, degradation, fall, degen- 
eracy, humiliation, abjection, debase- 
ment, servihty. (Honor.) 



abash, bewilder, disconcert, discom« 
pose, confound, confuse, shame. 
(Embolden.) 

abbreviate, shorten, abridge, curtail, 
contract, condense, reduce. (Ex« 
tend.) 

abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, 
abandon, forsake, relinquish, quit, 
forego. 

abet, help, encourage, instigate, in* 
cite, stimulate, aid, assist. (Resist.) 

abettor, assistant, accessory, accom- 
phce, promoter, instigator, particeps 
criminis, coadjutor., associate, com* 
pardon, co-operator. (Opponent.) 

abbor, dislike intensely, view with 
horror, hate, detest* abominate, 
loathe, nauseate. (Love.) 

ability, capabiUty, talent, faculty, 
capacity, quaUfication, aptitude, apt- 
ness, expertness, skill, efficiency, ac- 
compHshment, attainment. (In* 
competency.) 

abject, grovehng, low, mean, base, 
ignoble, worthless, despicable servile, 
vile, contemptible. (Noble ) 

abjure, recant, forswear, disclaim, 
recall, revoke, retract, renounce. 
(Maintain.) 

able, strong, powerful, muscular, stal* 
wart, vigorous, athletic, robust, 
brawny, skillfuL adroit, competent, 
efficient, capable, clever, self-quaU- 
fied, telhng, fitted. (Weak.) 

abode, residence, habitation, dwelling, 
domicile, home, quarters, lodging. 

abolish, quash, destroy, revoke, abro- 
gate, annul, cancel, annihilate, ex- 
tinguish, vitiate, invalidate, nullity. 
(Estabhsh, enforce.) 

abominable, hateful, detestable, odi- 
ous, vile, execrable.^ (Lovable.) 

abortive, fruitless, ineffectual, idle, 
inoperative, vain, futile. (Effectual.) 

about, concerning, regarding, relative 
to, with regard to, as to, respecting, 



1112 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaninsf 

with respect to, referring to, around, account, narrative, description, nar 
nearly, approximately. ration, relation, detail, recital, mon- 

abscondy run off, steal away, decamp, eys, reckoning, bill, charge. 

bolt. ^ ^ accountable, punishable, answerable, 

absent, a., inattentive, abstracted, amenable, responsible, liable, 

not attending to, listless, dreamy, accumulate, bring together, amass 
(Present.) ^ collect, gather. (Scatter, dissipate.) 

absolute, entire, complete, imcondi- accumulation, collection, store, 
tional, unqualified, unrestricted, des- mass, congeries, concentration, 

potic, arbitrary, t5^annous, impera- accurate, correct, exact, precise, nice, 
tive, authoritative, imperious. (Lim- truthful. (Erroneous, careless.) 

ited.) achieve, do, accomphshment, effect, 
absorb, engross, swallow up, engulf, fulfill, execute, gain, win.^ 

imbibe, consume, merge. (Eject.) achievement, feat, exploit, accom- 
absurd, silly, foolish, preposterous, plishment, attainment, performance, 
ridiculous, irrational, unreasonable, acquirement, gain. (Failure.) 

nonsensical, inconsistent. (Wise, acknowledge, admit,^ confess, own, 
solemn.) avow, grant, recognize, allow, con- 

abuse, v.f asperse, revile, vilify, re- cede. (Deny.) 

proach, calumniate, defame, slander, acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise, 
scandalize, mahgn, traduce,^ dispar- make aware, make known, notify, 
age, depreciate, ill-use. (Praise, pro- communicate. (Deceive.) ^ 

tect.) ^ ^ ^ acquaintance, famiUarity, intimacy, 

abuse, n., scurrility, ribaldry, con- cognizance, fellowship, companion- 
tumely, obloquy, opprobrium, foul ship, knowledge. (UnfamiUarity.) 

invective, vituperation, ill-usage. acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, com- 
(Praise, protection.) ply, consent, give way, coincide with. 

accede, assent to, consent, acquiesce, (Protest.) 

comply with, agree, coincide, concur, acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge, 
approve. (Protest.) set free, clear, absolve. (Condemn, 

accelerate, hasten, hurry, exjjedite, convict.) 

forward, quicken, despatch. (Re- act, do, operate, make, perform, play, 
tard.) , enact, 

accept, receive, take, admit. (Refuse.) action, deed, achievement, feat, ex- 
acceptable, agreeable, pleasing, grat- ploit, accomphshment, battle, en- 
ifying, pleasurable, welcome. (Dis- gagement, agency, instrumentahty. 

pleasing.) active, Uvely, sprightly, alert, agile, 
accident, casualty, incident, contin- nimble, brisk, quick, supple, prompt, 
gency, adventure, chance. vigilant, laborious, industrious. 

accommodate, serve, obhge, adapt. (Lazy, passive.) ^ 

adjust, fit, suit. (Disoblige, impede.) actual, real, positive, genuine, cer- 
accomplice, confederate, accessory, tain. (Fictitious.) 

abettor, coadjutor, assistant, ally, acute, ^shrewd, intelligent, penetrat- 
associate, particeps criminis. (Ad- ing, piercing, keen. (Dull.) 

versary.) ^ adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, con- 

accomplish, do, effect, finish, exe- form. 

cute, achieve, complete, perfect, addicted, devoted, wedded, attached, 
consummate. (Fail.) ^ given up to, dedicated. 

accomplishment, attainment, qual- addition, increase, accession, aug- 
ification, acquirement. (Defect.) mentation, reinforcement. (Sub- 

accord, grant, allow, admit, concede. traction, separation.) 

(Deny.) address, speech, discourse, appeal, 
accost, salute, address, speak to, stop, oration, tact, skill, abihty, dexterity, 
greet. deportment, demeanor. 

1113 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

adhesion, fidherence, attachment, fi- B 

delity, devotion. (Aloofness.) 

adjacent, near to, adjoining, eon- babble, chatter, prattle, prate. 

tiguous, ^ conterminous, bordering, bad, wicked, evil. (Good.) 

neighboring. (Distant.) bafHe, confound, defeat, disconcert. 

adjourn, defer, prorogue, postpone. (Aid, abet.) 

adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, base, vile, mean. (Noble.) 

appendency, dependency. battle, action, combat, engagement. 

adjust, set rights fit, accommodate, bear, carry, convey, transport. 

adapt, arrange, settle, regulate, or- bear, endure, suffer, support. 

ganize. (Confuse.) beastly, brutal, sensual, bestial. 

admirable, striking, eurprising, won- beat, defeat, overpower, overthrow, 

derful, astonishing. (Detestable.) rout. 

admit, allow, permit, suffer, tolerate beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty, 

(Deny.) ^ (Homely, ugly.) 

advantageous, beneficial. (Hurtful.) becoming, decent, fit, seemly, suit- 

afFection, love. (Aversion.) able. (Unbecoming.) 

afPectionate, fond, kind. (Harsh.) beg, beseech, crave, entreat, implore, 

agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, charm- solicit, supplicate. (Give.) 

ing. (Disagreeable.) behavior, carriage, conduct, deport- 

alternating, intermittent. (Contin- ment, demeanor. 

ual.) belief, credit, faith, trust. (Doubt.) 

ambassador, enVoy, plenipotentiary, beneficent, bountiful, generous, libe- 

minister.^ ral, munificent. (Covetous, miserly.) 

amend, improve, correct, better, benefit, favor, advantage, kindness, 

mend. ^ (Impair.) civility. (Injury.) 

anger, ire, wrath, indignation, re- benevolence, beneficence, benignity, 

sentment. (Good nature.) humanity, kindness^ tenderness. 

appropriate, assume, ascribe, arro- (JMalevolence.) 

gate, usurp. blame, censure, condemn, reprove, 

argue, debate, dispute, reason upon. reproach, upbraid. (Praise.) 

arise, flow, emanate, spring, proceed, blemish, flaw, speck, spot, stain. 

rise, issue. (Ornament.) 
artful, disingenuous, sly, tricky, in- blind, sightless, heedless. (Far- 
sincere. (Candid.) sighted.) 
artifice, trick, stratagem, finesse. blot, cancel, efface, expimge, erase, 
association, combination, company, obHterate. 

partnership, society. bold, brave, daring, fearless, hitrepid, 

attack, assail, assault, encounter. undaimtea. (Timid.) 

(Defend.) ^ border, brim, brink, edge, margin, 

audacity, boldness, effrontery, hardi- rim, verge, boimdary, confine, fron- 

hood. (Meekness.) tier. 

austere, rigid, rigorous, severe, stem, bound, circumscribe, confine, limit, 

(Dissolute.) ^ restrict. 

avaricious, niggardly, miserly, parsi- brave, dare, defy. 

monious. (Generous.) bravery, courage, valor. (Cowardice.) 

aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, break, bruise, crush, pound, squeeze. 

repugnance. (Affection.) breeze, blast, gale, gust, hurricane, 

awe, dread, fear, reverence. (Famil- storm, tempest. 

iarity.) bright, clear, radiant, shining. (Dull.) 
awkward, clumsy. (Graceful.) brittle, fragile, breakable. (Solid.) 
axiom, adage, aphorism, apothegm, burial, interment, sepulture. (Res- 
byword, maxim, pioverb, saying, urrection.) 

saw. business, avocation, employment, en- 

1114 



Dictionary of Words oF Like and Opposite Meaning 



gagement, occupation, art, profes- 
sion, trade. 
bustley stir, tumult, fuss. (Quiet.) 



calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- 
chance, mishap. (Grood fortune.) 

calm, collected, composed, placid, se- 
rene. (Stormy, unsettled.) 

capable, able, competent. (Incom- 
petent.) 

captious, fretful, cross, peevish, pet- 
ulant. (Good-natured.) 

care, anxiety, concern, solicitude, 
heed, attention, (Heedlessness, neg- 
ligence.) 

caress, kiss, embrace. (Spurn, buffet.) 

carnage, butchery, massacre, slaugh- 
ter. 

cause, motive, reason. (Effect, con- 
sequence.) 

cease, discontinue, leave off, end. 
(Continue.) 

censure, animadvert, criticise. 
(Praise.) 

certain, secure, sure. ^ (Doubtful.) 

cessation, intermission, rest, stop. 
(Continuance.) 

chance, fate, fortune. (Design.) 

change, barter, exchange, substitute. 

changeable, fickle, inconstant, muta- 
ble, variable. (Unchangeable.) 

character, reputation, repute, stand- 
ing- 
charm, captivate, enchant, enrapture, 

fascinate. 
chastity, purity, continence, virtue. 

(Lewdness.) 
cheap, inexpensive, inferior, common. 

(Dear.) 
cheerful, gay, merry, sprightly. 

(Mournful.) 
chief, chieftain, head, leader. (Sub- 
ordinate.) 
circumstance, fact, incident. 
class, degree, order, rank. 
clear, bright, lucid, vivid. (Opaque.) 
clever, adroit, dexterous, expert, 

skillful. (Stupid.) 
clothed, clad, dressed. (Naked.) 
coarse, rude, rough, unpolished. 

(Fine.) 



coax, cajole, fawn, wheedle. 

cold, cool, frigid, wintry, unfeeling, 
stoical. (Warm.) 

color, dye, stain, tinge. 

colorable, ostensible, plausible, spe- 
cious. 

combination, cabal, conspiracy, plot. 

command, injunction, order, precept. 

commodity, goods, merchandise, 
ware. 

common, mean, ordinary, vulgar. 
(Uncommon, extraordinary.) 

compassion, sympathy, pity, clem- 
ency. (Cruelty, severity.) 

compel, force, obhge, necessitate. 
(Coax, lead.) 

compensation, amends, recompense, 
remuneration, requital, reward. 

compendium, compend, abridge- 
ment. (Enlargement.) 

complain, lament, murmur, regret, 
repine. (Rejoice.) 

comply, accede, conform, submit, 
yield. (Refuse.) 

comi>ound, complex. (Simple.) 

comprehend, comprise, include, em- 
brace, grasp, imderstand, perceive. 
(Exclude,- mistake.) 

comprise, comprehend, contain, em- 
brace, include. 

conceal, hide, secrete. (Uncover.) 

conceive, comprehend, understand. 

conclusion, inference, deduction. 

condemn, censure, blame, disap- 
prove. (Justify, exonerate.) 

conduct, direct, guide, lead, govern, 
regulate, manage. 

confirm, corroborate, approve, at- 
test. (Contradict.) 

conflict, combat, contest, contention, 
struggle. (Peace, quiet.) 

confute, disprove, refute, oppugn. 
(Approve.) 

conquer, overcome, subdue, sur- 
mount, vanquish. (Defeat.) 

consequence, effect, event, issue, re- 
sult. (Cause.) 

consider, reflect, ponder, weigh. 

consistent, constant, compatible. 
(Inconsistent.) 

console, comfort, solace. (Harrow, 
worry.) 

constancy, firmness, stability, stead- 
iness. (Fickleness.) 



1115 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 



contaminate, corrupt, defile, pollute, 
taint. 

contemn, despise, disdain, scorn. 
(Esteem.) 

contemplate, meditate, muse. 

contemptible, despicable, paltry, 
pitiful, vile, mean. (Noble.) 

contend, contest, dispute, strive, 
struggle, combat. 

continual, constant, continuous, per- 
petual, incessant. (Intermittent.) 

continuance, continuation, duration. 
(Cessation.) 

continue, persist, persevere, pursue, 
prosecute. (Cease.) 

contradict, deny, gainsay, oppose. 
(Confirm.) 

cool, cold, frigid. (Hot.) 

correct, rectify, reform. ^ 

cost, charge, expense, price. 

covetousness, avarice, cupidity. (Be- 
neficence.) 

cowardice, fear, timidity, pusillan- 
imity. (Courage.) 

crime, sin, vice, misdemeanor. (Vir- 
tue.) 

criminal, convict, culprit, felon, 
malefactor. 

crooked, bent, curved, oblique. 
(Straight.) 

cruel, barbarous, brutal, inhuman, 
savage. (Kind.) 

cultivation, culture, refinement. 

cursory, desultory, hasty, shght. 
(Thorough.) 

custom, fashion, manner, practice. 



danger, hazard, peril. (Safety.) 

dark, dismal, opaque, obscure, dim. 
(Light.) 

deadly, fatal, destructive, mortal. 

dear, beloved, precious, costly, ex- 
pensive. (Despised, cheap.) 

death, departure, decease, demise. 
(Life.) 

d e c a y 9 decline, consumption. 
(Growth.) 

deceive, delude, impose upon, over- 
reach, gull, dupe, cheat. 

deceit, cheat/ imposition, trick, delu- 
sion, guile, be^lement, treachery, 
eham. (Truthfulness.) 



decide, determine, settle, adjudicate, ' 
terminate, resolve. 

decipher, read, spell, interpret, solve. 

decision, determination, conclusion, 
resolution, firmness. (Vacillation.) 

declamation, oratory, elocution, ha- 
rangue, effusion, debate. 

declaration, avowal, manifestation, 
statement, profession. 

decrease, diminish, lessen, wane, de- 
chne, retrench, curtail, reduceJj 
(Growth.) f 

dedicate, devote, consecrate, offer, 
set, apportion. 

deed,^ act, action, commission, 
achievement, instrument, document. 

deem, judge, estimate, consider, 
think, suppose, conceive. 

deep, profound, subterranean, sub- 
merged, designing, abstruse, learned. 
(ShaUow.) 

deface, mar, spoil, injure, disfigure. 
(Beautify.) 

default, lapse, forfeit, omission, ab- 
sence, want, failure. 

defect, imperfection, flaw, fault, 
blemish. (Beauty, improvement,) 

defend, guard, protect, justify. 

defense, excuse, plea, vindication, 
bulwark, rampart. 

defer, delay, postpone, put off, pro- 
rogue, adjourn. (Force, expedite.) 

deficient,^ short, wanting, inadequate, 
scanty, incomplete. (Complete.) 

defile, v., pollute, corrupt, sully. 
(Beautify.) 

define, fix, settle, determine, limit. 

defray, meet, Hquidate, pay, dis- 
charge. 

degree, grade, extent, measure. 

deliberate, e;., consider, meditate, 
consult, ponder, debate. 

deliberate, a., purposed, intentional, 
designed, determined. (Hasty.) 

delicacy, nicety, daintiness, refine- 
ment, tact, softness, modesty. (Boor- 
ishness, indeUcacy.) 

delicate, tender, fragile, dainty, re- 
fined. (Coarse.) 

delicious, sweet, palatable. (Nau- 
seous.) 

delight, enjoyment, pleasure, happi- 
ness, transport, ecstasy, gladness, 
rapture, bliss. (Annoyance.) 



1116 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 



deliver, liberate, free, rescue, pro- 
nounce, give, hand over. (Retain.) 

demonstrate, prove, show, exhibit, 
illustrate. 

depart, leave, quit, decamp, retire, 
withdraw, vanish. (Remain.) 

deprive, strip, bereave, despoil, rob, 
divest. 

depute, appoint, commission, charge, 
intrust, delegate, authorize, accredit. 

derision, scorn, contempt, contumely, 
disrespect. 

derivation, origin, source, beginning, 
cause, etymology, root. 

describe, delineate, portray, explain, 
illustrate, define, picture. 

desecrate, profane, secularize, mis- 
use, abuse, pollute. (Keep holy.) 

deserve, merit, earn, justify, wlq. 

design, n., delineation, sketch, draw- 
ing, cunning, artfulness, contrivance. 

desirable, expedient, advisable, valu- 
able, acceptable, proper, judicious, 
beneficial, profitable, good. 

desire, n., longing, affection, craving. 

desist, ^ cease, stop, discontinue, drop, 
abstain, forbear. (Continue, per- 
severe.) 

desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, 
deserted, wild, waste, bare, bleak, 
lonely. (Pleasant, happy.) 

desperate, wild, daring, audacious, 
determined, reckless. 

despised, degraded, worthless. (Ad- 
mired.) 

destiny, fate, decree, doom, end. 

destructive, detrimental, hurtful, 
noxious, injurious, deleterious, bale- 
ful, baneful, subversive. (Creative.) 

desuetude, disuse, discontinuance. 
(Maintenance.) 

desultory^ rambling, discursive, loose, 
unmethodical, superficial, unsettled, 
erratic, fitful. (Thorougn.) 

detail, n., parti'cular, specification, 
minutiae. 

detaiL t;., particularize, enumerate, 
specify. (Generalize.) 

deter, warn, stop, dissuade, terrify, 
scare. (Encourage.) 

detriment, loss, harm, injury, dete- 
rioration. (Benefit.) 

develop, unfold, amplify, expand, en- 
large. 



device, artifice, expedient, contrivance. 

devoid, void, wanting, destitute, un- 
endowed, improvided. (Full, com- 
plete.) 

devoted, attached, fond, absorbed, 
dedicated. 

dictate, prompt, suggest, enjoin, or- 
der, command. 

dictatorial, imperative, imperious, 
domineering, arbitrary, tyrannical, 
overbearing. (Submissive.) 

die, expire, depart, perish, decline, 
languish, wane, sink, fade, decay. 

diet, foods, victuals, nourishment, nu- 
triment, sustenance, fare. 

difference, separation, disagreement, 
discord, dissent, estrangement, vari- 
ety. 

different, various, manifold, diverse, 
unlike, separate, distinct. (Similar.) 

difticult, hard, intricate, involved, 
perplexing, obscure, unmanageable. 
(Easy.) 

diffuse, discursive, prolix, diluted, co- 
pious. 

dignify, aggrandize, elevate, invest, 
exalt, advance, promote, honor. (De- 
grade.) 

dilate, stretch, widen, expand, swell, 
distend, enlarge, descant, expatiate. 

dilatory, tardy, procrastinating, be- 
hindhand, lagging, dawdling. 
(Prompt.) 

diligence, care, assiduity, attention, 
heed, industry. (Neghgence.) 

diminish, lessen, reduce, contract, 
curtail, retrench. (Increase.) 

disability, unfitness, incapacity. 

discern, descry, observe, recognize, 
see, discriminate, separate, perceive. 

discipline, order, strictness, training, 
coercion, punishment, organization. 
(Confusion, demorahzation.) 

discover, make known, find, invent, 
contrive, expose, reveal. 

discreditable, shameful, disgraceful, 
scandalous, disreputable. (Credit- 
able.) 

discreet, cautious, prudent, wary, 
judicious. (Indiscreet ) 

discrepancy, disagreement, differ- 
ence, variance. (Agreement.) 

discrimination, acuteness, discern- 
ment, judgment, caution. 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

disease, complaint, malady, disorder, do, effect, make, perform, accomplisb, 

ailment, sickness. finish, transact. 

disgrace, n., disrepute, reproach, dis- docile, tractable, teachable, com* 

honor, shame, odium. (Honor.) pliant, tame. (Stubborn.) 

disgrace, v,, debase, degrade, defame, doctrine, tenet, article of belief, 

discredit. (Exalt.) ^ creed, dogma, teaching. 

disgust, dislike, distaste, loathing, doleful, dolorous, woebegone, rueful, 

abomination, abhorrence. (Admira- dismal, piteous. (Joyous.) 

tion.) ^ doom, n., sentence, verdict, judg- 

dishonest, unjust, fraudulent, unfair, ment, fate, lot, destiny. 

deceitful, cheating, deceptive, wrong- doubt, n., uncertainty, suspense, hes- 

ful. (lionest.) ^ ^ itation, scruple, ambiguity. (Cer- 

dismay, «;., terrify, frighten, scare, tainty.) 

daunt, appal, dishearten. (Encour- draw, pull, haul, drag, attract, inhale, 

age.) sketch, describe. 

dismay, n., terror, dread, fear, fright, dread, n,, fear, horror, terror, alarm, 

(Assurance.) dismay, awe. (Boldness, assurance.) 

dismiss, send off, discharge, discard, dreadful, fearful, frightful, shocking, 

banish. (Retain.) awful, horrible, horrid, terrific. 

dispel, scatter, drive away, disperse, dress, n., clothing, attire, apparel; 

dissipate. (Collect.) ^ ^ garments, costume, garb, Hvery. 

display, show, spread out, exhibit, drift, purpose, meaning, scope, aim, 

expose. (Hide.) ^ tendency, direction. 
dispose, arrange, place, order, give, droll, funny, laughable, comic, whim- 
bestow, sical, queer, amusing. (Solemn.) 
dispute, v,y argue, contest, contend, drown, inundate, swamp, submerge, 

question, impugn. (Assent.) overwhelm, engmf. 

dispute, 71., argument, debate, con- dry, a., arid, parched, lifeless, dull, 

troversy, quarrel, disagreement. tedious, ^ uninteresting, meagre. 

(Harmony.) (Moist, interesting, succulent.) 

dissent, disagree, differ, vary. (As- due, owing to, attributable to, just, 

sent.) ... ^^^^> proper, debt, right. 

distinct, clear, plain, obvious, dif- dull, stupid, gloomy, sad, dismal, 

ferent, separate. (Obscure, indis- commonplace. (Bright.) ^ 

tinct.) ^ ^ dunce, simpleton, fool, ninny idiot. 

distinguish, perceive, discern, mark (Sage.) 

out, divide, discriminate. durable, lasting, permanent, abiding, 

distinguished, famous, glonous, far- continuing. (Ephemeral, perishable.) 

famed, noted, illustrious, eminent, dwell, stay, stop, abide, sojourn, Un- 
celebrated. (Obscure, imknown, or- ger, tarry. 

dinary.) dwindle, pine, waste, diminish, de- 
distract, perplex, bewilder. (Calm, crease, fall off. (Grow.) 

concentrate.) 

distribute, allot, share, dispense, ap- E 

portion, deal. (Collect.) 

disturb, derange, discompose, agitate, eager, hot, ardent, impassioned, for- 

rouse, interrupt, confuse, trouble, ward, impatient. (Diffident.) 

annoy, vex, worry. (Pacify, quiet.) earn, acquire, obtain, win, gain, 

disuse, discontinuance, abolition, de- achieve. 

suetude. (Use.) earnest, a., ardent, serious, grave, 

divide, part, separate, distribute, solemn, warm. (Triffing.) 

deal out, sever, sunder. earnest, 71 , pledge, pawn. 

divine, godHke, holy, heavenly, sa- ease, ?j, comfort, rest. (Worry.) ^ 

cred, a parson, clergyman, minister, ease, »i/ calm, alleviate, aUay, miti* 

1118 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

gate, appease, assuage, pacify, dis- encounter, attack, conflict, combat, 

burden, rid. (Annoy, worry.) ^ assault, onset, engagement, battle, 

easy, light, coinfortable, imconstrain- action. 

ed. (Difficult, hard.) encourage, countenance, sanction, 

eccentric, irregular, anomalous, sin- support, foster, cherish, inspirit, em- 

gular, odd, abnormal, wayivard, par- bolden, animate, cheer, incite, urge, 

ticular, strange. (Regular, ordinary.) impel, stimulate. (Deter.) 

economical, sparing, saving, provi- end, n., aim, object, purpose, result, 

dent, thrifty, frugal, careful, nig- conclusion, upshot, close, expiration, 

gardly. (Wasteful.) termination, extremity, sequel. 

edge, border, brink, rim, brim, mar- endeavor, attempt, try, essay, strive, 

gin, verge. aim. 

efface, blot out, expunge, obliterate, endurance, continuation, duration, 

wipe out, cancel, erase. ^ fortitude, patience, resignation. 

effect, n.y consequence, result, issue, endure, v., last, continue, support, 

event; execution, operation. bear, sustain, suffer, brook, submit 

effect, V,, accompUsh, fulfill, realize, to, undergo. (Perish.) 

achieve, execute, operate, complete, enemy, foe, antagonist, adversary, 

effective, efficient, operative, service- opponent.^ (Friend.) 

able. (Vain, ineffectual.) energetic, industrious, effectual, effi- 

efHcacy, efficiency, energy, agency, cacious, powerful, binding, stringent, 

instrumentahty. forcible, nervous. (Lazy.) 

efficient, effectual, effective, compe- engage, ^ employ, busy, occupy, at- 

tent, capable, able, fitted. tract, invite, allure, entertain, en- 
eliminate, drive out, expel, thrust gross, take up, enhst. 

out, eject, cast out, oust, dislodge, engross, absorb, take up, busy, oc- 

banish, proscribe cupy, engage, mobiUze. 

eloquence, oratory, rhetoric, declama- engulf, swallow up, absorb, imbibe, 

tion. dtown, submerge, bury, entomb, 

elucidate, make plain, explain, clear overwhelm. 

up, illustrate. enjoin, order, ordain, appoint, pre- 
clude, evade, escape, avoid, shim. scribe. 
embarrass, perplex, entangle, dis- enjoyment, pleasure, gratification, 

tress, trouble. (Assist.) (Grief, sorrow, sadness.) 

embellish, adorn, decorate, bedeck, enlarge, increase, extend, augment, 

beautify, deck. (Disfigure.) broaden, swell. ^ (Diminish.) 

embolden, inspirit, animate, encour- enlighten, illumine, illuminate, in- 

age, cheer, urge, impel, stimulate. struct, inform.^ (Befog, becloud.) 

(Discourage.) enliven, cheer, vivify, stirup, animate, 

eminent, distinguished, signal, con- inspire, exhilarate. (Sadden, quiet.) 

epicuous, noted, prominent, elevated, enmity, animosity, hostility, iU-will, 

renowned, famous, glorious, illustri- mahciousness. (Friendship.) 

ous. (Obscure, unknown.) enormous, gigantic, colossal, huge, 

emit, give out, throw out, exhale, dis- vast, immense, prodigious. (Insig- 

charge, vent. nificant.) 

emotion, perturbation, agitation, enough, sufficient, plenty, abundance. 

trepidation, tremor, mental conffict. (Want.) ^ 

employ, occupy, busy, take up with, enraged, infuriated, raging, wrathful. 

engross. ^ (Pacified.) 

employment, business, avocation, en- enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, 

gagement, office, function, trade, pro- captivate, bewitch. (Repel.) 

fession, occupation, calhng, vocation, enroll, enlist, list, register, record. 

encompass, v,, encircle, surround, enterprise, undertaking, endeavor, 

gird, beset, venture, energy. 

1119 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

enthusiasm, earnest, devotion, zeal, F 

ardor. (Ennui, lukewarmness.) 

enthusiast, fanatic, visionary. ^ fable, apologue, novel, romance, tale, 

equal, equable, even, like, alike, imi- face, visage, countenance. 

form. (Unequal.) facetious, pleasant, jocular, jocose; 

eradicate, root out, extirpate, exter- (Serious.) 

minate. ^ ^ ^ factor, agent. 
erroneous, incorrect, inaccurate, in- fail, to fall short, be deficient. (Ac- 
exact. (Exact.) complish.) 
error, blimder, mistake. (Truth.) faint, feeble, languid. (Forcible.) 
especially, chiefly, particularly, prin- fair, clear. (Stormy.) 

cipally. (Generally.) ^ fair, equitable, honest, reasonable. 

essay, dissertation, tract, treatise. (tJnfair.) 

establish, build up, confirm. (Over- faith, creed. (Unbelief, infidelity.) 

throw.) faithful, true, loyal, constant. (Faith-4 

esteem, regard, respect. (Contempt.) less.) | 

estimate, appraise, appreciate, es- faithless, perfidious, treacherous. 

teem, compute, rate. (Faithful.) 

estrangement, abstraction, ahena- fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble. (Rise.) 

tion. ^ fame, renown, reputation. 

eternal, endless, everlasting. (Fi- famous, celebrated, renowned, illus- 

nite.) ^ ^ trious. (Obscure.) 

evade, equivocate, prevaricate. fanciful, capricious, fantastical, 

even, level, plain, smooth. (Uneven.) whimsical. ^ 

event, accident, adventure, incident, fancy, imagination. 

occurrence. fast, rapid, quick, fleet, expeditious. 

evil, ill, harm, mischief, misfortime. (Slow.) 

(Good.) fatigue, weariness, lassitude. (Vig- 

exact, nice, particular, punctual. (In- or.) 

exact.) fear, timidity, timorousness. (Brav- 

exalt, ennoble, dignify, raise. (Hum- ery.) 

ble.) ^ .... feeling, sensation, sense. 

examination, investigation, inquiry, feeling, ^ sensibihty, susceptibility. 

research, search, scrutiny. (InsensibiUty.) 

exceed, excel, outdo, surpass, tran- ferocious, fierce, savage, wild, bar- 

scend. (Fall short.) barous. (Mild.) 

exceptional, imcommon, rare, extra- fertile, fruitful, prohfic, plenteous, 

ordinary. (Common.) ^ productive. (Sterile.) 

excite, awaken, provoke, rouse, stir fiction, falsehood, fabrication. (Fact.) 

up. (Lull.) ^ figure, allegory, emblem, metaphor, 

excursion, jaunt, ramble, tour, trip. symbol, picture, type. 

execute, fulfill, perform. find, descry, discover, espy. (Lose, 

exempt, free, cleared. (Subject.) overlook.) 

exercise, practice. fine, a., delicate, nice. (Coarse.) 

exhaustive, thorough, complete, fine, n., forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, penr 

(Cursory.) alty. 

exigency, emergency. ^ fire, glow, warmth, heat. 

experiment, proof, trial, test. firm, constant, solid, steadfast, fixed, 

explain, expound, interpret, illus- stable. (Weak.) 

trate, elucidate. ^ first, foremost, chief, earhest. (Last.) 

express, declare, signify, utter, tell, fit, accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit. 

extend, reach, stretch. (Abridge.) fix, determine, establish, settle, limit. 

extravagant, lavish, profuse, prodi- fiame, blaze, flare, flash, glare. 

gal. (Parsimonious.) flat, level, even. 

Die. 74 1120 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

flexible, pliant, pKable, ductile, sup- stiff, methodical, affected. (Infor- 

ple. (Inflexible.) mal, natural.) 

flourish, prosper, thrive. (Decay.) former, antecedent, anterior, pre- 
fluctuating, wavering, hesitating, os- vious, prior, preceding, foregoing. 

cillating, vacillating, change. (Firm, forsaken, abandoned, foriom, desert- 

Bteadfast, decided.) ed, desolate, lone, lonesome. 

fluent, flowing, ghb, voluble, imem- forthwith, immediately, directly, in- 

barrassed, ready. (Hesitating.) stantly, instantaneously. ^ (Aiion.) 

folks, persons, people, individuals. fortitude, endurance, resolution, fear- 
follow, succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, lessness, dauntlessness. (Wealmess.) 

pursue. ^ fortunate, lucky, happy, auspicious, 

follower, partisan, disciple, adherent, prosperous, successful. (Unfortu- 

retainer, pursuer, successor. nate.) 

folly, silliness, foolishness, imbecil- fortune, chance, fate, luck, doom, 

ity, weakness. (Wisdom.) destiny, property, possession, riches. 

fond, enamored, attached, affection- foster, cherish, nurse, tend, harbor, 

ate. (Distant.) ^ nurture. (Neglect.) 

fondness, affection, attachment, kind- foul; impure, nasty, filthy, dirty, un- 

ness, love. (Aversion.) ^ ^ clean, defiled. (Pure, clean.) 

foolhardy^ Venturesome, incautious, fractious, cross, captious, petulant, 

hasty, adventurous, rash. (Cau- touchy, testy, peevish, fretful, splen- 

tious.) ^ . ' . . . ^^^^* (Tractable.) 

foolish, simple, silly, irrational, brain- fragile, brittle, frail, deHcate, feeble. 

less, imbecile, crazy, absurd, prepos- (Strong.) 

terous, ridiculous, nonsensical. (Dis- fragments, pieces, scraps, leavings, 

creet, wise.) chips, remams, renmants. 

fop, dandy, dude, beau, coxcomb, pup- frailty, weakness, failing, foible, im- 

py, jackanapes. (Gentleman.) perfection, fault, blemish. (Strength.) 

forbear, abstain, refrain, withhold. frame, v., construct, invent, coin, 
force, n., strength, vigor, dint, might, fabricate, forge, mold, feign, make, 

energy, power, violence, army, host. compose. 
force, V,, compel. (Persuade.) franchise, right, exemption, immu- 

forecast, ^ forethought, foresight, pre- nity, privilege, freedom, suffrage. 

meditation, prognostication. ^ frank, artless, candid, sincere, free, 
forego, quit, relinquish, let go, waive. easy, familiar, ^open, ingenuous, 
foregoing, antecedent, anterior, pre- plain. (Tricky, insincere.) 

ceding, previous, prior, former. frantic, distracted, mad, furious, rav- 

forerunner, herald, harbinger, pre- ing, frenzied. (Quiet, subdued.) 

cursor, omen. fraud, deceit, deception, duplicity, 

foresight, forethought, forecast, pre- guile, cheat, imposition. (Honesty.) 

meditation.^ ^ freak, ^ fancy, humor, vagary, whim, 

forge, coin, invent, frame, feign, fab- caprice, crotchet. (Purpose, resolu- 

ricate, counterfeit. tion.) 

forgive, pardon, remit, absolve, ac- free, a., liberal, generous, bountiful, 

quit, excuse, except. bounteous, mmuficent, frank, ^ art- 

forlorn, forsaken, abandoned, desert- less, candid, familiar, open, inde- 
ed, desolate, lone, lonesome. pendent, unconfined, unreserved^ un- 
form,n., ceremony, solemnity, obser* restricted, exempt, clear, loose, easy, 

vance, rite, figm-e, shape, comorma- careless. (Slavish, stingy, artful, 

tion, fashion, appearance, represen- costly.) 

tation, semblance. free, v., release, set free, deliver, res- 

form, t;., make, create, produce, con- cue, liberate, enfranchise, affranchise, 

stitute, arrange, fashion, mould. emancipate, exempt. (Enslave, bind.) 

formal, ceremonious, precise, exact, freedom, liberty, independence; unre- 

1121 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

straint, familiarity, license, fran- gather, pick, cull, assemble, muster, 

chise, exemption, privilege. (Slav- infer, collect. (Scatter.) 

ery.) gaudy, showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, 

frequent, often, common, usual, gen- ghttering, bespangled. (Somber.) 

eral. (Rare.) ^ ^ gaunt, emaciated, scraggy, skinny, 

fret, gall, chafe, agitate, irritate, vex. meagre, lank, attenuated, spare, 

friendly, amicable, social, sociable. lean, thin. (Well-fed.) 

(Distant, reserved, cool.) ^ gay, cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, 

frightful, fearful, dreadful, dire, sprightly, blithe. (Solemn.) 

direful, terrific, awful, horrible, hor- generate, form, make, beget, produce. 

rid. ^ ^ ^ generation, formation, race, breed, 

frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty. stock, kind, age, era. 

(Serious, earnest.) ^ generous, beneficent, noble,honorable, 

frugal, provident, economical, saving. bountiful, hberal, free. (Niggardly.) 

(Wasteful, extravagant.) genial, cordial, hearty, festive, joy- 
fruitful, fertile, prolific, productive, ous. (Distant, cold.) 

abundant, plentiful, plenteous. (Bar- genius, intellect, invention, talent, 
' ren, sterile.) ^ taste, nature, character, adept. 
fruitless, vain, useless, idle, abortive, jg^enteel, refined, polished, fashion- 
bootless, unavaihng, without avail. able, poHte, well-bred. (Boorish.) 
frustrate, defeat, foil, balk, disap- gentle, placid, bland, mild, meek, 

point. ^ tame, docile. (Rough, uncouth.) 
fulfill, accomplish, effect, complete, genuine, real, true, unaffected, sin- 
fully, completely, abundantly, per- cere. (False.) 

fectly. , . gesture, attitude, action, posture. 

fulsome, coarse, gross, sickening, of- get, obtain, earn, gain, attain, pro- 

fensive, rank. (Moderate.) cure, achieve. 

furious, violent, boisterous, vehe- ghastly, paUid, wan, hideous, grim, 

ment, dashing, sweeping, rolling, im- shocking. 

petuous, frantic, distracted, stormy, ghost, spectre, sprite, apparition, 

angry, raging, fierce. (Calm.) shade, phantom. 

futile, trifling, trivial, frivolous, use- gibe, scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, mock, 

less. (Effective.) taunt, deride. 

giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. 

G (Steady.) ^ 
gain, n ., profit, emolument, advan - gift, donation, benefaction, grant, 

tage, benefit, winnings, earnings. alms, gratuity, boon, present, facul- 

(Loss.) ^ ty, talent. (Purchase.) 

gain, v., get, acquire, obtain, attain, gigantic, colossal, huge, enormous, 

procure, earn, win, achieve, reap, vast, prodigious, immense. (Dimin- 

reahze, reach. (Lose.) utive.) 

gallant, brave, bold, courageous, gay, give, grant, bestow, confer, yield, im- 

fine, showy, intrepid, heroic, fear- part. 

less. ... glad, pleased, cheerful, joyful, glad- 
galling, chafing, irritating, vexing. some, gratified, cheering. (Sad.) 

(Soothing.) gleam, ghmmer, glance, ghtter, shine, 

game, play, pastime, diversion, sport, flash. 

amusement. glee, gayety, merriment, mirth, jovial- 
gang, band, horde, company, troop, ity, joy, hilarity. (Sorrow.) 

crew. glide, slip, sUde, run, roll on. 

gap, breach, chasm, hollow, cavity, glimmer, v., gleam, flicker, glitter, 

cleft, crevice, rift, chink. glimpse, glance, look, ghnt. 

garnish, embelHsh, adorn, beautify, glitter, gleam, shine, gUsten, glister, 

deck, decorate. radiate. 

1122 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

gloom, cloud, darkness, dimness, grief, affliction, sorrow, tiial, woe, 

blackness, dullness, sadness. (Light, tribulation. (Joy.) 

brightness, joy.) ^ grieve, mourn, lament, sorrow, pain, 

gloomy, lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, hurt, wound, bewail. (Rejoice.) 

sad, glum. (Bright, clear.) grievous, painful, afflicting, heavy, 

glorify, magnify, celebrate, adore, ex- baleful, imhappy. 

alt. grind, crush, oppress, grate, harass, 

glorious, famous, renowned, distin- afflict. 

guished, noble, exalted. (Infamous.) grisly, terrible, hideous, grim, ghast- 
glory, honor, fame, renown, splendor, ly, dreadful. (Pleasing.) 

grandeur. (Infamy.) ^ gross, coarse, outrageous, unseemly, 

glut, gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, shameful, indelicate. (DeHcate.) 

block up. group, assembly, cluster, collection, 

go, depart, proceed, move, budge, stir. clump, order, class. 
God, Creator, Lord, Almighty, Jeho- grovel,^ crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak. 

vah. Omnipotence, Providence. grow, increase, vegetate, expand, ad- 

godly, righteous, devout, holy, pious, vance. (Decay, diminution.) 

religious. growl, gnmible, snarl, njurmur, com- 

good, benefit, weal, advantage, profit, plain. 

boon. (Evil.) ^ grudge, malice, rancor, spite, pique, 

good, a., virtuous, righteous, upright, hatred, aversion. 

just, true. (Wicked, bad.) gruff, rough, rugged, blunt, rude, 

gorge, glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate. harsh, surly, bearish. (Pleasant.) 
gorgeous, superb, grand, magnificent, guile, deceit, fraud. ^ (Candor.) 

splendid. (Plain, simple.) guiltless, harmless, innocent, 

govern, rule, direct, manage,command. guilty, culpable, sinful, criminal. 
government, rule, state, control, 

sway. ^ " 

graceful, becoming, comely, elegant, habit, custom, practice. 

beautiful. (Awkward.) hail, accost, address, greet, salute, 

gracious, merciful, kindly, beneficent. welcome. 

gradual, slow, progressive. (Sudden.) happiness, beatitude, blessedness, 
grand, majestic, stately, dignified, bliss, felicity. (Unhappiness.) 

lofty, elevated, exalted, splendid, harbor, haven, port. 

gorgeous, superb, magnificent, sub- hard, firm, solid. (Soft.) 

fime, pompous. ^ (Shabby.) ^ hard, arduous, difficult. (Easy.) 
grant, bestow, impart, give, yield, harm, injury, hurt, wrong, infliction. 

cede, allow, confer, invest. (Benefit.) 

grant, gift, boon, donation. harmless, safe, innocuous, innocent. 

graphic, forcible, telling, picturesque, (Hurtful.) 

vivid, pictorial. ^ harsh, rough, rigorous, severe, gruff, 

grasp, catch, seize, gripe, clasp, grap- morose. (Gentle.) 

pie. hasten, accelerate, dispatch, expedite, 

grateful, agreeable, pleasing, wel- speed. (Delay.) 

come, thankful. ^ (Harsh.) hasty, hurried, ill-advised. (Delib- 

gratification, enjoyment, pleasure, erate.) 

dehght, reward. (Disappointment.) hateful, odious, detestable. (Lov- 
grave, a., serious, sedate, solemn, able.) 

sober, pressing, heavy. (Giddy.) hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancor. 
grave, n., tomb, sepulchre, vault. (Friendship.) 

great, big, huge, large, majestic, vast, haughtiness, arrogance, pride. (Mod- 
grand, noble, august. (Small.) esty.) 
greediness, avidity, eagerness, vorac- haughty, arrogant, disdainful, super- 

ity. (Generosity.) ciUous, proud. 

1123 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

hazard, rist, venture. ignominiousy shameful, scandalous, 
healthy, salubrious, salutary, whole- infamous. (Honorable.) 

some. (Unhealthy.) ignominy , shame, disgrace, obloquy, 
heap, accumulate, amass, pile. infamy, reproach. 

hearty, a., cordial, sincere, warm, ignorant, unlearned, illiterate, unin- 

(Insincere.) ^ formed, uneducated. (Knowing.) 

heavy, burdensome, ponderous, ill, n., evil, wickedness, misfortune, 

weighty. (Light.) mischief, harm. (Good.) 

heed, care, attention. ill, a., sick, indisposed, unwell, dis- 

heighten» enhance, exalt, elevate, ^ eased. (Well.) 

raise. ^ ill-tempered, crabbed, sour, surly, 

heinous, atrocious, flagitious, fla- acrimonious. (Good-natured.) 

grant. (Venial.) ill-will, enmity, hatred, antipathy. 
help, aid, assist, reheve, succor. (Good-will.) 

(Hinder.) illegal, unlawful, iUicit, contraband, 
heretic, sectary, sectarian, schismat- illegitimate. (Legal.) 

ic, dissenter, non-conformist. illimitable, boundless, immeasur- 
hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter. able, unhmited, infinite. 

hideous, grim, ghastly, grisly. (Beau- illiterate, unlettered, unlearned, un- 

tiful.) taught, uninstructed. (Learned, ed- 

high, lofty, tall, elevated. (Deep.) ucated.) 

hinder, impede, obstruct, prevent, illusion, fallacy, deception, phan- 

(Help.) tasm. 

hint, allude, refer, suggest, intimate, illusory, imaginary, chimerical, vis- 
insinuate. ^ ionary. (Real.) 

hold, detain, keep, retain. illustrate, explain, elucidate, clear. 

holiness, sanctity, piety, sacredness. illustrious, celebrated, noble, emi- 
holy, devout, pious, rehgious. ^ nent, famous, renowned. (Obscure.) 

homely, plain, ugly, coarse. (Beautiful) image, likeness, picture, representa- 
honesty, integrity, probity, upright- tion, effigy.^ 

ness. (Dishonesty.) imaginary, ideal, fanciful, illusory. 
honor, r., respect, reverence, esteem. (Real.) 

(Dishonor.) imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, 
hope, confidence, expectation, trust. thmk, presume. 

hopeless, desperate. imbecility, silliness, senility, dotage. 

hot, ardent, burning, fiery. ^ (Cold.) imitate, copy, ape, mimic, mock, 
however, nevertheless, notwithstand- counterfeit. 

ing, yet. immaculate, unspotted, spotless, un- 
humble, modest, submissive, plain, sullied. (Soiled.) 

unostentatious, simple. (Haughty.) immediate, pressing, instant, next, 
humble, degrade, humiliate, mortify, proximate. 

abase. (Exalt.) immediately, instantly, forthwith, 
humor, mood, temper. directly, presently. 

hunt, seek, chase. immense, vast, enormous, huge, pro- 
hurtful, noxious, pernicious. (Ben- digious, monstrous. 

eficial.) immunity, privilege, prerogative, ex- 
husbandry, cultivation, tillage. emption. 

hypocrite, dissembler, "'mposter, canter impair, injure, diminish, decrease. 

hypothesis, theory, supposition. impart, reveal, divulge, disclose, dis- 
cover, bestow, afford. 

* impartial, just, equitable, unbiased. 
idea, thought, imagination. (Partial.) 

ideal, imaginary, fancied. (Actual.) impassioned, glowing, burning, fiery, 
&dle» indolent, lazy. (Industrious.) vehement, intense. 

1124 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

impeach, accuse, charge, arraign, impulse, incentive, incitement, mo- 
censure, tive, instigation. 
impede, hinder, retard, obstruct, pre- impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, 

vent. (Help.) ^ violent. (Deliberate.) 
impediment, obstruction, hindrance, imputation, blame, censure, re- 
obstacle, barrier. (Aid.) ^ ^ proach, charge, accusation. 
impel, animate, induce, incite, insti- inadvertency, error, oversight, blun- 

gate, embolden. ^ (Retard.) ^ der inattention, carelessness, negli- 

impending, imminent, threatening. gence. 

imperative, commanding, despotic, incentive, motive, inducement, im- 

authoritative. pulse. ^ 

imperfection, fault, blemish, defect, incite, instigate, excite, provoke, 

vice. ^ stimulate, encourage, urge, impel. 

imperil, endanger, hazard, jeopardize, inclination, leaning, slope, disposi- 

imperious, conmaanding, dictatorial, tion, tendency, bent, bias, affection, 

authoritative, imperative, lordly, attachment, wish, liking, desire. 

domineering, overbearing. ^ (Aversion.) 

impertinent, intrusive, meddling, of- incline, v., slope, lean, slant, tend, 

ficious, rude, saucy, impudent, inso- bend, turn, bias, dispose. 

lent. ^ ^ inclose, surround, shut in, fence in, 

impetuous, violent, boisterous, furi- cover, wrap. 

ous, vehement. (Calm.) include, comprehend, comprise, con- 
impious, profane, irreUgious, godless. tain, embrace, take in. 

(Reverent.) incommode, annoy, plague, molest, 

implicate, involve, entangle, embar- disturb, inconvenience, trouble. (Ao- 

rass, compromise. ^ ^ ^ commodate.) 
imply, involve, comprise, infold, im- incompetent, incapable, imable, in- 
port, denote, signify. ^ ^ ^ adequate^ insufficient. (Competent ) 
importance, signification, signifi- increase, v., extend, enlarge, aug- 

cance, avail, consequence, weight, ment, dilate, expand, amplify, raise, 

gravity, moment.^ enhance, aggravate, magnify, grow. 

imposing, impressive, striking, ma- (Diminish.) 

jestic, august, noble, grand. (In- increase, n., augmentation, accession, 

significant.) • ^ addition, enlargement, extension. 

impotei^ce, weakness, incapacity, in- (Decrease.) 

firmity, frailty, feebleness. (Power.) incumbent, obligatory. 

impotent, weak, feeble, helpless, n- indefinite, vague, imcertain, unset- 

feebled, nerveless, infirm. (Strong.) tied, oose, lax. (Definite.) 

impressive, stirring, forcible, excit- indicate, oint out, show, mark. 

ing, affecting, moving. ^ indifference, ^ apathy, carelessness, 

imprison, incarcerate, shut up, im- hstlessness, insensibihty. (Apphca- 

mure, confine. (Liberate.) tion, ssiduity.) 

imprisonment, captivity, durance, indigence, want, neediness, penmy, 

improve, amend, better, mend, re- poverty, destitution, privation. (Af- 

form, rectify, amehorate, apply, use, fluence.) 

employ. (Deteriorate.) ^ ^ indignation, anger, wrath, ire, re- 
improvident, careless, incautious, sentment, 

imprudent, prodigal, wasteful, reck- indignity, insult, affront, outrage, 

less, ash. (Thrifty.) ^ ^ obloquy, opprobrium, reproach, ig- 

impudence, assurance, impertinence, nominy. (Honor.) 

confidence, insolence, rudeness. ^ indiscriminate, promiscuous, indis- 

impudent, saucy, brazen, bold, im- tinct, chance, confused. (Select, 

pertinent, forward, rude, insolent, chosen.) 

immodest, shameless. indispensable, essential, necessary, 

1125 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

requisite, expedient. (Unnecessary, inordinate, intemperate, irregular, 

supernumerary.) disorderly, excessive, immoderate. 

Indisputable, undeniable, undoubt- (Moderate.) 

ed, incontestable, indubitable, un- inquiry, investigation, examination, 

questionable, sure, infallible. research, scrutiny, disquisition, ques- 

indorse, ratify, confirm, superscribe. tion, query, interrogation. 

indulge, foster, cherish, fondle. (De- inquisitive, prying, peeping, curious, 

ny.) ^ ^ ^ peering. 

ineffectual, vain, useless, unavailing, insane, mad, deranged, delirious, de- 

fruitless, abortive, inoperative. (Ef- naented. (Sane.) 

fective.) insanity, madness, mental aberra- 

inequality, disparity, disproportion, tion, lunacy, delirium. (Sanity.) 

dissimilarity, unevenness. (Equal- insinuate, hint, intimate, suggest, in- 

ity.) fuse, introduce, ingratiate. 

inevitable, unavoidable, not to be insipid, dull, flat, mawkish, tasteless, 

avoided, certain. ^ vapid, inanimate, lifeless. (Bright, 

infamous, scandalous, shameful, ig- sparkling.) 

nominious, opprobrious, disgraceful, insolent, rude, saucy, pert, imper- 

(Honorable.) ^ tinent, abusive, scurrilous, opprobri- 

inference, deduction, corollary, con- ous, insulting, offensive. 

elusion, consequence. inspire, animate, exhilarate, enliven, 

infernal, diabohcal, fiendish, devil- cheer, breathe, inhale. 

isb, hellish. instability, mutability, fickleness, 

infest, annoy, plague, harass, disturb. mutableness, wavering. (Stabihty, 

infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled. (Ro- firmness.) 

bust.) instigate, stir up, persuade, animate, 

inflame, anger, irritate, enrage, chafe, incite, urge, stimulate, encourage, 
incense, nettle, aggravate, embitter, instil, implant, inculcate, infuse, in- 
exasperate. (Allay, soothe.) ^ sinuate. 

influence, v,, bias, sway, prejudice, instruct, inform, teach, educate, en- 
prepossess. ^ ^ lighten, initiate. 

influence, n., credit, favor, reputa- instrumental, conducive, assistant, 

tion, character, weight, authority, helping, ministerial, 

sway, ascendency. insufficiency, inadequacy, incompe- 

infringe, invade, intrude, contravene, tency, incapabiUty, deficiency, lack, 

break, transgress, violate. insult, affront, outrage, indignity, 

ingenuous, artless, candid, generous, blasphemy. (Honor.) 

open, frank, plain, sincere. (Crafty.) insulting, insolent, rude, saucy, im- 

inhuman, cruel, brutal, savage, bar- pertinent, abusive. 

barous, ruthless, merciless, ferocious, integrity, uprightness, honesty, pro- 
(Humane.) ^ bity, entirety, entireness, complete- 
iniquity, injustice, wrong, grievance. ness, rectitude, purity. (Dishonesty.) 

injure, damage, hurt, deteriorate, intellect, understanding, sense, brains, 

wrong, aggrieve, harm, spoil, mar, mind, intelligence, ability, talent, 

sully. (Benefit.) ^ ^ genius. (Body.) 

injurious, hurtful, baneful, pernicious, intellectual, mental, ideal, meta- 

deleterious, noxious, prejudicial, physical. (Brutal.) 

wrongful, damaging. (Beneficial.) intelligible, clear, obvious, plain, 

injustice, wrong, iniquity, grievance. distinct. (Abstruse.) 

(Right.) ^ intemperate, immoderate, excessive, 

innocent, guiltless, sinless, harmless, drunken, nimious, inordinate. (Tem- 

inoffensive, innoxious. (Guilty.) perate.) 

innocuous, harmless, safe, innocent, intense, ardent, earnest, glowing, fer- 

(Hurtful.) vid, burning, vehement. 

1126 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

intent^ design, purpose, intention, invoke, invocate, call upon, appeal, 

drift, view, aim, purport, meaning. refer, implore, beseech. 
intercourse, commerce, connection, involve, implicate, entangle, compro- 

intimacy, acquaintance. ^ ^ mise, envelop. 

interdict, forbid, prohibit, inhibit, irksome, wearisome, tiresome, tedi- 

proscribe, debar, restrain from. ous, annoying. (Pleasant.) 

(Allow.) irony, sarcasm, satire, ridicule, rail- 

interfere, meddle, intermeddle, inter- lery. 

pose. irrational, foolish, silly, imbecile, 

interminable, endless, interminate, brutish, absurd, ridiculous. (Ra- 

infinite, unlimited, illimitable, bound- tional.) 

less, hmitless. (Brief, concise.) irregular, eccentric, anomalous, in- 



interpose, intercede, arbitrate, medi- 
tate, interfere, meddle. 

interpret, explain, expound, eluci- 
date, unfold, decipher. 

intimate, hint, suggest, insinuate, ex- 
press, signify, impart, tell. 



intimidate, dishearten, alarm, fright- irresolute, wavering, undetermined, 



en, scare, appal, daunt, cow, brow- 



intolerable, insufferable, unbearable, 

insupportable, unendurable 
intrepid, bold, brave, daring, fear- 



geous, valorous, valiant, heroic, gal- 



ordinate, intemperate. (Regular.) 
rreligious, profane, godless, impi- 
ous, sacrilegious, desecrating. 
rreproachable, blameless, spotless, 

irreprovable. 
rresistible, resistless, irrepressible. 



undecided, vacillating. (Determined.) 



beat. (Encourage.) irritable, excitable irascible, sus-. 



ceptible, sensitive (Calm.) 
irritate, aggravate, worry, embitter^ 
madden, exasperate. 



less, dauntless, undaunted, coura- issue, v., emerge, rise, proceed, flow, 



spnng, emanate. 



lant, chivalrous, doughty. (Cow- issue, n., end, upshot, effect, result, 

ardly, faint-hearted.) offspring, progeny. 
intrigue, plot, cabal, conspiracy, 

combination, artifice, ruse, amour. J 

intrinsic, real, true, genuine, ster- jade, harass, weary, tire, worry. 

hng, native, natural. (Extrinsic.) jangle, wrangle, conflict, disagree. 

invalidate, quash) cancel, overthrow, jarring, conflicting, discordant, in- 

vacate, nullify, annul. ^ consonant, inconsistent. 

invasion, incursion, irruption, in- jaunt, ramble, excursion, trip. 

road, aggression, raid, fray. jealousy, suspicion, envy. 

invective, abuse, reproach, raihng, jeopard, hazard, peril, endanger. 

censure, sarcasm, satire. jest, joke, sport, divert, make game 

invent, devise, contrive, frame, find of. 

out, discover, design. journey, travel, tour, passage. 

investigation, examination, search, joy, gladness, mirth, delight. (Grief.) 

inquiry,. research, scrutiny. joyful, glad, rejoicing, exultant. 

inveterate, confirmed, chronic, maUg- (Mournful.) 

nant. (Inchoate.) judge, justice, referee, arbitrator. 

invidious, envious, hateful, odious, judgment, discernment, discrimina- 

malignant. tion, understanding. 

invigorate, brace, harden, nerve, justice, equity, right. Justice is 

strengthen, fortify. (Enervate ) right as established by law; equity 

invincible, unconquerable, impregna- according to the circumstances of 

ble, insurmountable. each particular case. (Injustice.) 

invisible, unseen, imperceptible, im- justness, accuracy, correctness. 

palpable, unperceivable. 

invite, ask, call, bid, request, allure, «^ 

attract, sohcit. keep, preserve, save. (Abandon.) 

1127 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 



kill, assassinate, murder, slay. 

kindred, affinity, consanguinity, re- 
lationship. 

knowledge, erudition, learning sci- 
ence. (Ignorance.) 



labor, toil, work, effort, drudgery. 
(Idleness.) 

lack, need, deficiency, scarcity, insuf- 
ficiency. (Plenty.) 

lament, mourn, grieve, weep. (Re- 
joice.) 

language, dialect, idiom, speech, 
tongue. 

lascivious, loose, unchaste, lustful, 
lewd, lecherous. (Chaste.) 

last, final, latest, ultimate. (First.) 

laudable, commendable, praisewor- 
thy. (Blameable.) 

laughable, comical, droll, ludicrous. 
(Serious.) 

lawful, legal, legitimate, licit. (Il- 
legal.) 

lead, conduct, guide. (Follow.) 

lean, meager. (Fat.) 

learned, erudite, scholarly, (Igno- 
rant.) 

leave, v., quit, relinquish. 

leave, n., liberty, permission, license 
(Prohibition.) 

life, existence, animation, spirit, vi- 
vacity. (Death.) 

lifeless, dead, inanimate. 

lift, erect, elevate, exalt, raise. (Low- 
er.) 

light, clear, bright. (Dark.) 

lightness, flightiness, giddiness, lev- 
ity, volatility. (Seriousness.) 

likeness, resemblance, similarity. 
(Unlikeness.) 

linger, lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. 
(Hasten.) 

little, diminutive, small. (Great.) 

livelihood, living, maintenance, sub- 
sistence, support. 

lively, jocund, sprightly, vivacious, 
merry, sportive. (Slow, languid, 
sluggish.) 

long, extended, extensive. (Short.) 

look, appear, seem. 

lose, miss, forfeit. (Gain.) 

loss, detriment, damage, deprivation. 
(Gain.) 



loud, clamorous, high-sounding, noisy. 

(Low, quiet.) 
love, affection. (Hatred.) 
low, abject, mean. (Noble.) 
lunacy, derangement, insanity, man- 
ia, madness. (Sanity.) 
luster, brightness, brilliancy, splen- 
dor. 
luxuriant, exuberant. (Sparse.) 



M 



machination, plot, intrigue, cabal, 
conspiracy. (Artlessness.) 

mad, crazy, insane, delirious, rabid, 
violent^ frantic. (Sane, rational, 
quiet.) 

madness, insanity, fury, rage, frenzy. 

magisterial, august, dignified, ma- 
jestic, pompous, stately. 

make, form, create, produce. (De- 
stroy.) 

malediction, anathema, curse, im- 
preciation, execration. 

malevolent, malicious, virulent, ma- 
lignant. (Benevolent.) 

malice, spite, rancor, ill-feeling, ill- 
will, grudge, animosity. (Benignity.) 

malicious, see malevolent. 

manacle, V,, shackle, fetter, chain. 
(Free.) 

manage, contrive, concert, direct. 

management, direction superinten- 
dence, care, economy. 

mangle, tear, lacerate, mutilate, 
cripple, maim. 

mania, madness, insanity, lunacy. 

manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, 
exhibit, display, show. 

manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, 
open, apparent, visible. (Hidden, 
occult.) 

manifold, several, sundry, various, 
divers, numerous. 

manly, masculine, vigorous, coura- 
geous, brave, heroic, (Effeminate.) 

manner, habit, custom, way, air, 
look, appearance. 

manners, morals, habits, behavior, 
carriage. 

mar, spoil, ruin, disfigure. (Improve.) 

march, tramp, tread, walk, step, 
space. 



1128 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

margin, edge, rim, border, brink, mend, repair, amend, correct, better, 

verge. ameliorate, improve, rectify. 

mark, n., sign, note, symptom, token, mention, tell, name, communicate, 

indication, trace, vestige, track, impart, divulge, reveal, disclose, in- 

badge, brand. ^ form, acquaint. 

mark, t;., impress, print, stamp, en- merciful, compassionate, lenient, de- 
grave, note, designate. ^ ^ ment, tender, gracious, kind. (Cruel.) 
marriage, wedding, nuptials, matri- merciless, hard-hearted, cruel, un- 

mony, wedlock. merciful, pitiless, remorseless, unre- 

martial, mihtary, warlike, soldier-like. lenting. (Kind.) 
marvel, wonderful, miracle, prodigy, merriment, mirth, joviality, jollity, 
marvelous, wondrous, wonderful, hilarity. (Sorrow.) 

amazing, miraculous. ^ merry, ^ cheerful, mirthful, joyous, 

massive, bulky, heavy, weighty, pon- gay, lively, sprightly, hilarious, jo- 

derous, soUd, substantial. (Fhmsy.) vial, bhthe, bhthesome, sportive, 
mastery, dominion, rule, sway, as- jolly. (Sad.) 

cendency, supremacy. metaphorical, figurative, allegorical, 

matchless, unrivaled, unequaled, un- symbolical. 

paralleled, peerless, incomparable, method, way, manner, mode, process, 

inimitable, surpassing. (Common, order, rule, regularity, system. 

ordinary.) ^ mien, air, look, manner, aspect, ap- 

material, a., corporeal, bodily, physi- pearance. 

cal, temporal, momentous, impor- migratory, roving, strolling, wander- 

tant. (Spiritual, immaterial.) ing, vagrant. (Settled, sedate, per- 

maxim, adage, apothegm, proverb, manent.) 

saying, by-word, saw. ^ mimic, imitate, ape, mock. 

meager, poor, lank, emaciated, bar- mindful, observant, attentive, heed- 

ren, dry, uninteresting. (Rich.) ful, thoughtful. (Heedless.) 

mean, a., stingy, niggardly, low, ab- miscellaneous, promiscuous, indis- 

ject, vile, ignoble, degraded, con- criminate, mixed. 

temptible, vulgar, despicable. (Gen- mischief, injury, harm, damage, evil, 

erous.) ^ hurt, ill. (Benefit.) 

mean, v., design, purpose, intent, con- miscreant, caitiff, villain, ruffian. 

template, signify,' denote, indicate, miserable, unhappy, wretched, dia- 
meaning, signification, import, ac- tressed, afflicted. (Happy.) 

ceptauon, sense, purport. miserly, stingy, niggardly, avari- 

medium, organ, channel, instrument, cious, gripping. 

means. ^ ... misery, wretchedness, woe, destitu- 

medley, mixture, variety, diversity, tion, penury, privation, beggary, 

miscellany. (Happiness.) 

meek, unassuming, mild, gentle, misfortune, calamity, disaster, mis- 

(Proud.) ^ ^ ... hap, catastrophe. (Good luck.) 

melancholy, low-spirited, dispirited, miss, omit, lose, fail, miscarry. 

dreamy, sad. (Jolly, buoyant.) mitigate, alleviate, reheve, diminish, 

mellow, ripe, mature, soft. (Imma- abate. (Aggravate.) 

ture.) ^ ^ moderate, temperate, abstemious, 

melodious, tuneful, musical, silver, sober, abstinent.^ (Immoderate.) 

dulcet, sweet. (Discordant.) modest, chaste, virtuous, bashful, re- 

memorable, signal, distinguished, served. (Immodest.) 

marked. moist, wet, damp, dank, humid. (Dry.) 

memorial , monument, memento, monotonous, unvaried, dull, undiver- 

commemoration. sified, tiresome. (Varied.) 

memory, remembrance, recollection, monstrous, shocking, dreadful, hor- 
menace, a., threat. rible, huge, immense. 

1129 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

monument, memorial, record, re- reputation, character, fame, credit, 
membrancer, cenotaph. repute. 

mood, humor, disposition, vein, tem- narrate, tell, relate, detail, recount, 
per. ^ describe, enumerate, rehearse, re- 

morbid, sick, aihng, sickly, diseased, cite. 

corrupted. (Normal, sound.) nasty, filthy, foul, dirty, unclean, in- 
morose, gloomy, sullen, surly, fretful, decent, impure, gross, vile. 

crabbed, crusty. (Joyous.) nation, people, community, realm, 

mortal, deadly, fatal, human. state. 

motion, proposition, proposal, move- native, indigenous, inborn, vernacular, 

ment. ^ natural, original, regular, normal, 

motionless, still, stationary, torpid, bastard. (Unnatfiral, forced.) 

stagnant.^ (Active, moving.) near, nigh, neighboring, close, adja- 

mount, arise, rife, ascend, soar, tower, cent, contiguous, intimate. (Dis- 
climb, scale. tant.) 

mournful, sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, necessary, needful, expedient, essen- 
grievous, doleful, heavy. (Happy.) tial, requisite, indispensable. (Use- 
move, actuate, impel, induce, prompt, less.) 

instigate, persuade, stir, agitate, pro- necessitate, compel, force, oblige, 

pel, push. necessity, need, occasion, exigency, 

multitude, crowd, throng, host, mob, emergency, urgency, requisite, 

swarm. ^ need, n., necessity, distress, poverty, 

murder, i;., kill, assassinate, slay, mas- indigence, want, penury. 

sacre,.dispatch. need, v,, require, want, lack. 

muse, v.y meditate, contemplate, re- neglect, v., disregard, shght, omit, 
fleet, tlunk, cogitate, ponder. overlook. 

music, harmony, melody, symphony neglect, n., omission, failure, default, 

musical, tuneful, melodious, harmo- negUgence, remissness, carelessness, 
nious, dulcet, sweet. shght. 

musty, stale, sour, fetid. (Fresh, neighborhood, environs, vicinity, ad- 
sweet.) ^ jacency, nearness, proximity. 

mute, Ciiunb, silent, speechless. nervous, timid, timorous, shaky. 

mutilate, maim, cripple, disable, dis- new, fresh, recent, novel. (Old.) 

figure. ^ news, tidings, inteUigence, informa- 

mutinous, insurgent, seditious, tu- tion. 

multuous, turbulent, riotous. (Obe- nice, exact, accurate, good, particular, 
dient, orderly.) ^ precise, fine, deUcate. (Careless, 

mutual, reciprocal, interchanged, cor- coarse, impleasant.) 

relative. (Sole, sohtary.) ^ nimble, active, brisk, lively, aJert, 

mysterious, dark, obscure, hidden, quick, agile, prompt. (Awkward.) 

secret, dim, mystic, enigmatical, un- nobility, aristocracy, greatness, gran- 
accountable. (Open, clear.) deur, peerage. 

mystify, confuse, perplex, puzzle, noble, exalted, elevated, illustrious, 
(Clear, explain.) great, grand, lofty. (Low.) 

noise, cry, outcry, row, clamor, din, 
N uproar, tumult. ^ (Silence.) 

nonsensical, irrational, absurd, silly, 

naked, nude, bare, uncovered, rude, foohsh. (Sensible.) 

unclothed, rough, simple. (Covered, notable, plain, evident, remarkable, 
clad.) ^ signal, striking, rare. (Obscure.) 

name, «;., denominate, entitle, style, note, w., token, symbol, mark, sign, in- 
designate, term, call, christen. dication, remark, comment. 

name, w., appellation, designation, noted, distinguished, remarkable, re- 
denomination, title, cognomen, nowned, eminent. (Obscure.) 

1130 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

notice, n., advice, notification, intelli- opaque, dark. (Bright, transparent.) 

gence, information. open, candid, imreserv^ed, clear, fair. 

notice, v., mark, note, observe, at- (Hidden, dark.) 

tend to, regard, heed. ^ opinion, notion, view, judgment, be- 

notify, V,, publish, acquaint, apprise, Hef, sentiment. 

inform, declare. ^ opinionated, conceited, egotistical. 

notion, conception, idea, behef, opin- (Modest.) 

ion, sentiment. ^ oppose, resist, withstand, thwart. 

notorious, conspicuous, open, obvious, (Give way.) 

iU-famed. (UnknowTi.) option, choice. 

nourish, nurture, cherish, foster, sup- order, method, rule, system, regular- 
ply. (Starve, famish.) ity. (Disorder.) 
nourishment, food, diet, sustenance, origin, cause, occasion, source, begin- 

nutrition. ning. (End.) 

novel, modem, new, fresh, recent, xm- outlive, sur\ave. 

used, strange, rare. (Old.) ^ outward, external, outside, exterior. 

noxious, hurtful, deadly, poisonous, (Inner.) 

deleterious, baneful. (Beneficial.) over, above. (Under.) 
nullify, annul, vacate, invalidate, re- overbalance, outweigh, preponderate. 

peal, quash, cancel. (Affirm.) overbear, bear down, overwhelm, 

nutrition, food, diet, nutriment, overpower, subdue. 

nourishment. overbearing, haughty, proud, arro- 

gant. (Gentle.) ^ 
O overflow, inundation, deluge. 

overrule, supersede, suppress. 
obdurate, hard, callous, hardened, overspread, overrun, ravage. 

unfeeling, insensible. (Tractable, overturn, invert, overthrow, reverse, 

yielding.) ^ subvert. (Estabhsh, fortify.) 

obedient, comphant, submissive, du- overwhelm, crush, defeat, vanquish. 

tiful, respectful. (Obstinate.) 
obese, corpulent, fat, adipose, fleshy. P 

(Attenuated.) 
obey, v., conform, comply, submit, pain, suffering, qualm, pang, agony, 

(Rebel, disobey.) • anguish. (Pleasure.) 

object, n., aim, end, pxupose, design, pallid, pale, wan. (Florid.) 

mark, butt. part, division, portion, share, frac- 

object, V.J oppose, except to, contra- tion. (Whole.) 

vene, impeach, deprecate. (Assent.) particular, exact, distinct, singular, 
obnoxious, offensive. (Agreeable.) odd, strange. (General.) 
obscure, undistinguished, unknown, patient, passive, submissive, meek. 

(Distinguished.) ^ (Obdurate.) 

obstinate, contumacious, headstrong, peace, calm, quiet, tranquiUity. (War, 

stubborn, obdurate. (Yielding.) riot, trouble, turbulence.) ^ ' 

occasion, opportunity. peaceable, pacific, peaceful, quiet. 

offense, affront, misdeed, misdemean- (Troublesome, riotous.) 

or, transgression, trespass. penetrate, bore, pierce, perforate. 

offensive, insolent, abusive, obnox- penetration, acuteness, sagacity. 

ious. (Inoffensive.) (Dullness.) 

office, charge, function, place. people, nation, persons, folks. 

offspring, issue, progeny. ^ perceive, note, observe, discern, dis- 

old, aged, superannuated, ancient, an- tinguish. 

tique, antiquated, obsolete, old-fash- perception, conception, notion, idea. 

ioned. (Young, new.) peril, danger, pitfall, snare. (Safety.) 

omen, presage, prognostic. permit, allow, tolerate. (Forbid.) 

1131 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

persuade, allure, entice, prevail problematical^ uncertain, doubtful, 

upon. dubious, questionable, disputable, 

physical, corporeal, bodily, material. suspicious. (Certain.) 

(Mental.) prodigious, huge, enormous, vast, 

picture, engraving, print, representa- amazing, astonishing, remarkable, 

tion, illustration, image. astounding, smrprising, wonderful. 

piteous, doleful, woful, rueful. (Joy- (Insignificant.) 

ful.) profession, business, trade, occupa- 

pitiless, see merciless. tion, vocation, office, employment, 

pity, compassion, sympathy. (Cruel- engagement, avowal. 

ty.) proffer, volunteer, offer, propose, ten- 

place, n., spot, site, position, post, der. 

situation, station. profligate, abandoned, dissolute, de- 

place, «;., order, dispose. praved, vicious, degenerate, corrupt, 

plain, open, manifest, evident. (Se- demoralized. (Virtuous.) 

cret.) profound, deep, fathomless, penetra- 

play, game, sport, amusement. (Work.) ting, solemn, abstruse, recondite. 
please, gratify, pacify. (Displease.) (Shallow.) 

pleasure, charm, deUght, joy. (Pain.) profuse, extravagant, prodigal, lav- 
plentiful, abundant, ample, copious, ish, improvident, excessive, copious, 

plenteous. (Scarce.) plentiful. (Succinct.) 

poise, balance. prolific, productive, generative, fer- 

positive, absolute, peremptory, de- tile, fruitful, teeming. (Barren.) 

cided, certain. (Negative.) prolix, diffuse, long, prolonged, tedi- 

possessor, owner, proprietor. ous, tiresome, wordy, verbose, pro- 

possible, practical, practicable. (Im- saic. (Concise, brief.) 

possible.) ^ ^ prominent, eminent, marked, impor- 

poverty, penury, indigence, need, tant, conspicuous, leading. (Ob- 
want. (Wealth.) scure.) 
power, authority, force, strength, do- promiscuous, mixed, unarranged, in- 

minion. discriminate, mingled. (Select.) 

powerful, mighty, potent. (Weak.) prompt, see punctual. 
praise, commend, extol, laud. (Blame.) prop, v., maintain, sustain, support, 
prayer, entreaty, petition, request, stay. 

suit. propagate, spread, circulate, diffuse, 

pretense, n., pretext, subterfuge. disseminate, extend, breed, increase. 

prevailing, predominant, prevalent, (Suppress.) 

general. (Isolated, sporadic.) proper, legitimate, right, just, fair, 

prevent, obviate, preclude. equitable, honest, suitable, fit, decent, 

previous, antecedent, introductory, meet, becoming, benefitting, adapted, 

preparatory, preliminary. (Subse- pertinent, appropriate. (Wrong.) 

quent.) prosper, flourish, succeed, grow rich, 

pride, vanity, conceit. (HumiHty.) thrive, advance. (Fail.) 
principally, chiefly, mainly, essen- prosperity, well-being, weal, welfare, 

tially. happiness, good luck. (Poverty.) 

principle, ground, reason, motive, proxy, agent, representative, substi- 

impulse, maxim, rule, rectitude, in- tute, delegate, deputy. 

tegrity. prudence, carefulness, judgment, dis- 

privilege, immunity, advantage, fa- cretion, wisdom. (Indiscretion.) 

vor, prerogative, exemption, right, prurient, itching, craving, hankering, 

claim. longing. 

probity, rectitude, uprightness, hon- puerile, youthful, juvenile, boyish, 

esty, integrity, sincerity, soundness. childish, infantile, trifling, weak, 

(Dishonesty.) silly. (Mature.) 

1132 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

punctilious, nice, particular, formal, antipathy, animosity, enmity, ill-will, 

precise. (Negligent.) spite. (Forgiveness.) 

punctual, exact, precise, nice, partic- rank, order, degree, dignity, nobility, 

ular, prompt, timely. (Dilatory.) consideration. 

putrefy, rot, decompose, corrupt, de- ransack, rummage, pillage, overhaul, 

cay. explore, plunder. 

puzzle, v., perplex, confound, embar- ransom, emancipate, free, unfetter. 

rass, bewilder, confuse, pose, mys- rant, bombast, fustian, cant. 

tify. (Enhghten.) rapacious, ravenous, greedy, vora- 
cious, grasping. (Generous.) 

Q rapt, ecstatic, transported, ravished, 
entranced, charmed. (Distracted.) 

quack, impostor, pretender, charla- rapture, ecstasy, transport, dehght, 

tan, empiric, mountebank. (Savant.) bliss. (Dejection.) 

quaint, artful, curious, far-fetched, rare, scarce, singular, uncommon. 

fanciful, odd, singular. rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, vaga- 

qualified, competent, fitted, adapted. bond, scamp. 

(Incompetent.) rash, hasty, precipitate, foolhardy, 
quality, * attribute, rank, distinction. adventurous, heedless, reckless, care- 
querulous, doubting, complaining, re- less. (Dehberate.) 

pining, fretting. (Patient.) rate, value, compute, appraise, esti- 

question, query, inquiry, interroga- mate, chide, abuse. 

tory. ^ ^ ratify, confirm, estabhsh, substan- 

quibble, cavil, evade, equivocate, pre- tiate, sanction. (Protest, oppose.) 

varicate, shuffle. rational, reasonable, sagacious, ju- 

quick, hvely, brisk, expeditious, im- dicious, wise, sensible, sound. (Un- 

petuous, adroit, fleet, rapid swift, reasonable.) 

sweeping, dashing, clever, sharp, ravage, pverrun, overspread, desolate, 

ready, prompt, alert, nimble, agile, despoil, destroy. 

active. (Slow.) ravish, enrapture, enchant, charm, 

quote, note, repeat, cite, adduce. dehght, abuse. 

raze, demolish, destroy, overthrow, 

R ruin, dismantle. (Build up.) 

reach, touch, stretch, attain, gain, 

rabid, mad, furious, raging, frantic. arrive at. 

(Rational.) ready, prepared, ripe, apt, prompt, 

race, course, match, pursuit, career, adroit, handy. (Slow, dilatory.) 

family, clan, house, ancestry, fin- real, actual, literal, practical, posi- 

eage, pedigree. ^ tive, certain, genuine, true. (Un- 

rack, agonize, wring, torture, excru- real.) 

ciate, distress, harass. (Soothe.) realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, 

racy, spicy, pungent, smart, spirited, gain, get, acquire, comprehend. 

lively, vivacious. (DuU, insipid.) reap, gain, get, acquire, obtain. 

radiance, splendor, brightness, bril- reason, n., motive, design, end, proof, 

fiance, brilliancy, lustre, glare. (Dull- cause, ground, purpose. 

ness.) ^ reason, v., deduce, draw from, trace, 

radical, organic, innate, fundamental, infer, conclude. 

original, constitutional, inherent, en- reasonable, rational, wise, honest, 

tire, complete. (Superficial. In a fair, right, just. (Unreasonable.) 

pohtical sense, uncomproroising; an- rebellion, insurrection, revolt. 

tonym, moderate.) ^ ^ recant, recall, abjure, retract, revoke. 

rancid, fetid, rank, stinking, sour, recede, retire, retreat, withdraw, ebb. 

tainted, reasty. (Fresh, sweet.) receive, accept, take, admit, enter- 
rancor, mafignity, hatred, hostility, tain. 

1133 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

reception, receiving, levee, receipt, reproduce, propagate, imitate, repre- 

admission. ^ sent, copy. ^ 

recess, retreat, depth, niche, vacation, repudiate, dis9wn, discard, disavow, 

intermission. ^ renounce, disclaim. (Acknowledge.) 

recreation, sport, pastime, amuse- repugnant, antagonistic, distasteful. 

ment, play, game, fun, (Agreeable.) 

redeem, ransom, recover, rescue, de- repulsive, forbidding, odious, ugly, 

liver, save, free. ^ disagreeable, revolting. (Attractive.) 

redress, remedy, repair, remission, respite, reprieve, interval, stop. 

abatement, relief. revenge, vengeance, retaliation, re- 

reduce, abate, lessen, decrease, lower, quital, retribution. (Forgiveness.) 

shorten, conquer. ^ revenue, produce, income, proceeds, 

refined, pohte, courtly, polished, cul- fruits, wealth. 

tured, genteel, purified. (Boorish.) reverence, 71., honor, respect, awe, 
reflect, consider, cogitate, think, pon- veneration, deference, homage, wor- 

der, muse, censure. ship. (Execration.) 

reform,^ amend, correct, better, re- revise, review, reconsider. 

store, improve. (Corrupt.) revive, refresh, renew, renovate, ani- 

reformation, improvement, reform, mate, resuscitate, vivify, cheer, corn- 
amendment. (Corruption.) fort. 
refuge, asylum, protection, harbor, rich, wealthy, affluent, opulent, copi- 

shelter, retreat. ^ ous, ample, abundant, exuberant, 

refuse, v., deny, reject, repudiate, de- plentiful, fertile, fruitful, superb, 

cline, withhold. (Accept.) gorgeous. (Poor.) 

refuse, ti., dregs, dress, scum, rub- rival, n., antagonist, opponent, com- 

bish, leavings, remains. ^ petitor. 

refute, disprove, falsify, negative, road, way, highway, route, course, 

(Affirm.) path, pathway, anchorage. 

regard, t;., mind, heed, notice, behold, roam, ramble, rove, stray, wander, 

view, consider, respect. ^ stroll. 

regret, n., grief, sorrow, lamentation, robust, strong, lusty, vigorous, sin- 
repentance, remorse. ewy, stout, sturdy, stalwart, able- 
regular, orderly, uniform, customary, bodied. (Puny.) 

ordinary, stated. (Irregular.) rout, v., discomfit, beat, defeat, over- 

regulate, methodize, arrange, adjust, throw, scatter. 

organize, govern, rule. (Disorder.) route, road, course, march, way, path, 
reimburse, refund, repay, satisfy, in- journey, direction. 

demnify, rude, rugged, rough, uncouth, unpol- 

relevant, fit, proper, suitable, appro- ished, harsh, gruff, impertinent, im- 

priate, pertinent, apt. (Irrelevant.) pudent, saucy, flippant, insolent, 
reliance, trust, hope, dependence, churlish. (Polished, pohte.) 

confidence. (Suspicion.) rule, sway, method, system, law, max- 

relief, succor, aid, help, redress, alle- im, precept, guide, formula, regula- 

viation. tion, government, standard, test. 

relinquish, give up, forsake, resign, rumor, hearsay, talk, fame, report, 

surrender, quit, leave, forego. (Re- bruit. 

tain.) ruthless, cruel, savage, barbarous, 

remedy, help, relief, redress, cure, inhuman, merciless, remorseless, re- 
specific, reparation. lentless, unrelenting. (Considerate.) 
remorseless, pitiless, relentless, mer- 

ciless, cruel, ruthless, barbarous. ^ 

(Merciful, humane.) sacred, holy, hallowed, divine, conse- 

remote, distant, far, secluded, indi- crated, dedicated, devoted. (Pro- 

rect. (Near.l fane.) 

1134 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

safe, secure, harmless, trustworthy, show, t;., indicate, mark, point out 

reliable. (Perilous, dangerous.) exhibit, display. 

sanction, confirm, countenance, en- show, n., appearance, exhibition, pre- 

courage, support, ratify, authorize. tence, profession, sight, spectacle. 

(Disapprove.) ^ ^ sick, diseased, sickly, unhealthy, mor- 

sane, sober, lucid, sound, rational. bid. (Healthy.) 

(Crazy.) sickness, illness, indisposition, dis- 
saucy, impertinent, rude, impudent, ease, disorder. (Health.) 

insolent, flippant, forward. (Mod- significant, a., expressive, material, 

est.) important. (Insignificant.) 

scandalize, shock, disgust, offend, ca- signification, import, sense, meaning. 

lumniate, vilify, revile, maUgn, tra- silence, speechlessness, dumbness. 

duce, defame, slander. ^ ^ (Noise.) 

scanty, bare, pinched, insufficient, silent, dumb, mute, speechless. (Talk- 
slender, meager. (Ample.) ^ ative.) 

scatter, strew, spread, disseminate, simile, comparison, similitude. 

disperse, dissipate, dispel. (Col- simple, single, uncompounded, plain, 

lect.) ^ ^ artless. (Complex, compound.) 

secret, clandestine, concealed, hidden, simulate, dissimulate, dissemble, pre- 

sly, imderhand, latent, private. tend. 

(Open.) sincere, candid, hearty, honest, pure, 
seduce, allure, attract, decoy, entice, genuine, real. (Insincere.) 

abduct, inveigle, deprave. ^ situation, condition, phght, predica- 
sense, discernment, appreciation, per- ment, state, position. 

ception, view, opinion, feeling, sen- size, bulk, greatness, magnitude, di- 

sibihty, susceptibihty, thought, sig- mension. 

nification, judgment, import, signifi- slavery, servitude, enthrallment, 

cance, meaning, purport, wisdom. thralldom. (Freedom.) 

sensible, wise, inteUigent, reasonable, sleep, doze, drowse, nap, slumber. 

sober, sound, conscious, aware, sleepy, somnolent. (Wakeful.) 

(Foolish.) slow, dilatory, tardy. (Fast.) 

settle, arrange, adjust, regulate, con- smell, fragrance, odor, scent, per- 

clude, determine. ^ ^ fume. 

several, sundry, divers, many, vari- smooth, even, level, mild. (Rough.) 

ous. soak, drench, imbrue, steep. 

severe, harsh, stem, stringent, un- social, sociable, friendly, communica- 

mitigated, rough, imyielding. (Le- tive. (Unsocial.) 

nient.) soft, gentle, meek, mild. (Hard.) 

shake, tremble, shudder, shiver, quiv- solicit, importune, urge. 

er, quake. solitary, sole, only, single. 

shallow, superficial, flimsy, sHght. sorry, grieved, poor, paltry, insignifi- 

(Deep, thorough.) cant. ^ (Glad, respectable.) 

shame, disgrace, dishonor. (Honor.) soul, mind, spirit. (Soul is opposed 
shameful, degrading, scandalous, dis- to body, mind to matter.) 

graceful, outrageous. (Honorable.) sound, a., healthy, sane. (Unsound.) 
shameless, immodest, impudent, in- sound, n., tone, noise, silence. 

decent, indehcate, brazen. space, room. 

shape, form, fashion, mold, model, sparse, scanty, thin. (Luxuriant.) 

share, portion, lot, division, quantity, speak, converse, talk, say, tell, confer. 

quota, contingent. special, particular, specific. (General.) 

sharp, acute, keen. (Dull.) spend, expend, exhaust, consume, dis- 
shine, glare, ghtter, radiate, sparkle. sipate, waste, squander. (Save.) 
short, brief, concise, succinct, simi- sporadic, isolated, rare, (General, 

mary. (Long.) prevalent.) 

1185 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 



spread, disperse, diffuse, expand, dis- 
seminate, scatter. 

spring, fountain, source. 

staff, prop, support, stay. 

stagger, reel, totter. 

stain, soil, discolor, spot, sully, tar- 
nish. 

state, commonwealth, realm. 

sterile, barren, unfruitful. (Fertile.) 

stifle, choke, suffocate, smother. 

stormy, rough, boisterous, tempest- 
uous. (Calm.) 

straight, direct, right. (Crooked.) 

strait, a. narrow, confined. 

stranger, alien, foreigner. (Friend.) 

strengthen, fortify, invigorate. 
(Weaken.) 

strong, robust, sturdy, powerful. 
(Weak.) 

stupid, dull, foolish, obtuse, witless. 
(Clever.) 

subject, exposed to, liable, obnoxious. 
(Exempt.) 

subject, inferior, subordinate. (Su- 
perior to, above.) 

subsequent, succeeding, following. 
(Previous.) 

substantial, solid, durable. (Un- 
substantial.) 

suit, accord, agree. (Disagree.) 

superficial, flimsy, shallow, untrust- 
worthy. (Thorough.) 

superfluous, unnecessary, excessive. 
(Necessary.) 

surround, encircle, encompass, envi- 
ron. 

sustain, maintain, support. 

symmetry, proportion. 

sympathy, commiseration, compas- 
sion, condolence. 

system, method, plan, order. 

systematic, orderly, regular, method- 
ical. (Chaotic.) 



take, accept, receive. (Give.) 
talkative, garrulous, communicative, 

loquacious. (Silent.) 
taste, flavor, relish, savor. (Taste- 

lessness.) 
tax, custom, duty, impost, excise, toll. 
tax, assessment, rate. 
tease, taunt, tantalize, torment, vex. 



temporary, a. fleeting, transient, 
transitory. (Permanent.) 

tenacious, pertinaceous, retentive. 

tendency, aim, drift, scope. 

tenet, position, view, conviction, 
belief. 

term, boundary, limit, period, time. 

territory, dominion. 

thankful, grateful, obliged. (Thank- 
less.) 

thankless, ungracious, profitless, un- 
grateful, unthankful. 

thaw, melt,dissolve,liquefy. (Freeze.) 

theatrical, dramatic, showy, cere- 
monious, meretricious. 

thef t, robbery, depredation,spoliation. 

theme, subject, topic, text, essay. 

theory, speculation, scheme, plea, 
hypothesis, conjecture. 

therefore, accordingly, consequently, 
hence. 

thick, dense, close, compact, solid, 
coagulated, muddy, turbid, misty, 
foggy, vaporous. (Thin.) 

thin, slim, slender, slight, flimsy, at- 
tenuated, lean, scraggy. 

think, cogitate, consider, reflect, pon- 
der, contemplate, meditate, muse, 
conceive, fancy, imagine, appre- 
hend, hold, esteem, reckon, con- 
sider, regard, deem, believe, opine. 

thorough, accurate, correct, trust- 
worthy, reliable, complete. (Super- 
ficial.) 

thought, idea, conception, imagina- 
tion, fancy, conceit, notion, sup- 
position, care, provision, considera- 
tion, opinion, view, sentiment, 
reflection, deliberation. 

thoughtful, considerate, careful, re- 
flective, cautious, heedful, contem- 
plative, provident, pensive, dreamy. 
(Thoughtless.) 

thoughtless, inconsiderate, rash, im- 
provident, precipitate, heedless. 

tie, V, bind, restrain, restrict, oblige, 
secure, unite, join. (Loose.) 

tie, n., band, ligament, ligature. 

time, duration, season, period, era, 
age, date, span, spell. 

tolerate, allow, admit, receive, suffer, 
permit, let, endure, abide. (Oppose.) 

top, summit, apex, head, crown, sur- 
face. (Bottom, base.) 



1136 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meanicg 

torrid, baming hot, parching, scorch- umbrage, offense, dissatisfaction, dis- 

ing, sultry. ... pleasure, resentment. 

tortuous, twisted, winding, crooked, umpire, referee, arbitrator, judge, 

indirect. arbiter. 

torture, torment, anguish, agony. unanimity, accord, agreement, unitj^ 
touchinpr, tender, affecting, moving, concord. (Discord.) 

pathetic. ^ unanimous, agreeing, like-minded. 

tractable^ docile, manageable, amen- unbridled, wanton, licentious, disso- 

able. lute, loose, lax. 

trade, traffic, commerce, dealing, oc- uncertain, doubtful, dubious, ques- 

cupation, employment, office. tionable, fitful, equivocal, ambigu- 

traditional, oral, uncertain, trans- ous, indistinct, variable, fluctuating. 

mitted. uncivil, discourteous, disrespectful, 

traffic, trade, exchange, commerce, in- disobliging, rude. (Civil.) 

tercourse. unclean, dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. 

trammel, n., fetter, shatter, clog, (Clean.) 

bond, chain, impediment, hindrance, uncommon, rare, strange, scarce, 
tranquil, still, unruffled, peaceful, singular, choice. (Common, ordi- 

quiet, hushed. (Noisy, boisterous.) nary.) 
transaction, negotiation, occurrence, unconcerned careless, indifferent, 

proceeding, affair. ^ apathetic. (Anxious.) 

trash, nonsense, twaddle, trifles. uncouth, strange, odd, clumsy, im- 

travel, trip, ramble, peregrination, ex- gainly. (Graceful.) 

cursion, journey, tour, voyage. uncover, reveal, strip, expose, lay 

treacherous, traitorous, treasonable, bare, invest. (Hide.) 

disloyal, faithless, false-hearted, per- under^ below, underneath, beneath, 

fidious, sly, false. (Trustworthy, subordinate, lower, inferior. (Above.) 

faithful.) ^ understanding, knowledge, inteUect, 

trite, stale, old, ordinary, common- inteUigence, faculty, comprehension, 

place, hackneyed, (Novel.) ^ mind, reason, brains. 

triumph, achievement, ovation, vie- undertake, engage in, embark in, 

toTy, conquest, jubilation. (Failure, agree, promise. 

defeat.) ^ ^ undo, annul, frustrate, untie, iinfas- 

trivial, trifling, petty, small, frivo- ten, destroy. 

lous, unimportant, insignificant, uneasy, restless, disturbed, unquiet, 

(Important.) ^ stiff, awkward. (Quiet.) 

true, genuine, actual, sincere, true- unequal, uneven, not alike, irregular, 

hearted, unaffected, honest, upright, insufficient. (Even.) 

veritable, real, veracious, authentic, unequaled, matchless, unique, novel, 

exact, accurate, correct. ^ . new, unheard of. 

tumultuous, turbulent, riotous, dis- unfair, wrongful, dishonest, unjust. 

orderly, disturbed, confused, imruly. (Fair.) 

(Orderly.) ^ ^ unfit, a., improper, unsuitable, incon- 

tune, tone, air, melody, strain. sistent, untimely, incompetent. (Fit.) 

turbid, foul, tnick, muddy, impure, unfit, v,, disable, disqualify, incapaci- 

unsettled. ^ tate. (Fit.) 

type, emblem, symbol, figure, sign, let- unfortunate, calamitous, ill-fated, 

ter, sort,^ kind. unlucky ivretched, unhappy, mis- 

t3rro, novice, beginner, learner. erable. (Fortunate.) 

ungainly, clumsy, awkward, lumber- 
U ing, uncouth. (Pretty.) 

unhappy, miserable, wretched, dis- 
ugly, unsightly, plain, homely, ill- tressed, afflicted, painful, disastrous, 

favored, Mdeous. (Beautiful.) drear, dismal. (Happy.) 

1187 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

uniform, regular, symmetrical, even, useless, unserviceable, fruitless, idle, 

equal, alike, unvaried. (Irregular.) profitless. (Useful.) 

uninterrupted, continuous, perpet- usual, ordinary, common, accustomed, 

ual, unceasing, incessant, endless. habitual, wonted, customary, gene- 

(Intermittent.) ^ ral. (Unusual.) 

union, junction, combination, alii- usurp, arrogate, seize, appropriate, 

ance, confederacy, league, coalition, assume. 

agreement, concert. (Disunion, sep- utmost, farthest, remotest, utter- 

aration.) most, greatest. 

unique, unequal, uncommon, rare, utter, a., extreme, excessive, sheer, 

choice, matchless. (Common, ordi- mere, pure. 

nary.) utter, v., speak, articulate, express, 

unite, join, conjoin, combine, concert, pronounce, issue. 

add, attach, incorporate, embody, utterly, totally, completely, wholly, 

clench, merge. (Separate, disrupt, quite, altogether, entirely, 

sunder.) 

universal, general, all, entire, total, V 

catholic. (Sectional.) 

unlimited, absolute, boundless, un- vacant, empty, unfilled, unoccupied, 

defined, infinite. (Limited.) thoughtless, unthinking. (Occu- 

unreasonable, foolish, silly, absurd. pied.) 

unrivaled, unequaled, unique, unex- vagrant, n., wanderer, beggar, tramp, 

ampled, incomparable, matchless. vagabond, rogue. 

(Mediocre.) ^ vague, unsettled, undetermined, un- 

unroll, imfold, open, discover. certain, pointless, indefinite. (Def- 

unruly, ungovernable, unmanage- inite.) 

able, refractory. (Tractaole, docile.) vain, useless, fruitless, empty, worth- 
unusual, rare, unwonted, singular, less, inflated, proud, conceited, un- 

uncommon, remarkable, strange, ex- real, unavailing. (Effectual, hum- 

traordinary. (Common.) ble, real.) 

uphold, maintain, defend, sustain, sup- valiant, brave, bold, valorous, cour- 

port, vindicate. (Desert, abandon.) ageous, gallant. (Cowardly.) 

upright, vertical, perpendicular, just, valid, weighty, strong, powerful, ef- 

erect, equitable, fair, pure, honor- ficient, sound, binding. (Invahd.) 

able. (Prone, horizontal.) valor, courage, gallantry, boldness, 

uprightness, honesty, integrity, fair- bravery, heroism. (Cowardice.) 

ness, goodness, probity, honor, vir- value, v., appraise, assess, reckon, ap- 

tue. (Dishonesty.) ^ predate, estimate, prize, treasure, 

urge, incite, impel, push, drive, insti- esteem. (Despise, condemn.) 

gate, stimulate, press, solicit, in- vanish, disappear, fade, melt, dissolve. 

duce. ^ ^ ^ vanity, emptiness, conceit, self-con- 
urgent, pressing, important, impera- ceit, affectedness. 

tive, immediate, serious, wanted, vapid, dull, flat, insipid, stale, tame. 

(Unimportant.) ^ ^ (Sparkling.) 

usage, custom, fashion, practice, pre- vapor, fume, smoke, mist, fog, steam. 

scrip tion. variable, changeable, unsteady, shift- 
use, n., usage, practice, habit, custom, ing, inconstant, wavering, fickle, fit- 
avail, advantage, utility, benefit, ap- ful, restless. (Constant.) 

plication. (Disuse, desuetude.) variety, difference, diversity, change, 
use, V. employ, exercise, occupy, ac- diversification, mixture, medley, mis- 
custom, practice, inure. (Abuse.) cellany. (Sameness, monotony.) 
useful, advantageous, serviceable, vast, spacious, boundless, mighty, im- 

available, helpful, beneficial, good. mense, enormous, colossal, gigantic 

(Useless.) huge, prodigious. (Confined.) 

1138 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 

vaunt, boast, brag, puff, hawk, ad- waste, v., squander, dissipate, lavish, 

vertise, flourish, parade. destroy, decay, dwindle, wither. 

venerable, grave, sage, wise, old, wasteful, extravagant, profligate, 

reverend. (Economical.) 

venial, pardonable, excusable, justifi- wave, breaker, billow, surge. 

able. (Grave, serious.) way, method, plan, system, means, 

venom, poison, virus, spite, malice, manner, mode, form, fashion, course, 

malignity. ^ process, road, route, track, path, 

venture, n, speculation, chance, peril, habit, practice. 

stake. weak, feeble, infirm. (Strong.) 

venture, v., dare, adventure, risk, weaken, debilitate, enfeeble, ener- 

hazard, jeopardize. vate, invalidate. (Strengthen.) 

veracity, truth, truthfulness, credi- wearisome, tedious, tiresome. (In- 

bility, accuracy. (Falsehood.) teresting, entertaining.) 

verbal, oral, spoken, literal, parole, weary, harass, jade, tire, fatigue. 

unwritten. (Refresh.) 

virdict, judgment, finding, decision, weight, gravity, heaviness, burden, 

answer. load. (Lightness.) 

vexation, chagrin, mortification, well-being, happiness, prosperity, 

(Pleasure.) welfare. 

vibrate, oscillate, swing, sway, wave, whole, entire, complete, total, inte- 

undulate, thrill. gral. (Part.) 

vice, vileness, corruption, depravity, wicked, iniquitous, nefarious. (Vir- 

pollution, immorality, wickedness, tuous.) 

guilt, iniquity, crime. (Virtue.) will, wish, desire. 

vicious, corrupt, depraved, debased, willingly, spontaneously, voluntarily. 

bad, contrary, unruly, demoralized, (Unwillingly.) 

profligate, faulty. Virtuous, gentle.) win, get, obtain, gain, procure, effect, 

victim, sacrifice, food, prey, sufferer, realize, accomplish, achieve. (Lose.) 

dupe, gull. winning, attractive, charming, fasci- 

victuals, viands, bread, meat, repast, nating, bewitching, enchanting, daz- 

pro^dsions, fare, food. zling, brilliant. (Repulsive.) 
view, prospect, survey. wisdom, prudence, foresight, saga- 
violent, boisterous, furious, impetu- city, far-sightedness. (Foolishness.) 

ous, vehement. (Gentle.) wit, humor, satire, fun, raillery. 

virtuous, upright, honest, moral, wonder, v, admire, amaze, astonish, 

(Profligate.) surprise. 

vision, apparition, ghost, phantom, wonder, n. marvel, miracle, prodigy. 

specter. word, n. expression, term. 

voluptuary, epicure, sensualist. work, labor, task, toil. (Play.) 

vote, suffrage, voice. worthless, valueless. (Valuable.) 

vouch, affirm, asseverate, aver, as- writer, author, penman. 

sure. wrong, injustice, injury. (Right.) 

W Y 

wait, await, expect, look for, wait for. yawn, gape, open wide. 

wakeful, vigilant, watchful. (Sleepy.) yearn, hanker after, long for, desire, 

wander, range, ramble, roam, rove, crave. 

stroll. yell, bellow, cry out, scream. 

want, lack, need. (Abundance.) yellow, golden, saffron-like. 

wary, circimispect, cautious. (Fool- yelp, bark, sharp cry, howl. 

hardy.) yet, besides, nevertheless, however, 

wash, clean, rinse, wet, moisten, tint, ultimately, notwithstanding, still 

stain. at last, so far, thus far. 

1139 



Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning^ 

Srield, bear, give, afford, impart, com- ture, decrepit, decayed, venerable, 
municate, confer, bestow, abdicate, antiquated, superannuated.) 
resign, cede, surrender, relinquish, 
relax, quit, forego, give up, let go, 



Z 



waive, comply, accede, assent, ac- zeal, energy, fervor, ardor, earnest- | 
quiesce, succumb, submit. (With- ness, enthusiasm, eagerness. (In- j 
draw, withhold, retain, deny, refuse, difference, apathy, torpor, coldness, 
vindicate, assert, claim, disallow, carelessness, sluggishness.) 
resist, dissent, protest, struggle, zealot, partisan, bigot, fanatic, devo- 
strive.) ^ tee, visionary, enthusiast. (Traitor, ' 

yielding, conceding, producing, sur- deserter, renegade.) 

rendering, supple, phant, submis- zealous, warm, ardent, fervent, en- 
sive, accommodating, unresisting. thusiastic, anxious, eager, earnest, 
(Firm, defiant, stiff, hard, imyield- steadfast. (Bold, indifferent, dis-ll 
ing, resisting, unfruitful.) passioned, apathetic, passionless, * 

yoke, «;., couple, link, connect, conjoin, phlegmatic, platonic.) 
enslave, subjugate (Dissever, di- zenith, height, highest point, pinnacle, 
vorce, disconnect, liberate, release, summit, culmination, maximum, 
manumit, enfranchise^^ (Depth, lowest point, minimum.) 

yore, long ago, long since. (Recently, zephyr, mild breeze, west wind, gen- 
today, now.) tie wind. (Gale, furious wind.) 

youth, boy, lad minority, adoles- zero, nothing, naught, cipher. (Some- 
cence, juvenility (Old, ancient, thing.) 

antiquated, elderly, senile, patriar- zest, flavor, appetizer, gusto, pleas- 
chal, primeval, time-honored, olden.) ure, enjoyment, relish, sharpener, 

youthful, young, juvenile, boyish, enhancement. (Distaste, disgust, 
girlish, puerile. (Aged, senile, ma- disrelish, detriment.) 



1140 



DICTIONARY OF YACHTING 



abaft y behind; toward the stem. 
abeam, in a line at right angles to the 

keel. 
about, to tack. 
aft, toward the stem. 
after sails, those set behind a mast. 
amidships, the middle part of a 

yacht. 
astern, toward the back part of a 

yacht; also behind it. 
athwart, transversely; from one side 

to another. 
avast, a command to stop, hold, desist 

from. 



B 



beating, sailing against the wind by 
tacking. 

belay, to fasten a rope to a cleat or 
pin. 

bending a cable, fastening it to the 
anchor. 

bending a sail, fastening it to the 
spars. 

bilge, the bottom of a yacht's floor, 
where water collects from leakage. 

binnacle, the receptacle of the com- 
pass, directly in front of the steering 
apparatus, and fitted with glass 
windows so that the compass is 
constantly visible. 

blocks, the nautical name of pulleys. 

bobstay, a chain, rope, or wire that 
ties the bowsprit end to the stem 
to resist the upward strain of the 
forestays. 

boom, a spar used to extend the foot 
of certain sails. 

bowsprit, a large spar extending for- 
ward over the bow; supports the 
jib-boom and the flying jib-boom. 

by the head, when a yacht ^inks 
deeper in the water at the stem than 
at the stern. 



by the stern, when a yacht sinks 
deeper at the stern than at the stem. 



cat-boat, a yacht designed for 
smooth water sailing; has a wide 
and shallow hull, large rudder hung 
beyond the transom, large center- 
board, a single mast well forward, 
and a single sail on a gaff and boom; 
usually from 12 to 40 feet in length. 

center board, a wooden or metallic 
slab working in a well at amidships; 
extending longitudinally and verti- 
cally through the keel, and capable 
of being lowered and raised at will; 
designed to give a yacht greater 
stability. 

clew, a comer of a sail. 

clewline, the rope by which a sail is 
drawn together for furUng. 

close-hauled, a yacht sailing as close 
to the wind as possible. 

cockpit, the open deck space near the 
stern. 

cutter, a yacht with a single mast 
stepped about amidships and two 
headsails, a fore staysail in addition 
to a jib. 

cut-water, the prow of a yacht. 



davits, the iron stanchions, curved 
at the upper end and extending over 
a yacht's bow, to which the small 
boats are raised to be swimg aboard. 

downhaul, the rope by which a sail 
is lowered. 

draught, the depth of water to which 
a yacht sinks by its own weight; 
the depth necessary for it to float. 



falling off, the movement of the head 
of -a yacht away from the wind. 



lUl 



Dictionary of Yachting 



fin-keel yacht, one having a very 
shoal body to which is attached a 
deep stationary fin of metal. 

foot of a sail, its lower edge. 

fore-and-aft, the entire length of a 
yacht. 

forestay, a rope or wire reaching 
from the head of the foremast to 
the end of the bowsprit to support 
the mast. 

furled, a square sail when tied close 
to a mast. 



gaff, a spar that extends the upper 

edges of a fore-and-aft sail. 
garboard strsdses, the rows of planks 

nearest to and on each side of the 

keel. 
gaskets, the short lengths of rope 

by vhiich furled sails are bound close 

to the gaffs or yards. 
gooseneck, the metallic joint which 

connects a boom with a mast. 
gripe, when a yacht's bow is forced 

upward in the wind. 
guy, a rope or wire to swing or steady 

a spar. 



H 



halyards, the ropes or tackle for 
raising a sail or flag. 

hanks, the rings of wood or metal 
to which the after edge of a fore-and- 
aft sail is fastened to enable the sail 
to shde easily on the mast or stay 
in raising and lowering. 

head of a sail, its upper edge. 

heeled, tipped or sailing on the wind. 

hove-to, a yacht made stationary by 
arranging the sails so that one part 
forces it forward and another part 
forces it backward. 



jib, in general, a large triangular sail; 
specifically, one of various types 
named according to their position 
and use, as inner-jib, outer-jib, 
Btanding-jib, flying-jib, spindle-jib, 
Btorm-jib, jib-of-jibs, etc. 



jib-boom, a spar extending beyond \ 
the bowsprit, on which is set the jib 
in large craft and the flying-jib in • 
small ones. 

jib-iron, the hoop attached to a jib 
and sliding on its boom. 

jibing, passing a boom sail across a 
yacht when, sailing off the Vvdnd. 

jury-mast, a reserved mast for use 
when the standing one is damaged. 



lead, a plummet attached to a rope 

held by hand, thrown overboard to 

ascertain the depth of water. 
leech of a sail, its after edge. 
leeside, the side of a yacht opposite 

to that from which the wind blows. 
leeward, the direction toward which 

the wind blows. 
long leg, the longest distance on a 

single tack; also the longest side of 

a racing course. 
luff, the shifting of the head of a 

yacht toward the wind; also the 

fore edge of a sail. 
lying-to, a yacht brought close to 

the wind for ease in heavy weather. 



port, the left hand side of a yacht 
when looking toward the bow. 



reefed, a sail reduced in size by being 
rolled up and having a part of it 
tied down to a spar. 



schooner, a yacht with a fore and 
a main mast, the latter carrying the 
largest sail, and bowsprit and head 
sai& rigged Hke those of a cutter. 

sharpie, a long, flat-bottomed yacht, 
having a shoal draught, long rather 
than deep centerboard, stem ex- 
tended and with round end, a fore- 
mast at the bow and a mainmast 
abaft the center of the boat, ancj 
carrying leg-o'-mutton sails. 



1142 



Dictionary of Yachting 



sheer, in sailing, to deviate from the 
proper course. 

sheet, a rope attached to a sail to 
extend or control it. 

short leg, the least distance on a 
single tack. 

shrouds, a set of ropes or wires sup- 
porting a mast or bowsprit and 
attached to the rail. 

sloop, a yacht with hull similar to 
that of a cat-boat, boom and gaff 
mainsail, and a large jib. 

sounding, finding the depth of water 
by the lead. 

sprit, a small spar that raises diag- 
onally the upper outer corner of an 
extended sail. 

stand-by, an order to be ready for 
another order or quick action. 

starboard, the right hand side of a 
yacht looking toward the bow. 

stays, ropes which support or control 
a spar in a fore and aft direction. 

sternboardy a yacht sailing back- 
wards. 

stowed, any sail that lowers down, 
when tied close to a boom. 



tack, the lower forecomer of a sail. 
tacking, changing the course of ^ a 

yacht by shifting the position of its 

sails; advancing toward the wind's 

eye. 
taunt, lofty. 

taut, tight, stretched, secured. 
throat, on a triangular sail, the upper 

fore corner. 
tiller, the lever which controls the 

rudder. 
topping lift, a tackle by which the 

end of a boom is raised and held. 



truck, the upper extremity of a mast 
through which the halyards are rove. 

U 

unbend, to imtie, release, cast off; 
opposite of bend. 



veering, paying out a Cable 

W 

wake, the foamy track on the water 

left by a moving yacht. 
watch, a division of a crew; also the 

period during which a part of a crew 

are on duty on deck. 
wear, in sailing, to turn a yacht from 

the wind; the opposite of tacking. 
weather-helm, a tiller pressed to 

windward to keep a yacht from fly- 
ing into the wind. 
weathering, passing to windward of 

a vessel by close sailing. 
weatherside, the side of a yacht 

on which the wind blows. 
wind's eye, the direction from which 

the wind blows. 
windward, same as wind^s eye. 



yacht, a sailing or steam vessel built 
for pleasure and combining speed 
and more or less luxury. 

yaw, when, despite the rudder, a 
yacht moves vigorously from its 
course. 

yawl, a sloop-rigged yacht with a 
short main boom and a second and 
smaller mast stepped back of the 
stern post, and carrying a mizzen, 
leg-o*-mutton, or lug sail. 



1143 




Earth, Facts about the 

Everyone His Own Weather Prophet 

Flowers, Language of 

Flowers, State 

Foreign Coins, Value of 

Metric System, the 

National Parks in the U. S. 

Time and Its Variations 



1144 



VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS IN UNITED 
STATES MONEY 

(Proclaimed by Secretary of the Treasury Oct. 1, 1914, and subject to changes from time to time be- 
cause of the European war.) 



Country 



Gold. 
Gold. 



Argentina . 

Au8tria-H. . 
Belgium . . 



Bolivia . . . 
Brazil .... 
British Col- 
onies In 

Aus. and 

Africa . 
Canada . . 
Cent. Amer. 

States: 

B. H'nd's 

Cos. Rica I Gold . 

Gua'mala Silver. 



Stand- 
ard 



Gold. 



Gold . 
Gold. 



Gold. 
Gold. 



Gold. 



Hond'ras 

Nlca'gua 

Salvador 

Chile 



China . . . . 

Colombia . 

Denmark , 
Ecuador . , 
Egypt 

Finland . . 
Trance 

Germany . 
Gt. Britain 
Greece . . . 

Haytl ... 



India . . 
Italy .. 

Japan . 
Liberia 

Mexico 



Neth' lands. 
N'foundi'd 
Norway . . . 
Panama . . . 
Paraguay . 

Persia . . . . 



Peru 

Philip. Isl. . 
Portugal . . . 

Rumania . . 
Russia .... 
B. Domingo 
Servia . . 
Slam . . . 
Spain . . . 



Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 

Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 



Straits Set . Gold . 

Sweden Gold. 

Switz'land . Gold . 
Turkey ...|Gold. 
Uruguay . .iGold. 
Venezuela .[Gold . 



Crown 
Franc . 



Boliviano . 
Milreis . . . 



Poxmd sterling 
Dollar 



Silver. 
Gold. 
Silver. 
Gold. 



SUver. 

Gold. 

Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 

Gold. 
Gold. 

Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 

Gold . . 

Gold. 
Gold. 

Gold. 
Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Silver. 

Gold. 



Dollar 
Colon . 
Peso.. . 



Peso 

Cordova . 

Peso 

Peso 



Monetary Unit 



Tael. . . 
Dollar. 



! Shanghai 
Haikwan 
Canton . 



Crown 

Sucre 

Pound (100 piasters) 



Mark , 
Franc 



Mark 

Pound Sterling . 
Drachma 



Gourde . 



Rupee 
Lira .. 

Yen ,.. 
Dollar 



Peso..., 

Florin . , 
Dollar . 
Crown 
Balboa 
Peso.. . 



Value in 
U.S. 
Gold 
Dollar 



Kran 



Libra .. 
Peso. . .. 
Escudo , 



Leu . . . 
Ruble . 
Dollar 
Dinar . 
Tical . . 
Peseta 



Dollar . . 
Crown . 
Franc . . 
Plaster . 

Peso 

Bolivar . 



«0.96.5 

.20,3 
.19,3 

.38,9 
.54,6 



4.86.65 
1.00.0 



1.00,0 
.46,5 
.39.8 

.39.8 

1.00,0 

.39.8 

.36,5 

.59.6 

.66.4 

.65.0 

1.00.0 

.26.8 

.48.7 

4.94,3 

.19,3 
.19,3 

.23,8 

4.86,65 

.19.3 

.96.5 

.32.4 
.19.3 

.49,8 
1.00.0 

.49.8 

.40.2 
1.01,4 

.26,8 
1.00,0 

.39,8 

.17.0 



4.86,65 

.50,0 
1.08,0 

.19.3 

.51,5 
1.00,0 

.19,3 
3.71,0 

.19.3 



.56,7 
.26.8 
.19,3 
.04,4 
1.03.4 
.19.3 



Remarks 



Currency: depreciated paper, convertible at 44 
per cent, of face value. 

Member of Latin Union; gold is the actual 

standard. 
12 1-2 bolivianos equal 1 pound sterling. 
Currency: Government paoer. Exchange rate 

about $0.25 to the milreis. 



Currency: Inconvertible paper, exchange rate 

16 to 18 pesos — Sl.OO. 
Currency: bank notes. 

Currency: convertible into silver on demand. 
Currency: Inconvertible paper; exchange rate 
approximately, §0.14 



Currency: inconvertible paper; exchange rate 
approximately, $102 paper to $1 gold. 



The actual standard Is the British pound ster- 
ling, which is legal tender for 97 1-2 piasters. 

Member of Latin Union; 
standard. 



gold is the actual 



Member of 'Latin Union; gold is the actual 

standard. 
Currency: Inconvertible paper; exchange rate 

approximately, $0.29,41. 
(15 rupees equal 1 pound sterling.) 
Member of Latin Union; gold is the actual 

standard. 

Currency: depreciated silver token coins; cus- 
toms duties are collected In goid. 

Mexican exchange rate fluctuating and uncer- 
tain. 



Currency: depreciated paper, exchange rate, 

1,550 per cent. 
This is the value of the gold kran. Currency Is 

sUver circulating above Its metallic value; 

exchange value of silver kran. approximately. 

$0.08,75. 



Currency: inconvertible paper; exchange rate. 
approximately, $0.93.94. 



Valuation Is for the gold peseta: currency Is 
silver circulating above its metallic value; 
exchange value, approximately, $0.17.94. 



Member Latin Union: gold Is actual standard, 
100 piasters equal to the Turkish L. 



1145 



LANGUAGE OF THE FLOWERS 



A cluster of flowers can be made to express any sentiment if care is taken 
in the selection. 

If a flower is offered reversed, its original signification is contradicted, 
and the opposite implied. 

A rosebud divested of thorns, but retaining leaves, conveys the sentiment, 
^'1 fear no longer; I hope.'^ Stripped of leaves and thorns, it signifies, 
*' There is nothing to hope or fear. '^ 

A full-blown rose, placed over two buds, signifies '^Secrecy.'' 

^ ^ Yes ^ ' is implied by touching the flower given to the lips ; ' ' No, ' ' by 
pinching off a petal and casting it away. 

'^I am^' is expressed by a laurel leaf twined around the bouquet; *'I 



have,'' by an ivy leaf folded together; 
Virginia creeper. 

SINGLE FLOWERS 



I offer you," by a leaf of 



Arbor Vitse — Unchan^ng friendship. 

Camelia, White — LovelinesF. 

Candy-Tuft — Indifference. 

Carnation, White — Disdain. 

China Aster — Variety. 

Clover, Four-Leaf — Be mine. 

Clover, White — Think of me. 

Clover, Red — Industry. 

Columbine — Folly. 

Daisy — Innocence. 

Daisy, Colored — Beauty. 

Dead Leaves — Sadness. 

Deadly Nightshade — ^Falsehood. 

Fern — Fascination. 

Forget-me-not. 

Fuchsia, Scarlet — ^Taste. 

Geranium, Horseshoe — Stupidity. 

Geranium, Scarlet — Consolation. 

Geranium, Rose — Preference. 

Golden-rod — Be cautious. 

Heliotrope — Devotion. 

Hyacinth, White — Loveliness. 

Hyacinth, Purple — Sorrow. 

Ivy — Friendship. 

Lily, Day — Coquetry. 

Lily, White — Sweetness. 

Lily, Yellow — Gayety. 

Lily, Water — Purity of heart. 

Lily of the Valley — ^Unconscious sweetness. 

Mignonette — Your qualities surpass your 

charms. 
Monkshead — Danger is near. 
Myrtle — Love. 
Oak — Hospitality. 
Orange Blossoms — Chastity. 
Pansy — Thoughts. 
Passion Flower — Faith. 
Primrose — Inconstancy. 
Rose — Love. 

Rose, Damask — Beauty ever new. 
Rose, Yellow — Jealousy. 
Rose, White — I am worthy of you. 



Rosebud, Moss— Confession of Love. 

Smilax — Constancy. 

Straw — Agreement. 

Straw, Broken — Broken Agreement. 

Sweet Pea — Depart. 

Tuberose — Dangerous Pleasures. 

Thistle — Sternness. 

Verbena — Pray for me. 

White Jasmine — Amiability. 

Witch Hazel— A spell. 



IN COMBINATIONS 



Moss Rosebud, 
Myrtle. 
Mignonette, 
Colored Daisy. 
Lily of the Valley, 
Ferns. 

Yellow Rose, 
Broken Straw, 
Ivy. 

Scarlet Geranium, 
Passion Flower,' 
Purple Hyacinth, 
Arbor Vitae. 

Columbine, Day 
Lily, Broken Straw, 
Witch Hazel, 
Colored Daisy. 
White Pink, 
Canary Grass, 
Laurel. 

Golden-rod, 
Monkshead, 
Sweet Pea, 
Forget-me-not. 



I A confession 

f of love. 

I Your qualities surpass 

I 3'our charms of beauty. 

I Your unconscious sweet- 

[ ness has fascinated me. 

Your jealousy has broken 
our friendship. 

I trust you will find con- 
solation, through faith, 
in your sorrow ; be as- 
sured of my unchanging 
friendship. 

Your folly and coquetry 
have broken the spell of 
your beauty. 

Your talent and 
• verance will 
I glory. 

Be cautious; danger is 
near ; I depart soon ; for- 
get-me-not. 



perse- 
win you 



1146 



EVERYONE HIS OWN WEATHER PROPHET 



Almanac predictions can be nothing but conjecture, the earth ^s subjection 
to many unknowable and undeterminable forces rendering such calculations 
impossible. It is practicable, however, by the following rules, drawn from 
actual results during very many years and applied with due regard to the 
subjects of solar and lunar attraction with reference to this planet, to foresee 
the kind of weather most likely to follow the moon 's change of phase. 

PROGNOSTICATIONS 



If New 
Moon 


Moon, First Quarter 
or Last Quarter hapf 


Full 
ens 


In' Summer 


In Winter 


Between 
« 


midnight 

2 

4 

6 

8 
10 
12 

2 

4 

6 

8 
10 


and 


2 A.M. 

4 " 

6 " 

8 " 
10 " 
12 *' 

2 P.M. 

4 " 
6 *' 

8 *' 
10 *' 
midnight 


Fair (1 and 2) 

Cold and showers 

Rain 


Frost, unless wind is S. "W. (7) 

^•now and stormy. 

Rain. 


« 

« 


Wind and rain 

Changeable 


Stormy. 

Cold rain if wind W., snow if E. 


tc 

t( 


Frequent showers ( 3 ) 

Very rainy (4) 

Changeable - 


Cold and high wind. 
Snow or rain. 
Fair and mild. 


*t 


Fair - _«_ 


Fair. 


U 

« 


Fair if wind N. W... 
Rainy if S., or ^. W._ 
Fair ... 


Fair and frosty if wind N. or N. E. 
Rain or snow if S. or S. W. 
Fair and frosty. 







Ohservations. — 1. The nearer the moon's change, first quarter, full and 
last quarter to midnight, the fairer will be the weather during the next seven 
days. 

2. The space for this calculation occupies from ten at night till two next 
morning. 

3. The nearer to midday or noon the phase of the moon happens, the 
more foul or wet weather may be expected during the next seven days, 

4. The space for this calculation occupies from ten in the forenoon to 
two in the afternoon. These observations refer principally to summer, though 
they affect spring and autumn in the same ratio. 

5. The moon's change, first quarter, full and last quarter happening 
during six of the afternoon hours, i. e., from four to ten, may be followed by 
fair weather, but this is mostly dependent on the wind, as is noted in the 
table. 

6. Though the weather, from a variety of irregular causes, is more 
imcertain in the latter part of autumn, the whole of winter and the beginning 
of spring, yet, in the main, the above observations will apply to these 
periods also. 

7. To prognosticate correctly, especially in those cases where the wind is 
concerned, the observer should be within sight of a vane where the four 
cardinal points of the compass are correctly placed. 



1147 



FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH 



According to Clark, the equatorial semi- diameter of the earth is 20,926;202 
feet=3,963.296 miles, and the polar semi-diameter is 20,854,895 feet=: 
3,950.738 miles. One degree of latitude at the pole=69.407 miles. One degree 
of latitude at the equator =68.704 miles. 

POPULATION OF THE EARTH BY CONTINENTS 

(From estimates by the National Geographical Society) 





Area in S'q. Miles 


Inhabitants 


Continental Divisions 


Number 


Per Sq. 
Mile 


Africa _ __ 


11,513,579 

8,037,714 

6,851,306 

17,057,666 


180,000,000 

130,000,000 

35,000,000 

900,000,000 


16 


America, North 

America, South __ 

Asia 


17 

5.2 
52.76 


Australasia 

Europe 

Polar Region 


3,456,290 
3,754,282 
6,970,268 


8,000,000 

450,000,000 

300,000 


2.31 
121 
0.05 


Total 


57,641,102 


1,732,000,000 


30 



Eavenstein^s estimate of the earth's fertile region, in square miles, is 
28,269,200; steppe, 13,901,000; desert, 4,180,000; polar regions, 4,888,800. 

The population of the earth at the death of the Emperor Augustus, esti- 
mated by Bodio, was 54,000,000. The population of Europe hardly exceeded 
50,000,000 before the fifteenth centmj.—Miahall. 

The area and cubic contents of the earth, according to the data of Clark, 
given above, are: Surface, 196,971,984 square miles; cubic contents, 259,944,- 
035,515 cubic miles. 

Murray-Challenger expedition states the greatest depth of the Atlantic 
Ocean at 27,366 feet; Pacific Ocean, 30,000 feet; Indian Ocean, 18,582 feet; 
Southern Ocean, 25,200 feet; Arctic Ocean, 9,000 feet. The greatest depth of 
the Pacific Ocean yet found was obtained by the U. S. collier ' ' Nero ' ' on No- 
vember 14, 1899, when soundings near the island of Guam showed 31,614 feet. 
The Atlantic Ocean has an area, in square miles, of 24,536,000 ; Pacific Ocean, 
50,309,000; Indian Ocean, 17,084,000; Arctic Ocean, 4,781,000; Southern 
Ocean, 30,592,000. The highest mountain is believed to be Deodhunga, one of 
the Himalayas, 29,002 feet. 

Of the 1,732,000,000 inhabitants of the globe, about 600,000,000 speak 
the principal European tongues, the English leading with 160,000,000; and of 
the total number it is estimated that about one-third are Christians. 



1148 



THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS 
AND MEASURES 



MEASURES 


OF LENGTH 


Metric Denominations and Values 


Equivalents in Denominations in Use 


Myriameter 10,000 meters 

Kilometer 1,000 meters 

Hectometer 100 meters 


6.2137 miles. 


0.62137 mile, or 3,280 feet 


and 10 inches. 
328 feet and 1 inch. 


Dekameter 10 meters 


393.7 inches. 


Meter 1 meter 


39.37 inches. 


Decimeter t^ of a meter 

Centimeter t^ of a meter 

Millimeter two of a meter 


3.937 inches. 


0.3937 inch. 

.0.0394 inch. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE 



Metric Denominations and Values 


Equivalents in Denominations in Use 


Hectare 10,000 square meters 

Are 100 square meters 

Centare 1 square meter 


2.471 acres. 


119.6 SQuare vards. 


1,550 square inches. 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY 



Metric Denominations and Values 


Equivalents in Denominations in Use 


Names 


No. of 

liters 


Cubic Measure 


Dry Measure 


Liquid or Win© 
Measure 


KiloUter... 

or Stere. 

Hectohter. 

DekaUter.. 

Liter 

Decihter. . 
CentiUter.. 
Milliliter.. 


1,000 

100 
10 

1 

p 

100 
1000 


1 cubic meter 

tV of a cubic meter. . . 
10 cubic decimeters . . . 

1 cubic decimeter 

-^ of a cubic decimeter. 
10 cubic centimeters.. . 

1 cubic centimeter, . . 


1.308 cubic yards.. 

2 bu. and 3.35 pks.. 

9.08 quarts 

0.908 quart 

6.1022 cubic inches. 
0.6102 cubic inch. . 
0.061 cubic inch. . . 


264.17 gaUons. 

26.417 gaUons. 
2.6417 gallons. 
1.0567 quarts. 
0.845 gill. 
0.338 fluid oz. 
0.27 fluid dram. 



WEIGHTS 



Metric Denominations and Values 


Equivalents in Denom- 
inations in use 


Names 


Number of 
grams. 


Weight of what quantity of 
water at maximum density 


Avoirdupois Weight 


MilUer or Tonneau? 


1,000,000 

100,000 

10,000 

1,000 

100 

10 

1 

p 

T(TO 
10 OO 


1 cubic meter 


2,204.6 pounds. 
220.46 pounds. 
22.046 pounds. 
2.2046 pounds. 
3.5274 ounces. 


Quintal 


1 hectohter 


Myriagram 

Kilogram or Kilo . . 

Hectogram 

Dekagram 

Gram 


lOhters 


Ihter 


1 decihter 


10 cubic centimeters 

1 cubic centimeter 

Yo of 2L cubic centimeter. . . 
10 cubic milHmeters 

1 cubic millimeter 


0.3527 ounce. 
15.432 grains. 
1.5432 grams. 
0.1543 grain. 
0.0154 grain. 


Decigram 


Centigram 

Milligram 



1149 



TIME AND ITS VARIATIONS 

Points at which the -principle railroads change time 
BETWEEN EASTERN AND CENTRAL STANDARD TIME ZONES. 



Time-breaking points. 



Railroads. 



Longitude 

west of 
Greenwich 



Minutes of 

time east 

or west of 

normal time 

breaking 

line. 



Minutes by which 
local mean time 
differs from stand- 
ard time. 



Buffalo, N. Y. 
Detroit, Mich. 



Pittsburgh. Pa 

HoUoway, Ohio 

Wheeling, W. Va 

New Castle Junction, Pa . 

Erie, Pa 

Marion, Ohio 

Dayton, Ohio 

Parkersburg, W. Va 

Kenova, W. Va 

Huntington, W. Va 

Williamson, W. Va 

Norton, Va 

Bristol, Tenn.-Va 

Asheville. N. C 

Columbia, S. C 

Atlanta, Ga 

Central Junction, Ga. , . . 
Augusta, Ga 



New York Central 

Michigan Central; Grand 

Trunk; Wabash. 

Pennsylvania Lines 

Baltimore & Ohio 

.do 



.do. 



Pennsylvania Lines. 

Erie 

do..... 

Baltimore & Ohio . . 
.do. 



Chesapeake & Ohio 

Norfolk & Western 

N. & W.;L. &N 

N. &W.; Southern 

Southern 

Seaboard Air Line 

Southern; Seaboard 

A. C. L.: Southern 

Ga.; Cent, of Ga.; South- 
em; C. & W. C 



78 
83 

80 
81 
80 
80 
80 
83 
84 
81 
82 
82 
82 
82 
82 
82 
81 
84 
81 
81 



51 
01 

00 
09 
45 
24 
09 
09 
10 
34 
34 
26 
16 
37 
12 
32 
05 
23 
09 
58 



14i E 
2, W. 

10, E. 
5i, E. 
7. E.. 
8i, E. 
9^. E. 
2AW. . 
6i, W 
3i E. 
^. W.. 
iE.. 
1, E. . 
f. W., 

1, E. . 



S\, E. 
7^, W 
5^, E. 

2. E. . 



44i fast of Central. 
32 slow of Eastern. 

40 fast of Central. 
35 1 fast of Central. 
37 fast of Central. 
Z^\ fast of Central. 
39^ fast of Central. 
32^ slow of Eastern. 
36^ slow of Eastern. 
Z3\ fast of Central. 
30| slow of Eastern. 
30^ fast of Central. 
31 fast of Central. 
30? slow of Eastern. 

3 1 fast of Central. 
30 fast of Central. 
35^ fast of Central. 
37^ slow of Eastern. 
35^ fast of Central. 

32 fast of Central. 



BETWEEN CENTRAL AND MOUNTAIN STANDARD TIME ZONES. 



Portal, N. Dak 

Williston, N. Dak. . . 
Mandan, N. Dak. . . . 
Mobridge, S. Dak. . . 
Rapid City, S. Dak. , 

Pierre, S. Dak 

Long Pine, Nebr. . . , 

Alliance, Nebr 

Curtis, Nebr 

McCook, Nebr 

Phillipsburg, Kans. , 
Tucumcari, N. Mex.- 
North Platte, Nebr. , 
Plainville, Kans. . . . . 

Ellis, Kans 

Hoisington, Kans 

Scott City, Kans . . . 
Dodge City, Kans. . 

Clovis, N. Mex 

Pe<:os, Tex 

Sixela, N. Mex 

El Paso, Tex 

Do 



, M.. 



M., S. P. & S. St. 

Great Northern 

Northern Pacific 

C. M. &St. P 

....do 

Chicago & North Western 

....do 

C. B. &Q 

....do 

....do 

C, R. I. &P 

do, 



Union Pacific 

....do 

....do 

Missouri Pacific 

A., T. &S. F 

do 

do 

A.. T. &S. F.-Tex. Pac. 

Colo. So.-F., W. & D. C. 

Texas Pacific 

Gal., Har. & San A 



102 

103 

100 

100 

103 

100 

99 

102 

100 

100 

99 

103 

100 

99 

99 

98 

100 

100 

103 

103 

103 

106 

106 



35 
3^ 
53 
25 
12 
20 
40 
51 
30 
37 
19 
43 
46 
17 
34 
47 
56 
01 
13 
31 
03 
29 
29 



20i, W.... 
24i, W... . 
13i, W...-. 
lU, W... . 

23, W 

lU, W... . 
8H, W.... 
21A, W... . 

12, W 

12i. W... . 

7i, W 

25, W 

13, W 

7, W 

8i, W 

5, W 

13i, W... . 
10, W 

23, W 

24, W 

22, W 

36, W 

36, W 



50^ slow of Central. 
54| slow of Central. 
43^ slow of Central. 
4H slow of Central. 
53 slow of Central. 

41 § slow of Central. 
38| slow of Central. 
5 If slow of Central. 

42 slow of Central. 
42 f slow of Central. 
37| slow of Central. 
55 slow of Central. 

43 slow of Central. 
37 slow of Central. 
38 1 slow of Central. 
35 slow of Central. 
43 f slow of Central. 
40 slow of Central. 

53 slow of Central. 

54 slow of Central. 
52 slow of Central. 
66 slow of Central. 
66 slow of Central. 



BETWEEN MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC STANDARD TIME ZONES. 


Troy, Mont 


Great Northern 


115 54 
114 47 
117 16 


13i. W... . 

9. W 

19, W 


43 ^ slow of Mountain. 


Paradise, Mont . . . 


Northern Pacific 

Oregon Short Line-O. W., 

P. 8: N. 


39 slow of Mountain, 


Huntington, Oreg 


49 slow of Mountain. 



1150 



Points at which time changes — Continued 
BETWEEN MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC STANDARD TIME ZONES— Continued. 



Time-breaking points. 


Railroads. 


Longitude 

west of 
Greenwich. 


Minutes of 

time east 

or west of 

normal time 

breaking 

line. 


Minutes by which 
local mean time 
differs from stand- 
ard time. 


Avery, Idaho 


C. M. &St. P 


115 48 
111 59 

111 31 
114 31 

112 50 
114 17 
114 37 


13, W.... . 

2,E 

2i,E 

8. W 

U, W 

7,W 

8i.W 


43 slow of Mountain. 


Ogden, Utah 


Union Pacific; So. Pac. . . 
D. &R. G.;West. Pac. . 
S. P.,L. A. &SaltLake.. 

A..T.&S. F 

do 


32 fast of Pacific. 


Salt Lake City. Utah 

Caliente, Nev 

Seligman, Ariz 


32 1 fast of Pacific. 
38 slow of IMountain. 
3 1 2 slow of Alountain. 


Parker, Ariz 


37 slow of Alountain. 


Vuma, Ariz 


Southern Pacific 


38^ ''low of Mountain. 









TIME DIFFERENCE 

Between the City of New York and the Principal Foreign Cities 
Later than New York 



H.M. 

Antwerp 5 13.5 

Berlin 6 49 . 5 

Bremen 6 31.0 

Brussels 5 13.4 

Buenos Ayres 1 2.4 

Calcutta 10 49.2 

Constantinople 6 51.9 

Dublin 4 30.5 

Edinburgh 4 43.2 

Geneva 5 20 . 5 

Hamburg 5 35 . 8 



H.M. 



Liverpool 4 43.6 

London 4 55.9 

Madrid 4 41 . 1 

Paris 5 5.2 

Rio de Janeiro 2 3.2 

Rome 5 45 . 8 

Petrogrrad 6 67.1 

Valparaiso 9.3 

Vienna 6 1.2 

Halifax 41.5 



Earlier than New York 



H.M. 

Havana 33.5 

Hong Kong 11 27 . 4 

Melbourne 9 24.2 



B.U. 

Mexico, City of 1 40. 

Panama 22, 

Yokohama 9 45. 



STATE FLOWERS 



Alabama Golden Rod 

Arizona Ocotillo 

Arkansas Apple Blossom 

California Golden Poppy 

Colorado Columbine 

Connecticut Mountain Laure . 

Delaware Peach Blossom 

District of Columbia Nasturtium 

Florida Orange Blossoms 

Georgia Cherokee Rose 

Idaho Syring^a 

Illinois The Native Violet 

Indiana Carnation 

Iowa Wild Rose 

Kan.sas Sunflower 

Kentucky Golden Rod 

Louisiana Magnolia 

Maine Pine Cone and Tassel 

Maryland Black Eyed Susan 

Michigan Apple Blossom 

Minnesota Moccasin 

Mississippi Magnolia 



Montana Bitter Root 

Nebraska Golden Rod 

New Jersey Golden Rod and Violet 

New Mexico Cactus 

New York Rose 

North Dakota Wild Rose 

Ohio Scarlet Carnation 

Oklahoma Mistletoe 

Oregon Oregon Grape 

Pennsylvania Daisy and Violet 

Rhode Island Violet 

South Dakota Anemone Patens 

Tennessee Golden Rod 

Texas Bluo Bonnet 

Utah Sego Lily 

Vermont Red Clover 

Washington Rhododendron 

West Virginia Rhododendron 

Wisconsin Violp* 

Wyoming Blue Fringed Gentian 

Hawaii Lehud 



1151 



u 




?? 


rO 


H 


U 




»-4 


CO 


H 


< 


CO 


b 


H 


M 


U 


Q 


< 


U 


Qi 


H 


< 


M-4 

2 
D 


X 

u 




Q 


b 


•> 

-< 


O 


u 


CO 


OS 

< 



s 

03 




O CO 



o o 

CO CO 



CO CO 



O O c: CO 

Ci Ci Oi o 
CO 00 CC Oi 



i-(r-l O 



(N ^ IH rH 






- -g 



c -^ 






"So ^ 

1 I l>0 U2 






G 



'5 'c <^ 



'O 



§2 






i^c 






1152 



FACTS WORTH KNOWING 



NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FOODS. 
Average Quantity of Nutritive Matter in 1,000 Parts of Varieties 
of Animal and Vegetable Food. 



Cucumber 25 

Melons 30 

Turnips 42 

Milk 72 

Cabbage 73 

Carrots 98 

White of Egg 140 

Beet-root 148 

Pears 160 

Apples 170 

Haddock 180 



Gooseberries 190 

Peaches 200 

Codfish 210 

Sole 210 

Pork ■ 240 

Cherries 250 

Veal 250 

Beef 260 

Potatoes 260 

Apricots 260 

Grapes 270 



Chicken 270 

Plums 290 

Mutton 290 

Tamarinds 340 

Almonds 650 

Oats 742 

Rye 792 

Rice 880 

Barley 920 

Wheat 950 



DIGESTIBILITY OF FOODS. 







H. M. 






H. M. 


Apples, sweet 

Asparagus 


Raw 


. 1 30 


Game (most kind.«?')Roa.stpd 


4 15 


..Boiled 


. 1 30 


Liver (calves) . . 


. . .Fried or Sau teed.. 


2 30 


Beans 


..Boiled 


. 2 30 


Lamb 


...GrUled 


2 30 


Beef, lean 


. .Roasted 


. 3 00 


Millc 


. . . Raw 


3 15 


Beef, fresh, salted. . 


..Boiled 


. 2 45 


Milk 


. ..BoUed 


2 00 


Beef, old, salted . . . 


..Boiled 


. 6 00 


Mutton 


...Boiled and Broiled 


3 00 


Beets 


..Boiled 

..Baked 


. 3 45 
. 3 30 


Nuts 




5 00 


Bread, fresh 


Oysters 


. . . Raw 


2 55 


Cabbage 


..Pickled 


. 4 30 


Oysters 


...Stewed 


3 30 


Celery. 


. .Boiled 

..Boiled 


. 1 30 
. 2 00 


Onions 

Pork, fat 


. . .Stewed 


3 30 


Chicken 


. . .Roasted 


5 15 


Chicken 


..Roast 


. 4 00 


Pork, salt 


...Boiled 


3 15 


Cheese, old 




. 3 30 


Potatoes 


. . .Fried or Baked... 


2 30 


Duck 


. .Roasted 


. 2 00 


Rice 


.'..Boiled 


1 00 


Eggs, fresh 


. . Raw 


. 2 00 


Sausage 


...Grilled 


3 30 


Eggs, fresh 


. . Soft Boiled . . 


. 3 00 


Tripe 


...Boiled 


1 00 


Eggs, fresh 


. .Hard Boiled.. 


.. 4 00 


Trout 


...Boiled 


1 30 


Fish, not fat 


. .Boiled 


. 1 30 


Turkey 


...Roasted 


2 30 


Fish, not fat 


. .Fried 


. 3 00 


Veal 


.. .Roast or Grilled. . 


5 00 











BELL TIME ON SHIPBOARD. 








Time— A. M. 
1 Bell 


12.30 
1.00 
1.30 
2.00 
2.30 
3.00 
3.30 
4.00 


1 Bell. 


Time— A. 


M. 


4.30 
5.00 
5.30 
6.00 
6.30 
7.00 
7.30 
8.00 


1 BeU . 


Time— A. 


M. 


8.30 


2 Bells 


2 BeUs. 

3 Bells. 

4 Bells. 

5 Bells. 

6 Bells. 

7 Bells. 

8 Bells. 






2 BeUs. 

3 BeUs. 

4 BeUs. 

5 BeUs. 

6 BeUs. 

7 BeUs. 

8 BeUs. 






9 00 


3 Bells 






9 30 


4 Bells 










10 00 


5 Bells 










10 30 


6 Bells 


11 00 


7 Bells 






11 30 


8 Bells 






Noon 






Time— P. M. 
1 Bell 


12.30 

1.00 

1.30 

2.00 

2.30 

. 3.00 

. 3.30 

. 4.00 


1 Bell.. 

2 Bells. 

3 BeUs. 

4 BeUs. 

1 BeU.. 

2 BeUs. 

3 BeUs. 

4 BeUs. 


Time— P. 


M. 


4.30 
5.00 
5.30 
6.00 
6.30 
7.00 
7.30 
8.00 


1 BeU. . 

2 BeUs. 

3 BeUs. 

4 BeUs. 

5 BeUs. 

6 BeUs. 

7 BeUs. 

8 BeUs. 


Time— P. 


M. 


8 30 


2 Bells 










9 00 


3 Bells 










9 30 


4 Bells 










10 00 


5 Bells 









/.M 


10 30 


6 Bells 






11 00 


7 Bells 






11 30 


8 Bells 






[idnight 









1153 



FACTS WORTH KNOWING 



WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES 



First — Cotton 

Second — Paper 

Third — Leather 

Fourth — Fruit and Flowers 

Fifth— Wooden 

Sixth— Sugar 

Seventh — Woollen 



Eighth — India Rubber 

Ninth— Willow 

Tenth— Tin 

Eleventh— Steel 

Twelfth— Silk and Fine Linen 

Thirteenth — Lace 

Fourteenth— Ivory 



Fifteenth— Crystal 
Twentieth — China 
Twenty-fifth— Silver 
Thirtieth— Pearl 
Fortieth— Ruby 
Fiftieth— Golden 
Seventy-fifth— Diamond 



LANGUAGE OF GEMS 

Marvelous properties were attributed to many precious stones and gems 
by the ancients, and it is customary among lovers and friends to notice the 
significance attached to various stones in making birthday, engagement, 
and wedding presents. 



Agate — Insures health, long life, and 
prosperity. 

Amethyst — Preventive against vio- 
lent passions. 

Beryl — Everlasting youth and hap- 
piness. 

Bloodstone — Steadfast affection, cour- 
age, and wisdom. 

Carnelian — Preventive of misfortune. 

Catseye — :Warns against danger and 
trouble. 

Chalcedony — Drives away sadness. 



Emerald — Discovers false friends and 
insures true love. 

Garnet — Constancy and fidelity. 

Jasper — Wisdom and courage. 

Moonstone — Good luck. 

Onyx — Insures conjugal felicity. 

Opal — An **unlucky" stone portend- 
ing injury and mental or physical 
trouble. 

Pearl — Signifies purity and innocence, i 

Ruby — Discovers poison, corrects \ 
evils resulting from mistaken friend- j 
ship. 



Sapphire — Frees from enchantment; 
^, ,. ^ - ., . denotes repentance. 

Chrysolite— Frees from evil passions Sardonyx— Married happiness. 

and meloncholy. Topaz— Fidelity and friendship; pre- 

Diamond^ — Signifies purity; maintains vents bad dreams. 

peace and disperses storms. Turquoise — Prosperity in love. 

BIRTH STONES 



Garnet January 

Amethyst February 

Bloodstone or Jasper March 

Diamond or Sapphire April 

Emerald or Carnelian May 

Agate or Chalcedony June 



Ruby or Onyx July 

Sardonyx August 

Chrysolite September 

Opal or Beryl Octoberj 

Topaz November! 

Turquoise or Ruby December \ 



BIRTH DAYS 

Monday's child is fair of 'face; 
Tuesday's child is full of grace; 
Wednesday's child is loving and giving; 
Thursday's child works hard for its living; 
Friday's child is full of woe: 
Saturday's child has far to go; 
But the child that's born on the Sabbath day 
Is blithe and bonny and good and gay. 

1154 



MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES 



Achates (a-ka'tez) The faithful friend 
of AEneas, the hero of Virgil's 
AEneid. 

Acheron (ak'e-ron) The son of Sol 
and Terra, changed by Jupiter into 
a river of hell, or the infernal 
regions. 

Achilles (a-kil'lez) A Greek, who 
signalized himself in the war against 
Troy; and having been dipped by 
his mother in the River Styx, was 
invulnerable in every part except 
his right heel, but was at length 
killed by Paris with an arrow. 

Adonis (a-do'nis), A beautiful youth 
beloved by Venus. He was killed 
by a wild boar. When wounded, 
Venus sprinkled nectar into his 
blood, from which flowers sprang 
up.' 

AEneas (e-ne'as), A Trojan prince, 
son of Anchises and the goddess 
Venus, the hero of Virgil's poem, 
the AEneid. 

AEolus (e'-lus), The god of the wind. 

AEsculapius (es-ku-la'pe-us). The 
god of medicine, and the son of 
Apollo, killed by Jupiter with a 
thunderbolt on account of his skill, 
and particularly for having restored 
Hippolytus to life. 

Agamemnon (ag-a-mem'non), King 
of Mycenae and Argos, brother to 
Menelaus, and commander-in-chief 
bf the Grecian army at the siege of 
Troy. 

Ajax (a'jaks). The son of Telamon, 
and, next to Achilles, the bravest 
of all the Greeks in the Trojan war. 

Albion (al'be-on). The son of Nep- 
tune, who established a kingdom 
in Britain. 

Alceste, Alcestis (al-ses'te, -tis), The 
daughter of Pelias and wife of 
Admetus, brought back from hell 
by Hercules. 

Ammon (am'mon), A title of Jupiter. 

Amphion (am-fl'on), The son of 
Jupiter and Antiope, who built the 
city of Thebes by the music of his 
harp. He and his brother Zethus 
are said to have invented music. 

Amphritrite (am-fe-trl'te), The 
daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, 



goddess of the sea, and wife to 
Neptune. 

Andromache (an-drom'a-ke). The 
daughter of Eetion, king of Thebes 
and wife of Hector. 

Andromeda (an-drom'e-da), The 
daughter of Cepheus and Cas- 
siopeia, who, contesting with Juno 
and the Nereids for beauty, was 
exposed to a sea-monster, but was 
rescued and married by Perseus. 

Antigone (an-tig'o-ne). The daughter 
of OEdipus, famous for her filial 
piety. 

Aphrodite (a-fro-dl'te). The Greek 
goddess of love; identical with 
Venus. 

Apollo (a-porio), The son of Jupiter 
and Latona, and the god of music, 
poetry, eloquence, medicine and 
the fine arts. 

Arachne (a-rak'ne), A Lydian virgin, 
turned into a spider for contending 
with Minerva at spinning. 

Argus (ar'gus). The son of Arestor, 
said to have a hundred eyes; but 
being killed by Mercury when 
appointed by Juno to guard lo, 
she put his eyes on the tail of a 
peacock. 

Ariadne (a-re-ad'ne). The daughter 
of Minos, who, from love to 
Theseus, gave him a clew of thread, 
which guided him out of the Cretan 
labyrinth, and she became his wife; 
but being afterwards deserted by 
him, she was married to Bacchus, 
and made his priestess. 

Arion (a-ri'-on), A lyric poet of 
Methymna, who, in his voyage to 
Italy, saved his life from the 
cruelty of the mariners by means 
of dolphins, which the sweetness 
of his music brought together. 

Artemis (ar'te-mis), A Greek god- 
dess identical with Diana, q. v. 

Atalanta (at-a-lan'ta), A princess of 
Scyros, who consented to marry 
that one of her suitors who should 
outrun her. Hippomenes was the 
successful competitor. 

Athena (a-the'na). The Greek god- 
dess of wisdom, identical with 
Minerva, q. v. 



1155 



MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES 



Atlas (at'las), One of the Titans, and 
king of Mauritania, who is said to 
have supported the world on his 
shoulders, and was turned into a 
mountain by Perseus. 

Aurora (au-ro'ra), The goddess of 
the morning. 

Bacchus (bak'us), The son of Jupiter 
and Semele, and the god of wine 
and of drunkards. 

Bellona (bel-lo'na), The goddess of 
war, and sister of Mars. 

Belus (belus). The son of Neptune 
and Libya, and one of the first 
kings of Babylon or Assyria, to 
whose statue divine honors were 
paid, and to whom a magnificent 
temple was built. 

Boreas (bo're-as), The son of Astraeus 
and Aurora; the name of the north 
wind. 

Busiris (bu-sl'ris), The son of Nep- 
tune and Libya, a tyrant of Egypt, 
and a mostrous giant, wh« fed his 
horses with human flesh, and was 
killed by Hercules. 

Cadmus (kad'mus). The son of 
Agenor, king of Phoenicia, the 
founder of the city of Thebes, and 
the reputed inventor of sixteen 
letters of the Greek alphabet. 

Calypso (ka-lip'so). One of the 
Oceanides, and one of the daugh- 
ters of Atlas, who reigned in the 
island of Ogygia, and entertained 
Ulysses. 

Camilla (ka-mil'la), A famous queen 
of the Volsci, who opposed AEneas 
on his landing in Italy. 

Capaneus (kap'a-neus), A famous 
Grecian killed by a stone at the 
siege of Thebes. 

Cassandra (kas-san'dra), The daugh- 
ter of Priam and Hecuba, endowed 
with the gift of prophecy by Apollo. 

Castor (kas'tor), A son of Jupiter 
and Leda. He and his twin brother 
Pollux shared immortality alter- 
nately, and were formed into the 
constellation Gemini. 

Cecrops (se'krops), A very rich 
Egyptian, the founder and first 
king of Athens, who instituted 
marriage, altars and sacrifices. 

11 



Centaurs (sen'taurs), A people of 
Thessaly, half men and half horses, 
vanquished by Theseus. 

Cerberus (ser'be-rus), The three- 
headed dog of Pluto, which guarded 
the gates of hell. Hercules over- 
came and brought him away. 

Ceres (se'rez), The daughter of 
Saturn and Cybele, and goddess 
of corn, harvest and flowers. 

Charon (ka'ron). The son of Erebus 
and Nox, and ferryman of hell, 
who conducted the souls of the 
dead, in a boat, over the Rivers 
Styx and Acheron. 

Charybdis (ka-rib'dis), A ravenous 
woman, turned by Jupiter into a 
very dangerous gulf or whirlpool 
on the coast of Sicily. 

Chiron (ki'ron). The son of Saturn 
and Phillyra, a Centaur, who was 
precepter to Achilles, taught AEs- 
culalpius physic, and Hercules 
astronomy. 

Circe (sir'se), A noted enchantress j. 
who turned the companions oi 
Ulysses into swine. 

Clio (kiro). One of the Muses. She 
presided over history. 

Clytemnestra (klit-em-nes'tra). The 
faithless wife of Agamemnon, killed^ 
by her son Orestes for her crimes. 

Comus (ko'mus). The god of revelry, 
feasting, and jollity. 

Crocus (kro'kus), A young man who 
was enamored of the nymph 
Smilax, and changed into the 
flower of the name of crocus. 

Croesus (kre'sus). The king of 
Lydia, and the richest man of hiai 
time. ^! 

Cupid (ku'pid), The son of Mars and 
Venus, a celebrated deity; the god 
of love. 

Cyclops (si'klops), Vulcan's work- 
men, giants who had only one eye, 
in the middle of their foreheads, 
and were slain by Apollo in a 
pique against Jupiter. 

Daedalus (de'da-lus), A most in- 
genious artist, and artificer of 
Athens, who formed the Cretan 
labyrinth, and invented the auger, j 
ax, glue, plumb-line, saw and I 

56 



MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES 



masts and sails for ships. 

Danaides (da-na'i-dez), The fifty 
daughters of Danaus, king of 
Argos, all of whom, except Hy- 
permnestra, killed their husbands 
on the first night after marriage, 
and were therefore doomed to draw 
water out of a deep well, and 
eternally pour it into a cask full of 
holes. 

Daphne (daf'ne), The daughter of 
the river Peneus, changed into a 
laurel-tree. 

Dejanira (dej-a-nl'ra), The wife of 
Hercules, who killed herself in 
despair, because her husband burnt 
himself to avoid the torment 
occasioned by the poisoned shirt 
that she had given him to regain 
his love, according to the direction 
of Nessus, the Centaur, from whom 
she received it. 

Demeter (de-me'ter), A Greek god- 
dess, identical with the Roman 
Ceres, q. v. 

Deucalion (deu-ka'li-on). The son 
of Prometheus, and king of Thes- 
saly, who, with his wife Pyrrha, 
was preserved from the general 
deluge, and repeopled the world 
by throwing stones behind them, 
as directed by the oracle. 

Diana (di-an'a), The daughter of 
Jupiter and Latona, and the god- 
dess of hunting, chastity and mar- 
riage. 

Dido (di'do). The queen of Carthage, 
daughter of Belus and wife of 
Sichaeus. She built Carthage, and, 
according to Virgil, entertained 
AEneas on his voyage to Italy, and 
stabbed herself through despair, 
because AEneas left her. 

Diomedes (di-o-me'dez). The son of 
Tydeus, and king of AEtolia, who 
gained great reputation at Troy, 
and who, with Ulysses and others, 
carried off the Palladium. 

Dionysus (di-o-ni'sus), A Greek deity, 
identical with Bacchus, q. v. 

Dryades (dri'a-dez). Nymphs who 
presided over the woods. 

Echo (ek'o). The daughter of Aer, or 
Air. and Tellus, who pined away 



through love for Narcissus. 
Electra (e-lek'tra). The daughter of 

Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who 

instigated her brother Orestes to 

revenge their father's death upon 

their mother. 
Elysium (e-lizh'e-um). The happy 

residence of the virtuous after 

death. 
Endymion (en-dim 'i-on), A beautiful 

shepherd and perpetual sleeper, 

who was loved by Selene, the 

Moon. 
Epeus (e-pe'us). An artist, who made 

the Trojan horse, and invented 

the sword and buckler. 
Erato (er'a-to). One of the Muses — 

she presided over lyric and amorous 

poetry. 
Erebus (er'e-bus). The son of Chaos 

and Nox, an infernal deity — a river 

of hell, and often used by the poets 

for hell itself. 
Eros (e'ros). The Greek name for 

Cupid, q. V. 
Eurydice (u-ridl-se), The wife of 

Orpheus, killed by a serpent on 

her marriage day. 
Euterpe (u-ter'pe). One of the 

Muses — the one who presided over 

music. 
Fates (fats), Powerful goddesses, 

who presided over the birth and 

the life of mankind, were the three 

daughters of Nox and Erebeus, 

named Clotho, Lachesis and At- 

ropos. Clotho was supposed to 

hold the distaff, Lachesis to draw 

the thread of human life, and 

Atropos to cut it off. 
Fauni (faw'ni), Rural deities, de- 

cribed as having the legs, feet and 

ears of goats, and the rest of the 

body human. 
Flora (fio'ra). The goddess of flowers 

and gardens. 
Furies (fu'rez). The three daughters 

of Nox and Acheron, Alecto, 

Tisiphone and Megaera. 
Ganymede (gan'e-med), The son of 

Tros, king of Troy, whom Jupiter, 

in the form of an eagle, snatched 

up and made his cupbearer, instead 

of Hebe. 



1157 



MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES 



Gordius (gor'de-us), A husbandman, famous hero of antiquity, remark- 
but afterward king of Phrygia, able for his great strength, 
remarkable for tying a knot of Hermione (her-mi'o-ne), The daugh- 
cords, on which the empire of Asia ter of Mars and Venus, and wife 
depended, in so very intricate a of Cadmus, who was changed into 
manner that Alexander, unable to a serpent, 
unravel it, cut it asunder. Hermes (her'mez), A Greek god, 

Gorgons (gor'gons). The three daugh- identical with Mercury, q. v. 

ters of Phorcus and Ceto, named Hero (he'ro), A beautiful woman of 

Stheno, Euryale and Medusa. Their Sestos, in Thrace, and priestess of 



bodies were covered with im- 
penetrable scales, their hair en- 
twined with serpents; they had only 
one eye betwixt them, and they 
could change into stones those 
whom they looked on. 



Venus, whom Leander of Abydos 
loved so tenderly that he swam 
over the Hellespont every night 
to see her; but at lerfgth, he being 
unfortunately drowned, she threw 
herself in despair into the sea. 



Graces (gra'sez). Three goddesses, Hesperides (hes-per'i-dez). Three 

represented as beautiful, modest nymphs, daughters of Hesperus, 

virgins, and constant attendants who guarded the golden apples 

on Venus. which Juno gave to Jupiter. 

Hades (ha'dez). The same as the Hesperus (hes'per-us). The son of 

Roman god Pluto; also the domin- Japetus, and brother to Atlas; 



ion of the dead. 
Harpies (har'pez). The three daugh- 
ters of Neptune and Terra, winged 
monsters with the faces of virgins, 
the bodies of vultures, and hands 
armed with claws. They polluted 
all that they touched. 



changed into the evening star. 
Hyacinthus (hi-a-sin'thus), A beauti- 
ful boy, beloved by Apollo and 
Zephyrus. The latter killed him; 
but Apollo changed the blood that 
was spilt into a flower called the 
Hyacinth. 



Hector (hek'tor), the son of Priam Hymen (hi'men). The son of Bacchus 



^nd Hecuba, the most valiant of 

the Trojans. 
Hecuba (hek'u-ba). The daughter of 

Dimas, king of Thrace, and wife of 

Priam, who tore her eyes out for 

the loss of her children. 
Helen (hel'en). The daughter of 

Tyndaxus and Leda, and wife of 

Menelaus, the most beautiful wo- 



and Venus, and god of marriage. 
lo (I'o), The daughter of Inachus and 

Ismene, turned by Jupiter into a 

cow, and tormented by a gadfly 

sent by the jealous Juno. 
Iris (I'ris), The daughter of Thaumas 

and Electra, one of the Oceanides, 

and messenger of Juno, who turned 

her into a rainbow. 



maji of her age, who, running away Ixion (iks-i'on), A king of Thessaly, 



with Pairis, occasioned the Trojan 
war. 
Helenus (hel'e-nus). The son of 
Priam and Hecuba, spared by the 
Greeks for his skill in divination. 



the father of the Centaurs, who 
killed his own sister, and was 
punished by being fastened in hell 
to a wheel perpetually turning 
round. 



Helle (hel'le). The daughter of Janus (ja'nus). The son of Apollo 



Athamas, who, flying from her step- 
mother Ino, was drowned in the 
Pontic Sea, and gave it the name 
of Hellespont. 

Hera (he'ra), The Greek name for 
the goddess Juno. 

Hercules (her'ku-lez). The son of 
Jupiter and Alcmena, the most 



and Creusa, the first king of Italy, 
who, receiving the banished Saturn, 
was rewarded by him with the 
knowledge of husbandry, and of 
things past and future. The 
temple of Janus at Rome was 
rarely, closed, being kept open dur- 
ing the almost continual wars. 



1158 



MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES 



Jason (ja'son), The leader of the 
Argonauts, who obtained the golden 
fleece at Colchis. 

Juno (ju'no), The daughter of 
Saturn and Ops, sister and wife of 
Jupiter, the great queen of heaven, 
and of all the gods, and goddess of 
marriages and birth. 

Jupiter (ju'pe-ter), The son of 
Saturn and Ops, the supreme 
deity of the heathen world, the 
most powerful of all the gods, and 
governor of all things. 

Laocoon (la-ok'o-on), The son of 
Priam and Hecuba, and high priest 
of Apollo, who opposed the recep- 
tion of the wooden horse into Troy. 
For this the Gods favoring the 
Greeks punished him, he and his 
sons being crushed to death by 
great serpents 

Laomedon (la-om'e-don), A king 
of Troy, killed by Hercules for 
denying him his daughter Hesione, 
after he had delivered her from 
the sea-monster. 

Lares (la'rez). Inferior gods at Rome, 
who presided over houses and 
families. 

Lucifer (lu'se-fer). The name of the 
planet Venus or morning star; said 
to be the son of Jupiter and Aurora. 

Medusa (me-du'sa). One of the three 
Gorgons, whose hair Minerva 
changed into snakes. She was 
killed by Perseus. . 

Melpomene (mel-pom'e-ne), One of 
the Muses — the one who presided 
over tragedy. 

Mentor (men'tor). The faithful friend 
of Ulysses, the governor of Tele- 
machus and the wisest man of his 
time. 

Mercury (mer'ku-re), The son of 
Jupiter and Maia, messenger of 
the gods, inventor of letters, and 
god of eloquence, commerce, and 
travelers. 

Minerva (mi-ner'va). The goddess 
of wisdon, the arts and war; born 
from Jupiter's head. 

Minotaur (min'o-taur), A celebrated 
monster, half man and half bull, 
killed by Theseus. 



Morpheus (mor'fe-ous or mor'ftis), 
The minister of Nox and Somnus, 
and god of dreams. 

Naiads (na'idz), Nymphis of streams. 

Nemesis (nem'e-sis), One of the, 
infernal deities, and goddess of 
vengeance. 

Neptune (nep'tune). The son of 
Saturn and Ops, god of the sea, 
and, next to Jupiter, the most 
powerful deity; represented with 
a trident in his right hand. 

Nestor (nes'tor). The son of Neleus 
and Chloris, and king of Pylos and 
Messenia. He fought against the 
Centaurs, was distinguished in the 
Trojan war, and lived to a great 
age. 

Niobe (bfo-be), The daughter of 
Tantalus and wife of Amphion, 
who, preferring herself to Latona, 
had her fourteen children killed, 
and wept herself into a stone. 

Orpheus (or'fe-us or or'fus), A cele- 
brated Argonaut, whose skill in 
music is said to have been so great 
that he could make rocks, trees, 
etc., follow him. 

Pan (pam). The son of Mercury, and 
the god of shepherds, huntsmen 
and farmers. 

Pandora (pan-do'ra), According to 
Hesiod, the first woman that ever 
lived. Jupiter gave her a box 
which curiosity induced her to 
open. From it escaped the evils 
that afflict mankind, only Hope 
remaining in the box. 

Paris (par'is). The son of Priam and 
Hecuba, a most beautiful youth, 
who ran away with Helen, and 
thus occasioned the Trojan war. 

Pegasus (peg'a-sus), A winged horse 
belonging to Apollo and the Muses. 

Penelope (pe-neFo-pe), A celebrated 
princess of Greece, wife of Ulysses, 
remarkable for her chastity and 
constancy in the long absence of 
her husband. 

Philomela (fil-0-me'la). The daugh- 
ter of Pandion, king of Athens, who 
was changed into a nightingale. 

Pluto (plu'to). The son of Saturn 
and Ops, brother of Jupiter and 



1169 



MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES 



Neptune, and the god of the infernal 
regions. 

Plutus (plu'tus), The god of riches. 

Pomona (po-mo'na), The goddess 
of gardens and fruit-trees. 

Priam (pri'am), The king of Troy 
at the time of its famous siege by 
the Greeks; father of Hector, q. v. 

Poseidon (po-si-don), A Greek deity, 
identical with Neptune, q. v. 

Prometheus (pro-me'the-us). The 
son of Japetus. He is said to have 
stolen fire from heaven to animate 
two bodies which he had formed of 
clay; and he was therefore chained 
by Jupiter to Mount Caucasus, 
with a vulture always gnawing his 
liver. 

Psyche (si'ke). The name given by 
the Greek poets to a personifica- 
tion of the human soul. She won 
the affection of the God of Love 
(Cupid), and lived happily with 
him until curiosity to know who 
he was condemned her to wander- 
ing misery. She was finally re- 
stored to him and made immortal. 

Remus (re'mus). The elder brother 
of Romulus, killed by him for 
ridiculing the city walls, which he 
had just erected. 

Rhadamanthus (rad-a-man'thus), 
Son of Jupiter and Europa, and 
king of Lycia, made one of the 
three infernal judges on account 
of his justice and goodness. 

Romulus (rom'u-lus). The son of 
Mars and Ilia; he was thrown into 
the Tiber by his uncle, but was 
saved, with his twin brother Remus, 
by a shepherd, and he became the 
founder and first king of Rome. 

Saturn (sat'urn). An ancient deity, 
the son of Uranus, whom he 
dethroned, and father of Jupiter 
and various other gods. He was 
succeeded by his son Jupiter. His 
Greek title was Cronus. 

Sisyphus (sis'e-fus), The son of 



AEolus, a most crafty prince, killed 
by Theseus, and condemned by 
Pluto to roll up hill a large stone, 
which constantly fell back again. 

Somnus (som'nus). The son of 
Erebus and Nox, and the god of 
sleep. 

Stentor (sten'tor), A Grecian, whose 
voice is reported to have been as 
strong and as loud as the voices 
of fifty men together. 

Tartarus (tar'ta-rus). The part of 
the infernal regions in which 
criminals were punished. 

Terpsichore (terp-sik'o-re). One of 
the Muses — she presided over danc- 
ing. ^ 

Titan (tl'tan). The son of Coelus and 
Terra, brother of Saturn, and one 
of the giants who warred against 
heaven. 

Triton (tri'ton), The son of Nep- 
tune and Amphitrite, a powerful 
sea-god, and Neptune's trumpeter. 

Ulysses (u-lys'ses), A famous king 
of Ithaca, and the wisest, shrewdest 
and subtlest of the chiefs who took 
part in the siege of Troy. His 
wanderings and adventures during 
his return home form the subject of 
Homer's poem the ''Odyssey." 

Uranus (ti'ra-nus). The ancestor of 
the gods of Greek and Roman 
mythology, and the father of 
Saturn, who dethroned him. 

Venus (ve'nus), One of the most 
celebrated deities of the ancients, 
the wife of Vulcan, the goddess of 
beauty, the mother of love, and the 
mistress of pleasurable graces, 

Vesta (ves'ta). The goddess of virgin- 
ity, fire, and the domestic hearth, 
in the Roman mythology. 

Vulcan (vul'kan), The god who 
presided over fire. 

Zeus (zus). The king of the gods in 
Greek mythology, identical with 
the Roman Jupiter, q. v. 



1160 



PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES 

The followring list names approximately all incorporated places in the United States 

having 5,000 or more inhabitants. The numerals at extreme 

of column are the 1920 census figures 

Capitals of States and Territories are indicated with an asterisk(*). 



Aberdeen, S. D 14,537 

Aberdeen, Wash 15,337 

Abilene, Tex 10,274 

Abington, Mass. 5,787 

Ada,Okla. 8,012 

Adams, Mass. 12,967 

Adrian, Mich 11,878 

Agawam, Mass 5,023 

Akron, Ohio 208,435 

Alabama City, Ala.. . . 5,432 

Alameda, Cal 28,805 

Albany, Ala. 7,652 

Albany, Ga 11,555 

Albany, N.Y 113,344 

Albert Lea, Minn 8,056 

Albia,Ia 5,067 

Albion, Mich 8,354 

Albuquerque, N. M. . .15,157 

Alexandria, La 17,510 

Alexandria, Va 18.060 

Alhambra, CaL 9.09S 

Allentown, Fa. 73,502 

Alliance, Ohio 21,603 

Alma, Mich 7,542 

Alpena, Mich 11,101 

Alton, 111 24,682 

Altoona, Pa. 60,331 

Amarillo, Tex 15,494 

Ambridge,Pa 12,730 

Americus, Ga 9,010 

Ames, la 6,270 

Amesbury, Mass 10,036 

Amherst, Mass. 6,550 

Amsterdam, N. Y 33,524- 

Anaconda, Mont 11,668 

Anacortes, Wash. 5,284 

Anaheim, Cal 5,525 

Anderson, Ind 29,767 

Anderson, S. C 10,570 

Andover, Mass 8,263 

->. Annapolis, Md 11,214 

vAnn Arbor, Mich 19,5 i5 

Anniston, Ala. 17,734 

Ansonia, Conn 17,643 

Antigo, Wis 8,451 

Appleton, Wis. 19,561 

Archbald, Pa 8,603 

Ardmore, Okla 14,181 

Arkansas City, Kas. . . 11,253 

Arlington, Mass. 18,616 

Arnold, Pa. 6,120 

AsburyPark,N. J.... 12,400 

Asheville,N. C 28,504 

Ashland, Ky 14,729 

Ashland, Ohio 9,249 

Ashland, Pa. 6,665 

Ashland, Wis. 11,334 

Ashley, Pa. 6,520 

Ashtabula, Ohio 22,082 

Astoria, Ore 14,027 

Atchison, Kas 12,630 

Athens, Ga. 16,748 

Ath«ns, Ohio 6,418 

Athol, Mass. 9.792 

Atlanta, Ga. 200»616 



Atlantic, la 5,329 

-Atlantic City, N. J., . . .50,707 

Attleboro, Mac3 19,731 

Auburn, l^Ie 16,985 

Auburn, N.Y 36,192 

Augusta, Ga. 52,548 

Augusta, Me 14,114 

Aurora, ni 36,397 

Austin, Ivlinn 10,118 

Austin, Tex 34,875 

Avalon, Pa. 5,277 

Baker City, Ore 7,729 

Bakersfield, Cd 13,638 

^Baltimore, Md 733,825 

Bangor, Me 25,973 

Bangor, Pa, 5,402 

Baraboo, Wis 5,538 

Barberton, Ohio 13.811 

Barre, Vt 10,008 

Bartlesville, Okla 14,417 

Batavia,N. Y 13,54! 

Bath, Me 14,73! 

Baton Rouge, La 21,782 

Battle Creek, Mich. . .36,164 

Bay City, Mich 47,554 

Bayonne, N. J...: ...76,754 

Beacon, N.Y 10,996 

Beardstown, 111 7,11! 

Beatrice, Neb 9,664 

Beaumont, Ter. 40,422 

Beaverdam, Wis 7,992 

Beaver Falls, Pa 12,802 

Bedford, Ind 9,076 

Belfast, Me 5,083 

Bellaire,Ohio 15,061 

Bellefontaine, Ohio 9,336 

Belleville, III 24,823 

BelleviUe, N. J 15,660 

Benevue,Ky 7,379 

Bellevue, Ohio 5,776 

Bcllevue,Pa. 8,198 

Bellingham, Wash 25,585 

Belmont, Mass 10,749 

Bcbit, Wis 21,284 

Bclton, Tex 5,098 

Bclvidcre, 111 7,^04 

Bemidji, J^Iinn 7,085 

Bend, Ore 5,415 

Bennington, Vt 7;230 

Benton, lU 7,201 

Benton Harbor, Llich.. 12,233 

Berkeley. CaL 56,035 

Berlin, N.H. 16,104 

Berwick, Pa. 12,181 

Bcrwyn,Ill 14,150 

Bessemer, Ala 18,674 

Bessemer, Mich 5,482 

Bethlehem, Pa. 50,358 

Beverly, Mass. 22,561 

Bicknell, Ind 7,635 

Biddeford, Me. 18,008 

Billings, Mont. 15,100 

Biloxi, Miss 10,937 

Binghamton, N. Y.. . .66,800 
Biimiogham, Ala. . . . i78,8Q6 



Bisbee, Ariz 9,205 

Bismarck, N.D 7,122 

BlackweU, Okla. 7,174 

Blakely,Pa 6,564 

Bloomiield, N. J 22,019 

Bloomington, III 28,725 

Bloomington, Ind 11,595 

Bloomsburg, Pa 7,819 

Blueficld, W. Va, 15,282 

Blue Island, ni 11,424 

Bluilton, Ind 5,391 

BIytheville, Ark.. 6,447 

Bogalusa, La. 8,245 

Boise, Idaho 21,393 

Bonham, Tex. 6,008 

Boons, la 12,451 

Bocnton,N. J 5,372 

Boston, llass. 748,060 

Boulder, Col 11.006 

Bound Brook, N. J.... 5,905 
Bowling Green, Ky.... 9,638 
Bowling Green, Ohio. . 5,788 

Bozeman, Mont 6,183 

Braddock,Pa 20,879 

Bradford, Pa. 15,525 

Brainerd, Minn 9,591 

Braintrec, Mass 10,580 

Brattlcboro, Vt. 7,324 

Brawby, Cal 5,389 

Brazil, Ind 9,293 

Bremerton, V/ash 8,918 

Brenham, Tex 5,065 

Brewer, Me 6,064 

Bridgeport, Conn 143,555 

Bridgetown, N. J 14.323 

Bridgewater, Mass..., 8.438 

Brigbam, Utah 5,282 

Bristol, Conn 20,620 

Bristol, Pa. 10,273 

Bristol, R. 1 11.375 

Bristol, Tcnn 8,047 

Bristol, Va 6,729 

Brockton, l^Iass. 66,254 

BrookGcld,Mo 6,304 

Brookline, Mass 37,748 

Brownsville, Tex 11,791 

Brownwood, Tex 8,223 

Brunswick, Ga 14.413 

Brunswick, Me 5,784 

Bryan, Tex 6,307 

Bucyrus, Ohio 10,425 

Buffalo, N.Y 506,775 

Burkbumett, Tex 5,300 

Burley, Idaho 5,408 

Burlington, la. 24,057 

Burlington, N. C 5,952 

Burlington, N. J 9,049 

Burlington, Vt 22,779 

Burrillville, R. 1 8,606 

Butler, Pa 23,778 

Butte. Mont 41.611 

Cadillac. Mich 9,750 

Cairo, m 15,203 

Calais, Me 6,084 

CaldweU, Idaho 5,106 



1161 



PRINCIPAL CITIES OF UNIIED STATES 



Caiexico. Cal 6,223 

Calumet, Mich 30,000 

Cambridge, Mass 109,094 

Cambridge. Md 7,467 

Cambridge, Ohio 13,104 

Camden, N. J 116,309 

Canandaigua, N. Y.. . 7,356 

Canonsburg, Pa 10,632 

Canton, 111 10,928 

Canton, Mass 5,945 

Canton, Ohio 87,091 

Cape Girardeau, Mo. . . 10,252 

Carbondale, III 6,267 

Carbondale, Pa 18,640 

Caribou, Me. 6,018 

Carlinville,Ill........ 5,212 

Carlisle, Pa 10,916 

Carnegie, Pa 11,516 

Carrick,Pa 10,504 

Carthage, Mo 10,068 

Casper, Wyo 11,447 

Cedar Falls, la 6,316 

Cedar Rapids, la 45,566 

Centerville, la 8,486 

Central Falls, R. 1 24,174 

Centralia,Ill.. 12,491 

CentraUa, Wash 7,549 

Chambersburg, Pa. ... 13,171 

Champaign, 111 15,873 

Chanute, Kas 10,286 

Chariton, !a 5,175 

Charleroi,Pa 11,516 

Charles City, la.. . 7,350 

Charleston, 111 6,615 

Charleston, S. C 67,957 

Charleston, W. Va 39,608 

Charlotte, Mich 5,126 

Charlotte, N. C 46,338 

Charlottesville, Va 10,688 

Chattanooga, Tenn 57,895 

Cheboygan, Mich 5,642 

Chelmsford, Mass 5,682 

Chelsea, Mass 43,184 

Cheltenham, Pa 11,015 

Cherokee, la. 5,854 

Chester, Pa. 53,030 

Chester, S.C 5,557 

Cheyenne, Wyo 13,C29 

Chicago, HI 2,701,7C5 

Chicago Heights, III. . . 19,653 

Chickasha, Okla 10,179 

Chico,Cal 9,339 

Chicopee, Mass 36,214 

Chicopee Falls, Mass. . 11,500 

Childress, Tex 5,003 

Chillicothe, Mo 6,772 

Chillicothe, Ohio 15,831 

Chippewa Falls, Wis... 9,130 

Chisholm, Minn 9,039 

Cicero, 111 44,995 

Cincinnati, Ohio 401,247 

Circleville, Ohio 7,049 

Cisco, Tex 7,422 

. Clairton, Pa 6,264 

Claremont, N. H 9,524 

Clarksburg, W. Va.. . .27,869 

Clarksdale, Miss 7,552 

Clarksville, Tenn 8,110 

Clearfield, Pa 8,529 

Cleburne, Tex 12,820 

Cleveland, Ohio 796,841 

Cleveland, Tenn 6,522 

Cleveland Heights, 
Ohio 15.236 



Cliffside Park, N.J... 5,709 

CUftoa,N.J 26,470 

C'ifton Forge. Va 6,164 

Clinton, la 24,151 

Canton.Ill 5,898 

Clinton, Ind 10,962 

Clinton, Mass. 12,979 

Clinton, Mo 5,098 

Cloquet, Minn 5,127 

Coaldale, Pa 6,336 

Coatesville, Pa 14,515 

Coeurd'Alene, Idaho.. 6,447 

Coffeyville, Kas 13,452 

Cohoes,N.y 22,987 

Coldwater, Mich 6,114 

Collingswood, N. J. . . . 8,714 

Coliinsville, 111 9,753 

Colorado Springs, Ccl. . 30,105 

Columbia, Mo 10,392 

Columbia, Pa. 10,836 

Columbia, S. C 37,524 

Columbia, Tenn 5,526 

Columbus, Ga 31,125 

Columbus, Ind 8,990 

Columbus, Miss 10,501 

Col&mbus, Neb 5,410 

Columbus, Ohio 237,031 

Concord, Mass 6,461 

Concord, N. C 9,903 

Concord, N.H 22,107 

Conneaut, Ohio 9,343 

Connellsville, Pa 13,804 

Connersville, Ind 9,901 

Conshohocken, Pa 8,481 

Coraopolis, Pa 6,162 

Cordele, Ga 6,538 

Corinth, Miss 5,498 

Coming, N.Y 15,820 

Corpus Christi, Tex. . . 10,522 

Corrv.Pa 7,228 

Corsicana,Tex 11,356 

Cortland, N.Y 13,294 

Corvallis, Ore 5,752 

Coshocton, Ohio 10,847 

Council Bluffs, la 36,102 

Coventry, R. 1 5,070 

Covington, Ky 57,121 

Covington, Va 5,623 

Crafton,Pa 5,954 

Cranston, R. 1 29,407 

Crawfordsville, Ind.. , . 10,139 

Creston, la 8,034 

Crookston, Minn 6,825 

Crowley, La 6,108 

Cudahy,Wis 6,725 

Cumberiand, Md 29,837 

Cumberland, R. L 10,077 

Cushing, Okla 6,326 

Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio . 10,200 

DaUas,Tex 158,976 

Dalton, Ga 5,222 

Danbury, Conn 18,943 

Danvers, Mass 11,108 

Danville, HI 33,776 

Danville, Ky 5,099 

Danville, Pa 6,952 

Danville, Va 21,539 

Darby, Pa 7,922 

Dartmouth, Mass 6,493 

Davenport, la. 56,727 

Dayton, Ky 7,646 

Dayton, Ohio 152,559 

Daytona, Fla 5,445 

Decatur, Ga 6,150 

1162 



Decatur. Ill 43,818 

Dedham, Mass 10,792 

Defiance, Ohio.. 8,876 

DeKalb,Ill 7,871 

Delaware, Ohio.. 8,756 

Delphos, Ohio 5,745 

Del Rio, Tex. 10,589 

Denison, Tex 17,065 

Dennison, Ohio 5,524 

Denton, Tes. 7,626 

Denver, Col 256,491 

DePere, Wis 5,165 

Depew,N.y 5,850 

Derby, Conn. 11,238 

Derry,N.H 5,392 

Des Moines, la. 126,468 

De Soto, Mo 5,003 

Detroit, Mich 993,678 

Devil's Lake, N.D 5,140 

Dickson, Pa, 11,049 

Dixon, III 8,191 

Dodge City, Kas. 5,061 

Donora, Pa 14,131 

Dormont, Pa 6,455 

Dorranceton, Pa , . 6,334 

Dothan, Ala 10,034 

Douglas, Ariz 9,916 

Dover, N.H 13,029 

Dover, N.J. 9,803 

Dover, Ohio 8,101 

Dowagiac, Mich 5,440 

Dracut, Mass 5,280 

Drumright, Okla. 6,460 

Dublin, Ga. 7,707 

Dubois, Pa 13,681 

Dubuque, la 39,141 

Duluth, Minn 98,917 

Dunkirk, N.Y 19,336 

Dunmore, Pa. 20,250 

Duquesne, Pa 19,011 

Duquoin, IlL 7,285 

Durant,Okla 7,340 

Durham, N. C 21,719 

Duryea, Pa 7,776 

Dyersburg, Tenn 6,444 

Eagle Pass, Tex 5,765 

East Chicago, Ind 35,967 

East Cleveland, Ohio. .27,292 
East Conemaugh, Pa . . 5,256 
Easthampton, Mass. . . 11,261 
East Hartford, Comx. .11,648 

Eastland, Tex 9,368 

East Liverpool, Ohio... 21,411 

East Moline, III 8,675 

Easton, Pa 33,813 

East Orange, N.J 50,710 

East Palestine, Ohio. . . 5,750 
East Pittsburgh, Pa. . . 6,527 

East Point, Ga 5,241 

East Providence, R. L . 21,793 
East Rutherford. N. J. 5,463 

East St. Louis, 111 66,767 

East Youngstown, Ohio 1 1,237 

Eau Claire, Wis 20,906 

Edwardsville, III 5,336 

Edwardsville, Pa 9,027 

Elberton, Ga 6,475 

El Centro, Cal 5,464 

Eldorado, 111 5,004 

Eldorado ,Kas 10,995 

Elgin, 111 27,454 

Elizabeth, N. J 95,783 

Elizabeth City, N. C. . 8,925 
Elkhart, Ind 24,277 



PRINCIPAL CITIES OF UNITED STATES 



Elkins,W. Va 6,788 

Elmira,N. Y 45,393 

El Paso, Tex 77,560 

ElReno, Okla 7,737 

Elwood, Ind 10,790 

Elwood City, Pa 8,958 

Elyria, Ohio 20,474 

Emporia, Kas 11,273 

Endicott,N. Y 9,500 

Enfield. Conn 11,719 

Englewood. N. J 11.627 

Enid, Okla. 16,576 

Ennis, Tex. 7,224 

Erie, Pa 93,372 

Escanaba, Mich 13,103 

Etna, Pa 6,341 

Eugene, Ore 10,593 

^Eureka, Cal 12,923 

Evanston, 111 37,234 

Evansville, Ind 85,264 

Eveleth, Minn 7,205 

Everett, Mass 40,120 

Everett, Wash 27,644 

Fairbury, Neb 5.454 

Fairfield. Ala 5.003 

Fairfield, la 5.948 

Fairhaven, Mass 7,291 

Fairmont, W. Va- 17,851 

Faribault, Minn 11 ,089 

Fall River, Mass 120,485 

Fargo, N.D 21,961 

FarrcU, Pa 15,586 

Fayetteville, Ark 5,362 

Fayetteville, N. C 8,877 

Fergus Falb, Minn 7,581 

Fernandina, Fla 5,457 

Findlay, Ohio 17,015 

Fitchburg, Mass 41,029 

Fitzgerald. Ga 6,870 

Flint, Mich 91,599 

Florence, Ala 10,529 

Florence, S.C 10,968 

Fond du Lac, Wis 23,427 

Ford City, Pa 5,605 

Forest City, Pa - 6,004 

Forest Park, 111 10,768 

Fort Collins, Col 8.734 

Fort Dodge, la 19,347 

FortLee, N. J 5,761 

Fort Madison, la 12,066 

Fort Scott, Kas 10,693 

Fort Smith, Ark 28,870 

Fort Thomas, Ky 5,028 

Fort Wayne, Ind 86,549 

Fort Worth, Tex 106,482 

Fostoria, Ohio ,... 9,987 

Frackville, Pa 5,590 

Framingham, Mass 17,033 

Frankfort, Ind 11,585 

Frankfort, Ky 9,805 

Franklin, Mass 6,497 

Franklin, N. H.. 6,318 

Franklin, Pa 9,970 

Frederick, Md 11,066 

Fredericksburg, Va.. . . 5,882 

Fredonia,N. Y 6,051 

Freeland, Pa 6,666 

Freeport, 111 19,669 

Freeport, N. Y 8,599 

Fremont, Neb 9,605 

Fremont, Ohio 12,468 

Fresno, Cal 45,086 

Frostburg, Md 6,017 

Fulton, Mo 5,595 



Fulton. N. Y .'. . . 137043- 

Gadsden, Ala 14,737 

Gaffney, S. C 5,065 

Gainesville, Fla. 6,860 

Gainesville, Ga 6,272 

Gainesville, Tex 8,648 

Galesburg, 111 23,834 

Gallon, Ohio 7,374 

Gallipolis, Ohio 6,070 

Galveston, Tex 44,255 

Gardiner, Me 5,475 

Gardner, Mass 16,971 

Garfield, N.J 19,381 

Gary, Ind 55,378 

Gastonia, N. C 12,871 

Geneva, N. Y 14,648 

Girard, Ohio 6,556 

Glassport, Pa. 6,959 

Glen Cove, N. Y 8,664 

Glendale, Cal 13,536 

Glens Falls, N. Y 16,638 

Globe, Ariz 7,044 

Gloucester, Mass 22,947 

Gloucester, N. J 12,162 

Gloversviile. N. Y 22,075 

Goldsboro, N. C 11,296 

Goshen, Ind 9,525 

Grafton, Mass 6,887 

Grafton. W.Va 8,517 

Grand Forks, N. D... .14,010 
Grand Haven, Mich... . 7,205 

Grand Island, Neb 13,947 

Grand Junction, Col. . . 8,665 
Grand Rapids, Mich.. 137,634 

Granite City, 111 14,757 

Great Barrington, 

Mass 6,315 

Great Falls, Mont 24,121 

Greeley, Col 10,958 

Green Bay, Wis 31,017 

Greenfield, Mass 15,462 

Greensboro, N. C 19,746 

Greensburg, Ind 5,345 

Greensburg, Pa 15,033 

Greenville, Miss 1 1 ,560 

Greenville, N. C 5,772 

Greenville, Ohio 7,104 

Greenville, Pa 8,101 

Greenville, S. C 23,127 

Greenville, Tex 12,384 

Greenwich, Conn 5,939 

Greenwood, Miss 7,793 

Greenwood, S. C 8,703 

Gretna, La. 7,197 

Griffin, Ga. 8,240 

Grinnell, la , 5,362 

Gulf port, Miss 8,157 

Guthrie, Okla 11,757 

Guttenberg, N. J 6,726 

Hackensack, N. J 17,667 

Haddonfield, N. J 5,646 

Hagerstown, Md 28,064 

Hamilton, Ohio 39,675 

Hammond, Ind 36,004 

Hammonton, N. J. . . . 6,417 

Hampton, Va 6,138 

Hamtramck, Mich. . . .48,615 

Hancock, Mich 7,527 

Hanford, Cal 5,888 

Hannibal, Mo 19,306 

Hanover, Pa .* 8,664 

Harrisburg, HI 7,125 

Harrisburg, Pa 75,917 

Harrison, N. J 15,721 

1163 



Harrisonburg, Va 5,875 

Hartford, Conn 138,036 

Hartford City, Ind.. . . 6,183 

Harvey, III 9,216 

Hastings, Mich 5,132 

Hastings, Neb 11.647 

Hastings-on-Hudson; 

N.Y 5,526 

Hattiesburg, Miss 13,270 

Haverhill, Mass 53,884 

Haverstraw, N. Y 5,226 

Havre, Mont 5,429 

Hawthorne, N. J 5,135 

Hazleton, Pa.. 32,277 

Helena, Ark 9,112 

Helena, Mont 12,037 

Hempstead, N. Y 6,382 

Henderson, Ky 12,169 

Henderson, N. C 5,222 

Henryetta, Okla 5,889 

Herkimer, N. Y 10,453 

Herrin, 111 10,986 

Hibbing, Minn 15,089 

Hickory, N.C 5,076 

Highland Park, 111.... 6,167 
Highland Park, Mich.. 46,499 

High Point. N. C 14,302 

Hillsboro, 111 5,074 

Hillsboro, Tex 6,952 

Hillsdale, Mich 5,476 

Hilo, Hawaii 10,431 

Hingham, Mass 5,604 

Hoboken, N. J 68,166 

Holland, Mich 12,183 

Holyoke, Mass 60,203 

Homestead, Pa 20,452 

Honolulu, Hawaii 83,327 

Hoopeston. Ill 5,415 

Hopkinsville, Ky 9,696 

Hoquiam, Wash 10,058 

Ilornell, N. Y 15,025 

Hot Springs, Ark 1 1,695 

Houghton. Mich 5,350 

Iloulton, Me 6,191 

Houma, La 5,160 

Houston, Tex 138,276 

Hudson, Mass 7,607 

Hudson, N.Y 11.745 

Hudson Falls, N.Y.... 5,761 

Hugo, Okla 6,368 

Hunringdon, Pa 7,051 

Huntington, Ind 14,000 

Huntington, W. Va. . .50,177 

Huntsville, Ala 8,018 

Huron, S.D 8,302 

Hutchinson, Kas 23,298 

Idaho Falls, Idaho.... 8,064 

Ilion, N. Y 10,169 

Independence, Kas 11,920 

Independence, Mo. . . .11,686 

Indiana, Pa 7,043 

Indianapolis, Ind. . . .314.194 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 7,500 

lola, Kas 8,513 

Ionia, Mich 6,935 

Iowa City, la 11,267 

Ipswich, Mass 6,201 

Iron Mountain, Mich.. 8,251 

Ironton. Ohio 14,007 

Ironwood, Mich 15,739 

Irvington, N. J 25,480 

Ishpeming, Mich 10,500 

Ithaca.N. Y 17.004 

Jackson, Mich 48,379 



PRINCIPAL CITIES OF UNITED STATES 



Jackson, Miss 22,817 

Jackson, Ohio 5,842 

lackson, Tenn 18,860 

Jacksonville, Fla 91,558 

Jacksonville, 111 15,713 

lamestown, N. D 6,627 

Jamestown, N. Y 38,917 

Janesville, Wis 18,293 

Jeannette, Pa 10,627 

Jefferson City, Mo 14,490 

Jeffersonville, Ind 10,098 

Jersey City, N. J 298,103 

Jersey Shore, Pa 6,103 

Johnsonburg, Pa 5,400 

Johnson City, N.Y... 8,587 
Johnson City, Tenn.. . 12,442 

Johnston, III 7,137 

Johnston, R. 1 6,855 

Johnstown. N. Y 10,908 

Johnstown, Pa 67,327 

Joliet, 111 38,442 

Jonesboro, Ark 9,384 

Joplin, Mo 29,902 

Junction City, Kas. .. . 7,533 

Juniata, Pa 7,660 

Kalamazoo, Mich 48,487 

Kalispell, Mont 5,147 

Kane, Pa 7,283 

Kankakee, III 16,753 

Kansas City, Kas 101,177 

Kansas City, Mo 324,410 

Kaukauna, Wis....... 5,951 

Kearney, Neb 7,702 

Kearny, N.J 26,724 

Keene, N. II 11,210 

Kendallville, Ind 5,273 

Kenmore, Ohio 12,682 

Kenosha, Wis 40,472 

Kent, Ohio 7,070 

Kenton, Ohio 7,690 

Keokuk, la 14,423 

Kewanee, III 16,026 

Keyser, W. Va 6,003 

Key West, ria 18,749 

Kingsport, Tenn 5,692 

Kingston, N.Y 26,688 

Kingston, Pa 8,952 

Kinston, N. C 9,771 

Kirksville, Mo 7,213 

Kittanning, Pa 7,153 

Knoxville, Pa 7,201 

Knoxville, Tenn 77,818 

Kokomo, Ind, 30,067 

Lackawanna, N. Y.. . .17,918 

Laconia, N. H 10,897 

La Crosse, Wis, 30,421 

Lafayette, Ind 22,486 

Lafayette, La 7,855 

La Grande, Ore 6,913 

Lagrange, Ga 17,038 

Lagrange, 111 6,525 

Lake Charles. La 13,088 

Lakeland, Fla. 7,062 

Lakewood, Ohio 41,732 

Lancaster, N. Y 6,059 

Lancaster, Ohio 14,706 

Lancaster, Pa 53,150 

Lansford, Pa 9,625 

Lansing, Mich 57,327 

Laporte, Ind 15,158 

Laramie, Wyo 6,301 

Laredo, Tex 22,710 

Larksville, Pa 9,438 



La Salle, 111 13,050 

Las Vegas, N.M 8,000 

Latrobe, Pa 9,484 

Laurel, Miss 13,037 

Laurium, Mich 6,696 

Lawrence, Kas 12,456 

Lawrence, Mass 94,270 

Lawrenceville, 111 5,080 

Lawton, Okla 8,930 

Lead, S. D 5,013 

Leavenworth, Kans. . . 16,912 

Lebanon, Ind 6,257 

Lebanon, N.H 6,162 

Lebanon, Pa 24,643 

Lehighton, Pa 6,102 

Leominster, Mass 19,745 

Lewiston, Idaho 6,574 

Lewiston, Me 31,791 

Lewistown, Mont 6,120 

Lewistown, Pa 9,849 

Lexington, Ky 41,534 

Lexington, Mass 6,350 

Lexington, N. C 5,254 

Lima, Ohio 41,326 

Lincoln, 111 11,882 

Lincoln, Neb 54,948 

Lincoln, R.I 9,543 

Linton, Ind 5,856 

Litchfield, 111 6,215 

Little Falls, Minn 5,500 

Little Falls, N. Y 13,029 

Little Rock, Ark 65,142 

Livingston, Mont 6,311 

Lockhaven, Pa 8,557 

Lockport, N. Y 21,308 

Lodi,N.J 8,175 

Logan, Ohio 5,493 

Logan, Utah 9,439 

Logansport, Ind 21,626 

Long Beach, Cal 55,593 

Long Branch, N. J.... 13,521 

Longmont, Col 5,848 

Longview, Tex 5,713 

Lorain, Ohio 37,293 

Los Angeles, Cal 576,675 

Louisville, Ky 234,891 

Loveland, Col 5,065 

Lowell, Mass 112,759 

Ludington, Mich 8,810 

Ludlow, Mass 7,470 

Luzerne, Pa 5,998 

Lynchburg, Va 30.070 

Lynn. Mass 99,148 

McAlester, Okla 12,095 

McAllen.Tex 5,331 

McComb, Miss 7,775 

McKeesport, Pa 46,781 

l^IcKees Rocks, Pa.. . . 16,713 

T^IcKinney, Tex 6,677 

I.Iacomb, 111 6,714 

Macon, Ga 52,995 

[Madison, Ind 6,711 

Madison, N.J 5,523 

Madison, Wis 38,378 

Madisonville, Ky 5,030 

Madisonville, Ohio.... 5,300 
Mahanoy City, Pa. . . . 15,599 

Maiden, Mass 49,103 

Malone, N. Y 7,556 

Mamaroneck, N. Y. . . 6,571 

Manchester, Conn 18,370 

Manchester, N. H 78,3«4 

Manhattan, Kas 7,989 

1164 



Manistee, Mich 9,694 

Manistique, Mich 6,380 

[Manitowoc, Wis 17,563 

iMankato, Minn 12,469 

Mansfield, Mass 6,255 

Mansfield, Ohio 27,824 

Maplewood, Mo 7,431 

!Marblehead, ]\Iass. . . . 7,324 

]\Iarcus Hook, Pa 5,324 

Marianna, Ark ... 5,074 

Marietta, Ga 6,190 

]\Iarietta, Ohio 15,140 

Marinette, Wis 13,610 

Marion, 111 9,582 

INIarion, Ind 23,747 

Marion, Ohio 27,891 

Marlboro, Mass 15,017 

Marquette, Mich 12,718^ 

Marshall, Mo 5,200 

Marshall, Tex 14,271 

Marshalltown, la 15,731 

Marshfield, Wis 7,394 

Martinsburg, W. Va.. . 12,515 
Martins Ferry, Ohio. .. 11,634 

Marysville, Cal 5,461 

Llason City, la 20,065 

^lassena, N. Y 5,993 

Llassillon, Ohio 17,428 

Matteawan, N. Y 6,850 

Mattoon, III 13,552 

Mayfield, Ky 6,583 

]\Iaynard, Mass 7,086 

I\Iaysville, Ky 6,107 

]\Iaywood, III 12,072 

Meadville, Pa 14,568 

Mechanicsville, N. Y.. 8,16^ 

Medford, Mass 39,038 

Medford, Ore 5,756 

Medina, N.Y 6,011 

Melrose, Mass 18,204 

Melrose Park, 111 7,147 

Memphis, Tenn 162,351 

Menasha, Wis 7,214 

Menominee, Mich 8,907 

Menomonie, Wis.*. 5,104 

Meriden, Conn 29,867 

Meridian, Miss 23,399 

Merrill, Wis 8,068 

Methuen, Mass 15,189 

Metropolis, 111 5,055 

Mexico, Mo 6,013 

Miami, Ariz 6,689 

Miami, Fla 29,571 

]\Iiami, Okla 6,802 

^lichigan Citv, Ind. . . 19,457 

Lliddleboro, Mass 8,453 

Middlesboro, Ky 8,041 

Middletown, Conn 13,638 

T^Iiddletown, N. Y 18,420 

Middletown, Ohio 23,594 

Middletown, Pa...... 5,920 

Midland, Mich 5,483 

Midland, Pa 5,452 

Miles City, Mont 7,937 

Milford, Conn. ... 10,193 

Mihord, Mass 13,471 

Millbury, Mass 5,653 

Millvale. Pa 8,031 

Millville, N. J 14,691 

Milton, Mass 9,382 

Milton, Pa 8,638 

Milwaukee, Wis 457,147 

Mindeoi La 6,105 



PR1^'C1PAL CITIES OF UXIIED SI AXES 



Mineral Wells, Tes... 7,890 

Alinersville, Pa 7,845 

Minneapolis, Minn.. .380,582 

Minot, N. D 10,476 

Mishawaka, Ind 15,195 

Missoula, Mont 12,668 

Mitchell, S.D 8,478 

Moberly, Mo 12,808 

Mobile, Ala 60,777 

Modesto, Calif 9,241 

Moline, HI 30,734 

Monessen, Pa 18,179 

Monmouth, 111 8,116 

Monongahela, Pa 8,688 

Monroe, La 12,675 

Monroe, Mich 11,573 

IMonrovia, Cal 5,480 

Montague, Mass. 7,675 

Montclair, N. J 28,810 

Monterey, Cal 5,479 

Montgomery, Ala.. . . .43,464 

Montpelier, Vt 7,125 

Moorhead, Minn 5,720 

Morenci, Ariz 5,100 

Morgan City, La 5,429 

^lorgantown, W. Va. . 12,127 

Momstown, N. J. 12,548 

Morristown, Tenn 5,875 

Moultrie, Ga 6,789 

Moundsville, W. Va.. .10,669 

Mount Carmel, 111 7,456 

Mount Carmel, Pa 17,469 

Mount Clemens, Mich. 9,488 

Mount Oliver, Pa 5,575 

Mount Pleasant, Pa.. . 5,862 

Mount Vernon, 111 9,815 

Mount Vernon, Ind. . . 5,284 
Mount Vernon, N. Y.. 42,726 
Mount Vernon, Ohio. . 9,237 

Muncie, Ind 36,52-1 

Munhall, Pa 6,418 

Munising, Mich 5,037 

Murfreesboro, Tenn.. . 5,367 

Murphysborc, LI 10,703 

Muscatine, la , . . . 16,068 

Muskegon, Mien 36,570 

Muskegon Heights, 

Mich 9,514 

T^Iuskogee, Okla 30.277 

Nampa, Idaho 7,621 

Nanticoke, Pa. 22,614 

Nantyglo,Pa. 5,028 

Napa, Cal 6,757 

Nashua, N.H 28,379 

Nashville, Tenn 118,342 

Natrhez, Miss 12,608 

Natick, Mass. 10,907 

Natick, R. 1 5,480 

Naugatuck, Conn 15,051 

Navasota, Tex 5,060 

Nebraska City, Neb.. . 6,279 

Needham, Mass 7,012 

Neenah, Wis 7,171 

Negaunee, Llich 7,419 

Nelsonville, Ohio 6,440 

Nevada, Mo 7,139 

New Albany, Ind 22.992 

Nev>-ark, N. J 414,524 

Ne^vark, N. Y 6,964 

Newark, Ohio 26,718 

New Bedford, Mass. .121,217 

Newbem, N. C 12,198 

Newberry, S.C 5,894 



New Brighton, Pa 9,361 

New Britain, Conn 59,316 

New Brunswick, N. J .32,779 

Newburgh, N. Y 30,366 

Newbur>'port, Mass. . . 15,618 

Newcastle, Ind 14,458 

Newcastle, Pa 44,938 

New Haven, Conn... . 162,537 

New Iberia, La 6,278 

New Kensington, Pa.. .11,987 
New London, Conn.. . .25,688 

Newman, Ga, 7,037 

NewOrhans, La 327,219 

New Philadelphia, Ohio 

10.718 

Newport, Ky 29,317 

Newport, R.I 30,255 

Newport News, Va. . . .35,596 
New RocheUe, N. Y.. .36,213 

Newton, la 6,627 

Newton, Kas 9,781 

Newton, Mass 46,054 

New Ulm, Llinn 6,745 

New York City, N. Y. 

5,620,048 
Niagara Falls, N. Y.. .. 5 0,760 

Niles, Mich 7,311 

Niles, Ohio 13,080 

Nogales, Ariz 5,199 

Norfolk, Neb 8,634 

Norfolk, Va 115,777 

Normal, 111 5,143 

Norman, Okla 5,004 

Korristown, Pa 52,319 

North Adams, Mass.. .22,282 
Northampton, iMass.. .21,951 

Northampton, Pa 9,349 

North Andover, Mass.. 6,265' 
North Attleborough, 

Mass '9,238 

North Braddock, Pa. . . 1 1,928 

Northbridge, Mass 10,174 

North Chicago, 111 5,839 

North Little Rock, 

Ark 14,048 

NorthPlainfield, N. J. 6,916 

North Platte, Neb 10,466 

North Providence, R. 

1 7,697 

North Tarr>-town, N. Y. 5,927 
North Tonawanda, 

N. Y 15.482 

Norwalk, Conn 27,743 

Norwalk, Ohio 7,379 

Norwich, Conn 22,304 

Norwich, N.Y 8,268 

Norvs'ood, Mass 12,627 

Norwood, Ohio 24,966 

Nutley,N.'J 9,421 

Oakland, Cal 216,261 

Oak Park, IlL 39,858 

Oelwein, la 7,455 

Ogden, Utah 32,804 

02:densburg, N. Y 14,609 

Oil City, Pa 21,274 

Oklahoma Citv, Okla.. 9 1,295 

Okmulgee, Okla 17,430 

Oldforge, Pa 12,237 

Oldtown, Me 6,956 

Glean, N.Y 20,506 

Olj^mpia, Wash 7,795 

OIjT^hant, Pa 10.236 

Omaha, Neb 191,601 

1165 



Oneida, N. Y 10,541 

Oneonta, N. Y 11,582 

Ontario, Cal 7,280 

Orange, Mass. 5,393 

Orange, N. J 33,268 

Orange, Tex 9,212 

Orangeburg, S. C 7,290 

Oregon City, Ore 5,686 

Orlando, Fla 9,257 

Oshkosh, Vv'is ,.. .33,162 

Oskaloosa, la c. . 9,427 

Ossining, N. Y 10,739 

Oswego, N.Y 23,626 

Ottawa, 111 10,816 

Ottawa, Kas 9,018 

Ottumwa., la 23,003 

Owatonna, Minn 7,252 

Owensboro, Ky. 17,424 

Owosso, Mich 12,575 

Paducah, Ky 24,735 

Painesville, Ohio. ..... 7,272 

Palatka, Fla 5,102 

Palestme, Tex 11,039 

Palmer, Mass 9,896 

Palmerton, Pa 7,168 

Palo Alto, Cal 5,900 

Pana, III . 6.122 

Paragould, Ark 6,305 

Paris, 111 7,985 

Paris, Ky 6,31 

Paris, Tex 15,040 

Parkersburg, W. Va... . 20,050 

Parsons, Kas 16,028 

Parsons, Pa 5,628 

Pasadena. Cal 45,354 

Pascagouia, Miss 6,082 

Passaic, N.J 63,841 

Paterson, N. J 135,875 

Pawhuska, Okla 6,414 

Pawtucket, R. 1 64,248 

Peabody, Mass 19,552 

Peekskill. N. Y 15,868 

Pekin, 111 12,086 

Pendleton, Ore 7,387 

Pennsgrove, N. J 6,060 

Pensacola, Fla 31,035 

Peoria, 111 76,121 

Perry, la 5,642 

Perth Amboy, N. J... .41,707 

Peru, 111 8,869 

Peru, Ind 12,410 

Petaluma, Cal 6,226 

Petersburg, Va 31.012 

Petoskey, Mich 5,064 

Philadelphia, Pa... 1,C23,779 

Philiipsburg, N. J 16,923 

Phoenix, Ah 5,432 

Phoenix, Ariz 29.053 

Phoenix ville. Pa 10,484 

Picher, Okla 9,676 

Pine Bluff, Ark 19,280 

Piqua, Ohio 15,044 

Pitcaim, Pa. 5,738 

Pittsburg, Kas 18,052 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 588,343 

Pittsfield, Mass. 41,763 

Pittston, Pa 18,497 

Plainfield, N.J 27,700 

Plattsburg. N. Y 10,909 

Pleasantville, N. J 5,887 

Pb^mouth, Mass. 13.045 

PKTnouth, Pa 16,500 

Pocatello, Idaho 15,001 



PRINCIPAL CITIES OF UNITED STATES 



Pomona, Cal 13,505 

Ponca City, Okla 7,051 

Pontiac, 111 6,664 

Pontiac, Mich 34,273 

Poplar Bluff, Mo 8,042 

Portage, Wis 5,582 

Port Angeles, Wash 5,35 1 

Port Arthur, Tex 22,251 

Port Chester, N. Y.. . . 16,573 

Port Huron, Mich 25,944 

Port Jervis, N. Y 10,171 

Portland, Ind 5,958 

Portland, Me 69,272 

Portland, Ore 258,288 

Portsmouth, N. H 13,569 

Portsmouth, Ohio 33,011 

Portsmouth, Va 54,387 

Pottstown, Pa 17,431 

Pottsville, Pa. 21,876 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y.. . . 35,000 

Pratt, Kas 5,183 

Prescott, Ariz 5,010 

Presque Isle, Me, 5,581 

Princeton, Ind 7,132 

Princeton, N. J 5,917 

Princeton, W. Va 6,224 

Providence, R. 1 237,595 

Provo, Utah 10,303 

Pueblo, Col 43,050 

Pulaski, Va 5,282 

Punxsutawney, Pa. . . . 10,311 
Putnam, Conn.. ...... 7,711 

Puyallup, Wash 6,323 

Quincy, 111 35,978 

Quincy, Mass 47,876 

Racine, Wis 58,593 

Rahway,N.J 11,042 

Raleigh, N.C 24,418 

Ranger, Tex 16,205 

Rankin, Pa 7,301 

Rapid City, S. D 5,777 

Raton, N. M 5,544 

Ravenna, Ohio 7,219 

Reading, Mass 7,439 

Reading, Pa 107,784 

Red Bank, N.J 9,251 

Redlands, Cal 9,571 

Red Oak, la....' 5,578 

Red Wing, Minn 8,637 

Reidsville,N.C 5,333 

Reno, Nev 12,016 

Renovo,Pa 5,877 

Rensselaer, N. Y 10,823 

Revere, Mass 28,823 

Rhinelander, Wis 6,654 

Richmond, Cal. ..... . 16,843 

Richmond, Ind 26,765 

Richmond, Ky 5,622 

Richmond, Va 171,667 

RidgefieldPark,NoJ.. 8,575 

Ridgewood, N. J 7,580 

Ridgway, Pa 6,037 

River Rouge, Mich 9,822 

Riverside, Cal 19,341 

Roanoke, Va 50,842 

Rochester, Minn 13,722 

Rochester, N. H 9,673 

Rochester, N. Y 295,750 

Rochester, Pa 6,957 

Rockford, 111 65,651 

Rockhill, S. C 8,809 

Rock Island, 111 35,177 

Rockland, Me 8,109 



Rockland.lMass.. . 7,544 

Rock Springs, Wyo.. . . 6,456 

Rockville, Conn 7,726 

Rockville Center, N. Y 6,262 
Rocky Mount. N. C. . 12,742 

Rome, Ga. 13,252 

Rome,N. Y 26,341 

Roosevelt, N. J 11,047 

Rosedale, Kas. 7,674 

Roselle, N.J 5,737 

Roseile Park, N. J. . . . . 5,438 

Roswell,N. M 7,062 

Royal Oak, Mich 6,007 

Rumford, Me 7,016 

Rushviile,Ind 5,498 

Rutherford, N. J 9,497 

Rutland, Vt 14,954 

RycN.Y 5,308 

Saco,Me 6,817 

Sacramento, Cal 65.908 

Saginaw, Mich 65,648 

St. Albans, Vt 7,588 

St. Augustine, Fla 6,192 

St. Bernard, Ohio 6,312 

St. Charles, Mo 8,503 

St. Clair, (Allegheny 

Co.). Pa... 6,585 

St. Clair. (Schuylkill 

Co.). Pa 6,495 

St. Cloud, IMinn 15,873 

St. Johnsbury, Vt 7,163 

St. Joseph, Mich 7,251 

St. Joseph, Mo 77,939 

St. Louis, Mo 772,897 

St. Marys, Ohio 5,679 

St. Marys, Pa 6,967 

St. Paul, Minn 234,698 

St. Petersburg, Fla.. . . 14,237 

Salamanca, N. Y 9,276 

Salem, Mass 42,529 

Salem, N.J 7,435 

Salem, Ohio ....10,305 

Salem, Ore 17,679 

Salina, Kas 15,085 

Salisbury, Md 7,553 

Salisbury, N. C 13,884 

Salt Lake City, Utah..ll8,110 

San Angelo, Tex 10,050 

San Antonio, Tex 161,379 

San Benito. Tex 5,070 

San Bernardino, C^.. ,18,721 

San Diego, Cal 74,683 

Sandusky, Ohio 22,897 

Sanford,Fla 5,588 

Sanford,Me 10,691 

San Francisco, Cal.. . . 506,676 

San Jose, Cal 39,642 

SanLeandro, Cal 5,703 

San Luis Obispo, Cal. . 5,895 

San Mateo, Cal 5,979 

San Rafael, Cal 5,512 

Santa Ana, Cal 15,485 

Santa Barbara, Cal. . . 19,441 

Santa Clara, Cal 5.220 

Santa Cruz, Cal 10,917 

SantaFe, N. M 7,236 

Santa Monica, Cal 15,252 

Santa Rosa, Cal . . 8,758 

Sapulpa, Okla 11,634 

Saranac Lake, N. Y... 5,174 
Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 13, 181 

Saugus, Mass 10,874 

Sault Ste. Marie. ]\Iich. 12,096 



Savanna, 111. ... , 5,237 

Savannah, Ga. 83,252 

Sayre,Pa 8,078 

Schenectady, N, Y 88,723 

Schuylkill Haven, Pa. . 5,437 

Scottdale, Pa 5,768 

Scotts Bluff, Neb 6,912 

Scranton, Pa 137,783 

Seattle, Wash. . . . , . .315,312 

Secaucus, N. J. 5,423 

Sedalia, Mo 21,144 

Sehna, Ala 15,589 

Seneca Falls, N. Y 6,389 

Seymour, Conn 6,781 

Seimaour, Ind 7,348 

Shamokin, Pa 21,204 

Sharon, Pa 21,747 

Sharpsburg, Pa 8,921 

Shawnee, Okla 15,348 

Sheboygan, Wis 30,955 

Sheffield, Ala 6,682 

Shelby. Ohio 5,578 

Shelby ville, Ind 9,701 

Shelton, Conn 9,475 

Shenandoah, la 5,255 

Shenandoah, Pa 24,726 

Sheridan, Wyo 9,175 

Sherman, Tex 15,031 

Shreveport, La 43,874 

Sidney, Ohio 8,590 

Sioux City, la 71,227 

Sioux Falls, S. D 25,202 

Skowhegan, Me 5,981 

Solvay, N. Y 7,352 

Somersworth, N. H... . 6,688 

Somerville, Mass 93,091 

Somerville, N. J 6,718 

South Aml)oy, N. J... . 7,897 

South Bend, Ind 70,983 

Southbridge, Mass. . . . 14,245 
South Hadley, Mass.. . 5,527 

Southington, Conn 5;085 

South ICingstown, R. I. 5,181 
South Milwaukee, Wis. 7,598 

South Norfolk, Va 7,724 

South Omaha, Neb.... 26,800 

South Orange, N. J 7,274 

South Pasadena, Cal... 7,652 
South Portland, Me. . . 9,254 

South River, N.J 6,596 

South St. Paul, Minn.. 6,860 
Spartanburg, S. C....'. .22,638 

Spencer, Mass 5,930 

Spokane, Wash 104,437 

Springfield, III 59,183 

Springfield, Mass 129,614 

Springfield, Mo 39,631 

Springfield, Ohio 60,840 

Springfield, Vt........ 5,283 

Spring Valley, 111 6.493 

Stamford, Conn 35,096 

Statesville, N. C 7,895 

Staunton, 111 ; 6,027 

Staunton, Va. 10,623 • 

Steelton, Pa 13,428 

Sterling, Col 6,415 

Sterling, III 8,182 

Steubenville, Ohio 28,508 

Stevens Point, Wis.. . . 11,371 

Stillwater, Minn 7,735 

Stockton, Cal 40,296 

S ton eh am. Mass 7,873 

Stoughton, Mass 6.865 



1166 



PRINCIPAL CITIES OF UNITED STATES 



. , Stoushton, Wis 5,101 

Streator, 111 14,779 

Stroudsburg, Pa 5,278 

Struthers, Ohio 5,847 

Sturgis, Mich 5,995 

Suffolk, Va 9,123 

Sulphur Springs, Tex. . 5,558 

Summit, N.J 10,174 

Summithill, Pa 5,499 

Sumter, S.C 9,508 

Sunbury, Pa 15,721 

Superior, Wis 39,671 

Swampscott, Mass. ... 8,101 

Swissvale, Pa 10,908 

Swoyersville, Pa 6,876 

Syracuse, N.Y 171,717 

Tacoma, Wash 96,965 

Talladega, Ala 6,546 

Tallahassee, Fla 5,637 

., Tamaqua, Pa 12,363 

Tampa, Fla 51,608 

Tarentum, Pa 8,925 

Tarry town, N. Y 5,807 

Taunton, Mass 37,137 

Taylor, Pa 9,876 

Taylor, Tex 5,965 

Taylorville, III 5,806 

Temple, Tex 11,033 

Tenafly,N.J 5,650 

Terre Haute, Ind 66,083 

Terrell, Tex 8,349 

Texarkana, Ark 8,257 

Texarkana, Tex 11,480 

The Dalles, Ore 5,807 

Thomasville, Ga 8,196 

Thomasville, N. C 5,676 

Thompsonville, Conn.. 5,900 

Three Rivers, Mich 5,209 

Throop.Pa 6,672 

Tiffin, Ohio 14,375 

TitusvillcPa 8,432 

i-ToIedo, Ohio 243,164 

*;ronawanda, N. Y 10,068 

Topeka.Kas 50,022 

Torrington, Conn 20,623 

Traverse City, Mich. . . 10,925 

Trenton, Mo 6,951 

Trenlon, N. J 119,289 

Trinidad, Col 10,906 

rroy,Ala 5,696 

Troy, N.Y 72,013 

Troy, Ohio 7,260 

Tucson, Ariz 20,292 

Tulsa, Okla 72,075 

.-—Tupelo, Miss 5,055 

Turners Falls, Mass. . . 5,850 

Turtle Creek, Pa. 8,138 

Tuscaloosa, Ala 11,996 

Twin Falls, Idaho 8,324 

Two Rivers, Wis 7,305 

Tyler, Tex 12,085 

Tyrone, Pa 9,084 

Union, N.J 20,651 

Union, S.C 6,141 

Uniontown, Pa 15,692 

Universitv, Mo 6,792 

Urbana,ill 10,244 

Urbana, Ohio 7,621 

Urichsville, Ohio 6,428 

Utica,N.Y 94,156 

Uxbridge, Mass 5,384 

Valdosta, Ga, 10,783 



Vallejo, Cal 21,107 

Valparaiso, Ind 6,518 

Van Buren, Ark 5,224 

Vancouver, Wash 12,637 

Vandergrift, Pa. 9,531 

Van Wert, Ohio... 8,100 

Venice, Cal 10,385 

Vernon, Tex 5,142 

Vicksburg, Miss 18,072 

Victoria, Tex 5,957 

Vincennes, Ind 17,160 

Vineland, N. J 6,799 

Vinita, Okla 5,010 

Virginia, iMinn 14,022 

VIsalia,Cal 5,753 

Wabbh, Ind 9,872 

Waco, Tex 38,500 

Wakefield, Mass 13,025 

Walden, N. Y 5,493 

Walla Walla, Wash... . 15,503 

Wallmgford, Conn 9,648 

Wallington, N. J 5,715 

Walpole , Mass 5,446 

Waltham, Mass 30,915 

Wapakoncta, Ohio 5,295 

Ware, Mass 8,525 

Warren, Ohio 27,050 

Warren, Pa 14,272 

Warren, R.L 7,841 

Warsaw, Ind 5,478 

Warwick, R. 1 13,481 

Washington, D. C... .437,571 

Washington, Ind 8,743 

Washington, N. C 6,314 

Washington, Pa. 21,480 

Washington Court 

House, Ohio 7,962 

Waterbury, Conn 91,715 

Waterloo, la 36,23Q 

Watertown. Mass 21,457 

Watertown, N. Y 31,285 

Watertown, S. D 9,400 

Watertown, Wis 9,299 

Waterville, Me 13,351 

Watervliet, N. Y 16,073 

Watsonvillc, Cal 5,013 

Waukegan, 111 19,226 

Waukesha, Wis 12,558 

Wausau, Wis 18,661 

Wauwatosa, Wis 5,818 

Waverly, N. Y 5,270 

Waxahachic, Tex 7,958 

Way cross, Ga 18,068 

Waynesboro, Pa 9,720 

Weatherford, Tex 6,203 

WcbbCitv, Mo 7,807 

Webster, Mass 13,258 

Webster City, la 5,657 

WebsterGrove, Mo.. . 9,474 

Weehawkcn, N. J 11,450 

Wellesley, Mass 6,224 

Wellington, ivas 7,048 

Wellston, Ohio 6,687 

Wellsville, Ohio 8,849 

Wenatchee, W^ash 6,324 

West Allis, Wis 13,745 

Westborough, Mass... 5,789 

Westbrook, Me 9,453 

West Chester, Pa 11,717 

Westerly, R. 1 9,952 

Westfield, Mass 18,604 

Westfield,N.J 9,063 

1167 



West Frankfort, III.. . . 8,478 
West Hammond, 111.. . . 7 ,492 
West Hartford, Conn.. 8,854 

West Haven, Conn 12,400 

West Hazleton, Pa. . . . 5,854 

West Helena. Ark 6,226 

West Hoboken, N. J... .40,074 
West New York, N. J..29,926 

Weston, W.Va 5,701 

West Orange, N. J 15,573 

West Palm Beach, 

Fla..... 8,659 

West Park, Ohio 8,581 

West Pittston, Pa 6,968 

West Springfield, Mass. 13 ,443 

West Tampa, Fla 8,463 

West Warwick, R. I.. . 15,461 

Weymouth, Mass 15,057 

Wheeling, W. Va, 55,208 

Whitehall, N. Y 5,258 

White Plains, N. Y. .. 21,031 

Whiting, Ind 10,145 

Whitman, Mass 7,147 

Whittier, Cal 7,997 

Wichita, Kas 72,217 

Wichita Falls, Tex 40,079 

Wilkinsburg, Pa 24,403 

Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 73,833 

Williamson, W. Va.. . . 6,819 

Williamsport, Pa. 36,198 

Willimantic, Conn 12,330 

Wilhnar, I^Iinn 5,892 

Wihnerding, Pa. 6,441 

Wilmette,IU 7,814 

Wilmington, Del 110,168 

Wilmington, N. C 33,372 

Wilmington, Ohio 5,037 

Wilson, N. C 10,612 

VWnchendon, Mass.. . . 5,904 

Winchester, Ky 8,333 

Winchester, Mass. 10,485 

, Winchester, Va. 6,883 

■ Windbcr, Pa 9,462 

Winfield, Kas 7,933 

Winnetka, III 6,694 

Winona, Minn 19,143 

Winsted, Conn 8,248 

Winston-Salcm, N. C. 48,395 . 

Winthrop, Mass 15,455 

Winton, Pa 7,583 

Wisconsin Rapids, Wi3. 7,243 

Wobum, Mass 16,574 

Woodbury, N.J 5,801 

Woodlawn, Pa 12,495 

Woodstock, 111 5,523 

Woonsocket, R. L 43,496 

Wooster, Ohio. 8,204 

Worcester, Mass 179,754 

Wrightstown, N. J 5,288 

Wyandotte, Mich. 13,851 

Xenia, Ohio 9,110 

Yakima, Wash 18,539 

Yankton, S.D 5,024 

Yazoo, Miss 5,244 

Yoakum, Tex 6,184 

Yonkers, N. Y.. 100,176 

York, Neb 5,388 

York, Pa 47,512 

Youngstown. Ohio. . . 132,358 

Ypsilanti, Mich 7,413 

Zanesville, Ohio 29,569 

Zion. HI 5,580 



POPULATION PRINCIPAL CITIES OF CANADA 
Compiled from the 1921 Census figures 



ALBERTA 

Calgary 63,117 

Edmonton 58,627 

Lethbridge 11,055 

Medicine Hat 9,575 

BRITISH COLUMBIA 

Nanaimo 9,025 

New Westminster 14,440 

Point Grey '. 13,654 

Prince Rupert 6,376 

Vancouver 116,700 

Vancouver North 9,987 

Vancouver Soutli. 32,182 

Victoria 38,682 

MANITOBA 

Brandon. . . . ". 15,359 

Portage La Prairie 6,748 

St.5Boniface 12,816 

Winnepeg 178,364 

NEW BRUNSWICK 

Campbelltown 5,569 

Fredericton 8,081 

Moncton 13,167 

Sackville 6,625 

St. John 46,504 

NOVA SCOTIA 

Amherst 9,975 

Dartmouth 7,904 

Glace Bay 16,992 

Halifax 70,203 

New Glasgow 8,959 

New Waterford 5,613 

North Sydney 6,583 

Sydney Mines 8,328 

Sydney 22,527 

Truro 7,651 

Yarmouth : 7,062 

ONTARIO 

Armprior 4,053 

Barrie 6,992 

Belleville 12,163 

Brantford 29,372 

Brockville 9,057 

Chatham 12,301 

Cobalt 4,440 

Cobourg 5,330 

CoUingwood 5,869 

Cornwall 7,382 

Dundas 4,976 

Eastview 5,327 

Ford City 5,860 

Fort William 20,521 

Gait........ ; 13,210 

Goderich. .- : . . .* , : . . 4,099 

Guelph : .- . 18,019 

Hamilton 113,894 

IngersoU 5,118 

Kenora 5,407 

11 



Kingston 23,096 

Kitchener 21,605 

Lindsay 7,542 

London 53,592 

Midland 6,984 

Niagara Falls 14,695 

North Bay 10,629 

Orillia 8,910 

Oshawa 11,552 

Ottawa 107,137 

Owen Sound 12,174 

Pembroke. 7,873 

Peterborough 20,989 

Port Arthur 16, 134 

Port Hope 4,458 

Preston 5,431 

St. Catherines 19,664 

St. Thomas 15,924 

Sarnia 14,637 

Sault Ste Marie 21,228 

Smith's Falls 6,828 

Stratford 15,987 

Sudbury 8,572 

Toronto 5i9,290 

Trenton 5,892 

Walkerville 7,040 

Waterloo 5,886 

Welland 8,677 

Windsor 38,541 

Woodstock 9,659 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 

Charlottetown 12,329 

QUEBEC 

Cap de La Madelaine 6,728 

Chicoutimi 8,925 

Fraserville 7,714 

Granby 6,777 

Grandimere 7,637 

Hull 23,867 

Joliette 9,036 

Lachine 15,448 

La Tuque 5,603 

Leves 10,479 

Montreal 607,063 

Outremont 12,997 

Quebec 94,058 

St. Hyacinthe 10,852 

St. Jean 9,859 

Shawinigan Falls 10,606 

Sherbrooke 22,097 

Sorel 8,020 

Thetford Mines 7,815 

Three Rivers 22,317 

Valleyfield 9,180 

Verdun 24,888 

Westmount 16,587 

SASKATCHEWAN 

Moose Jaw 19,184 

Prince Albert 7,554 

Regina 34,432 

Sackatoon .V 25,743 

68 \ 



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